PROCEEDINGS THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCAL LANGUAGES
EMPOWERMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES
Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra
Udayana University Denpasar, 23—24 February 2018
“Empowerment and Preservaton of Local Languages”
Proceedings The 1st Internatonal Seminar on Local Languages
Copyright © 2018 All rights reserved
Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra
Cover Design Espistula Communicatons Bali
Cover Photo Balinese Ofering Cake “Sarad” by Arba Wirawan “Baligraf” (2016) by I Nyoman Gunarsa, made for Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies)
Layout Made Henra Dwikarmawan Sudipa
Publisher Udayana University Press
Organized by Masters and Doctoral Programs of Linguistcs Faculty of Arts, Udayana University
in collaboraton with Local Languages Researcher Associaton
ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7
ii TABLE LIST OF CONTENT
Preface ...... iii Message from the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University ...... iv Message from The Rector of Udayana University ...... v Table List of Content ...... viii
KEYNOTE SPEAKER “HONORIFICS” IN THE USAGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BALI AGA DIALECT Hara Mayuko ...... 1
INVITED SPEAKER TOPONYMY AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE AND STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY ON SUNDANESE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST JAVA Cece Sobarna ...... 11
MEDIUM OF MODERNITY: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERARY LANDSCAPE I Nyoman Darma Putra...... 19
EMPOWERING PROPOSITIONS OF WISDOM IN PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES F.X. Rahyono ...... 29
THE STRUCTURE OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN BALINESE I Nyoman Sedeng ...... 39
PRESENTER DISTRIBUTION OF BAJO LANGUAGE FONOLOGY IN BAJO ISLAND DISTRICT SAPE DISTRICT BIMA NUSA TENGGARA BARAT Aditya Wardhani ...... 47
THE VERB ‘CARRY’ IN BIAK LANGUAGE: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSIS Adolfna Krisifu ...... 55
“CAK CUK SURABAYA”: STRATEGY OF STRENGTHENING SURABAYA’S IDENTITY Akhmad Idris, Iga Bagus Lesmana ...... 65
vii BALINESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY YOUNG GENERATION WHO COMES WORSHIPING TO JAGATNATHA TEMPLE WHILE OFFERING CANANG Anak Agung Putri Laksmi Dewi, Ni Wayan Manik Septaniari Putri ...... 71
BALINESE LANGUAGE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT ONE EARTH SCHOOL BALI INDONESIA Anak Agung Sagung Shant Sari Dewi ...... 77
MEANING OF VERB “LOOKING” IN BALINESE LANGUAGE: AN APRROACH OF NATURAL SEMANTICS METALANGUAGE Anak Agung Sagung Wid Parbandari ...... 83
THE FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT: THE REVITALIZATION OF KUI LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLS Anggy Denok Sukmawat ...... 87
PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC MAPPING IN GRESIK: A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT Anis Zubaidah Assuroiyah, Namira Choirani Fajri ...... 93
THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS AND RULE OF JAVANESE COASTAL LANGUAGE: GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY APPROACH Apriyani Purwaningsih ...... 99
THE ROLE OF BISSU IN MATTOMPANG ARAJANG AS TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE PRESERVATION OF BUGINESE IN BONE Arga Maulana Pasanrangi, Moch. Ricky Ramadhan, Moh. Caesario Nugroho, Ashabul Kahf Susanto ...... 105
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE IN THE JAVANESE FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL EDUCATION AND IDENTITY FOSTERING ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS Barokah Widuroyekt, Titk Setyowat ...... 113
COMPARING THE LEVEL OF BALINESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION USING THE VOCABULARY LEVEL TEST Denok Lestari, I Wayan Suadnyana ...... 121
THE SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BALINESE VOCABULARY IN THE INDONESIAN COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY Deny Arnos Kwary, Ni Wayan Sartni, Almira Fidela Artha ...... 127
viii YOUTH MOVEMENT: A STRATEGY TO PRESERVE LOCAL LANGUAGES Desak Gede Chandra Widayanthi...... 133
THE USE OF BALINESE IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS AN EFFORT OF PRESERVING LOCAL LANGUAGE Desak Putu Eka Pratwi, I Komang Sulatra, Komang Dian Puspita Candra ...... 137
PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN PONTIANAK MALAY Dewi Ismu Purwaningsih ...... 143
UTILIZATION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION FOR KOMERING-INDONESIAN DICTIONARY Dita Dewi Palupi ...... 149
SUNDANESE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN MANAQIB ACTIVITIES BY JAMAAH PESANTREN SURYALAYA-TASIKMALAYA Djarlis Gunawan ...... 155
THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESS OF TAMBO IN MINANGKABAU Febriyanto, Tamara Adriani Salim 161
INNOVATION IN CENK BLONK PERFORMANCE: A STRATEGY OF EMPOWERING LOCAL LANGUAGE THROUGH BALINESE SHADOW PUPPET Gede Yoga Kharisma Pradana ...... 173
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN SONG LYRICS SETARA BETARA (SAME AS GOD) AND GUNUNG NENTEN TONG SAMPAH (MOUNTAIN IS NOT A RUBBISH BIN) BY SEVEN CEBLOCK Gust Agung Ayu Kesuma Wardhani ...... 183
THE USE OF WORD “WATER” IN INDONESIAN AND BALINESE PROVERBS: AN APPROACH OF SEMANTICS COGNITIVE I Gde Pasek Kamajaya, Ni Made Bulan Dwigita Pratvi ...... 191
INTEGRATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN BALINESE SHORT STORY “KUTANG SAYANG GEMEL MADUI” I Gde Nyana Kesuma ...... 197
BALINESE COMICS: AN EFFORT TO SUSTAIN AND ENFORCE THE BALINESE LANGUAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN BALI I Gede Gita Purnama A.P...... 203
ix LOANWORD PHONOLOGY IN TRANSLATING BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO JAPANESE WITH REFERENCE TO JTB PUBLISHING BOOK ON BALI ISLAND I Gede Oeinada ...... 209
KARMAPHALA IN AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE’S SHORT STORY ENTITLED HELL SCREEN I Gust Agung Ayu Made Diant Putri ...... 215
HIDDEN MESSAGE IN SIAP SELEM I Gust Ayu Gde Sosiowat, I Made Rajeg...... 221
EMPOWERING LOCAL BALINESE TERMS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WITH DESCRIPTIVE UNDERSTANDING I Gust Ngurah Parthama ...... 227
THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF PERSONAL PRONOUN IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Ketut Darma Laksana ...... 233
INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AS NEW BALINESE LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS I Ketut Setawan, I Nyoman Jayanegara ...... 239
THE APPLICATION OF METAFUNCTIONS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE OF SATUA BALI “I BELOG” I Ketut Suardana ...... 245
EXPLORING THE SOCIAL RULES BEHIND THE USE OF BALINESE COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONS: A SOCIAL APPROACH I Ketut Warta ...... 251
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDA I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra ...... 259
MOTIVATION STRENGTHENING IDENTITY THROUGH BALINESE SCRIPT IN TATTOO MEDIA I Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya Setawan, Putu Satria Udyana Putra ...... 265
MARATHI LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY I Nyoman Aryawibawa ...... 271
x THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BALI: THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF SEKEHA TERUNA I Nyoman Tri Ediwan ...... 277
AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TOPONYMS IN GIANYAR SUB-DISTRICT, BALI I Putu Gede Hendra Raharja ...... 283
AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Wayan Agus Anggayana, I Ketut Mantra ...... 289
INDONESIAN DEFAMATION CASES UNDER POLICE INVESTIGATION: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDY I Wayan Pastka ...... 299
SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBS I Wayan Sidha Karya ...... 309
VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHS I Wayan Simpen, Ni Made Dhanawaty ...... 315
THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF DOING TYPES OF ACTION VERBS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE Ida Ayu Agung Ekasriadi ...... 321
THE EQUIVALENCE OF BALINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS INTO ENGLISH Ida Ayu Made Puspani, Yana Qomariana ...... 329
STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE OF CATUR WANGSA IN TUTUR CANDRA BHERAWA: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE Ida Bagus Made Wisnu Parta ...... 338
RESHAPING THE PARADIGMN OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING TO HARMONIZE LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya ...... 341
WAYANG FOR THE PRESERVATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF MAHABHARATA EPISODE’S GATUTKACA GUGUR (THE FALL OF GATUTKACA) Indrawat, Sri Samiat Tarjana, Joko Nurkamto ...... 347
xi RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIA Irma Setawan ...... 355
PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF BUGINESE INTO INDONESIAN BY BUGIS SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SULAWESI (A TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY STUDY) Jaya ...... 363
STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND CULTURAL-MEANINGS IN MINANGKABAUNESE Jufrizal ...... 373
LEARNING STRATEGY OF BALINESE LANGUAGES BY USING CONTENT IN NEW MEDIA Kadek Ayu Ariningsih, I Nyoman Widhi Adnyana ...... 383
BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TOURISM PROMOTION PUBLISHED BY DENPASAR TOURISM OFFICE Kadek Ayu Ekasani, Ni Luh Supartni ...... 387
THE EXISTENCE OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN TRANSMIGRATION AREA OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE Kadek Feni Aryat, I Putu Agus Endra Susanta ...... 397
ENRICHING AND NOT SIMPLY COMPETING: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION IN BALI Kadek Rath Dwi Oktarini ...... 405
REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN MEN BRAYUT STORY Ketut Riana, Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawat, Gede Eka Wahyu ...... 415
CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE (THE EXISTENCE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE) Krisna Pebryawan ...... 421
HUMOR IN DOU MAMPINGA SA UMA-UMA ON MPAMA MBOJO: A RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE AND ANECDOTAL TEXT OF INDONESIAN LEARNING K13 Kurniawan, Solihin ...... 427
COMMISSIVE IN BATAK KARO Laili Mahmudah ...... 435
xii LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL TERMS IN THE SHORT STORY SEEKOR AYAM PANGGANG AND A ROAST CHICKEN IN RELATION TO THE TARGET LANGUAGE READER’S UNDERSTANDING Lina Pratca Wijaya ...... 441
PROMOTING THE LOST VOCABULARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES TO REVITALIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE Lis Setawat ...... 447
THE LEXICONS OF VERB ‘FALING” IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE: NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH Luh Gde Inten Purnama Sari Setawan, Ni Putu Yunita Dewi ...... 455
GEGURITAN KAPIPARWA: CHARACTER AND LANGUAGE ANALYSIS 461 Luh Putu Puspawat, I Made Suastka ......
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON CHILDREN MIXED MARRIED BETWEEN JAVANESE AND BALINESE Luh Putu Ratnayant Sukma ...... 467
‘LIR ILIR” PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS Lukia Zuraida ...... 473
LOCAL BEING WITHOUT NATIONAL: LINGUISTIC DILEMMA IN GILI KETAPANG PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVA Lukiyat Ningsih, Khadijah Aufadina ...... 479
LOCAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH THE MEDIA INFORMATION (LONG-COM PROGRAM) TO CHANGE SOCIETY’S PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA M. Izzudin Ma’ruf ...... 483
THE USE OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS AND METAPHOR AMONG SASAK SPEAKERS IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGS Mahyuni, M. Amin, Arifuddin, Ahmad Junaidi ...... 489
CULTURAL MEMORY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SU’I UVI IN NGADHA FLORES Maria Matldis Banda ...... 505
xiii THE EXISTENCE OF DOLANAN SONG IN KINDERGARTEN AS A STRATEGY TO EMPOWER THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY OF ROUDLOTUL ULUM KINDERGARTEN, MOJOKERTO Marta Widyawat, Dwika Muzakky Anan Taturia ...... 511
STRENGTHENING JAVANESE LANGUAGE MALANG ACCENT: A CASE STUDY TOWARD VIDEO BLOG BAYU SKAK ON YOUTUBE Mia Maulana Sarif ...... 517
REVEALING THE CULTURAL FEATURES OF PAPUAN MALAY LANGUAGE Monika Gultom ...... 523
GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE ARABIC-JAVANESE TRANSLATION: THE EXPLORATION OF DIVERSITY IN GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ACROSS LANGUAGES Muhammad Yunus Anis ...... 529
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFLUENCING BALINESE PEOPLE USE LOCAL LANGUAGE (BALINESE LANGUAGE) Ni Luh Made Dwi Ari Septani ...... 537
CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESE Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawat ...... 539
THE USE OF NUSA PENIDA BALINESE PHONEME /h/ (A CASE STUDY OF NUSA PENIDA PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DENPASAR) Ni Made Ayu Widiastut ...... 547
HOW ANIMALS PERSONIFICATION ACCOMPLISHED IN CHILDREN’S STORY Ni Wayan Sukarini ...... 555
LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY AND MULTI-IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION:A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGGARAI-FLORES DIASPORA IN BALI Ni Wayan Sumitri, I Wayan Arka...... 561
TOGA DANCE IN SIGUNTUR KINGDOM CULTURE AS MALAY HISTORICAL RELICS TO STRENGTHEN MINANGKABAU IDENTITY Nidya Fitri, Dewa Ayu Widiasri ...... 569
YAWII: A VERB OF MOTION TOWARD GOAL AND MOTION AWAY FROM SOURCE IN MEE Niko Kobepa...... 577
xiv LANGUAGES PRESERVATION IN CEPUNG: ORAL TRADITION, COLLA BORATION OF SASAK AND BALI COMMUNITY ON LOMBOK ISLAND Nining Nur Alaini ...... 583
EXPLORATION ON VERB ‘BAHA’ IN PAKKADO, MANDAR, INDONESIA: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE Nirwan ...... 589
CULTURAL VALUES IN TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION OF SASAK TRADITIONAL INTERCOURSE Niswatul Hasanah, Malihah Hafz ...... 597
RECIPIENT ROLE IN BALINESE GIVING VERB CONSTRUCTIONS Nyoman Sujaya ...... 605
ADJECTIVES IN LUBUKLINGGAU DIALECT OF PALEMBANG MALAY LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH THROUGH MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX ANALYSIS Oktaria Hasiyana ...... 613
A RITUAL TO COMMUNICATE WITH GOD OF THAI-KHMER GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF JOAL MAMAUD RITUAL, MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Phra Dhammamolee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Suthat Pratoomkaew, Thitayawadee Intarangkul, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 623
JAVA ENCYCLOPEDIA BASED ON JAVANESE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MILENIAL GENERATION Prembayun Miji Lestari, Retno Purnama Irawat, Mujimin ...... 629
INSIGHT OF DIGITAL FOLKLORE IN RELATION TO EDUCATION Putu Irmayant Wiyasa ...... 635
CONTRASTIF ANALYSIS BALI AND MANDARIN LANGUAGES PRONUNCIATION Putu Prinda D`amour Nisa ...... 641
STRENGHTENING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL LANGUAGE LITERATION THROUGH LOCAL CONTENT CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE Putu Sutama, Maria Arina Luardini, Natalina Asi ...... 647
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BALINESE PROVERBS WITH THE LEXICON OF FAUNAS Putu Zalsa Swandari Putri, Ni Made Mitha Suandari ...... 655
xv EXISTENCE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE VARIOUS GENRE OF POPULAR MUSIC IN INDONESIA Rant Rachmawant ...... 661
BANYUMAS JAVANESE DIALECT LANGUAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF BANYUMAS COMMUNITY MARRIAGE Rath Kusumastut ...... 667
THE EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE MOTHER TONGUE IN BEKASI Ratu Badriyah ...... 673
THE POWER OF BATAK TRADITIONAL SONG IN REPRESENTING LIVING VALUES Romaida Lubis ...... 679
TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BELITUNG ISLAND SOCIETY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH Sandy Nugraha 687
LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF OUTDOOR SIGNS IN CUSTOMARY VILAGE OF TEGALTAMU, GIANYAR Sang Ayu Isnu Maharani ...... 693
LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOWARDS LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE RELATION TO ETHNIC IDENTITY Satyawat ...... 669
AGROLINGUISTIC ISSUES, AGRICULTURAL LEXICONS AND MUSEUM NAGARI IN WEST SUMATRA Sawirman ...... 703
METAPHORS USAGE IN THE MARRIAGE PROPOSAL RITUAL IN MANGGARAI, EAST INDONESIA Sebastanus Menggo ...... 709
PERCEIVED ADDRESS TERMS IN PM BY PAPUAN AND NON PAPUAN SPEAKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Servo P. Kocu ...... 715
PHAHYA : WORD EFFECTS TO E-SARN PEOPLE’S LIFE Sowit Bamrungphak ...... 721
xvi LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS Sri Wiryant Budi Utami ...... 727
ANCIENT LANGUAGE IN SACRED RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KHMER PEOPLE IN MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Suthat Pratoomkaew, PhraRajdhammasansudhi Teerangku, Phramaha Khuntong Khemasiri, Phramaha Tongchai Thammathawee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon ...... 733
FIRST PERSON POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN MADURESE LANGUAGE Tunggul Puji Lestari, Dwita Laksmita Rachmawat ...... 739
THE DERIVATED CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN KAILI LANGUAGE, DIALECT RAI Ulinsa, Yunidar ...... 747
THE FORMATION OF IDIOM IN BIMA LANGUAGE: PERSPECTIVE MORPHOLOGY SYSTEM Umar ...... 755
ORAL PROFICIENCY IN TAMIL LANGUAGE: AN ISSUE IN MAINTAINING TAMIL LANGUAGE Vijay Khana ...... 761
THE MAINTAINED USE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN SURABAYA URBAN SOCIETY Wahyu Sekt Wijaya ...... 767
IDENTIFIYING SENTANI CHILDREN’S DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE Wigat Yektningtyas ...... 773
BOL : THE RITUAL AND ART OF DETECTING THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS IN KHMER PEOPLE SURIN PROVINCE,THAILAND Wan Suwanpong, Prayoon Saengsai, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Karisandh Sengmas, Somkid Sukjit, Suriya Klangrit ...... 781
ANCIENT SACRED LANGUAGE PRESENTED IN GALMORE RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KUI PEOPLE IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Wan Suwanpong, PhraKan KantaDharmmo, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 787
xvii “PHAYAR” A LANGUAGE THAT REFLECTS THE DOCTRINE IN THE LIFE OF THAI-KUY ETHNIC GROUP IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Prayoon Saengsai, Wan Suwanpong, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 793
KIEH IN MINANGKABAU’S TAMBO Yendra ...... 797
xviii CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESE
Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawat Universitas Udayana [email protected]
Abstract A clause is a syntactc structure consistng of a subject and a predicate or verb as a core whereas other functons such as subject and adverbial are arbitrary. Simple clause is a clause that has not been expanded. This study aims at analyzing the merging of consttuents in Balinese simple clauses by applying minimalist program. Minimalist program views phrases and clauses as consttuents built up from the botom up gradually by combining the last two words into larger consttuents that combine again with another word in the clause, to build larger consttuencies, up to the maximum combinaton. This merging process occurs gradually and binary, and each merge has a core that determines its complement untl the fnal stage, the consttuents resultng from the merging process combine with the specifer, that is the last consttuent, and project maximally to form a sentence. This research applies descriptve-qualitatve approach by combining introspectve and analytc methods. The research data were taken from short story texts, in the Literature column in “Bali Ort”, Bali Post, weekly newspaper, which is equipped with oral data obtained through direct observaton techniques. The data are analyzed descriptve-analytcally through deductve-inductve-deductve approach. The results of the analysis show that consttuent merging in simple clauses follows the principles or rules specifed in a minimalist program, such as: (1) The principle of nucleus (any syntactc structure is a projecton of the nucleus) (2) Binary principle (any syntactc structure is double branching), and (3) Projecton Principle / EPP.
Keywords: merging, consttuent, simple clause, minimalist program
I. INTRODUCTION The grammatcal unit which expresses a single predicate and its arguments is called a simple sentence, or a clause. (Kroeger, 2005:52) The minimalist program considers language as a perfect system with optmal design. What is meant by this is that natural grammars generate structures that are considered to interface perfectly with other consttuents of the mind, especially speech and mind systems (Radford, 2004: 9) In forming sentences from a series of words the relevant words of the lexicon are frst determined. The selected words are then combined together through a series of syntactc computatons in syntax to form a syntactc structure. This syntactc structure is then the input of two other grammatcal components, the semantc component which converts the syntactc structure into semantc representaton, and the component of the speech form which converts the syntactc structure into the representaton of the speech form. According to Minimalist Program, the term, phrase is used to refer to the consttuent which is larger than a word which
539 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages is a maximal projecton. Traditonally, a phrase refers strictly to non-clausal expression hence writng a leter is a phrase whereas He is writng a leter is a clause, not a phrase. However in minimalist program clauses are analysed as types of phrases. A clause is considered as a complementser phrase or CP which is a maximal projecton of Ø complementser and a tense phrase or TP This is applied to analyse the process of combining consttuents on the Balinese simple clauses. Balinese is included in the sub-group of Austronesian languages. Artawa (2004: 2), Pastka (1999: 1) mentoned that Balinese has two variatons, namely Base Bali Alus ( high level Balinese) and Base Bali kasar (low level Balinese). The diference between the two variatons lies in the lexicon and slightly in its morphology and syntax.
II. METHOD As part of the phenomenological approach, this study is also categorized into descriptve- qualitatve research (Djajasudarma,2006,Chaer, 2007) by applying introspectve and analytc methods (since the researcher is a natve speaker of Balinese, the researcher also uses language used in the community as data for accuracy). This is supported by Kibrik’s statement (1979) which says that language can only be well explained if the researcher can speak the language well, and also as an informant in his own research. The applicaton of introspectve and analytc methods is considered most appropriate for this study. The data of this research are simple clauses taken from short stories in Bali Ort, spoken language originatng from natve speakers of Balinese drawn through the applicaton of direct observaton techniques, and intuitve data derived from the linguistc intuiton of researchers through introspectve techniques.
III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Prior to the analysis of the consttuent merging of the Balinese simple clauses, some terms relevant to the analysis were introduced, they are; phrase is a consttuent larger than a word which is a maximal projecton consistng of a head and a complement; Determiner Phrase (DP) is a phrase consistng of a determiner as a head and a noun complement. Traditonally, The book is considered as a noun phrase but in this analysis the book is a determiner phrase (DP) of which head is determiner the and complement book; Light Verb Phrase (vP) is a phrase of which head is a light-verb (v),this is applied in the analysis to raise verb to the higher positon in the clause consistng split projecton; Infecton Phrase (IP) is a phrase headed by infecton as verb markers in Balinese, The term Infecton is used to replace Tense in English, since Balinese does not have tense markers. X-bar (V’) refers to a wider projecton than a word but narrower than a phrase, in a tree diagram the positon of X-bar is above the head word and below the phrase, such as I’ positoned above I and below IP. V ‘ is above V and below VP; Extended Projecton Principle/ EPP requires a fnite T’ to possess an extended projecton into a TP containing a subject, in the other way a T’ (T-bar) should merge with a preceding specifer (or subject) to form the extended projecton
540 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages
Consttuent Merging of Intransitve clauses The Balinese intransitve clauses are marked with their morphosyntactc markers, among others: {Ø-}, {ma-}, and {N-}. Seen from minimalist framework, clauses are formed through a merging process of consttuents. This merging process occurs gradually and in pairs / binary (binary), in each merge there is a core (head) that determines the complement. Untl the fnal stage in which the consttuent resultng from the process merges with the specifer (the last consttuent) and projected maximally to form a sentence. The consttuent merging strategy in the intransitve clause can be observed below.
1a. I bapa teka uli carik ART father tran.come prep ricefeld’. ’father comes from the ricefeld’
The process of consttuent merging in the above data can be illustrated as follows: Merging starts from lef to right, startng from the prepositon, uli ’ from’ merges with noun, peken ’market’ as its complement, to form the PP uli carik ’from the market’ which then becomes complement to the verbs teka ‘come ‘ to form a VP teka uli carik. VP then is a complement of the Infecton or I (in this case, Intransitve marker {Ø-}). The merging of I (Intr {Ø-}) with VP projects forming $" " !"#$#%&'()*+,-" I-bar (I ’). I’ requires the subject specifer to project maximally to form IP. IP then merges with the Complementser to form a CP, following the assumpton of Radford (2004: 131), that all ?D,&canonical JE.A& EJ& clauses @,FH0.0?<=,& are CP. ?D,;&Because FEALH,A,;?<>,.& the data is in the <>&form <;& of _& declaratve ,AL?1& !7/HH%9& then complementser ND,& L.EF,>>& F0;& is -,& in Ø empty (Null). The process can be illustrated by a tree diagram on (1b); Consttuent Merging of Transitve clauses Transitve clause is a clause of which predicate requires more than one arguments. The analysis starts from a clause whose verb requires two arguments or a transitve clause, since it only has one object argument. The merging of transitve clause consttuents by Chomsky (1995, see Radford 2004: 348), is done by operatng VP shell framework / layer or involving light verb symbolised by v. The analysis of the light verb v proposed by Chomsky is applied in the analysis of transitve clauses in Balinese as in the following example. 2a. Luh Sari n-daar nasi di paon. name trans.eat rice prep kitchen. ’Luh Sari ate rice in the kitchen’ Data 2a is a two-argument transitve clause with actve transitve diatesis marker {N-}. The merging of the consttuents in the clause begins with Verb daar ‘eat’ merges with N (noun) or DP with a zero D and nasi ’rice’ as a complement that forms V’ daar nasi ‘eatng rice’, which then combines with the PP (P di and N paon ) forming VP daar nasi di paon ’eat rice in the kitchen’. PP di paon ’in the kitchen’ serves as Adjunct indicatng the locaton of daar (acton). Then!"#$%&%'()*+,-) the transitve./0 marker1" {N-} is atached to the verb daar" to form naar, to indicate that the " clause requires two arguments that is; the subject argument and the object argument. I then requires the IP-specifer, Luh Sari (DP), to project maximally to form IP Luh Sari naar rice in paonL.EK,F?&A0M !"#$%&%'(#%) (+,&#,)"-) &%+2#$&%&L()=12'$() & 6,& <>& 0& FH0/>,& EJ& BD 5420.I/A,;?>9&ND,&L.EF,>>&EJ&FEA-<;<;I&FE;>?&<;&?D<>&FH0/>,&<;=EH=,>&AE=,A,;?&0;@&Bali, 23-24 February 2018 @,H,? Consttuent merging of bitransitve clause Bitransitve clause is a clause of which predicate or verb requires three core arguments. The process of combining consttuents in this clause involves movement and deleton, and the applicaton of light v. The pocess is presented in data 3a. 3a. I meme n-tanjen tang kopi. ART mother trans-ofer 1T cofee. ‘Mother ofered me cofee’. Merging begins by combining the verb (V) tanjen ‘ofer with a complement, that is frst person pronoun tang ‘me’ projectng upward to form V-bar (V ‘) tanjen tang ‘ ofer me ‘, which then rejoins the complement DP (with Ø D) kopi ‘cofee’, forming VP, tanjen tang kopi ‘ofered me cofee’, the light verb which is empty (Ø) is applied to raise the verb tanjen, v empty (Ø) is then flled with V tanjen which is the core of the phrase and merges with the VP of which verb has been deleted because it has been raised to light v positon to become v’, tanjen tang kopi ‘ofered me cofee’. The light verb (v) then heads the VP, tanjen tang kopi ‘ofers me cofee’ " " !"#$#%&'()*+,-" and combine with the specifer I meme ‘mother’ and project up to form vP, and vP combines with Infecton (I) {trans N-}and projects upwards to form I’. The I’ then needs specifer (or NP as subject) to project maximally into IP. So the DP, I meme ‘mother’ which is the sister of the *v’ is moved "&" "* up '&" *in the tree (>' to& fll jAE?D,.& in the DP EJJ,.,@&(the specifer A,& required FEJJ,,g9& by the ND,& I’ to L.EF,>>& project maximally EJ& A,.I<;I& F0;& -,& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&`V&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"g& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&"&A,A,& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&=V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?.0;>9&h7)i&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&`V&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&=g& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"&A,A,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&f&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fV& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&_ ?0;K,;& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fg&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&f&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&V\7&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&`V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?0;K,;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?<0;I&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&SEL<&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !"#$%&%'(#%) (+,&#,)&#)=2'$2%&L()="#$%+'=%&"#) & ND,&A,.I<;I&EJ&FE;>?&<;&?D,&60H<;,>,&F0/>0?<=,&<>&F0..<,@&E/?&?D.E/ID&?D,&ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 543 EL,.0? Consttuent merging in causatve constructon The merging of consttuents in the Balinese causatve is carried out through the operaton of VP layers involving the applicaton of light verbs v and movement deleton process. This is presented in data 4a. 4a. Ia ng-usak-ang pelalian tang-e 3T ruin-Apps. toy 1T-POS ‘He ruined my toy.’ Analysis of data 4a begins with combining DP pelalian tange ‘my toy’ with the verb, usak ‘broken’ forming V’, pelalian tange usak ‘my toy is broken ‘. V’ requires specifer, PRN, to project maximally into VP as the subject of the VP PRN, ia ‘he’ merges with V’ pelalian tange usak to form VP, Ia pelalian tange usak. Light verb (v) is applied to raise the Verb usak. Light V then become the head of the V’ and the V’ requires a specifer in this case PRN to project maximally into vP, therefore movement and deleton are applied to move PRN ia to the specifer positon. vP then becomes the complement of the infecton (I) and merges to form I’. I’ needs specifer to project maximally into IP and movement and deleton are applied to move !"#$%&%'()*+,-)./01" " " PRN ia to this positon. *-&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&_& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&" & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&V\7& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"0&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&=V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#G:5h7)0;Ii&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&V\7&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&= & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& & & && &&&&&&&&&"0& & & & & & & & &&&&&=& && &&&&&fV&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&_ ;I/>0S0;I&&&&&&&&&& && &&&&`V&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&f & & & & & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&<0&&& &&&&&&`V&&&&&&&&&&&&&&f&&&&& & & & & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&V,H0H<0;&?<0;I),&&&&&&&&&/>0S& !"#$%&%'(#%) (+,&#,)&#)2 1&=2%&L()="#$%+'=%&"#) &544 G.?0B0& !'22*8&Bali, 23-24 4%& February >?0?,>& 2018 ?D0?& ?D,& 0LLH Consttuent merging in applicatve constructon Artawa (2004: 68) states that the applicatve verb in Balinese can be derived from the basic form of pre-categorial, intransitve and transitve verbs by applying the sufx {-in} or {-ang}. so the {-in} and {-ang} sufxes in Balinese are the valence-enhancing sufxes. The analysis of consttuent merging in applicatve constructon is presented in 5a. 5a. Tiang nyait-ang I Karya baju. 1T Apl sew Det name clothe ‘I sew the clothe for Karya’. The merging consttuent in clause 5a can be explained as follows. The analysis begins with the merging of V, ‘jemak’ and the DP,’I Karya’ and project up to form V’, jemak I Karya, then the V’ take the DP baju as its complement to project up to form VP, jemak I Karya baju. The light verb (v) is applied to raise the V, jemak to this positon and v heads the VP projectng to form vP jahit I Karya baju. I (Appl. {N-ang} heads the I’ and merges with vP as its complement. I’, nyahitang I Karya baju requires specifer, PRN, tang to project maximally into IP, tang nyahitang I Karya baju. Finally the IP requirs a specifer in this case Ø complement to project maximally into CP. " " !"#$#%&'()*+,-" 5b Z-&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&_& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&" & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&V\7& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&N<0;I&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&=V& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&GLLH9h7)0;Ii&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&=&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&& & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&_ &K,A0S&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fV& & & & & & & && &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& && & & & &&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&f &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& & & & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& && & & & & &&&&&&&&&f&&&&&&&&&&`V&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&`V&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&K,A0S&&&&&&&&&&&"& 0.@<&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&-0K/&&&&&&&&&&& ) )! ! ) ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 545 "?& F0;& FE;FH/@,@& ?D0?& ?D,& FE;>?,& > IV. CONCLUSION It can concluded that the consttuent merging in the Balinese simple clauses is from the botom up by following the principles: (1) headedness principle (each syntactc structure is a projecton of the head) (2) Binary Principle (a syntactc structure is binary branching.) (3) Extended Projecton Principle (must be extended to an IP projecton containing a subject) so that the clause is a projecton of the Specifer with I’ as the head. Consttuent merging in transitve clauses involves operatng a light verb (v), to lif the lower consttuent upward, and using movement and deleton steps. REFERENCES Artawa, Ketut. 2004. Balinese Language: A Typological Descripton. Denpasar: CV Bali Media Adhikarsa Chaer, Abdul Drs. 2007. Kajian Bahasa Struktur Internal, Pemakaian dan Pemelajaran. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Djajasudarma, T Fatmah.2006. Metode Linguistk; Ancangan Metode Penelitan dan Kajian. Bandung; Eresco Kibrik, A.E. 1977. The Methodology of Field Investgatons in Linguistcs. Paris: Mouton & Co BV Publishers, The Hague. Kroeger, Paul R. 2005. Analyzing Grammar An Introducton .UK: Cambridge University Press. Pastka, I Wayan. 1999. Voice Selecton in Balinese Narratf Discource (Ph.D Dissertaton) Canberra: The Australian Natonal University. Radford, Andrew. 2004. Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 546 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Udayana University Press