DOCSLIB.ORG

British Togoland Movement: an Offshoot of Historical Creations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
British Togoland Movement: an Offshoot of Historical Creations Faculty of Humanities, and Social Sciences and Education BRITISH TOGOLAND MOVEMENT: AN OFFSHOOT OF HISTORICAL CREATIONS Agbessi Laglo SVF-3901 Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation … May 2019 DEDICATION To my wife: For your untiring care and support. To my beautiful daughter: For always putting smile in my face To my mother, brother and sister: For sacrificing everything you cherish for my success To all peace lovers: For your endless fight for what the world needs most …you all deserve a big thank you! i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Christine Smith-Simonson for her guidance throughout this study. Her patience for me in difficult times made me believe that there is always a chance to do better. Her advice and suggestions helped me build self- confidence and kept me in a better position to see through issues regarding this study. My gratitude equally goes to the entire staff of Centre for Peace Studies (CPS) at University of Tromso for preparing me academically to embark on this research journey. Their purpose- oriented academic curriculum and excellent delivery made CPS a Centre of excellence and cannot go unnoticed. Their contribution to my success goes beyond the academic field. They gave us (students) the feel of what happens beyond the walls of the Institution by organizing seminars, conferences and trips which have exposed us to the global world. Finally, I wish to thank my family especially my wife, daughter, mother brother and sister for their support and care. To you all my friends and course mates, I am honored for having you in my life. ii ABSTRACT This thesis is an inquiry into the political evolution of British Togoland to identify factors that have contributed to the emergence of British Togoland Movement as well as those factors which continue to foil and sustain it from 1916 till now. The study focuses on colonial activities in Eweland from 1886 to the independence of Ghana in 1956 and how these activities continue to influence opinions among Ewe people. Eweland was first divided between the Gold Coast, a British colony and Togoland under German rule. However, this division did not create much attention at the time. After the defeat of Germany in World War 1, German Togoland was divided between France and Britain and put under the respective administrative authorities of Dahomey and Gold Coast. This arrangement further divided Eweland and became source of agitations among ewes led by Ewe Unification Movement which aimed to unite Ewelands under one administrative authority. Ewe Unification Movement dies off when British Togoland formerly became an administrative region of independence Ghana in 1957. The post-independence period of Ghana also continues to witness periodic agitations and protests led by British Togoland Movement which comprises other smaller movements for the restoration of British Togoland as an independent state. The latest agitations by street demonstration took place in 2018 and some of the protesters were arrested by the security agencies. Data was collected by triangulating three data sources namely: interview, archive documents and observation of a specific Facebook platform. To identify the foiling factors of these agitations, the objective and demands of the movement, and the impact of the movement on Ewe people, study used three school of thoughts namely: post-colonial theory, deprived actor (grievances) theory and rational actor (opportunity) theory to explain occurrences of event and actions taken thereof in the context of British Togoland Movement. This led to arriving at findings which would inform stakeholders to find everlasting solution to a problem the study considers to be an offshoot of historical creations. Findings from the study indicate that the decision leading to the union between British Togoland and Cold Coast and how it was implemented continue to be the major foiling factor; the British Togoland Movement’s major demand is the restoration of British Togoland as independent state; the emergence of the movement has contributed to the development of a new ethnic sentiment among Ewe people than before, creating a situation of ‘Us’ against ‘Them’ between Ewe people and other ethnic groups. iii BRITISH TOGOLAND MOVEMENT: AN OFFSHOOT OF HISTORICAL CREATIONS iv ABREVIATIONS UN: United Nations AU: African Union PNDC: Provisional National Defense Council HSGF: Homeland Study Group Foundation EUM: Ewe Unification Movement NDC: National Democratic Congress NPP: New Patriotic Party CPP: Convention People’s Party PNDCL: Provisional National Defense Council Law ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States UNLO: United Nations Legal Office EU: European Union UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNGA: United Nations General Assembly v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of German Togoland 2. Map of British Togoland and French Togoland 3. Map of Cold Coast and British Togoland 1922 - 1950 4. Map of Ghana 1960 with British Togoland completely integrated 5. Map of Ghana 2018 with proposed Oti region and others vi Figure 1: Map of German Togoland Copied from: howlingpixel.com vii Figure 2: Map of British Togoland and French Togoland Copied from: cambridge.org viii Figure 3: Map of Cold Coast and British Togoland 1922 -1950 Copied from: Kedem, K. (2005). ix Figure 4: Map of Ghana 1960 with British Togoland completely integrated Copied from: pinterest.es x Figure 5: Map of Ghana 2018 with proposed Oti region and others Copied from: adomonline.com xi TABLE OF CONTENT DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii BRITISH TOGOLAND MOVEMENT: AN OFFSHOOT OF HISTORICAL CREATIONS iv ABREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi Figure 1: Map of German Togoland ........................................................................................ vii Figure 2: Map of British Togoland and French Togoland ..................................................... viii Figure 3: Map of Cold Coast and British Togoland 1922 -1950 .............................................. ix Figure 4: Map of Ghana 1960 with British Togoland completely integrated ............................ x Figure 5: Map of Ghana 2018 with proposed Oti region and others ........................................ xi CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1. Introduction to the study area ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 The socio-political evolution of British Togoland ........................................................... 2 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Questions and Objectives ................................................................................. 6 1.4 Chapter Outlet .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Post-colonial theory ......................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Deprived actor (grievances) theory ................................................................................ 15 2.4 Rational actor (opportunity) Theory .............................................................................. 17 2.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 20 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Method: Triangulation ................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Defining the principle of triangulation ................................................................... 20 3.2.2 Understanding the terms: credibility, validity and reliability ................................. 21 3.2.3 Towards the understanding of the philosophical position ...................................... 24 3.2.4 Data collection ........................................................................................................ 25 3.3 Challenges and limitations ......................................................................................... 32 xii 3.4 Positionality: Possibilities and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Institution of Electrical Engineers. Further Details Can Be Obtained
    No. 4276 October 13, 1951 NATURE 641 life-history, ecology, population studies, fishery and Gold Coast), senior assistant conservator of forests, utilization and includes observations on autotomy Gold Coast; J. M. Cave (assistant agricultural and autoplasy; a large female with a carapace­ officer, British Honduras), agricultural superintendent, length of 13·5 cm. is estimated to produce 549,000 St. Vincent, Windward Islands ; C. A. Lea (assistant eggs. No. 8 is a paper that should prove of use to director, Meteorological Services, Federation of zoologists everywhere. It contains a bibliography Malaya), director, Meteorological Services, Federation which is complete from Delius and Linrneus (both of Malaya; N. A. MacHattie (forester, Tanganyika), 1758) up to and including 1949; it comprises 1,216 superintending forester, Tanganyika; R. H. Ball entries and is a valuable compilation. There is also and P. Bradshaw, agricultural officers, Nigeria; a key for the whole of the Collembola carried down D. V. Chambers, R. Frank, W. G. Mathewson and to genera ; and, as the characters given are only J. Russell, agricultural officers, Tanganyika; T. J. those essential for generic identification, the name of Forbes and K. Landskroner, agricultural officers, each genus is followed by that of its author, the date Gold Coast; R. N. Green, agricultural officer, and a number in brackets referring to the citation of Somaliland Protectorate; G. Heys, agricultural t hat publication in the bibliography in which the officer, Nyasaland; A. J. Jones, entomologist, original definition of the genus is to be found. This Tanganyika; R. Knight, plant breeder, West African work is additionally welcome because it provides the Cocoa Research Institute, Gold Coast; C.
    [Show full text]
  • Territoriality, Sovereignty, and Violence in German South-West Africa
    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2018 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2018 Colonial Control and Power through the Law: Territoriality, Sovereignty, and Violence in German South-West Africa Caleb Joseph Cumberland Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2018 Part of the African History Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Legal History Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Cumberland, Caleb Joseph, "Colonial Control and Power through the Law: Territoriality, Sovereignty, and Violence in German South-West Africa" (2018). Senior Projects Spring 2018. 249. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2018/249 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Colonial Control and Power through the Law: Territoriality, Sovereignty, and Violence in German South-West Africa Senior Project Submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College by Caleb Joseph Cumberland Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2018 Acknowledgments I would like to extend my gratitude to my senior project advisor, Professor Drew Thompson, as without his guidance I would not have been able to complete such a project.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Case Studies in Self-Determination: the Rock and the Bailiwick
    Two Case Studies in Self-Determination: The Rock and the Bailiwick INGE V. PORTER* TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 340 II. SELF-DETERMINATION ....................................................................................... 342 A. History...................................................................................................... 342 B. General Scope and Content...................................................................... 345 1. Decolonization................................................................................... 345 2. Post-Decolonization.......................................................................... 349 3. Historic Title ...................................................................................... 350 4. Limits to the Principleof Self-Determination.................................... 354 C. M icrostates ............................................................................................... 356 D. Future Trends ........................................................................................... 357 1. The Demise of the Principle of Self-Determination?......................... 357 2. Self-Determination as Customary Law .............................................. 358 3. Self-Determination as a Right to a Democratic Form of Government ......................................................................... 360 III. THE CASE OF GIBRALTAR ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
    Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Map of the Gold Coast including the British Mandate of Togoland . Additions and Corrections 1921. Stock#: 59872 Map Maker: War Office Date: 1911 (1921) Place: London Color: Color Condition: VG+ Size: 22 x 32.3 inches Price: SOLD Description: Rare Map of British Togoland Finely executed map of the British Mandate of Togoland, published by the War Department, issued shortly before Togoland was formally partitioned between France and Great Britain in the Treaty of Versailles. The map is published on a scale of 1 : 1,000,000 or 1.014 inches to 16 miles. The details on the map include: Railroad lines completed and in progress Motor roads completed and under construction Well defined roads and other routes Drawer Ref: Bookshelf 2a Stock#: 59872 Page 1 of 2 Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Map of the Gold Coast including the British Mandate of Togoland . Additions and Corrections 1921. Telegraph lines along roads Telegraph stations Post office Ruins Various borders Maps of Togoland are very rare on the market. Togoland The colony of Togoland was established at the end of the period of European colonization in Africa, often called the "Scramble for Africa". For Togoland, two separate German protectorates were established in 1884. In 1899, Germany and Great Britain exchanged their colonies in the Samoan Islands for the Northern Solomon Islands and a greater role in controlling Tonga.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Prospects for a Peaceful Transition in Sudan
    Improving Prospects for a Peaceful Transition in Sudan Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°143 Nairobi /Brussels, 14 January 2019 What’s new? Protests across Sudan flared up as the government cut a vital bread subsidy. Economic grievances are fuelling demands for political change, with protest- ers calling on President Omar al-Bashir, in power since 1989, to resign. Authorities have responded with violence, killing dozens and arresting many more. Why does it matter? In the past, President Bashir and his government have been able to ride out popular demonstrations. But these newest protests, demanding Bashir resign because of economic mismanagement and corruption, have spread to loyalist regions and coincide with rising discontent in his party. What should be done? Foreign governments influential in Khartoum should continue to publicly discourage violence against demonstrators, with Western pow- ers signalling that future aid and, in the U.S.’s case, sanctions relief are at stake. They should seek to improve prospects for a peaceful transition by creating incentives for Bashir to step down. I. Overview Protests engulfing Sudanese towns and cities have seen dozens killed in crackdowns by security forces and could turn bloodier still. Demonstrators express fury over sub- sidy cuts and call for President Omar al-Bashir to resign. Discontent within the ruling party, the depth of the economic crisis and the diverse makeup of protests suggest Bashir has less room to manoeuvre than before. He may survive, though likely by suppressing protests with levels of violence that would reverse his recent rapproche- ment with Western powers and deepen Sudan’s economic woes.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Colonization of Southwest Africa and the Anglo-German Rivalry, 1883-1915
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 7-1-1995 Doors left open then slammed shut: The German colonization of Southwest Africa and the Anglo-German rivalry, 1883-1915 Matthew Erin Plowman University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Plowman, Matthew Erin, "Doors left open then slammed shut: The German colonization of Southwest Africa and the Anglo-German rivalry, 1883-1915" (1995). Student Work. 435. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/435 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DOORS LEFT OPEN THEN SLAMMED SHUT: THE GERMAN COLONIZATION OF SOUTHWEST AFRICA AND THE ANGLO-GERMAN RIVALRY, 1883-1915. A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts University of Nebraska at Omaha by Matthew Erin Plowman July 1995 UMI Number: EP73073 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI Blsaartalibn Publish*rig UMI EP73073 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
    [Show full text]
  • Unhcr > Global Trends 2018
    2018 IN REVIEW Trends at a Glance The global population of forcibly displaced increased by 2.3 million people in 2018. By the end of the year, almost 70.8 million individuals were forcibly displaced worldwide as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. As a result, the world’s forcibly displaced population remained yet again at a record high. MILLION FORCIBLY as a result of persecution, DISplacED 70.8 WORLDwiDE conflict, violence, or human rights violations at end-2018 25.9 million refugees 20.4 million refugees under UNHCR’s mandate 5.5 million Palestine refugees under UNRWA’s mandate 41.3 million internally displaced people1 3.5 million asylum-seekers 37,000 13.6 MILLION NEW DISPLACEMENTS NEWLY DISPLACED EVERY Day 4 IN 5 An estimated 13.6 million people The number of new displacements Nearly 4 out of every 5 refugees were newly displaced due to conflict was equivalent to an average of lived in countries neighbouring their or persecution in 2018. 37,000 people being forced to flee countries of origin. This included 10.8 million individuals their homes every day in 2018. displaced2 within the borders of their own country and 2.8 million new 1 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre refugees and new asylum-seekers. of the Norwegian Refugee Council. 2 Ibid. 3 The number of new individual asylum applications for Turkey does not include Syrian 3.5 nationals who receive protection under the MILLION Temporary Protection Regulation and relates 16% to applications submitted to UNCHR until 10 September 2018, when the government ASYLUM-SEEKERS assumed full responsibility for registration and Countries in developed regions refugee status determination.
    [Show full text]
  • “Investigating the Causes of Civil Wars in Sub-Saharan Africa” Case Study: the Central African Republic and South Sudan
    al Science tic & li P o u P b f l i o c l A a f Journal of Political Sciences & Public n f r a u i r o s J ISSN: 2332-0761 Affairs Review Article “Investigating the Causes of Civil Wars in Sub-Saharan Africa” Case Study: The Central African Republic and South Sudan Agberndifor Evaristus Department Political Science and International Relations, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT Civil wars are not new and they predate the modern nation states. From the time when nations gathered in well- defined or near defined geographical locations, there has always been internal wrangling between the citizens and the state for reasons that might not be very different from place to place. However, the tensions have always mounted up such that people took to the streets first to protest and sometimes, the immaturity of the government to listen to the demands of the people radicalized them for bloodshed. This paper shall empirically examine the cause of civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa having at the back of its thoughts that civil wars are most times associated to political, economic and ethnic incentives. This paper shall try in empirical terms using data from already established research to prove these points. Firstly, it shall explain its independent variables which apparently are some underlying causes of civil wars. Secondly, it shall consider the dense literature review of civil wars and shall look at some definitions, theories of civil wars and data presented on a series of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, it shall isolate two countries that will make up its comparative analysis and the explanations of its dependent variable by which it shall seek to understand what caused the outbreaks of civil wars in those two countries.
    [Show full text]
  • SIPRI Yearbook 2018: Armaments, Disarmament and International
    armed conflicts and peace processes 83 VI. Armed conflict in sub-Saharan Africa ian davis, florian krampe and neil melvin In 2017 there were seven active armed conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa: in Mali, Nigeria, the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Repub- lic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Somalia and South Sudan.1 In addition, a number of other countries experienced post-war conflict and tension or were flashpoints for potential armed conflict, including Burundi, Cameroon, the Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Sudan and Zimbabwe. In Cameroon long-standing tensions within the mainly English-speaking provinces worsened in 2017 and turned violent in September, while the far north continued to be affected by the regional Islamist insurgency of Boko Haram (also known as Islamic State in West Africa).2 The symbolic declara- tion of independence by militant anglophone secessionist groups on 1 Octo- ber set the stage for further violence in Cameroon.3 The conflict is creating a growing refugee crisis, with at least 7500 people fleeing into Nigeria since 1 October. 4 In Kenya, following serious electoral violence, the year ended with major divisions and tensions between President Uhuru Kenyatta and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga.5 In Zimbabwe political tensions led to a military coup during November and the replacement of President Robert Mugabe, who has ruled the country since its independence in 1980, by his former vice-president, Emmerson Mnangagwa.6 Burundi, the Gambia, Lesotho and Sudan each hosted a multilateral peace operation in 2017.7 This section reviews developments in each of the seven active armed conflicts.
    [Show full text]
  • BRITISH AFRICA 1955-1959 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 745,745B-X, 845, 845B-X, 945, and 945C-X and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 645, 645C-W, And611.45C-W
    A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files BRITISHAFRICA INTERNAL AFFAIRS and FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1955-1959 UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files BRITISH AFRICA 1955-1959 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 745,745B-X, 845, 845B-X, 945, and 945C-X and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 645, 645C-W, and611.45C-W Project Coordinator Gregory Murphy Guide compiled by Blair D. Hydrlck A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Catatoging-in-Publlcatlon Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. British Africa, 1955-1959 [microform]: internal affairs, decimal numbers 745, 745B-X, 845,845B-X, 945, and 945C-X, and foreign affairs, decimal numbers 645,645C-W, and 611.45C-W / [project coordinator, Gregory Murphy], microfilm reels Accompanied by printed reel guide compiled by Blair D. Hydrick. Includes index. ISBN 1-55655-407-9 (microfilm) 1. Great Britain-Colonies-Africa-History-Sources. 2. Africa, Sub-Saharan-History-1884-1960~Sources. 3. United States. Dept. of State-Archives. I. Murphy, Gregory, 1960- . II. Hydrick, Blair. III. United States. Dept. of State. IV. University Publications of America (Firm) [DT32.5] 327.7306~dc20 92-33238 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States. No copyright is claimed in these official U.S. government records. Compilation ° 1991 by University Publications of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Report British Togoland
    c. 452 (b). M. 166 (b). 1925. VI. Geneva, September 3rd, 1925. REPORTS OF MANDATORY POWERS Submitted to the Council of the League of Nations in Accordance with Article 2 2 of the Covenant and considered by the Permanent Mandates Commission at its Sixth Session (June-July 1 9 2 5 J. VI REPORT BY HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY’S GOVERNMENT ON THE ADMINISTRATION UNDER MANDATE OF BRITISH TOGOLAND FOR THE YEAR 1924 SOCIÉTÉ DES NATIONS — LEAGUE OF NATIONS GENÈVE — 1925 ---- GENEVA NOTES BY THE SECRETARIAT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS This edition of the reports submitted to the Council of the League of Nations by the Mandatory Powers under Article 22 of the Covenant is published in exe­ cution of the following resolution adopted by the Assembly on September 22nd, 1924, at its Fifth Session : “ The Assembly . requests that the reports of the Mandat­ ory Powders should be distributed to the States Members of the League of Nations and placed at the disposal of the public wrho may desire to purchase them. ” The reports have generally been reproduced as received by the Secretariat. In certain cases, however, it has been decided to omit in this new edition certain legislative and other texts appearing as annexes, and maps and photographs contained in the original edition published by the Mandatory Power. Such omissions are indicated by notes by the Secretariat. The annual report on the administration of Togoland under British mandate for the year 1924 was received by the Secretariat on June 15th, 1925, and examined by the Permanent Mandates Commission on July 6th, 1925, in the presence of the accredited representative of the British Government, Captain E.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission on Self-Determination Under the UN Declaration on The
    Submission on Self-Determination under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the Expert Mechanism on the rights of indigenous peoples Table of Contents 1 Overview............................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Summary....................................................................................................................................3 1.2 The submitting organization......................................................................................................4 2 Self determination themes................................................................................................................4 2.1 Peace and Self-Determination...................................................................................................4 2.2 Compromised spaces.................................................................................................................7 2.3 Disenfranchisement of unrepresented peoples........................................................................8 2.4 Criminalization of self-determination movements..................................................................11 2.5 International trade and self-determination.............................................................................12 2.6 Indigenous land: commerce and climate.................................................................................13 3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]