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Genetical Status of Relatedness Between Sambori and Teta Dialects Spoken in Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara

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Genetical Status of Relatedness Between Sambori and Teta Dialects Spoken in Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Journal of Social Science Advanced Research eISSN: 2735-1874 | Vol. 1, No. 2, 76-86, 2020 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jossar Journal of Social Science Advanced Research (JOSSAR) eISSN: 2735-1874 [Vol. 1 No. 2 December 2020] Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jossar GENETICAL STATUS OF RELATEDNESS BETWEEN SAMBORI AND TETA DIALECTS SPOKEN IN BIMA REGENCY, WEST NUSA TENGGARA I Gede Budasi1* and Ni Made Sri Indriyani2 1 2 Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, INDONESIA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Article Information: Abstract: Sambori and Teta isolects are spoken by their speech community who live at Lambitu District, Bima Article history: Regency, Indonesia. Their language classification status Received date : 19 November 2020 is not yet clear whether as two different languages or as Revised date : 24 November 2020 two different dialects. This article aims to describe: 1) Accepted date : 25 November 2020 the status of their language classification; 2) their Published date : 15 December 2020 uniting and differentiating phonological features, and 3) their uniting and differentiating lexical features. This To cite this document: study applied a comparative method. The obtained data were analyzed quantitatively using lexicostatistics and Budasi, I., & Sri Indriyani, N. (2020). GENETICAL STATUS OF language classification of Swadesh. The uniting and RELATEDNESS BETWEEN differentating features were qualitatively determined SAMBORI AND TETA DIALECTS using the description of their phonological and lexical SPOKEN IN BIMA REGENCY, similarities and differences; The study findings show WEST NUSA TENGGARA. that: 1) the status of the two isolects are as two different Journal Of Social Science Advanced dialects of the same language spoken in the regency; 2) Research, 1(2), 76-86. the uniting phonological features show that both of them have: (a) the same vowel phonemes: /ʌ/,/ɪ/, /ʊ/, /e/, /ɔ/, /ə/; (b) the same diphthongs: /ʌʊ/, /ʌe/, /ɪʌ/, /ʌɪ/, /eɪ/, /ʊʌ/; c) the same consonants: /p/, /b/, /f/, /t/ /d/, /h/, /ʧ/, /j/, /l/, /m /, /n/, /ŋ /,/k/, /g/, /?/, /r/, /s/, /y/, /w/; d) they possess clusters of two m-blends: /mp/, /mb/, and three n-blends: /nd/, /nt/, /nʧ /, and /kb/; and e) phonologically, Sambori dialect does not posses /kl/ and /nj/ cluster, while Teta dialect does. Based on Swadesh's word list, the lexical uniting features show that the two dialects have 98% cognates, and 2 % of their lexical features are in different forms. Keywords: dialects, isolects, lexical features, phonological features. 76 Copyright © 2020 ACADEMIA INDUSTRY NETWORKS. All rights reserved. Journal of Social Science Advanced Research eISSN: 2735-1874 | Vol. 1, No. 2, 76-86, 2020 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jossar 1. Introduction The subgrouping of languages in Indonesia, including in Bima Regency West Nusa Tenggara, has not yet been entirely done. However, some isolects in the area have been determined as languages or dialects. Budasi's study, which involved six isolects; Taloweri, Mbojo, Bima, Sanggar and Kolo, for example, showed that among them, only Bima, Sanggar, and Kolo isolects were quantitatively determined as different languages of the same family based on Sawadesh' language classification (Budasi, Indriani, & Sudirman, 2017). Mbojo and Taloweri were determined as two different dialects of the Bima language. However, Sambori and Teta isolects were not involved in the study. The reason is that in the previous study, no information about their existence was found. Based on the researchers' preliminary observation in their study in 2019, Budasi and Indrani found that: 1) most people, including language teachers in Bima regency, said that Sambori and Teta isolects are two different languages spoken by their native speakers Lambitu District Bima Province. Their mutual intelligibility between Kolo, Sanggar, and bima Language speakers was so low. It means that they do not understand when they communicate with the speakers of the two dialects. Further, speakers of Sambori and Teta isolects were found to have high mutual intelligibility. So many of their vocabularies are mostly found the same and similar. So far, a study about Teta isollect and its kinship relation to Sambori Isolects has not been done. However, some studies connected to Sambori have been done by some researchers. Among others were Arafiq (2019), Rosadi and Ermanto (2018), and Yustra et al. (2016). There are still different opinions among the experts toward the status of the Sambory language classification. Arafiq (2019), for example, mentions that status of Sambori is as a language spoken in Lambitu Bima regency. This study focused on identifying the syntactic properties and distribution of personal pronouns in the language. In the conclusion section of their study, Yusra, Lestari, Ahmadi, Asyhar, and Soemerep (2016) stated that Sambori was the Bima language dialect. This language classification was done based on their lexicostatistic calculation. That is, Sambori and Bima language reached 61% dissimilarity in terms of their cognates. It means that their similarity is 39%. Based on language classification suggested by Swadesh (1972) in Aditi (2016), this figure exists between 36% and 81%. According to Swadesh, if two isolects' similarity is placed in this range (36% to 81%), the two's status should be two different languages of the same family. In other words, not as two dialects of the same language. 77 Copyright © 2020 ACADEMIA INDUSTRY NETWORKS. All rights reserved. Journal of Social Science Advanced Research eISSN: 2735-1874 | Vol. 1, No. 2, 76-86, 2020 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jossar On the other hand, a study by Rosadi, and Ermanto (2018) concludes that Sabori is a Bima language dialect. Sambori was said to possess language variations compared to the Bima language. The other study was done by Yustra et al. (2016). This study focuses on phonological, morphological, syntactical, and sociolinguistic aspects of the Sambori language. They found that the language and its cultures are in an endangered situation due to internal factors, such as mixed marriage and migration, and external factors, such as economic, demographic, and political pressures). They also did a lexicostatistical analysis between Sambori and Bima language. They declared that the Sambori language is a dialect of the Bima (61.2% dissimilarity) or 38,8 similarity). Based on Swadesh's language classification, 38.8% cognate similarity should be in the different language category (language family). All of the findings mentioned above can be summarized that the status of the language classification of Sambori isolect is not yet clear, and no study has been done about Teta Isolects and its language classification between Sambori and Teta isolects. Thus the objectives of this study are to 1) describe the status of Sambori and Teta language classification, 2) describe their uniting and differentiating phonological features, and 3) describe their uniting and differentiating lexical features. 2. Literature Review Historical comparative linguistics (HCL) is the linguistics branch that studies the two isolects' status in their language classification. According to Bynon (1979) and Fernandez (1996), the branch of linguistics which can be used to overcome the matter is historical-comparative linguistics (HCL). Concerning this, Bloomfield (1981) mentioned that the comparative method applied in doing kinship relatedness of the isolects being compared. According to Anceaux (1964) in Fernandes (1996), HCL is a study concerned with word retention. Experts in HCL normally use 200 Swadesh’ word list (the result of revision by Blush (1980) to be taken in the isolects being compared. These basic words have universal characteristics that are not easy to change. The research using the quantitative approach usually applies to lexicostatistics. It is a technique in subgrouping languages that tend to statistically examine lexicons, then determine the subgrouping language based on the cognate percentage of isolect being compared. The analysis in this approach uses basic words that are not easy to change: the ones related to the human body, pronounce, emotion and feeling, weather and nature, number, and words related to household tools. In this approach, the linguistic evidence is used as the basis for subgrouping isolects quantitatively. The assumption underlies the number of vocabularies in one language that can be differentiated into two big groups. The loan word is not considered in this approach. The next step is to count the separating period of two isolects or languages. By applying glottochronological statistics (Keraf, 1984). The assumption that based that calculation is a set of words with universal characteristics and remains constant along the years around (Dyen, 1975). 78 Copyright © 2020 ACADEMIA INDUSTRY NETWORKS. All rights reserved. Journal of Social Science Advanced Research eISSN: 2735-1874 | Vol. 1, No. 2, 76-86, 2020 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jossar Identifying the qualitative evidence mentioned earlier is researching the strongest evidence of the language being compared. Some experts believe that it has been very often happened that by using basic words inherited simultaneously from their proto-language, the subgrouping process often undergoes difficulties due to the number of similarities in meaning among languages being compared. A newer method, named the innovation method, was created to overcome the difficulties that may
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