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Report on the USSR. Vol. 1, Number 21. Mai 26, 1989 — RFE/RL Inc. 1989

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Report on the USSR. Vol. 1, Number 21. Mai 26, 1989 — RFE/RL Inc. 1989 RADIO LIBERA/ REPORT ON THE USSR ALL-UNION TOPICS IN THE REPUBLICS John B. Dunlop Elizabeth Fuller Two Noteworthy Russian Publication of Preliminary Findings Nationalist Initiatives on the Tragedy of April 9 1 19 Zeeu Wolfson Roman Solchanyk Anarchy Mirrored in Lake Baikal Party and Writers at Loggerheads over 4 Ukrainian Popular Front 21 Vera Tolz Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR Restructured David Marples 7 Third Anniversary of Chernobyl* Disaster 23 Aleksei E. Levin Soviet Science Policy in the Perestroika Period: An Overview 9 Vlad Sobell The Economic Reintegration of Eastern Europe 13 Valerii Konovalov Afghan Veterans in Siberia 16 Vera Tolz & Melanie Newton The USSR This Week 27 Volume 1, Number 21 May 26, 1989 A weekly publication of RFE/RL, Inc. on current Soviet affairs. EDITORIAL STAFF Chief Editor Robert Farrell Managing Editor Charles Trumbull Editor David Allis Editorial Assistants Katama Bonthron Melanie Newton E ditor-Transla tor John Richmond Report on the USSR is owned by RFE/RL, Inc. The purpose of Report on the USSR is to provide a medium for the dissemination of research on the USSR conducted by Radio Liberty to support its broadcasts. The publication is guided by the principle of freedom of expression and by accepted standards of serious writing and good taste. Full and proper acknowledgment of materials excerpted, quoted, or otherwise drawn from or based on Report on the USSR is requested. RFE/RL, Inc. is a nonprofit organization funded by the Congress of the United States through the Board for International Broadcasting. EDITORIAL BOARD Keith Bush, Director, Radio Liberty Research Iain Elliot, Associate Director of Radio Liberty Robert Farrell, Chief Editor A. Ross Johnson, Director of Radio Free Europe William Reese, Director, Information Management Unit Roman Solchanyk, Director, Program Research and Development Elizabeth Teague, Political Analyst S. Enders Wimbush, Director of Radio Liberty RADIO LIBERTY REPORT ON THE USSR ALL-UNION TOPICS NATIONALISM________________________________________________ Two Noteworthy Russian Nationalist Initiatives John B. Dunlop* 1 ussian nationalism has become a of the journal Novyi m i r He has also made con­ significant factor in the power struggle— spicuous overtures to the Russian Orthodox R some participants term it “a civil war”— Church, seeking to detach religious believers from that is at present taking place within the Soviet the conservative nationalists.2 leadership and among the Soviet elites. Mikhail Despite these efforts on the part of the general Gorbachev is “a Soviet patriot,” not a Russian secretary, a majority of Russian nationalists nationalist, and he has sought to split the ranks of appear, at least temporarily, to have sided with the nationalists by attempting to coopt such Gorbachev’s political opponents. Gorbachev’s influential liberals as Academician Dmitri! attempt to legitimize and reinvigorate Marxism by Likhachev, chairman of the board of the Soviet going back to the 1920s and to the Khrushchev Cultural Foundation, and Sergei Zalygin, the editor 1 See John B. Dunlop: “Soviet Cultural Politics," * John B. Dunlop is a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Problems of Communism, November-December, 1987, Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford. His pp. 34-56; idem, “The Contemporary Russian Nationalist contribution here continues the debate begun in “Rus­ Spectrum," Radio Liberty Research Bulletin, Special sian Nationalism Today," Radio Liberty Research Bulle­ Edition, December 19, 1988, pp. 1-10. tin, Special Edition, December 19, 1988. For a different 2 These overtures are discussed in detail in John view of this complex subject, see Julia Wishnevsky, B. Dunlop, “Politics of Religion (under Gorbachev)," “Ligachev, ‘Pamyat’, and Conservative Writers," Report on which is to appear in a forthcoming issue of Problems the USSR, Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 12-15. o f Communism. May 26. 1989 1 period for a new “pool of ideas” has not proven The Association of Russian Artists popular with the nationalists, while they regard his In November, 1988, a number of leading Russian opening of the doors to Western mass culture (rock nationalist writers, critics, and editors combined to music, beauty contests, cheesecake, nudity in form an Association of Russian Artists (Tovari- films, etc.) with abhorrence. shchestvo russkikh khudozhnikov) in Moscow. The Gorbachev’s opponents in the top levels of founders of the new organization included the the Party are themselves not Russian nationalists writers Valentin Rasputin, Vasilii Belov, Viktor but, in fact, rather conservative Marxist-Leninists. Astafev, Yurii Bondarev, and Stanislav Kunyaev; In an attempt to stop the Gorbachev juggernaut, the critics Yurii Loshchits, Mikhail Lobanov, and or at least slow it down, they have, however, Vadim Kozhinov; Anatoli! Ivanov, the editor of consciously enlisted the support of Russian Molodaya gvardtya, and Sergei Vikulov.6 In their nationalism. Major newspapers like Pravda, whose “Appeal to the Artists, Scholars, Cultural Figures, editor, Viktor Afanas’ev, seems to be an opponent and Toilers of Russia,” the organizers called on of Gorbachev, and Sovetskaya Rossiya are now their compatriots to devote all their efforts to energetically embracing such nationalist causes “awakening, illuminating, and strengthening the as protection of the Russian environment and national self-awareness and spiritual powers of the the restoration of prerevolutionary Russian Russian people.”7 history. One of the primary aims of the new organization In deciding to set loose the genie of Russian is to combat separatist minority nationalist ten­ nationalism, Gorbachev’s opponents have taken dencies that are seen as threatening the unity of the a political risk. Influential nationalists—for ex­ Soviet Union. “The once-powerful union of the ample, artist Il’ya Glazunov and writer Vladimir peoples of Russia, joined together by the idea of Soloukhin—can be heard advocating that steadfast unity,” the appeal’s authors warn, “is Marxism-Leninism be jettisoned as the ruling experiencing a difficult period, during which, under ideology of the state.3 As Walter Laqueur has noted the guise of demagogic slogans, nationalist in a recently published study of glasnost, the groups . .. are seeking to break up and destroy the tactical common front that has been formed unity of peoples.” between neo-Stalinists, who are frequently The moral decline of the Russian people itself “atheists of the old school” completely lacking in is also seen as threatening the future of the sympathy for “old women in old villages,” and the Soviet Union. Much of the blame for this decline is anti-Marxist Russophiles is a peculiar one.4 laid squarely at the feet of the Soviet regime. The Since Gorbachev’s lightning political coup in appeal recalls “the devastation in people’s souls late September, 1988, the anti-Gorbachev coalition brought about by the civil war, the years of has apparently decided to pull out all the stops in terror and repression, and coerced depeasanti- promoting a revival of ethnic Russian nationalism. zation (raskrest'yanivanieT that has led to At a plenum of the board of the RSFSR Writers’ such plagues as “mass drunkenness” and a growth Union, Sergei Vikulov, editor of the nationalist in the numbers of broken families and orphaned monthly Nash souremennik, recalled that the children. Soviet Union was saved during the dark days of In the same way, the Soviet regime is charged World War II when it turned to Russian patriotism with having badly mishandled the nationality as a mobilizing force.5 The same, he intimated, problem: should be done today. The command methods used by the leadership 3 See the exposé of Glazunov’s anti-Marxist views in the sphere of nationality relations has led to a in “Eksportnaya glasnost’," Izvestia, October 26, 1988. situation in which it has become common to Soloukhin’s anti-Marxism finds expression in his short identify the will of the administrative bureau­ book Smekh za levym plechom, Frankfurt-on-Main, cratic apparatus with the views of the Russian Possev, 1988. A lightly censored version of this same people, whereas it is precisely Russia that is in work appeared in Moskva, No. 1, 1989, pp. 3-75. In early the most critical position, close to collapse. And 1989, Possev-Verlag announced that it was preparing the collapse of Russia will inevitably lead to the for publication a new book by Soloukhin entitled loss of the unity of the political and state system Poslednaya stupen'. An excerpt from this book, “Chitaya of the whole country. Lenina” (Reading Lenin), has already been published by Possev. 6 “Sozdano Tovarishchestvo russkikh khudo­ 4 Walter Laqueur, The Long Road to Freedom: zhnikov’," Moskovsky literator. Nos. 46-47, December 2, Russia and Glasnost, New York, 1989, p. 115. 1988, p. 8. 5 “Perestroika i publitsistika,” Literatumaya 7 See Moskovsky literator, Nos. 49-50, Decem­ Rossiya, December 23, 1988, p. 4. ber 16, 1988. p. 3. 2 Report on the USSR This would be particularly unfortunate, the All-Russian Cultural Foundation; the Russian appeal claims, in light of “the achievements and Orthodox Church; and the Old Believer Russian exploits of our great (Russian) ancestors, who Orthodox Church. were able to unite in one state lands stretching The chairman of the new foundation is Acade­ from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean.” mician N. N. Tolstoi, a direct descendant of Count The programmatic goals of the new organi­ Lev Tolstoi. The deputy chairmen are the Russian zation include: the propagandizing
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