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Home , Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Fyodor Karamazov, Notes from Underground, Poor Folk, Prince Myshkin

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Crime and Psychological Disorders in the Notable Works of

Ms.Mohammed Zainab1 & Dr.Khaja Moinuddin2 1Research Scholar, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India 2Asst.Professor, Shree Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Rajura, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India

Abstract: Fyodor Dostoevsky is one of the most famous names in world literature. Author of eleven Dostoevsky wrote The in 1867–1869, , some of which are among the most and today it is considered one of his greatest works, acclaimed in history, Dostoevsky has been praised along with (1864), Crime for his superb grasp of psychology and his interest and Punishment (1866), (1872), in both philosophical and religious themes. He and (1880). In The published his first , , in 1846. In Idiot Dostoevsky hoped to portray the of a 1849, he was arrested for his involvement with a "positively beautiful individual," a man who wishes group of radical liberal utopians and sentenced to to sacrifice himself for others. is a death by firing squad. In pure literary fashion, sort of Russian Christ who represents the values Dostoevsky was spared minutes before his sentence Dostoevsky deemed the highest and most noble: was to be carried out and instead was sentenced to altruism, meekness, kindness, and brotherly love. four years labor in . After his release, he As Dostoevsky saw sexual passion as inherently struggled for years financially but later in life he selfish, it is not surprising that Prince Myshkin is a became known for his writing abilities and completely asexual character. Though he develops produced some of the masterpieces of western romantic feelings toward Aglaya, he subordinates literature. Although he wrote eleven novels in total, them to a higher ideal of pity and compassion that Dostoevsky is primarily remembered for five: Notes he expresses in his relationship with Nastassya from Underground, , The Filippovna. Facing the "dark world" of corruption Idiot, and The Brothers Karamazov. All the four and moral decay that he meets in society, he are among the best books. inevitably perishes.

Keywords: Radial, Utopians, Psychology, The themes in the writings of Russian Philosophical, Insightful, acclaimed, writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky, which encompass novels, , short stories, essays, epistoarynovels, poetry, spy fiction and suspense, 1. Introduction include suicide, poverty, human manipulation and morality. Religious themes are found Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in full Fyodor Mikhaylovich throughout his works, especially after his release Dostoyevsky, Dostoyevsky also from prison in 1854. His early works spelled Dostoevsky (born , emphasized realism and naturalism, as well as 1821, , —died February 9 ,1881, St. social issues such as the differences between the Petersburg), Russian novelist and short-story writer poor and the rich. Influences from writers are whose psychological penetration into the darkest evident, especially in his early works, leading to recesses of the human heart, together with his accusations of , but his style gradually unsurpassed moments of illumination, had an developed over his career. Elements of Gothic immense influence on 20th-century fiction. fiction, and can be found in his Dostoyevsky is usually regarded as one of the writings. Dostoyevsky was "an explorer of finest novelists who ever lived. Literary ideas" greatly affected by the sociopolitical events , , and various schools of occurring during his lifetime. After his release from psychology, theology, and literary criticism have prison his writing style moved away from been profoundly shaped by his ideas. His works are what called the "sentimental often called prophetic because he so accurately naturalism" of his earlier works, and became more predicted how Russia’s revolutionaries would concerned with the dramatization of psychological behave if they came to power. In his time he was and philosophical themes. also renowned for his activity as a journalist.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

NOTES FROM UNDERGROUND (1864) and embarrassed by his situation. He also recalls the moment of hurting Liza which makes him “Notes from Underground” is perhaps upset. Dostoevsky's most difficult work to read, but it also functions as an introduction to his greater novels Psychological Disorders later in his career. The ideas expressed in Notes Paralysis of the Conscious Man in from Underground become central to all of “ Modern Society Throughout the novel see Dostoevsky's later novels, and therefore this work ” that the Underground Man is unable to make can be studied as an introduction to all of decisions or take action with confidence. He Dostoevsky's writings. One reason that the work is explains that this inability is due to his intense so difficult is that Dostoevsky included so many degree of consciousness. The Underground Man is ideas in such a short space, and thus the ideas are able to imagine the variety of consequences that expressed with extreme intensity and are not every action could have, he is aware of the possible elaborated upon. The student who has read other of arguments that can be made against every Dostoevsky's works will immediately recognize statement, and he is conscious of the multiplicity of many of Dostoevsky's ideas in this work. “Notes different motives that inform every decision he from Underground “ marks the starting point of makes. As a result, the Underground Man sees that Dostoevsky's move every choice a person makes is more complicated from psychological and sociological themed novels than it may seem on the surface. This complexity to novels based on existential and general human throws every decision into doubt. Action becomes experience in crisis. impossible because it is impossible to determine The novel is written in first-person the best course of action to take. narrative, the "I" is never really discovered. The In earlier times, when religious and writing style is very dense and at times difficult to moral imperatives existed, people allayed any understand. When the narrator would say that he is doubts about action and decision by following "underground", he would be speaking these imperatives in absolute confidence. In the metaphorically; he is not actually underground. He modern era, however, most of these absolutes have refers back to his inferiority to everyone around dissolved. The only people who can act with him and describes listening to people like "listening confidence, according to the Underground Man, are through a crack under the floor”. The main issue narrow-minded people who are too stupid to for the Underground Man is that he has reached a question themselves. The one remaining absolute, point of ennui and inactivity. according to the Underground Man, is reason. Even educated men pursue the laws of science and The narrator's desire for happiness is reason without questioning them. The Underground exemplified by his liver pain and toothache. The Man—along with Dostoevsky himself—believes narrator mentions that utopian society removes that such mindless adherence to the laws of reason suffering and pain, but man desires both things and is misguided. Dostoevsky does not necessarily needs them to be happy. According to the narrator, believe, however, that total inaction is the best removing pain and suffering in society takes away strategy for conscious people. He does believe, a man's freedom. This parallels Raskolnikov's though, that an active person with a totally fixed behavior in Dostoyevsky's later novel, Crime and mind—one that is not open to different Punishment. He says that the cruelty of society possibilities—is more dangerous than an inactive makes human beings moan about pain only to person whose mind moves and changes. spread their suffering to others. He builds up his own paranoia to the point that he is incapable of CRIME AND PUNISHMENT (1866) looking his co-workers in the eye.

He always hopes everyone to be liberal, Crime and Punishment is a novel by the Russian mostly the upper-class society people. He compares author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It was first published his liberal mindedness to the mathematical in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in equations such as “The Stone Wall is one of the twelve monthly installments during 1866. It was symbols in the novel and represents all the barriers later published in a single volume. It is the second of the laws of nature that stand against man and his of Dostoyevsky's full-length novels following his freedom. Put simply, the rule 2+2=4 angers the return from 10 years of exile in Siberia. Crime and Underground Man because he wants the freedom to Punishment is considered the first great novel of say 2+2=5, but that Stone Wall of nature's laws his "mature" period of writing. stands in front of him and his free will. This is his intense belief. He begins to criticize himself and Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov a former states that he is in fact horrified by his own poverty student who lives in a tiny garret on the top floor of

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in a rundown apartment building in St.petersburg. He goes to the back room, overcoming an urge to give is sickly, dressed in rags, short on money, and talks up and leave. He takes a purse that had hung on her to himself, but he is also handsome, proud, and neck but is unable to find more than a few trinkets intelligent. Raskolnikov is the of this in the back room. Just then, Lizaveta enters the novel. The novel opens with the contemplating apartment and is paralyzed with horror at the sight omitting an awful rime but the nature of the rime is of her dead sister. Raskolnikov kills her with a not at lear. The whole novel revolves around his single blow but then realizes that the door to the self confession of the murder which he omits in the apartment has been open the whole time. Terrified preceding of the novel. and desperate, he washes the blood from his hands and the ax and locks the door. Two strange men Raskolnikov will emerge as a dual come to the door, determined to enter. When they character, fluctuating between two extremes. For leave for a minute, Raskolnikov manages to escape example, he is making such careful preparations for by hiding in a vacant apartment in which two the crime, even going so far as to count the number painters have been working until it is safe to leave of paces from his room to Alyona Ivanovna's the building through the front door. Feverish, apartment. she is a pawnbroker. Yet in the very Raskolnikov takes a circuitous route home and puts midst of his careful preparation, he is alternately the axe back where he found it before returning to disturbed by the loathsomeness and ugliness of the his room. crime and that his entire plan is atrocious and degrading. But even with these repulsive thoughts, One part of him, rational and abstract, he continues to prepare for the murder. thinks that he has every right to do it, while another part, emotional and compassionate, is repulsed by Furthermore, his plans have not yet been the idea. The fallacy of Raskolnikov’s supposedly finalized. He knows of his crime only in theory, a rational reasoning behind the crime is that his fact that will later become central to his redemption unplanned murder of Lizaveta destroys all of his when he attempts to explain his reasons to Sonya at justifications. Although Raskolnikov assures the end of the novel. Consequently, the reader must himself that he is committing a principled act in be prepared for opposite reactions occupying doing away with Alyona, the murder of her Raskolnikov's mind, and what would seem an harmless sister has none of the utilitarian inconsistency elsewhere is here used to explain his consequences that Raskolnikov believes the death dual (or split) personality. His visit to Alyona of Alyona will have. Rather, killing Lizaveta is a Ivanovna's shows both his repulsion to his plan and selfish act that serves only to protect Raskolnikov his preparations for its execution. from arrest. Committed to a path of crime from the moment he first raises the ax against Alyona, The conflict here is primarily internal, as it is Raskolnikov unhesitatingly murders them both. throughout the novel. Here, the struggle is mostly The main drama of the novel, the struggle between Raskolnikov’s desire to commit the crime between Raskolnikov’s desire to confess and his and his revulsion at the thought of doing so. desire to remain free, commences in Part II. Significantly, this inner conflict is not between his Raskolnikov’s fainting spell in the police station hatred of the pawnbroker and a moral objection to evidences the pressure that he feels to navigate killing but rather between his desire to kill her and these conflicting desires and his inability to do so. his disgust at the idea of the actual, physical This tension and the feelings of alienation from performance of the deed. Morality seems to play society that Raskolnikov experiences are key little role in his decision and does not become a elements of one of the main themes of the novel— strong force in his life until the very end of the that the individual who commits such a crime novel. begins to feel estranged from the rest of humanity and that this suffering constitutes his true He goes to Alyona the pawnbroker’s punishment. apartment, his intent to commit the crime stronger than ever. At seven-thirty, he is at Alyona’s door, He wanders around in a haze after his ringing the bell in a deliberately nonchalant onfessesion to sonya. The police do not have manner. Someone inside unlocks the door. The old enough evidence to arrest him. His last visit to woman lets the feverish-looking Raskolnikov in. sonya, who gives him a ross to wear. He almost He presents her with a fake cigarette case wrapped pulls back in a Confessing when he reaches the with a difficult knot in order to distract her. As she police station and learns of Svidrigailov’s suicide. turns away to undo the knot, he reaches for the axe. The sight of Sonya, however, convinces him to go After several blows, Alyona lies dead on the floor through with it, and he confesses to one of the in a bloody heap. Raskolnikov takes her keys and police officials, Ilya Petrovich. A year and a half

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in later, Raskolnikov is in prison in Siberia, where he prince's life by marrying him. Although Myshkin, has been for nine months. Sonya has moved to the in his desire to help her, is perfectly willing to town outside the prison, and she visits Raskolnikov marry her, she realizes that he still loves Aglaya. regularly and tries to ease his burden. Because of Thus, the prince is unable to save Nastassya his confession, his mental confusion surrounding Filippovna from death, much as he is unable to the murders, and testimony about his past good save General Ivolgin, who dies shortly after the deeds, he has received, instead of a death sentence, first stroke. In parallel with Nastassya Filippovna, a reduced sentence of eight years of hard labor in Rogozhin too is ruined. Having killed her, he is not Siberia. After Raskolnikov’s arrest, his mother only sentenced to a labor camp in Siberia for became delirious and died. Razumikhin and Dunya fifteen years, but also descends further into a state were married. For a short while, Raskolnikov of mental illness. Myshkin is unable to do anything remains as proud and alienated from humanity as to prevent the ruin of either Nastassya Filippovna he was before his confession, but he eventually or Rogozhin. All he can do is stroke their heads realizes that he truly loves Sonya and expresses like children in an attempt to comfort them. remorse for his crime. Therefore his love to sonya After the meeting between Aglaya and still remains him as a honest figure. Nastassya Filippovna, Myshkin begins to lose the last remnants of mental stability, which vanish Psychological Disorders in the novel entirely after Nastassya Filippovna's murder. Mirroring the decline in the prince's sanity, the The sudden death of Katherine the mother narrator gradually loses omniscience throughout of Sonya with her mental illness and Svidrigailov’s the novel. In the end, the narrator resorts to rumors attempt to rape Dounia the sister of Raskolnikov, and gossip in constructing the novel's events and he hires a room in a hotel, sleeps and dreams of a cannot tell with any degree of certainty whether the flood and a seductive five year old girl. In the events of the wedding actually occurred in the way morning, he kills himself. he is about to tell. Much like Myshkin, who Svidrigailov is one of the most enigmatic becomes more and more of an "idiot" as the novel characters in Crime and Punishment. Dostoevsky progresses, the narrator too approaches idiocy in leaves little doubt as to Svidrigailov’s status as a his inability to retell the novel's events with any villain. But all of Svidrigailov’s crimes, except for certainty or interpret them with any credible his attempted rape of Dounia, are behind him. explanation. ‘’ ends having gone full circle geographically. Myshkin takes a train from THE IDIOT (1869) Switzerland to St. Petersburg, follows Nastassya Filippovna to other cities, goes to Pavlovsk, returns “THE IDIOT” is a masterpiece work of to St. Petersburg, and finally is sent back to the Fyodor Dostoevsky. it is one of the notable plays in clinic in Switzerland. The prince arrives in St. which Dostoevsky represent the protagonist the Petersburg like a messiah sent to help many of the main character prince Myshkin a young man who main characters of the novel; however, he fails to possess innocent personality of a child and also a save them from destruction and then returns to the Christ like figure, a character of innate goodness, clinic in a state of complete mental degradation. It who believes that humility and brotherly love an may be extreme, however, to characterize his trip transform the earth into a kind of heaven where all as a complete failure. Certainly, at the end of the humankind an live in harmony. novel, Nastassya Filippovna and General Ivolgin are dead, while the lives of Rogozhin and Aglaya In the last part of the novel we come across are virtually ruined. Nonetheless, Myshkin has had Nastassya Filippovna tries to save herself for the an indelible effect upon the people he has met, last time by marrying Myshkin, but again she particularly younger characters like Kolya and ultimately proves unable to go through with it. Her Vera Lebedev. Perhaps it is Dostoevsky's hope that self-blame overpowers her self-love and her desire Myshkin will also have an effect on us as readers. to marry the Prince, though she does truly love For now, however, the author suggests that society him. At the last minute, immediately before the is not ready for a man of such profound goodness wedding, she runs to Rogozhin, most likely aware as the prince. that she is running to her death. Rogozhin tells Myshkin that Nastassya Filippovna even insists on going to his house when they reach St. Psychological disorders Petersburg—another indication that her escape with Rogozhin is a sort of suicide on her part. She Prince Myshkin loses his mind, he goes mad and chooses to die, as she sees her only two choices in through the efforts of Yevgeny Pavlovich returns to life as either living with her shame or ruining the the swiss sanitarium.Myshkin is sent to Dr.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Schneider's clinic in Switzerland, where he returns seems to involve Ivan and Katerina bribing some to the same unwell state he was in when he was guards. Alyosha approves, first, because Dmitri is first brought to the clinic several years earlier. The not emotionally ready to submit to such a harsh Yepanchins and Radomsky occasionally visit sentence, secondly, because he is innocent, and, Myshkin, but he does not recognize them very third, because no guards or officers would suffer well. for aiding the escape. Dmitri and Grushenka plan to escape to America and work the land there for Brother Karamazov (1880) several years, and then to return to Russia under assumed American names, because they both cannot imagine living without Russia. Dmitri begs Dostoevsky's last novel, The Brothers for Katerina to visit him in the hospital, where he is Karamazov, was his masterwork and is a masterpiece of Western literature. Only a year after recovering from an illness before he is due to be taken away. When she does, Dmitri apologizes for its publication, Dostoevsky was dead but already having hurt her; she in turn apologizes for bringing he was acknowledged to be one of Russia's greatest up the implicating letter during . They agree writers. to love each other for that one moment, and say they will love each other forever, even though both Book Eleven of this novel opens that now love other people. The novel concludes at Ivan meets three times with Smerdyakov, the final Ilyusha's funeral, where Ilyusha's schoolboy friends meeting culminating in Smerdyakov's dramatic listen to Alyosha's "Speech by the Stone." Alyosha confession that he had faked the fit, murdered promises to remember Kolya, Ilyusha, and all the , and stolen the money, which boys and keep them close in his heart, even though he presents to Ivan. Smerdyakov expresses he will have to leave them and may not see them disbelief at Ivan's professed ignorance and surprise. again until many years have passed. He implores Smerdyakov claims that Ivan was complicit in the them to love each other and to always remember murder by telling Smerdyakov when he would be Ilyusha, and to keep his memory alive in their leaving Fyodor's house, and more importantly by hearts, and to remember this moment at the stone instilling in Smerdyakov the belief that in a world when they were all together and they all loved each without "everything is permitted." The book other. Alyosha then recounts the Christian promise ends with Ivan having a hallucination in which he that they will all be united one day after the is visited by the devil, who torments Ivan by Resurrection. In tears, the twelve boys promise mocking his beliefs. Alyosha finds Ivan raving and Alyosha that they will keep each other in their informs him that Smerdyakov killed himself memories forever, join hands, and return to the shortly after their final meeting. Snegiryov household for the funeral dinner, In the last book of the novel “A chanting, "Hurrah for Karamazov!" Judicial Error” in which it details the trial of Dmitri Karamazov for the murder of his father Psychological disorder Fyodor. The courtroom drama is sharply satirized by Dostoyevsky. The men in the A particularly crucial scene, and one that crowd are presented as resentful and spiteful, and shows Dmitri's contradictory personality, is his the women are irrationally drawn to manipulation of events in order to force Katerina to the romanticism of Dmitri's love triangle with come to his room so that he can seduce her. When Katerina and Grushenka. Ivan's madness takes its she arrives, Dmitri cannot carry out his scheme. final hold over him and he is carried away from the The better part of his nature has gained control of courtroom after recounting his final meeting with him. Smerdyakov and the aforementioned confession. The turning point in the trial is Katerina's Compounding Dmitri's confusion is his realization damning testimony against Dmitri. Impassioned by of being raked by these polar extremes. He says at Ivan's illness which she believes is a result of her one point that "beauty is a terrible and awful thing," assumed love for Dmitri, she produces a letter that a beautiful woman can arouse sensual drunkenly written by Dmitri saying that he would desires, yet can also, at the same time, inspire noble kill Fyodor. The section concludes with the and elevated thoughts. He is the victim of opposite impassioned closing remarks of the prosecutor and extremes of passion yet cannot comprehend their the defense, and the verdict that Dmitri is guilty. origin, their dimensions, or their purpose. The final section of the book opens with discussion of a plan developed for Dmitri's escape When Dmitri is cornered with a serious from his sentence of twenty years of hard labor accusation, of which he is innocent, he begins to in Siberia. The plan is never fully described, but it face the consequences of all his past acts. Up to

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in now he has lived with no regard for consequence. masterpieces. The true subject of The Idiot is the He has spent money without discretion and has imminence and immanence of death. There is a bragged about his intention to rob his father; now rhythmic meditation on murder and execution in his character is forced to change. And it is after his this story, at its most powerful and unbearable interrogation that he begins to emerge as a tragic when Myshkin makes us confront the horror of the figure. He realizes that his past life is not free of certainty of being about to die, of knowing that it is and duplicity, and, although he is innocent of exactly appointed and inevitable, while the body his father's murder, he is willing to accept another's and mind are in ordinary good health. The punishment. This suffering will reform his life, and appalling nature of the close examination of these for the first time there exists genuine hope for his unimaginable emotions derives from the authority resurrection. with which Dostoevsky can describe them, since he was himself condemned to death and reprieved, by Ivan is a very studious person who has strong an imperial whim, or display of power, as he stood intellectual inclinations, qualities that later in line at the scaffold behind a friend who had dominate his personality. Ivan Karamazov's indeed just been killed. The novel describes the destructive influence on those around him and his execution by guillotine of a French murderer. descent into madness. He is astonished at bastard servant’s open confession that he is responsible for In the novel “BROTHER KARAMAZOV” the murder. The transition is disastrous. His I would like to Justify that neither Dmitri nor Ivan newfound guilt makes him a mad man and the or Smerdyakov must be accused for the murder. night before Dmitri’s trial, he is devoured with Therefore the real Satan is…. their house hold burning fever. With the confession to Ivan, the servant. The reason for this crime is the servant same night, Smerdyakov commits suicide. All the comes to learns that old Karamazov in his room three with their psychological senses self confesses along with his magistrate discusses about the “will’ to the murder though they haven’t commit at all. in which he conforms all his property to Dmitri not just a single Ruble to Smerdyakov.This makes the 2. CONLUSION servant break under the pressure. He can’t digest the fact and had waited for a chance to attempt the crime. Never in this novel is the real fact revealed. I Suggests that “NOTES FROM The police accuses Dmitri and imprisoned him. UNDERGROUND” is a in which Dostoevsky states the suffering in society due to lack of occupation, satisfaction and excitement. I would also advocates that though the plays of The Underground Man knows that no simple Dostoevsky ends with tragicness but the tragic classification can define the essence of one's emotions which we often feels in Shakespearean existence; therefore, he can only conclude that he is tragedies are almost absent in Dostoevsky’s works. nothing. Yet in society, the scientists and the Thats the reason behind his characters which were materialists are trying to define exactly what a man loosely be constructed. is in order to create a society which will function for man's best advantage. The Underground Man In all his crime related novels, Dostoevsky recalls objects to this trend because he maintains that no his Siberian life of imprisonment. one can actually know what man’s best advantage is. Such a society would have to be formulated on 3. References the theory that man is a rational being who always acts for his best advantage. But the history of man 1. [Kaufmann, Walter. Existentialism From proves that he seldom acts this way. Dostoevsky to Sartre. New York: Meridian Books. p. 52.1956. I views that “CRIME AND 2. Notes from Underground Part 2 "Apropos PUNISHMENT” is a novel in which Dostoevsky of Wet Snow" Chapter 6 had plots political and religious ideas working 3. University of Minnesota – Study notes for together. Dostoevskys’ particular form of realism, Crime and Punishment – (retrieved on 1 which emphasizes the internal, psychological May 2006) realities of his characters and focuses less on 4. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and physical description of place and event, represented punishment. Toronto: Bantam Books, one strand of a realist tradition running throughout 1987. Print. the . 5. Идіотъ in original, pre-1920s spelling 6. Jump up^ Dostoevsky letter quoted in “THE IDIOT“ is a masterpiece work which Peace, Richard . Dostoyevsky: An flawed occasionally tedious like many Examination of the Major Novels.

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Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–63. 1971. ISBN 0 521 07911 X. 7. Piretto, Gian Piero. "Staraia Russa and Petersburg; Provincial Realities and Metropolitan Reminiscences in The Brothers Karamazov". Dostoevsky Studies. 7. 1986. 8. Victor Terras, A Karamazov Companion. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981, 2002.

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