Soil Fertility for Sustainable Crop Production: a Case Study of Gyerentor in Kete Krachi, Oti Region of Ghana
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International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 32(2): 59-67, 2020; Article no.IJPSS.54131 ISSN: 2320-7035 Soil Fertility for Sustainable Crop Production: A Case Study of Gyerentor in Kete Krachi, Oti Region of Ghana Felix O. Ababio1*, Adams Sadick2, Gyekye M. Prince1 and Calys-Tagoe Edward2 1CSIR-Soil Research Institute, Accra Centre, Ghana. 2CSIR-Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2020/v32i230247 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Sangita Sahni, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, India. Reviewers: (1) Ing. Evans Asenso, South China Agricultural University, China. (2) Subrata Kumar Mandal, CSIR- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, India. (3) Ernane Miranda Lemes, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/54131 Received 20 December 2019 Accepted 24 February 2020 Original Research Article Published 19 March 2020 ABSTRACT Soil fertility management is important for sustainable crop production. In the bid to boost the agricultural development in Ghana, Krachi Farm Ltd, identified Gyerentor in Kete Krachi within the West District of the Oti Region, formally Volta Region as a potential area for cashew, cowpea, maize and mango production. However, the fertility status of the soil is not known hence the assessment of the suitability of the soil for the above crop production. 30 soil samples were collected randomly from depths of 0-30 and 30-50 cm. Soil sampling points were identified using a GPS device. Following standard methods adopted by Laboratory Analytical Services Department of Soil Research Institute, Ghana, the collected soil samples were analyzed to find out their texture, pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and available phosphorus (P). The soil was acidic with the mean value of 4.5 in the topsoil, OM (1.0%), Ca (2.1 me/100 g), mg (0.8 me/100 g), K (0.3 me/100 g) and P (4.6 ppm). The soil texture was sandy loam and sandy clay loam. The fertility of the soil was low in almost all the studied _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Ababio et al.; IJPSS, 32(2): 59-67, 2020; Article no.IJPSS.54131 parameters, especially with respect to OM and the NPK levels. Assessment for various land utilization type (LUT) types did not find it suitable for cashew, cowpea, maize and mango especially due to the extremely acidic condition. Keywords: Soil degradation; soil fertility; soil nutrient; agronomy. 1. INTRODUCTION irrigation to sustain high-density planting, with the goal of processing cashews for export. The sustainability of any system has become a major concern and the center of studies in the In this regard, Krachi Farms Ltd. contracted Soil global world nowadays. The assessment of soil Research Institute of the Council for Scientific fertility is the most basic decision-making tool in and Industrial Research for a soils and land order to apply appropriate nutrient management suitability assessment for cashew, which forms strategies [1]. Soil fertility evaluation is very part of the company’s feasibility study with the crucial in the agricultural sector because of soil intention of producing cashew crops by fertility declining rapidly in cultivated lands employing the application of modern agricultural through leaching, soil erosion and crop harvest technology in agronomy, mechanization and [2]. irrigation on its newly acquired 401.90 ha land. Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to supply The overall goal of this study was to assess the essential nutrients in sufficient amount for the suitability of the soils for agriculture on growth and development of the plant. Soil fertility approximately 405 hectares of land at Kete determinations or evaluation is the bases for Krachi, for the utilization of the areas that would making fertilizer recommendation [3]. In Africa, be suitable for cashew, cowpea, maize and soil fertility depletion and soil degradation are the mango production. crucial setback which needs to be addressed [1]. According to [3] study, African soils lose an 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS annual average of 48 kg/ha of nutrient, which is equivalent to 100 kg/year of fertilizer. 2.1 Experimental Site Description Tropical smallholder farming systems lack The land is located at Gyerentor in Kete Krachi sustainability due to nutrient leaching, lack of within the Krachi West District of the Oti Region fertility restoring inputs, and unbalanced nutrient of Ghana. It lies 800 m to 2 km west of the Volta applications [4]. River, and lies within longitudes 0°0'58.59"E – 0°2'58.59"E and latitudes 7°50'9.20"N – Understanding soil nutrient status is fundamental 7°50'58.6"N. The site is situated within the for crop/plant production. Soil physical, chemical transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana and and biological analysis determines the covers an approximated area of about 993.08 fertility/productive status of soil with an influence acres or 401.90 hectares with an average on crop or plant yield [5]. The erratic nature of elevation of 112.16 m. the rainfall pattern, coupled with long periods of drought renders agriculture as a risky business in Climate conditions such as temperature, rainfall, Ghana. Beside low soil fertility levels of most relative humidity, sunshine day, and wind speed Ghanaian soils, the poor performance of the influence soil formation and crop/plant growth. agricultural sector is due partly to the over- The area under consideration lies within the reliance on rainfall as the main source of water Equatorial Climatic Zone, which like the rest of supply for crop growth [3]. Under these prevailing the country is greatly influenced by the South climatic conditions, the country’s agriculture West Monsoons from the South Atlantic and the cannot sustain the growing population without dry Harmattan winds from the Sahara. The the introduction of extensive and intensive movements of these winds affect the climatic irrigation as well as effective soil management conditions of the area, both in time and space systems [5]. [6,7]. Krachi Farms Ltd. Company is joining a The average annual rainfall varies from 900 mm revolutionizing mechanized cashew farming in to 1,841 mm, of which 80% is recorded in the wet Ghana with modern technologies and season. The site is characterised with two well guaranteed high yielding planting material with defined rainy seasons: The major season from 60 Ababio et al.; IJPSS, 32(2): 59-67, 2020; Article no.IJPSS.54131 mid-April to early July and the minor from the country, including the study site with respect September to November. From November to to this report. The consociation is dominated by February, the climate is considered to be a dry Kpelesawgu series, which is made up of both period because, during this time, total rainfall is shallow and deep phases. Areas occupied by less than half the total evapotranspiration for Kpelesawgu series may, however, also have each month. Additionally, the relative humidity of small patches of Wenchi series, made up of the area is around 54%. exposed plinthites. The month of January, February, March and April 2.2.1 Soil sampling and analysis at Kete Krachi are characterised as the hottest with a temperature of about 40.6°C. August is Field soil sampling was carried out according to the coldest month in Kete-Krachi. The mean the random sampling technique, guided by monthly average temperature ranges from predetermined points using GPS generated 22.0°C (minimum) to 32.3°C (maximum) while locations. Handheld GPS Garmin devices were the mean monthly sunshine amounts to 2,527 then used to track these observation points at hours with approximately 7 hours daily. The intervals between 310 m to 660 m. Soil samples average diurnal range of temperature is greatest were taken at random locations for chemical and during the harmattan period in December and physical analysis including; soil texture, pH, January and at least in August. organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), 2.2 General Description of Soils magnesium (mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and available phosphorus (P). The soils of the study site comprise of the Kpelesawgu consociation, developed over The soils were identified using physical Voltaian mudstones and shales. Kpalesawgu characteristics such as physiographic position, soils were first studied and reported on by [8] soil colour, texture and relative amounts of during a soil survey of the Central Agricultural coarse fragments, and depth to gravelly layer. Research Station at Nyankpala. Since then these The Munsell Colour chart (1994 revised edition) soils have been encountered extensively was used in determining the soil colour. Soil elsewhere in East Dagomba and the Sene- texture was determined by manipulative test and Obosum basins of Ghana [9,10] and the rest of feel [11]. Fig. 1. Location and GPS soil observation point map of the proposed site 61 Ababio et al.; IJPSS, 32(2): 59-67, 2020; Article no.IJPSS.54131 Soil samples were air-dried, ground and passed practices that promote the accumulation of OM through a 2-mm sieve. Soil pH was measured in are recommended e.g. cover cropping, soil and a soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 [12]. Total nitrogen water conservation, manure application etc. was determined by the modified Macro-Kjeldahl method [11]. Available phosphorus was extracted The chemical results indicated an inadequate with Bray’s P solution and measured on a status in soil nutrient in all the three main spectrophotometer [13]. Organic carbon was parameters: nitrogen (N) was low with an measured by the method of [14].