DOCSLIB.ORG

B89fd6a4824b19485ce5232ed3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
B89fd6a4824b19485ce5232ed3 Plant Pathol. J. 29(1) : 1-9 (2013) http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2012.0072 The Plant Pathology Journal pISSN 1598-2254 eISSN 2093-9280 © The Korean Society of Plant Pathology Mini-Review Open Access Recent Trends in Studies on Botanical Fungicides in Agriculture Mi-Young Yoon1, Byeongjin Cha2 and Jin-Cheol Kim1* 1Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea 2Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea (Received on May 31, 2012; Revised on October 22, 2012; Accepted on November 2, 2012) Plants are attacked by various phytopathogenic fungi. use of integrated pest management (IPM), and the develop- For many years, synthetic fungicides have been used to ment of genetically modified (GM) seeds with insecticidal control plant diseases. Although synthetic fungicides are qualities. The synthetic pesticide market comprises herbi- highly effective, their repeated use has led to problems cides, fungicides, insecticides, and others, accounting for such as environmental pollution, development of re- 48%, 26%, 16%, and 10% of the total market, respectively. sistance, and residual toxicity. This has prompted inten- The pesticide market was declined over the period 1999 to sive research on the development of biopesticides, includ- 2004 because of the development of biopesticides and GM ing botanical fungicides. To date, relatively few botanical fungicides have been registered and commercialized. crops, especially herbicide-resistant seeds. However, in 2005, However, many scientists have reported isolation and the use of herbicides began to increase, partly in response to characterization of a variety of antifungal plant deriva- the increased aggressiveness of herbicide-resistant weeds, tives. Here, we present a survey of a wide range of the development of “super” weeds, and the expansion of reported plant-derived antifungal metabolites. sales to new markets. Currently, the annual growth rate of synthetic pesticides is estimated to be 3% for the period Keywords : antifungal activity, botanical fungicide, plant- 2009 to 2014. In contrast, the annual growth rate of bio- derived metabolites, plant diseases pesticides over the same period is expected to be 15.6%. The percentage of the total pesticide market for biopesti- cides is expected to increase to around 6% by 2014. For many years, plant pathogenic fungi have caused deva- In USA, there are currently more than 245 registered stating losses worth millions of dollars in crops worldwide. biopesticide-active ingredients used in hundreds of prod- Synthetic fungicides have effectively controlled plant path- ucts. Biopesticides are classified into microbial pesticides, ogenic fungi. Their repeated use over decades has disrupted biochemical biopesticides, plant incorporated protectants natural biological systems, and sometimes resulted in (PIPs; GM organisms or crops), predators, entomopathogenic development of fungal resistance. They had undesirable nematodes, and parasitoids. Biopesticides account for about effects on non-target organisms, and fostered environmental 20% of all pesticide-active ingredients registered in USA. and human health concerns. Therefore, alternative measures In Korea, a total of 33 biopesticides are registered, of have been developed for crop protection. In an attempt to which 19 are fungicides; 13, insecticides; 1, herbicide. Most reduce the use of synthetic fungicides, intensive investi- of them are microbial pesticides; only 2 of 33 are botanical gations into the possible exploitation of biopesticides such pesticides, which consists of 1 herbicide and 1 insecticide. as natural commercial products that are safe for humans No botanical fungicide has been registered in Korea. and the environment have been undertaken. In general, biopesticides are classified as natural products The global pesticide market was valued in 2009 at about (microorganism-derived, higher plant-derived, and animal- $42.8 billion. Of that total, nearly 3.74% is attributable to derived products) and microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, biopesticides. The global pesticide market is expected to fungi, nematodes, and protozoa) (Copping and Menn, 2000). expand further through 2014 for both synthetic pesticides However, of the natural products, microorganism-derived and biopesticides. However, it is estimated that the use of compounds are not generally accepted as biochemical bio- synthetic insecticides will continuously decline, particularly pesticides in Korea, where they are recognized to be almost in response to the momentum of organic agricultural practices, the same as synthetic pesticides. Therefore, many Korean scientists have been focused on the development of natural *Corresponding author. pesticides from plant-derived compounds. Research on Phone) +82-42-860-7436, FAX) +82-42-861-4913 botanical fungicides for agriculture has been intensified, E-mail) [email protected] since it has become evident that botanical fungicides have 2 Yoon et al. enormous potential to inspire and influence on modern ous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves against agrochemical research. The development of botanical fungi- wood decay fungi. Compared to the other components, cides would help decrease the negative impacts of syn- cinnamaldehyde, the major compound in C. osmophloeum thetic agents, such as residues, resistance, and environmental leaf essential oils, possessed the strongest antifungal pollution. In this respect, botanical fungicides may be effec- activities and showed 100% efficacy against both Coriolus tive, selective, biodegradable, and less toxic to the environ- versicolor and Laetiporus sulphureus. Cheng et al. (2008) ment. In this paper, we reviewed commercially available reported the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde and plant-derived fungicides and various antifungal metabolites eugenol congeners against wood-rot fungi. Results from that show potent in vivo antifungal activities and have not antifungal tests revealed that cinnamaldehyde, alpha-methyl yet been introduced into the market. cinnamaldehyde, (E)-2-methylcinnamic acid, eugenol, and isoeugenol exhibited strong antifungal activity against all Cinnamaldehyde fungi tested. Moreover, Khan et al. (2011) evaluated the effects of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, citral, and geraniol on Cinnamaldehyde (1; Fig. 1) was isolated from cinnamon growth, hyphal ultrastructure, and virulence factors of essential oil in 1834 by Dumas and Peligot and synthesized Aspergillus fumigates and Trichophyton rubrum. The anti- in the laboratory by Chiozza in 1854. The chemical is fungal activity of their major constituents was evaluated in usually synthesized for crop protection. It is effective order cinnamaldehyde > eugenol > geraniol > citral. against dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungicola, dollar The mode of action of cinnamaldehyde is not understood. spot caused by Sclerotinia homeocarpa, and pitch canker Its low toxicity and well-known properties make it ideal for disease caused by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans agriculture. Cinnamaldehyde is sold as a 30% wettable (Copping, 2004). Wang et al. (2005) reported antifungal powder (WP) formulation, which named Vertigo Wettable activity of essential oils and their constituents from indigen- Powder Fungicide (Monterey), and cinnacure A3005 (Pro- Fig. 1. Chemical structures of various plant-derived antifungal metabolites. Recent Trends in Studies on Botanical Fungicides in Agriculture 3 Fig. 1. Continued 4 Yoon et al. guard). It is not soluble in water and is degraded rapidly in pressed by laminarin, and its application reduced infection the soil and is not expected to pose any hazard to non-target by B. cinerea and P. viticola by approximately 55% and 75%, organisms or the environment. respectively (Copping, 2004). Liangbin et al. (2012) reported inhibitory effects of laminarin on the growth and toxin L-Glutamic acid + gamma-aminobutyric acid production of A. flavus. Significantly, inhibition of aflatoxin production in Sabouraud liquid medium was achieved using Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2) (29.2%) and L- 150 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml of laminarin, without affecting glutamic acid (29.2%) are found in all living organisms. L- mycelium growth. A natural fungicide containing laminarin glutamic acid (3) is a major amino acid naturally found in is registered for use on wheat to control powdery mildew. plant and animal proteins, and GABA helps to maintain normal brain function. These two ingredients enhance the Milsana growth of specified plants such as almond, broccoli, and onions, prevent development of powdery mildew on grapes, Milsana is an ethanol extract from the plant Reynoutria and suppress certain other plant diseases such as brown rot sachalinensis for use on greenhouse-grown plants. Its ap- (Monilia sp.) and shot hole (Stigmina carpophila) of stone plication helps reduce certain plant diseases. Milsana is fruit (Copping, 2004). The products are applied by spray- generally used as a preventative rather than a curative ing, drenching the soil, or via particular irrigation systems. application, and the principal target disease is powdery Toxicity tests in animals and humans did not show any mildew. Milsana controls powdery mildew on wheat by a adverse effects from GABA or L-glutamic acid. Both sub- combination of induced resistance and direct antifungal stances occur naturally in plants and animals. Products con- activity. A single spray to run-off, 48
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catalpa Bignonioides
    Pub. No. 15 April 2016 Southern Catalpa Catalpa bignonioides by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia The Southern catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides) tree is a common fixture along roadsides and in old landscapes. The big green leaves and distinctive long dangling fruits are noticeable from hundreds of yards away. Although used in the past for a few wood-based products and pioneer medicines, today catalpa is used for shade trees and for growing a special caterpillar. This catalpa “worm” is prized by fishing enthusiast across the South. Family Ties The catalpa tree is a member of the Catalpa or Trumpet-Creeper family (Bignoniaceae). This family contains more than 700 species scattered around the globe, primarily in tropical and sub-tropical regions. This plant family is represented by trees, shrubs and vines in North America. The trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), cross vine (Bignonia capreolata), and two catalpa trees (Catalpa ssp.) are the most recognized natives of this family in the Southeastern United States. The exotic Asiatic Pau- lownia tree is a member of this family and has been widely planted, now reproducing on its own. The catalpa genus (Catalpa) has 12 species spread across North America, the Caribbean basin, Eastern Asia and Japan. There are two common native catalpa trees in the United States, and one exotic (Catalpa ovata - Chinese catalpa). Catalpa speciosa is the larger and more northern growing of the two native trees. Common names for this catalpa are Northern catalpa, Western catalpa, and catawba-tree. Catalpa bignonioides is the native Southern catalpa.
    [Show full text]
  • Textual Research for Latin Names and Medicinal Effects of Low Grade Drugs in Shennongbencaojing
    J Chin Med 24(1): 65-84, 2013 65 TEXTUAL RESEARCH FOR LATIN NAMES AND MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF LOW GRADE DRUGS IN SHENNONGBENCAOJING Shu-Ling Liu*, Chao-Lin Kuo, Yu-Jen Ko, Ming-Tsuen Hsieh Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ( Received 11th May 2012, accepted 23th August 2012 ) The textual research for Latin names and medicinal effects of Shennongbencaojing, after Top Grade and Medium Grade, the Low Grade Drugs was studied. The Low Grade Drugs were divided, in the same way for Top and Medium Grade Drugs, into 6 groups and their drugs number were also shown in the following order: Plant (72 drugs), Mineral (7 drugs), Animal (6 drugs), Fish and Shellfish (2 drugs), Insect (14 drugs) and Other (2 drugs). The number of Low Grade Drugs in Sun’s edition was summed up to 103. In this study, many drugs were considered to be toxic such as: Aconitum carmichaeli (No. 1), Pinellia ternata (No. 4), Rheum palmatum (No. 7), Hyoscyamus niger (No. 10), Veratrum nigrum (No. 13), Gelsemium elegans (No. 14), Dichroa febrifuga (No. 17), Euphorbia pekinensis (No. 24), Agrimonia pilosa (No. 29), Rhododendron molle (No. 30), Phytolacca acinosa (No. 31) etc. They were also listed in the Poisonous Weeds Class of Compendium of Materia Medica. Modern research has confirmed that most of the Low Grade Drugs are toxic as well. For four drugs, Guanjun (No. 22), Yangtao (No. 37), Wujiu (No. 41) and Yaoshigen (No. 64) their botanical names have not yet been defined. Some drugs might have different medicinal names by various used parts but were originated in the same scientific name.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutics 173
    THERAPEUTICS 173 THERAPEUTICS investigate the hepatoprotective effect of the plant extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) NPARR 4(3), 2013-0312 Ethnobotanical survey induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and liver of malaria prophylactic remedies in Odisha, injury in vivo. These results suggested that TFA India protected mice against CCl4-induced liver injury through antioxidant stress and antiinflammatory An ethnobotanical survey was carried out effects. This finding justified the use of this plant among 20 traditional healers who were sampled in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver based on recommendations of local elders and diseases [Guo Ai, Qingchuan Liu, Wei Hua, local non-government organizations. Data were Zhengming Huang* and Dewen Wang collected through semi-structured interview. The (Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of PLA, study revealed the use of 16 traditional plant Beijing 100039, PR China), Journal of species belonging to 12 families for prevention of Ethnopharmacology, 2013, 146( 3), 794-802] malaria. Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Ocimum NPARR 4(3), 2013-0314 Study on the sanctum, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale were mechanism of the bronchodilatory effects of the most commonly reported plants for their Cynodon dactylon Linn. and identification of malaria prophylactic use by the healers of three the active ingredient districts of Odisha. Most of the remedies were used in decoction form. Findings of this study In the traditional medicine, Cynodon provide a lead to explore traditional plants for dactylon Linn. is used in asthma, but scientific malaria preventive potential through further pre- studies to provide evidence for medicinal uses are clinical and clinical studies [Prakash B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Massachusetts Vegetated Buffer Manual
    TThhee MMaassssaacchhuusseettttss BBuuffffeerr MMaannuuaall Using Vegetated Buffers to Protect our Lakes and Rivers Prepared by the Berkshire Regional Planning Commission For The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection 2003 Massachusetts Vegetated Buffer Manual About The Massachusetts Buffer Manual In 2001 the Berkshire Regional Planning Commission was awarded a Nonpoint Source Pollution grant to conduct a demonstration and outreach project. The goal of this project was to promote the bene- fits of vegetated buffers. The three main objectives to achieve this goal were to 1) create a buffer guidance document, 2) plant five buffer demonstration sites and 3) talk about vegetated buffers to the public. This document, three of the buffers seen in Chapter 2 and several presentations made to lake groups and conservation commissioners are direct outcomes of this project. Russ Cohen of the Riverways Program was our partner and co-presenter for three of our "on the road" presentations. Many thanks, Russ. Acknowledgements To our Partners: A very special thank you goes out to our project partners, without whose contributions the Buffer Project would not have been made possible. These plant specialists, landscape professionals and nurseries have voluntarily contributed their time, expertise and materials to our demonstration projects and to this document. Their support is greatly appreciated. Robert Akroyd, landscape architect, Greylock Design Associates Rachel Fletcher and Monica Fadding, Housatonic River Walk Rick Harrington, landscaper, Good Lookin' Lawns Dorthe Hviid, horticulturist, Berkshire Botanical Garden Dennis Mareb, owner, Windy Hill Farm Christine McGrath, landscape architect, Okerstrom Lang, Ltd. Craig Okerstrom Lang, landscape architect, Okerstrom Lang, Ltd. Greg Ward, owner, Ward's Nursery and Garden Center Raina Weber, plant propagation, Project Native (an undertaking of the Railroad St.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT OLSEN, RICHARD THOMAS. Utilizing Polyploidy For
    ABSTRACT OLSEN, RICHARD THOMAS. Utilizing Polyploidy for Developing Improved Nursery Crops: Restoring Fertility in Wide Hybrids, Limiting Fertility of Invasive Species, Embryo Culture of Triploids, Pest Resistance, and Inheritance of Ornamental Traits. (Under the direction of Thomas G. Ranney.) Multiple projects were conducted to investigate the potential for developing a breeding program utilizing species of Catalpa Scop. and Chilopsis D. Don. The efficacy of oryzalin was evaluated for inducing polyploidy and restoring fertility in the sterile, intergeneric hybrid ×Chitalpa tashkentensis Elias & Wisura [Catalpa bignonioides Walt. x Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet] ‘Pink Dawn’. Submerging meristems in 150 µM oryzalin for up to 24 hours was effective at inducing tetraploids and cytochimeras. Pollen from the diploid cultivar was non-viable, but pollen from the polyploid stained and germinated as well as pollen from progenitor taxa. Polyploid ×Chitalpa were self- compatible yielding tetraploids when self pollinated and triploids when crossed with C. bignonioides, but reciprocal crosses with Chilopsis taxa failed. To increase recovery of triploids, we investigated germination of ovules and embryos at various harvest dates on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal salts supplemented with various medium components. Germination of triploid [(polyploid ×Chitalpa) x C. bignonioides] and tetraploid (selfed polyploid ×Chitalpa) embryos was greatest at 7 weeks after pollination -1 on SH with 20 g⋅L sucrose and ≥ 1 µM gibberellic acid (GA3). Triploids [Chilopsis linearis x (polyploid ×Chitalpa)] germinated < 5%. Additional studies were conducted to screen diverse taxa for resistance to powdery mildew (PM), Erysiphe elevata (Burr.) U. Braun & S. Takam, and catalpa sphinx larvae (CSL), Ceratomia catalpae (Boisduval). Twenty-four taxa from Catalpa (section Catalpa Paclt and Macrocatalpa Grisebach), Chilopsis, and ×Chitalpa were screened in 2004-05 for susceptibility to PM.
    [Show full text]
  • Process Optimization and Insecticidal Activity of Alkaloids from the Root Bark of Catalpa Ovata G
    Shao et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research May 2018; 17 (5): 843-848 ISSN: 1596-5996 (print); 1596-9827 (electronic) © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v17i5.14 Original Research Article Process optimization and insecticidal activity of alkaloids from the root bark of Catalpa ovata G. Don by response surface methodology Jinhua Shao1,2, Yufei Zhang3, Zhiyong Zhu1,2, Xiaoming Chen1,2, Fulin He1,2 1Key Laboratory Comprehensive Utilization of Dominant Plants Resources in South Hunan, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, 2Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, 3Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory for Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China *For correspondence: Email: [email protected] Sent for review: 7 February 2018 Revised accepted: 29 April 2018 Abstract Purpose: To optimize the extraction of total alkaloids from the root bark of Catalpa ovata using response surface methodology, and to determine the insecticidal activity of the total alkaloids extracted. Methods: A combination of Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the acid water extraction of total alkaloids from the root bark of Catalpa ovata, with extraction rate of total alkaloids as index and the single factor experiment as basis, and the extraction time, material: liquid ratio and pH as 3 factors. The insecticidal activity of total alkaloids was determined against the three instar armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study on the Growth and Development of Annual and Biannual Plants of Species from Genus Catalpa at the Conditions of Sofia Field
    Растениевъдни науки, 2019, 56(6) Bulgarian Journal of Crop Science, 2019, 56(6) Comparative study on the growth and development of annual and biannual plants of species from genus Catalpa at the conditions of Sofia field Rosen Sokolov Institute of Ornamental and Medicinal Plants, 1222 Negovan, Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] Citation Sokolov, R. (2019). Comparative study on the growth and development of annual and biannual plants of species from genus Catalpa at the conditions of Sofia field.Rastenievadni nauki, 56(6), 63-68 Abstract The possibility for propagation, ecological requirements and growth peculiarities of the species from genus Catalpa (fam. Bignoniaceae) in Bulgaria are insufficiently studied. Catalpa is a tree with attractive ornamental value, compact form and relatively fixed size. It originates from South America and China. Catalpa spp. differ significantly from each other by their requirements to environmental conditions (temperature, humidity and oth- ers), growth characteristics and susceptibility to diseases and pests. In our country catalpa species and varieties with delayed growth in the time are only few. The objective of this study was to optimize the production of propa- gating material of catalpa species and their varieties under the conditions of Sofia field. For three years (2014 to 2016), seeds were harvested from the studied species, they were sown, and the young plants were grown for at least 2 years in order to establish their growth abilities and their performance in the ecological conditions in Sofia region. The results of our study showed that direct outdoor sowing reduces the labour costs associated with the production of young plants, but at the expense of the number of plants obtained from the seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Task Force on Landscape Heritage and Plant Diversity Has Determined Initial Designations
    THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL TASK FORCE ON LANDSCAPE HERITAGE & PLANT DIVERSITY nd 2 EDITION APPROVED BY THE CHANCELLORS BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS COMMITTEE February, 2005 This report is the product of a more than one-year-long effort from concerned members of the University of North Carolina community to ensure that the culturally, historically, and ecologically significant trees and landscaped spaces of the Chapel Hill campus are preserved and maintained in a manner befitting their beauty and grandeur. At the time of this writing, Carolina is in the middle of the most significant building and renovation period in its history. Such a program poses many significant challenges to the survival and well-being of our cherished trees and landscapes. This report attempts to identify, promote awareness, and provide guidelines for both the protection and enhancement of the grounds of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Furthermore, this report is intended to work within the framework of two earlier documents that help guide development of the campus: the 2002 UNC Master Plan and the 1997 Report of the Chancellor’s Task Force on Intellectual Climate at UNC. We hope that members of the university community as well as outside consultants and contractors will find this information both useful and pertinent. The Taskforce on Landscape Heritage and Plant Diversity 1 This report is the product of a more than one-year-long effort from concerned members of the University of North Carolina community to ensure that the culturally, historically, and ecologically significant trees and landscaped spaces of the Chapel Hill campus are preserved and maintained in a manner befitting their beauty and grandeur.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a How Vegetated Buffers Improve Water Quality and Benefit Wildlife
    Appendix A How Vegetated Buffers Improve Water Quality and Benefit Wildlife Massachusetts Vegetated Buffer Manual How Vegetated Buffers Improve Water Quality and Benefit Wildlife Welcome to a more detailed discussion of how pollution impacts water quality and wildlife, and how the use of vegetated buffers can mitigate those impacts. In this section we will discuss dif- ferent types of pollution, such as sediment deposition, nutrient enrichment and thermal increases. We will describe how these types of pollution lead to algae blooms, explosive weed growth and lower dissolved-oxygen levels. We will also describe how the life cycles of wildlife are affected. Surface runoff, which usually occurs as stormwater runoff, contributes over 80% of the sediment and nutrients to Massachusetts water bodies. Vegetated buffers can capture much of these before they wash or seep into our rivers, lakes and ponds. Several detailed studies have been conducted in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. One study found that forests can capture, absorb, and store amounts of rainfall 40 times greater than disturbed soils (tilled soils or con- struction sites) and 15 times more than grass, turf or pasture (Palone & Todd, 1998). Studies have also been conducted in the states of Maine, Minnesota and Wisconsin, and elsewhere across the country by the U.S. Forest Service and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. We will refer to some of these as we move forward. To understand how surface and subsurface water moves, it is important to understand the hydrologic cycle. The figure below represents the earth's surface and atmosphere and depicts how precipitation is cycled through the earth's system.
    [Show full text]
  • Brookfield Zoo TREE Guidechicago Zoological Society
    B Z TREE GUIDE C Z S North Main Parking Lot 110 Main 111 Entrance North Gate 31st Street Hoofed Animals 108 105 3 106 Guest 18 107Relations 2 20 19 17 16 1 4 Butteries! Discovery Discovery Center 5 Australia Center Seasonal 104 Parking Lot Dragonf ly Marsh Clouded The Fragile Leopard Pinniped Point 6 7 Desert Rain Forest 31 30 23 8 90 21 Habitat Africa! The Savannah 9 102 The Carousel 24 103 Big Cats 87 88 98 89 29 22 91 Pachyderms 10 86 Swan Lake 15 101 Habitat Africa! The Forest 25 99 Entrance Entrance 85 26 The Pavilions 14 11 The Nature 94 Seven Seas Stage Dolphin Arena 95 96 93 92 83 Playground 12 82 27 97 80 81 79 84 32 28 Forest Preserve Nature Trail Great Bear Wilderness West East Mall Mall Roosevelt Fountain 34 56 67 33 37 55 78 73 76 68 75 77 35 Tropic World 54 57 58 72 74 59 38 Hamill Family 60 41 42 53 70 Regenstein Wolf Woods Hamill Family Play Zoo 69 Feathers and Scales 40 Mary Ann 61 71 MacLean Nature Plaza Conservation The Swamp 52 62 Leadership 63 Center Formal Pool 45 Bramsen 39 43 50 51 Animal 66 65 Ambassador 44 46 64 Pavilion Hamill Family 47 49 Wild Encounters Rice First Aid Center Police The Living Coast Reptiles and Birds Lost & Found 48 South Gate @2020 Chicago Zoological Society Brookfield Zoo TREE GUIDE Chicago Zoological Society 1 Location: Origin: Native Butterflies! This hybrid is well known for Common Name: Latitude: its yellow flowers which bloom Magnolia “Butterflies” 41.834518 in spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Catalpa Catalpa Bignonioides : the Fish Bait Tree Dr
    Important Tree Species -- Southern Catalpa Catalpa bignonioides : The Fish Bait Tree Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care, Warnell School, UGA The Southern catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides) tree is a common fixture along roadsides and in old landscapes. The big green leaves and distinctive long dangling fruits are noticeable from hundreds of yards away. Although used in the past for a few wood-based products and pioneer medicines, today catalpa is used for shade trees and for growing a special caterpillar. This catalpa “worm” is prized by fishing enthusiast across the South. Family Ties The catalpa tree is a member of the Catalpa or Trumpet-Creeper family (Bignoniaceae). This family contains more than 700 species scattered around the globe, primarily in tropical and sub-tropical regions. This plant family is represented by trees, shrubs and vines in North America. The trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), cross vine (Bignonia capreolata), and two catalpa trees (Catalpa ssp.) are the most recognized natives of this family in the Southeastern United States. The exotic Asiatic Pau- lownia tree is a member of this family and has been widely planted, now reproducing on its own. The catalpa genus (Catalpa) has 12 species spread across North America, the Caribbean basin, Eastern Asia and Japan. There are two common native catalpa trees in the United States, and one exotic (Catalpa ovata - Chinese catalpa). Catalpa speciosa is the larger and more northern growing of the two native trees. Common names for this catalpa are Northern catalpa, Western catalpa, and catawba-tree. Catalpa bignonioides is the native Southern catalpa.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. CATALPA Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Natur. 170. 1777. 梓属 Zi Shu Trees Deciduous
    Flora of China 18: 215–216. 1998. 4. CATALPA Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Natur. 170. 1777. 梓属 zi shu Trees deciduous. Leaves simple, purple glandular punctate at vein axils abaxially. Inflorescences paniculate, corymbose, or racemose, terminal. Calyx bilabiate or irregularly divided, globose in buds. Corolla campanulate, bilabiate, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, included, inserted at base of corolla tube; staminodes 3. Disc conspicuous. Ovary 2-locular; ovules several. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally, long terete; valves thin; septum slender, terete. Seeds in several rows, rounded, thin membranous, with hair tufts at both ends. About 13 species: N America and E Asia; four species in China. 1a. Inflorescences cymose-paniculate or paniculate; flowers pale yellow or white. 2a. Corolla yellow, 2-striate at throat and purple spotted adaxially; leaves broadly ovate, 3-dentate above middle, scabrous on both sides ...................................................................................................................... 1. C. ovata 2b. Corolla yellow-white, pale purple spotted at throat adaxially; leaves ovate-rounded, densely pubescent abaxially ........................................................................................................................................ 2. C. tibetica 1b. Inflorescences corymbose or racemose; flowers pale red or pale purple. 3a. Leaves triangular-cordate; inflorescences few flowered, lateral branches simple ......................... 3. C. bungei 3b. Leaves ovate; inflorescences many flowered, lateral branches complex ...................................... 4. C. fargesii 1. Catalpa ovata G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 230. 1837. Ovary glabrous. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule terete, striate, 梓 zi ca. 30 × 1 cm. Seeds ellipsoid, thin membranous, Bignonia catalpa Thunberg; Catalpa henryi Dode; C. filiform pubescent at both ends. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug– kaempferi Siebold & Zuccarini. Sep. • Trees ca. 15 m tall; young branches sparsely pubescent. Slopes, forests; 2400–2700 m.
    [Show full text]