1868 ITALIA E GIAPPONE: INTRECCI CULTURALI Atti Del Convegno Internazionale Auditorium Santa Margherita 22 Maggio 2008

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1868 ITALIA E GIAPPONE: INTRECCI CULTURALI Atti Del Convegno Internazionale Auditorium Santa Margherita 22 Maggio 2008 1868 ITALIA E GIAPPONE: INTRECCI CULTURALI Atti del Convegno Internazionale Auditorium Santa Margherita 22 maggio 2008 a cura di ROSA CAROLI 1868. Italia e Giappone: intrecci culturali. Atti del Convegno Internazionale a cura di Rosa Caroli © 2008 Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina ISBN 978-88-7543-118-1 Questa pubblicazione è stata realizzata con il contributo del MIUR nell’ambito della ricerca scientifica PRIN 2005 su “Continuità e mutamenti nel linguaggio politico e socio-culturale nella Cina e nel Giappone contemporaneo” e della Toshiba International Foundation AISTUGIA Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia Orientale Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia In copertina: Gruppo di docenti e studenti nel cortile di Ca’ Foscari (luglio 1912) Foto F. Scattola, Venezia (Archivio Storico di Ca’ Foscari, Fondo Enrico Castelnuovo, n. 17) Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina srl Dorsoduro, 3259, 30123 Venezia www.cafoscarina.it Tutti i diritti riservati INDICE Presentazione di Alide Cagidemetrio 7 Presentazione di Guido Samarani 9 Rosa Caroli INTRODUZIONE 11 Adriana Boscaro DOCENTI GIAPPONESI IN LAGUNA (1873-1923) 21 Carol Gluck MEIJI AND MODERNITY: FROM HISTORY TO THEORY 41 Motoaki Ishii LA RICEZIONE DELL’ARTE MEIJI IN ITALIA: ARTE PURA O ARTE APPLICATA? 59 Hidenobu Jinnai CITTÀ D’ACQUA: L’IMMAGINE DI ‘VENICE’ RIFLESSA NELLA CITTÀ DI TOKYO 87 Franco Mazzei LA RISPOSTA DEL GIAPPONE ALLA SFIDA MODERNIZZANTE DELL’OCCIDENTE 115 Maria Teresa Orsi NATSUME SŌSEKI: L’OCCIDENTE COME SOGNO E FANTASIA 129 Kazufumi Takada IL TEATRO ITALIANO IN GIAPPONE NEL PERIODO MEIJI-TAISHŌ: PRIME TRADUZIONI E RAPPRESENTAZIONI DI D’ANNUNZIO E PIRANDELLO 143 Claudio Zanier LA “GRANDE STAGIONE DELLA SETA” TRA ITALIA E GIAPPONE (1861-1880) UNA RICERCA TUTTA DA SVILUPPARE 161 AVVERTENZA Per i nomi di persona giapponesi si segue l’uso di far precedere il cognome al nome, tranne che per gli Autori dei contributi al volume. Gli allungamenti delle vocali sono omesse nel caso di Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka e Kobe. PRESENTAZIONE «Per conoscere noi stessi, per migliorarci, è più necessario lo studio delle lingue moderne che trattano i negozi del mondo moderno che quello delle antiche, che trattavano i negozi delle antiche». Così scriveva Luigi Luzzatti stendendo il progetto fondativo dell’Università di Venezia, di cui celebriamo quest’anno il centoquarantesimo anniversario. L’internazionalizzazione degli studi faceva parte del moderno progetto della borghesia illuminata veneziana intenta a restituire alla città, appena annessa al Regno d’Italia, l’orgoglio del- la propria vocazione mercantile e della propria tradizione “serenissima”, quella di un luogo cosmopolita da sempre segnato dai rapporti coi “foresti”, con gli stati Europei, col Mediterraneo e l’Oriente. Già nel 1868, anno di a- pertura della Scuola Superiore di Commercio, a sottolineare l’importanza delle lingue nell’ambizioso progetto cittadino, si attivarono gli insegnamenti di francese, inglese, tedesco, e neogreco, a cui seguirono in rapida succes- sione, nel 1869, quelli di arabo e turco. L’Europa e il Mediterraneo dunque costituivano il fulcro dell’interesse iniziale, così come l’attenzione all’im- pero ottomano appare evidente; tuttavia, con evidenza insolita all’epoca, e con notevole preveggenza, appare anche l’intenzione di collegarsi con l’Oriente estremo con l’introduzione, primi in Italia, di corsi di lingua giap- ponese con docenti madrelingua nel 1873, a soli cinque anni dalla fondazio- ne. All’inizio della nuova era Meiji dunque. Venezia si anima, ne ha scritto Adriana Boscaro, d’interesse per il Giappone, la sua cultura, le sue politiche. Di quell’animazione, a Venezia e nell’Italia tutta, si occupano gli illustri stu- diosi intervenuti a questo Convegno e i cui saggi sono raccolti in questo vo- lume per la cura di Rosa Caroli. La Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere ringrazia gli illustri ospiti che hanno portato a Venezia le molte tessere del mosaico dei rapporti tra Italia e Giappone, e che, insieme a noi, hanno così reso omaggio a una tradizione di studi, del passato, del presente e, ci auguriamo, del futuro. A spingerci verso il futuro, nonostante le precarie condizioni dell’Università italiana, ci sono 8 PRESENTAZIONE oggi qui a Ca’ Foscari centinaia di studenti provenienti dalla regione e, in numero sempre maggiore, dall’intero territorio nazionale, che scelgono d’imparare la lingua e la cultura giapponese. Decenni fa, quando ancora si era in pochi, da studente Cafoscarina aspirante americanista, mi avvicinai ad Adriana Boscaro, curiosa di sapere degli intrecci tra cultura nordamericana e giapponese a fine Ottocento. Trovai non solo straordinaria competenza, ma apertura, rispetto e cordialità. Questo mi pare era e rimane il segreto della nipponistica veneziana e del suo valore; a nome di tutta la Facoltà è un pia- cere e un onore rendere omaggio ai colleghi del Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia Orientale, e ringraziare Rosa Caroli, Luisa Bienati, Massimo Rave- ri e Bonaventura Ruperti per avere voluto con questa iniziativa festeggiare i 140 anni delle lingue a Venezia, nell’auspicio che insieme a tutti gli studiosi qui convenuti si possa continuare quel dialogo tra culture che rende vitale la nostra quotidiana fatica. Alide Cagidemetrio Preside della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere PRESENTAZIONE Tra il 1867 e il 1869, negli anni in cui vennero poste le basi per l’avvio della nuova era Meiji e si cominciò a mettere mano in Giappone alla politica di riforme, nasceva il Canale di Suez. Per celebrare l’apertura ufficiale del Ca- nale, l’allora Khedivè d’Egitto commissionò a Giuseppe Verdi la celebre o- pera lirica Aida, la quale sarebbe poi stata rappresentata per la prima volta al Cairo nel dicembre 1871. Pochi anni dopo, tra il 1901 e il 1903, un altro grande compositore italia- no – Giacomo Puccini – lavorava alacremente alla composizione di Madama Butterfly, in cui la sfortunata protagonista, Cho-Cho-San (Madama But- terfly), canta della sua attesa per “la nave bianca” che dovrebbe portarle l’amato Pinkerton, tenente della Marina degli Stati Uniti. Si tratta di due eventi e momenti tra loro molto diversi i quali testimonia- no tuttavia, insieme a molti altri, dello straordinario intreccio tra Oriente e Occidente che venne sviluppandosi in quel periodo storico. Come sottolinea nella sua Introduzione Rosa Caroli, che ha curato il vo- lume, l’inizio dell’era Meiji segnò non solo l’avvio della creazione dello sta- to moderno in Giappone ma rappresentò altresì la premessa indispensabile per l’immissione dello stesso in quel sistema-mondo allora imperniato sull’Europa e il Nord America. Non solo: il Meiji costituì per molti anni un “modello” a cui molti paesi e popoli asiatici guardarono al fine di trovare una via verso la riconquista della sovranità nazionale e la modernizzazione economica e produttiva. Per tutte queste ragioni l’attenta e profonda riflessione sul Meiji proposta attraverso questi Atti, che raccolgono i contributi del Convegno tenutosi a Venezia, appare tanto più opportuna e fondamentale oggi, in un’epoca in cui l’Asia Orientale si afferma sempre più in quanto protagonista internazionale e in cui il tema cruciale del rapporto tra civiltà diverse si impone come sem- pre più vitale. 10 PRESENTAZIONE Va quindi a merito di Rosa Caroli, Luisa Bienati, Massimo Raveri e Bo- naventura Ruperti di avere colto la centralità storica di tale evento e di avere, assieme a tutti gli altri colleghi di studi giapponesi che fanno capo al Dipar- timento di Studi sull’Asia Orientale, dimostrato ancora una volta la grande vitalità intellettuale della nipponistica veneziana. Guido Samarani Direttore del Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia Orientale INTRODUZIONE Rosa Caroli Il 140° anniversario dalla creazione della Scuola Superiore di Commercio di Venezia – da cui traggono origine le Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Stranie- re e di Economia di Ca’ Foscari, affiancate poi (1969) dalle Facoltà di Lette- re e Filosofia e di Chimica Industriale (oggi di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali) – rappresenta in primo luogo un’occasione per rievocare la lun- gimiranza di coloro che furono i promotori di una istituzione volta a stabilire un proficuo rapporto tra cultura e sviluppo economico; istituzione che, a li- vello europeo, aveva un solo antesignano, ovvero l’Istituto Superiore di Commercio di Anversa, concepito nel 1847 e attivato sei anni dopo.1 Si trat- tava di «menti illuminate [con] lo sguardo proiettato nel futuro, […] una fat- tiva passione per il territorio [e] un amore per la propria città», così come, ripercorrendo la vicenda dei primi docenti giapponesi a Venezia, scrive Adriana Boscaro, figura centrale e animatrice assai attiva della nipponistica dentro e fuori Ca’ Foscari.2 Menti capaci di guardare lontano nello spazio – oltre che nel tempo – ripercorrendo rotte antiche e scrutando nuovi orizzonti, come peraltro testimonia l’istituzione degli insegnamenti non solo di arabo e di turco (1869), ma anche di lingua giapponese (1873). Menti da cui, viene 1 Sulle origini e la storia di Ca’ Foscari, Giannantonio Paladini, Profilo storico dell’Ateneo, ed. Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia 1996; AA.VV., “Cenni storici su Ca’ Foscari”, in Annuario ALUC 2001, Ca’ Foscari, Venezia 2001, pp. 68-83; Paolo Giubitta, “Profilo storico del- l’Università Ca’ Foscari”, in I laureati di Ca’ Foscari, Cafoscarina, Venezia 1995, pp. 11-14. 2 Attualmente Presidente dell’Associazione Italiana per gli Studi Giapponesi, alla cui fonda- zione (1973) ha concorso assieme ad altri dodici studiosi (tra cui Franco Mazzei, ospite di questo Convegno, e i ‘veneziani’ Gian Carlo Calza e i compianti Paolo Beonio Brocchieri e Paola Cagnoni), e Presidente della European Association for Japanese Studies (1991-94) di cui è oggi membro onorario, Adriana Boscaro ha ottenuto, in Italia e all’estero, numerosi ri- conoscimenti e onorificenze per la sua attività accademica, tra cui il Premio Okano (1990) e, nel 1999, l’Ordine del Tesoro Sacro, Raggi in oro con nastro e il Premio Cesmeo per la tradu- zione dell’opera di Katō Shūichi, Letteratura giapponese.
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