DOCSLIB.ORG

Metalworking/Automotive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metalworking/Automotive Metalworking/Automotive Metalworking The road from extracting metal mineral produced are supplied to this industry. Metalworking is a vast industry from rock to a finished product is very Not only is the automotive industry a covering a broad spectrum of process long and more or less every step needs large consumer of metal components, stages. These range from actually some sort of cooling and heating. it is also an industry with very high producing a metal to finishing an end- quality demands. This is an advantage product, such as a door handle on a When it comes to service fluids for for Alfa Laval, a company which fulfills car or a cold drink can. metalworking, Alfa Laval has extensive and leads all qualitative developments process know-how that will save within plate heat exchanger Correct temperature control of service customers money. manufacturing. fluids within the metalworking industry can have a huge impact on plant Automotive Alfa Laval also supplies temperature profitability. Service fluids are used in Metalworking is closely connected to control solutions to many processes the process of shaping the metal as the Automotive and Vehicle industry around the vehicle industry such as well as for cooling and lubricating and a large volume of the sheet metal dynamometers, wind tunnels and machinery used for shaping metal and cast and finished components engine testing. materials. Various steps of typical surface treatment and metalworking operations in a car plant. From mineral to material While Alfa Laval supplies heat transfer equipment to the first step of the steel making process, the company delivers far more industrial components to the second step where molten steel the process in red-hot solid slab form, becomes a component. This is also the and is then cut to the desired length. part where system builders around the world supply equipment for metal Hot strip rolling mill sheets (which are often coiled at the shaping. The majority of these systems Rolling is the main method used to end of the process). First the slabs and machines incorporate coolers and shape steel into different products. The from the caster are reheated in the heaters of various kinds. rolling process consists of passing the re-heat furnace. After this they are steel between two rolls revolving at the moved, one by one, on a conveyor to Caster same speed but in opposite directions. the hot rolling mill. Here the slabs are In the caster molten steel is turned into The gap between the rolls is smaller rolled as often as necessary to reach solid stabs of steel and themost than the steel being rolled, so that the the desired measures. After rolling, the common casting process is continuous steel is reduced in thickness and at the steel is normally pickled to remove casting. From the ladle the molten steel same time lengthened. Two rolls oxides from the surface. At this point, flows into the tundish of a caster from opposite to each other together are some products, such as steel plates, where it then flows into the caster’s called a “stand”. A rolling mill may may be ready for shipping, but most of water-cooled mould. As the steel consist of up to 10 or more stands. the products have to be further treated travels down the caster, it solidifies with by a cold working process. This is the help of water sprays. The steel Hot rolling is a hot working process. often called cold rolling, but for wire comes out of the caster at the end of Here a cast slab is converted into and tubes drawing is also is usual. Pickling line Products Pickling prepares the surface for further better thickness tolerances and less The final product from this industry can processes. Pickling removes oxides oxidation. As a final stage and between be a sheet, a bar (round or rectangular), from the surface by immersion in an cold rolling processes the steel may be a coil or a wire which will then be acid bath. After this the acid is rinsed annealed. further worked on in various industries. off and the steel is dried. As a final The majority of the products will also stage, the surface is oiled to protect Annealing be coated in one way or another. This further oxidation. After the cold rolling process the steel is described further below. is too hard and inflexible. Annealing Cold strip rolling mill makes the steel more suitable for Cold rolling is a cold rolling process in forming and bending. Annealing is a which the steel sheets are made heat or thermal treatment process. The thinner and formed into the desired steel is heated to a designated shape. The advantages of cold rolling temperature for a sufficient amount of compared to hot rolling are for example time and then cooled. Premium metal components Products from the metal making Machining various metals. In many metal working process are sold onward to companies The typical processes are cutting, processes the workpieces are heat which will add value to the product and turning, forming, pressing and drawing treated to relieve stresses or to provide sell it as a finished product. These of the product. These operations certain other desired surface companies normally perform one or require a lot of cooling and lubrication. properties. The process is normally more of the following operations: The service fluids can be e.g., water- divided into: based coolants, neat oils or pressing • Softening, which is normally achieved Alfa Laval supplies temperature emulsion and the functions of the fluids by heating and slow cooling control solutions for most of these include: (annealing, described earlier) processes, e.g.: • Hardening, which is normally • Cooling - Anodizing - Nickel plating achieved by heating and rapid - cool the tool (tear) - Chromium - Paint cooling (quenching, described plating - Passivating - cool the workpiece (measures) below) - Coolants - Phosphating - cool the chips (breaking) - Copper - Pickling • Lubricating The service fluids identified with these plating - Process water - Cutting oil - Quench oil - between the tool and material two processes are normally oil and - Degreasing - Rolling oil • Transportation of swarfs process water. - Honing oil - Sintering oil - prevent tearing of machine & tools - Hydraulic oil - Test bed oil • Corrosion prevention Induction heating - Lapping oil - Wash liquid Heating a metal in order to create the - Lubrication oil - Zinc plating Heat treatment correct properties can be done by In the metallurgical, metal working and electromagnetic induction. This requires mechanical industry, a wide array of cooling of the electric rectifier and of heat treatments is performed on the induction coil. Metalworking applications Machining Heat treatment Degreasing Surface treatment Automotive Cutting Quenching Washing Phosphating Test Bed Forming Annealing Degreasing Plating Dynameters Pressing Quench Oil Water Anodizing Wind tunnels Coolants Oil Process water Solvent Painting Oil Acids Water Paint Air Quenching During forging, the metal part is heated in the manufacturing process, batch or oil can cause steam explosions. to 800 - 900°C in a furnace. To cool continuous. A heat exchanger is Therefore the customer wants to be the metal, avoiding oxidation, the work- needed to control the temperature of absolutely sure that no leakage piece is quenched in a tank filled with the quenching bath. between the two fluids occurs. In these quench oil or water emulsion. Due cases a double-wall PHE is often the to environmental controls and fire Special attention has to be paid to the preferred solution. regulations, there is a trend in many clogging problem. Particularly when countries to use synthetic oils instead quenching steel pieces, large numbers Alfa Laval can supply all these types of of the traditional mineral oils. of steel flakes or particles form a heat exchangers and several others, suspension together with the oil. In this depending on the need within the The characteristics of the quenching case a PHE with a wide channel or a application. fluid and its desired temperature vary spiral heat exchanger may be chosen. according to the material and the type Spiral heat exchangers not only of workpieces that need to be overcome clogging but are also better quenched. Usually, baths are kept at a protected against erosion. In some temperature in the range of 40 - 70°C, installations, water mixing with quench Cooling of quench oil utilizing a PHE for cleaner applications and a spiral heat exchanger for applications which carry a lot of dirt and particles. Surface treatment Pickling Surface treatment is a process where there can be a pre-rinsing step before Pickling is a process where oxides are the surface of the metal parts is the washing process. removed from the surface of objects. cleaned in order to add paint or (thin) This operation produces a smoother metal layers for protection against wear The type of wash liquids used depends surface which will improve the results and corrosion as well as for decorative on the type of pollution and the of phosphating and painting. purposes. Almost all operations involve material of the workpiece. In general, fluids that need heating or cooling. water-based alkaline wash liquids are Many hot working processes and other suitable for removing particles, while processes that occur at high Due to the nature of metals, different solvent-based wash liquids are suitable temperatures leave a discolouring metals are treated and coated for removing fat and oil. oxide layer or scale on the surface. In differently, although all metals are first order to remove the scale the washed and degreased. The diagram • Water-based wash liquids (alkaline) workpiece is dipped into a tank of below provides a guideline for the - pH from neutral to 14 pickling liquid. various steps following degreasing: - Effective particle removal - Environmentally friendly The most commonly used acid is Washing/degreasing • Solvent-based wash liquids (acid) hydrochloric acid, however sulfuric acid The performance of the washing varies - pH 1 - 5.5 is also used.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Electroless Copper Plating a Review: Part I
    Electroless Copper Plating A Review: Part I By Cheryl A. Deckert Electroless, or autocatalytic, metal plating is a non- necessary components of an electro- electrolytic method of deposition from solution. The less plating solution are the metal salt minimum necessary components of an electroless and a reducing agent. The source of plating solution are a metal salt and an appropriate copper is a simple cupric salt, such as reducing agent. An additional requirement is that the copper sulfate, chloride or nitrate. solution, although thermodynamically unstable, is Various common reducing agents stable in practice until a suitable catalyzed surface is have been suggested7 for use in elec- introduced. Plating is then initiated upon the catalyzed troless copper baths, namely formal- surface, and the plating reaction is sustained by the dehyde, dimethylamine borane, boro- catalytic nature of the plated metal surface itself. This hydride, hypophosphite,8 hydrazine, definition of electroless plating eliminates both those sugars (sucrose, glucose, etc.), and solutions that spontaneously plate on all surfaces dithionite. In practice, however, vir- (“homogeneous chemical reduction”), such as silver tually all commercial electroless cop- mirroring solutions; also “immersion” plating solu- per solutions have utilized formalde- tions, which deposit by displacement a very thin film of hyde as reducing agent. This is a a relatively noble metal onto the surface of a sacrificial, result of the combination of cost, less noble metal. effectiveness, and ease
    [Show full text]
  • Metalworking & Forging Safety and Tool Use Certification (STUC
    Metalworking & Forging Safety and Tool Use Certification (STUC) STUC-at-Home; Fall 2020 Thank you for registering for 1 or more Department STUCs! Fall 2020 OSA dates are September 14- December 23. We look forward to having you in the Shops soon! In this STUC packet, you will find: 1. CIADC Health Safety Guidelines (Before Entering and In-Shop) • Our guide on health safety measures that Staff, Students, Members, and Visitors must follow to ensure the health safety of everyone while at CIADC. We appreciate your cooperation with this! For more details about our Healthy Safety Plan, click here. 2. Metal Shop-Specific PPE – Shared vs. Purchase • What PPE is required in the Metal Shop, and what we require/recommend YOU purchase 3. Metalworking & Forging Department STUC • **NEW** Items in Department • General and Department-specific information for you to know 4. Metalworking & Forging Department Material & Supply Purchase Form • What is currently offered 4-Sale in the Metal Shop 5. Metalworking & Forging Department Resource List • Where else to purchase material, supplies, PPE, etc. specific to Department 6. **NEW** Members: CNC Machining Services 7. OSA Reservation Procedure • To ensure we do not exceed the maximum safe amount of people in Shops during OSA, we are implementing an OSA reservation system 8. Programming Schedule • Class and OSA schedule for the upcoming term To Complete STUC: 1. Submit shop-specific online STUC quiz (click here for link) 2. Pre-Pay for 5-OSAs (Access Members only; will be invoiced) 3. Renew Liability Waiver (as
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Metalworking: from Manual to Computer-Based Processes
    August 04, 2021 Mechanical metalworking: from manual to computer-based processes Just like in an ordinary kitchen, there is more to the steelmaker’s kitchen than just the processes where high temperature plays a crucial role, such as boiling, roasting or baking. Before a dish can be served, it needs additional work to make it more appealing. The same is true of metals. Prior to their use, plates, tubes, rods and complex steel castings are subject to cold forming by special metalworking machines and lathes, which become more and more sophisticated each year. History of mechanical metalworking Let’s look first into the history of mechanical metalworking and its origins. Unlike many other processes that are unique to steelmaking, some ideas related to the mechanical working of metal surfaces came from related areas. The ancient Egyptians had devices for drilling holes in stones. Wood machining equipment that later evolved into turning lathes existed in the sixth and seventh centuries BC. Yet these types of processes were not applied to metals for hundreds of years. For a long time, metal surface treatment had several restricting factors. First, it required harder tools. Second, small-batch production did not need high-precision metalworking. Third, the industrial revolution and mass production of uniform products only became a reality in the 18th-19th centuries. The third reason was a key prerequisite for the appearance of mechanical metalworking. Smiths that made goods for individual orders gave way to large industrial manufacturers and factories that had the capacity to produce large quantities of uniform metal goods. Gunsmiths were among the first to appreciate the importance of standardised metalworking.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2017 An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England Julie Polcrack Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Polcrack, Julie, "An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England" (2017). Master's Theses. 1510. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1510 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND by Julie Polcrack A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Medieval Institute Western Michigan University August 2017 Thesis Committee: Jana Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D. Graeme Young, B.Sc. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND Julie Polcrack, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Tool and Die Makers, Turret and Engine Lathe Operators, Sheet Metal
    DO CU M E N T R ES U ME ED 025 582 VT 000 415 A Survey of Demand in Selected MetalworkingOccupations for Major Areas of Idaho. Idaho State Dept. of Employment, Boise. Pub Date Oct 66 Note- 34p. EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$1.80 Descriptors-*Educational Needs, Employer Attitudes, *EmploymentOpportunities, *Employment Projections, Employment Statistics, Labor Supply, Metal WorkingOccupations, Occupational Information,*Occupational Surveys, Questionnaires, Skilled Occupations, Trade andIndustrial Education Identifiers- Idaho To determine the state and area impactof occupational shortages inthe metal working,skills in Idaho and to provide abasis for planningeffective vocational education programs, the IdahoDepartment of Employmentconducted a sample survey of 68 employers in the metal workingoccupations. The occupations wereselected from a national list of hard-to-findmetal workers and ihcludedmachinists, welders, tool and die makers, turret and enginelathe operators, sheetmetal workers, structural steel workers, andboilermakers. The study,conducted inApril1966, .encompasses the ninemost populous counties inIdaho including 55 percentof the (1) The lack of qualified metalworkers has population. Some weneral conclusions were: of the not caused curtailmentof operation, (2) More welderswill be needed than any other survey occupations, (3)The demand for qualifiedmachinists should remain at a high level and (4) Seasonality inthe total employment ofworkers was implied bythe survey for the occupationsof welders, structural steelworkers, sheet metal workers, machinists, and. boilermakers.Statistical data is presented intable form and the interview questionnaire is included inthe appendix. (DM) 4 Ow. 111111111111111 11111111higill U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGLNIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL Of FICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Hand Tools 3. Related Tools 4. Chisels 5. Hammer 6. Saw Terminology 7. Pliers Introduction
    1 1. Hand Tools 2. Types 2.1 Hand tools 2.2 Hammer Drill 2.3 Rotary hammer drill 2.4 Cordless drills 2.5 Drill press 2.6 Geared head drill 2.7 Radial arm drill 2.8 Mill drill 3. Related tools 4. Chisels 4.1. Types 4.1.1 Woodworking chisels 4.1.1.1 Lathe tools 4.2 Metalworking chisels 4.2.1 Cold chisel 4.2.2 Hardy chisel 4.3 Stone chisels 4.4 Masonry chisels 4.4.1 Joint chisel 5. Hammer 5.1 Basic design and variations 5.2 The physics of hammering 5.2.1 Hammer as a force amplifier 5.2.2 Effect of the head's mass 5.2.3 Effect of the handle 5.3 War hammers 5.4 Symbolic hammers 6. Saw terminology 6.1 Types of saws 6.1.1 Hand saws 6.1.2. Back saws 6.1.3 Mechanically powered saws 6.1.4. Circular blade saws 6.1.5. Reciprocating blade saws 6.1.6..Continuous band 6.2. Types of saw blades and the cuts they make 6.3. Materials used for saws 7. Pliers Introduction 7.1. Design 7.2.Common types 7.2.1 Gripping pliers (used to improve grip) 7.2 2.Cutting pliers (used to sever or pinch off) 2 7.2.3 Crimping pliers 7.2.4 Rotational pliers 8. Common wrenches / spanners 8.1 Other general wrenches / spanners 8.2. Spe cialized wrenches / spanners 8.3. Spanners in popular culture 9. Hacksaw, surface plate, surface gauge, , vee-block, files 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Boilermaker, Stainless Steel, Sheet Metal Worker)
    ENGINEERING – FABRICATION TRADE (BOILERMAKER, STAINLESS STEEL, SHEET METAL WORKER) Boilermakers cut, shape, assemble and join metal parts to produce or repair containers that have to withstand pressure, such as ships, boilers and storage tanks. Typical Duties: Read and interpret plans Mark off on the metal where to cut, drill, bend and carry out other types of work, using measuring and marking-off tools such as rulers, punches and dividers Cut marked metal sections using hand tools, flame cutting torches, or metalworking machines such as guillotines and shearing machines Shape and bend sections and pipes by forging or using hand and machine tools such as vices, hydraulic presses and rolling machines Assemble parts and structures by lining up and joining them by welding, bolting or riveting, or with the aid of cranes and other equipment if the job is large Make templates in order to produce large numbers of identical shapes Program and operate numerically controlled profile-cutting machines. Ideal Personal Requirements to gain an Apprenticeship: Physically fit with high degree of manual dexterity Good eyesight Aptitude for mechanical work Aptitude for understanding mechanical drawings and specifications Attention to detail Entry requirements may vary but, generally, you need at least the successful completion of Year 10/11, including maths Having completed some work experience or study (VET/pre-apprenticeship program) in this industry is highly recommended Education and Training to become qualified: Complete a 4 year apprenticeship Trade school training is ‘off the job’ at a Trade training facility gforce.org.au ‘job vacancies’ .
    [Show full text]
  • THE USE of MIXED MEDIA in the PRODUCTION of METAL ART by Mensah, Emmanuel (B.A. Industrial Art, Metals)
    THE USE OF MIXED MEDIA IN THE PRODUCTION OF METAL ART By Mensah, Emmanuel (B.A. Industrial Art, Metals) A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS (ART EDUCATION) Faculty of Art, College of Art and Social Sciences March 2011 © 2011, Department of General Art Studies DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work toward the M.A Art Education degree and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no materials previously published by another person or material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Student’s name & ID Signature Date Certified by ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Supervisor’s Name Signature Date Certified by ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Head of Department’s Name Signature Date ii ABSTRACT The focus of this study was to explore and incorporate various artistic and non artistic media into the production of metal art. The researcher was particularly interested in integrating more non metallic materials that are not traditional to the production of metal art in the decoration, finishing and the protective coating of metal art works. Basic hand forming techniques including raising, chasing and repoussé, piercing and soldering were employed in the execution of the works. Other techniques such as painting, dyeing and macramé were also used. Non metallic media that were used in the production of the works included leather, nail polish, acrylic paint, epoxy, formica glue, graphite, eye pencil, lagging, foam, wood, shoe polish, shoe lace, eggshell paper, spray paint, cotton cords and correction fluid.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOSSARY of PLATING TERMS Acid Gold: a Mildly Acidic Process That Is Used When Plating from 7 to 200 Mils of Gold
    GLOSSARY OF PLATING TERMS Acid gold: A mildly acidic process that is used when plating from 7 to 200 mils of gold. The deposits are usually 23kt purity, and it is not usually used as the final finish. Antique: A process which involves the application of a dark top coating over bronze or silver. This coating, either plated or painted, is partially removed to expose some of the underlying metal. Anti-tarnish: A protective coating that provides minimal tarnish protection for a low cost. Barrel plating: A type of mass finishing that takes place in a barrel or tub. Barrel plating is usually requested for very small pieces where pricing must be kept low. Black nickel: A bright or matte, dark plating process that is used to highlight antique finishes. Or, when used as a final color it will range from dark grey to light black. A bright black nickel will yield the darkest color. Bright finish: A high luster, smooth finish. CASS testing: The Copper-Accelerated Acetic Acid Salt Spray test is the same as the Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) test, except it is accelerated, with typical time cycles being 8 and 24 hours. Cold nickel: A non-brightened nickel bath which replicates the original finish, that is, bright areas remain bright and dull areas remain dull. Color: Describes the final top coating (flash) which could be white, silver, 14kt gold (Hamilton), 18kt gold, or 24kt gold (English gold). See "gold flash" and "cyanide gold." Copper: An excellent undercoat in the plating process. Copper provides good conductivity and forms an excellent protective barrier between the base metal and the plate.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Gold Plating
    Understanding Gold Plating Peter Wilkinson Engelhard Limited, Cinderford, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom For effective operation, gold plating baths must require the mini- mum of attention in respect of replenishment and replacement, and must produce as little sub-standard or reject work as possible. To achieve this, an understanding of the processes involved and the factors affecting them is advantageous. This article attempts to provide such an understanding in a simple manner. Special atten- tion is given to the plating of gold from acid baths containing monovalent gold complexes. The use of gold as a contact material on connectors, Other gold(I) complexes, such as those with thiomalate and switches and printed circuit boards (PCB's) is now well estab- thiosulphate have been considered, but it is doubtful if they lished. There is also an awareness that only gold deposits from will ever find commercial application. acid (pH 3.5-5.0) gold(I) cyanide baths containing cobalt, In terms of electricity consumed, gold(I) baths are more nickel or iron as brightening agents have the appropriate efficient than gold(III) baths. Thus, assuming 100 per cent properties for a contact material. Gold deposits from: pure efficiency, 100 amp-min will deposit 12.25 g of gold from a gold(I) cyanide baths; from such baths containing organic monovalent gold complex, but only 4.07 g from a trivalent gold materials as brightening agents; or from electrolytes containing complex. gold in the form of the gold(I) sulphite complex, do not have Nevertheless, deposition from acid gold(III) cyanide baths the sliding wear resistance which is necessary for make and has merit in the plating of acid resistant substrates such as stain- break connections (1).
    [Show full text]
  • 2000 Pig Book.Pdf
    2 INTRODUCTION We may be entering a new millennium, but it’s the same old story inside the Beltway. Members of Congress continue to gouge and gore, lobbyists try to coax and cajole, and rattled taxpayers struggle to cling to the few dollars left in their pockets. No matter what the year, if it’s spring in Washington, taxpayers must beware the running of the pigs. This annual rite of passage takes on special meaning in 2000. Citizens Against Government Waste (CAGW) spent the entire winter searching through the fine print of the fiscal year (FY) 2000 appropriations bills, and the results were not the usual assortment of unnecessary and wasteful projects. CAGW found more pork- barrel spending than ever before, and that means it’s more difficult for taxpayers to avoid being run over by their own money. The 2000 Congressional Pig Book is cluttered with 4,326 porcine projects – a 52 percent increase over FY 1999. The final tally of $17.7 billion, a 47 percent increase over FY 1999, brings total pork identified by CAGW since 1991 to $100 billion. The eclipse of the $100 billion mark proves beyond a doubt that pork-barrel spending is a perpetual raid on the Treasury. The president, Congress, and even the taxpayers share the blame for this national embarrassment. First, our elected leaders in Washington can’t keep their hands off our money. Second, the big spenders believe they have the right to waste our tax dollars because they believe it helps them get reelected. In the end, the American people have bought into an anonymous bribe-taking scheme, selling their votes for a few measly little pieces of pork.
    [Show full text]
  • Fein Metalworking Catalogue
    JUNE 2018 FEIN METALWORKING CATALOGUE FEIN is the declared solution provider, as confirmed by professionals. For over 150 years, the FEIN brand has stood for application solutions and premium quality. Today this long-established company is a power tool manufacturer with an international reputation as a first class German manufacturer that develops and produces products that provide solutions for the metalworking, interior construction and automotive sectors. FEIN is the specialist for professional and extremely reliable power tools for industry and skilled trades. Each and every FEIN high performance power tool meets the challenge of solving an application with an operator-oriented approach, living up to the FEIN reputation for durability and performance. WELCOME TO FEIN FEIN CANADA FEIN CANADA Since 1964, the FEIN Canadian Power Tool Company has followed closely in the footsteps of history and tradition by offering the Canadian market quality products. With a high level of application expertise and service, FEIN Canada is recognized as a solution provider to the industrial and renovation markets. FEIN: the core drilling specialists FEIN offers you a core drilling system for metal in which machine, core bits, and accessories are precisely matched to each other. Robust and durable core drills, with an extensive range of cutters and system accessories, to provide the correct solution for every application. FEIN: proven in metalworking Grinders, nibblers, shears, hacksaws, drills,screwdrivers, balancers and more. With a constantly growing range of industry-specific solutions for metalworking, our industrial and trade customers achieve the maximum in efficiency and productivity. FEIN: high performance abrasives State-of-the-art quality, high performance products made for serious industrial applications yet competitively priced.
    [Show full text]