Clo ~~ Factual Objective '~~~ ~~ ii.t~1 ,-- 11 '-J II V EWS tboo-- "-1 t~~~------~~. ~ L. Ill, NO. 3 NASHVILLE, TENN. $2 PER YEAR SEPTEMBER, 1956 ~ \tore Border Areas Mix, Deep South Solid

races. Tennessee Violence flared in Anderson County after 12 Negroes began attendinJ{ Clin­ ton High School under a federal court order-the first such instance of deseg­ re~ation in a state-supported lower school-but the Negro -pupils remained in mi'<-ed classrooms as the month ended. ended. Texas More than 100 school districts (the most recent count shows there were 73 last year) began the school year under desegre~tion and the first district in heavily Negro-populated East Texas­ Port Arthur-announced desegre!(ation effective in 1957. An estimated 500',000 white and 25,000 Negro students were in integrated situations without incident, save for a flareup at Mansfield. Vi'rgini.a The state reopened its wholly segre­ gated lower schools as the legislature was embroiled in a special session over Gov. Thomas B. Stanley's new "total re­ sistance" program. Charlottesville, ord­ ered to desegregate thls month by a federal district court, won a stay of exe­ cution of the order pending a circuit court appeal. West Vil"ginia Twenty county systems began the year fully desegre~ated, 21 were partly desegre$lnted and three remained segre­ gated. (Eleven other counties have no Negro pupils.) Index State Page Alabama ...... 3 Arkansas ...... 15 Delaware ...... 9 District o ( Columbia ...... 6 .;~ if.t .•.:: • Florida ...... 13 o!f-r Georgia ...... 5 " .J ol at produced any major <·ontro- Kentucky ...... 5 r;I"Mrsy in drafting the platforms Louisiana ...... 14 !o'l ~~ both political parties was 1\laryland ...... 11 .1~ to · public school Mississippi ...... 6 •:c,,...:. 1\-lissouri ...... 16 ~~~ ~ Desegregation North Carolina ...... 10 c,url·,~ Oklahoma ...... 7 South Carolina . . • ...... • . . . . 4 , tl~':lr :. h ere can educators and lay Tennessee ...... • ...... 3 ,;"tJ."' _,ljzens find the full information !!' '" I . . '} Texas ...... 12 tJ U~., on t u s qu~ ll on . Virginia ...... •...... 8 oj!lll ~ 6 West Virginia ...... 10 "It ~J<' see Page I ~ PAGE 2-SEPTEMBER 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS homa City: Enrollment up, but assure committee beads in sympathy uted merely to natural growth of with party policies. R epuhli<'au 10-year-old institution. Conventions Except for Emanuel Geller, New York WEST VIRGINlA-Linsley (Continued £rom Page 1) Democratic In their 500-woTd civil_ rig~tts Specifically with. 1'ega1'd to the congressman, no member of the Plat­ Institute, Wheeling: School rllllnln( reading of the platform and into the de­ pl4.nk, the Republicans satd wttlt school segregation-desegregation form Committee took issue with the re­ specific ,.efeTence to _the school capacity with enrollment up sinl!e. bate on the civil rights plank. The question, the 430-wof'd Democrt.tt­ marks made Saturday by four south­ segTegatiOit-desegTegation ques­ segregation rulings but increase backstage caucus, however, proved ef­ ic platform pwnk on civil rights erners refuting, in part, the "imputa­ uted to "better income in the fective. In rapid succession, Rep. Mc­ tion: said: tions" of the previous day. On this "The Republican party accepts Panhandle area served by Cormack, Platform Committee chair­ "R.ecent decisions of tl1e Su­ occasion, Rep. Celler, despite Chairman and a parental desire for man who had been given 20 minutes for the decision of the Unit~ Sta!es preme Court of the United States McCormack's effort to ignore his de­ Supreme Court that ra.ctal dts­ ual attention for children." un... n ...... debate of the civil rights plank, yielded relating to segregation in public­ mand for the fioor, insisted on rebutting Military Institute, Lewisburg: two minutes to each of five spokesmen crimination in publicly-sup­ ly-supported schools and else­ remarks made by Mississippi Gov. ported schools must be progr~­ ment up 139 since 1954; believes advocating the civil rights amendments where have brought consequences James P. Coleman, also a member of -Sen. Herbert Lehman of New York, sivcly eliminated. We concur m income of area is reason and that of vast importance to our nation the committee. Other committee mem­ lhc conclusion of the Supreme in coal mining (which ran from Gov. G. Mennen Williams of Michigan, as a whole and especially to com­ bers who spoke out included Fred J. Richard Richards of California, Sen. Court that its decision directing mid-1953 until early in 1955) munities directly affected. We re­ Cassibry of Louisiana and Judge George school desegregation should be depressing effect on Paul Douglas of Dlinois, and Rep. John ject all proposals for the use o( Wallace of Alabama and Sen Sam E. Moss of California. accomplished with 'all deliberate ilies in the coal fields force to interfere with the orderly Ervin of North Carolina. speed' locally through federal would have sent children to 1956 PLANK STRONGER? determination of these matters by The session passed, however, without district courts. The implementa­ sent th.em to public schools Sen. Joseph O'Mahoney of Wyoming the cou1·ts. any peace-shaking exchanges. tion order of the Supreme Cou rt Greenbrier Women's College, and former Gov. Paul Devers of Mas­ "The Democratic party emphat­ Sunday, Aug. 12, the issue moved recognizes the complex and burg: Enrollment up; doesn't ically reafllrm.c; its support of the sachusetts spoke in behalf of the plat­ into the drafting subcommittee, which acutely emotional problems c r ~­ deseg•·egalion has had a marked form as presented; Rep. McCormack historic principle that ours is a southerners described as "eminently ated by it'i decision in certain because college caters to northern took three minutes to explain wherein government o( laws and not of satisfactory." Among its 16 members it sections of our country where dents. the 1956 civil rights plank was stronger men; it recognizes the Supreme numbered five southerners including racial patterns have been devel­ Couyt of the United States as one GEORGIA-Riverside, than any previous plank. John S. Battle of Vir~inia. Gov. Cole­ oped in accordance with prior Full so many years that increase And then former President Harry of the three constitutional and man of Mississippi, Sen. Ervin of North and long-standing decisions of coordinated branches of the fed­ especially noticeable; a few DHrPllb .-...- Truman spoke from his box in SUPPOrt Carolina, Brooks Hayes of Arkansas and the same tribunal paSt mentioned "threat" of mro•~m••,.. of the majority position on civil rights. eral government, superior to and Vann H. Kennedy of Texas. "We believe that true progress separate £rom any political party, prosperity plus many While the hall still echoed with the c:an be attained through intelli­ school's age bracket accounts ovation given the former President, the decisions of which are part 1\UNORITY REPORT gent study, understanding, edu ­ of the law or tlle !and ..." Congressman Celler of New York re­ tinued high enrollment. Wo:.. u:niJII• ~Il' Chairman Rayburn put the issue to the cation and good will. Use of force Boys School, Atlanta: Now vote. In a voice vote the minority report portedly was alone in seeking to have or violence by any group or lower grade level but not was defeated and the majority report the draftine sub,.ommittPE' acceot orovi­ agency will tend only to worsen grades; heard no parent was approved. There was no demand vote on the topic, party machinery was sions for the plank which eventually the many problems inlterent in geared to the preservation of party gration as reason for en for a roll call vote. were embodied in the minority report the situation. This progress must unity. In the hearings, which opened Georgia Military, Ignoring the wildly waving Georgia that set off the fifY'r flctht. Sivn~>d bv 14 be encouraged and tl1e work of fortably full last year, standard, as the delegates sought rec­ Friday (Aug. 10), efforts of Rep. John members of the 108-member Committee the courts supported in every le­ McCormack, chairman, to keep the can hold this year; believes annmn=- o~ition to record their vote against the on Platforms and Resolutions, the mi­ gal manner by all branches of the peace were abetted by southern com­ to {net m'lrc childt·en ar t> f1oing to platform, Chairman Rayburn introduced nority report soueht to insert in the federal government to the end and public schools are filled. the next speaker. While Rep. William mittee members who refrained from reference to the Supreme Court cases that the constitutional ideal of Dawson of Illinois spoke of party unity, quizzing witnesses advocating strong settled May 17, 1954 a "pledge to carry equalitv before the law, regard­ VIRGINIA-Virginia Episcopal the vast amphitheater murmured and civil rights positions. Similarly, non­ out these decisions." The suggested less of· ra<'e, creed or color, will for Boys, Lynchburg: Operating at southern committee members who re­ rustled ~ weary delegates and specta­ amendment alc;o would have added this be steadily achieved.n pacily; enrollment completed little tors turned toward hotels and thoughts frained from cross-examining South sentence to the plank: lier this year than last year; no of the nominating session the following Carolina Gov. George Bell Timmerman, "We also favor le~islation to perfect dence that segre~tation a factor. afternoon. tbe only witness for the segregationist existin~t federal civil ricthts statutes and copal High School for Boys, The civil rights fight had fiz:z.led out. viewpoint, contributed to these efforts. to strengthen the administrative ma­ dria: 250 capacity, could triple U Gov. Timmerman argued against the chinerv for the protection of civil Private Schools t·oom; doesn't believe se~egation a GOP FIGHT THREATENS contention "that in order to win the rights." (Continued from Page 1) factor. Woodberry Forrest At San Francisco, a Aoor fismt also Presidential election the Democratic Lyndon: Enrollment same, with usual Oran~e County: Always up to 250 threatened as two Virginia delegates party must capture the Negro vote in SOUTHERNERS SUM UP waiting list. Two high school students pacity; belie.. es few mo·e inouiries prepared to bring the issue to the floor key states with strong civil rights and While the majority of the delegates from one desegregating Kentucky ceived but attributes to normal in an effort to modify the school segre­ pro-integration planks in its platform." apparently were satisfied with the civil county from which K.M.I. bas drawn Fork Union Military Academy, Flnllllmm: gation section. The threat evaporated, He cited the official actions of nine rillhts platform, neither the southerners no students for several years say fiat!y na County: Inouiriec; this ye3r however, as the platform was adopted southern states and of southern mem­ nor the northern liberals were. Gov. they are enrolling in order to avo1d heavier but belie"eS due to nH<•r..,,. with the reading only of a "statement bers of Congress as representative of the Luther HodJI(es of North Carolina said desegregated public schoo~s; from ed nublic schools; doesn't believe rt=:t:m:~ of principle" and not the detailed cam­ "attitudes of the people" and asserted: of the platfonn. "We are reasonably Louisville, however, K.M.I. IS enroll­ problem has had any effect vel paign document. happy, but not over every detail." Sen. ing two fewer students than last. year. most parents teem to be watchinst Delegates from 11 southern states STRONG CANDIDATE URGED John J . Soarkman of Alabama asserted Millersburg Military Institute, Millers­ waiting for de,.elon..,entc:. St. went into the Democratic convention "For the Democrats to win, we must simply, "It could have been worse." burg: Enrollment up 35 over last yea~; ( ..,ir1c;). Charlottesville: Will have professedly determined to remain in the have a strom( platform and a strong Gov. Timmerman of South Carolina principal causes are "crowded condi­ stud;mts this year. 10 more than party and to work quietly for a plat­ candidate, pledging to protect the rights said 35 of his state's 40-member dele­ tions of the public schools and r1smg year: just "more children" than form "acceptable" to their region. This of the states and the freedom of the gation signed a statement opposing the prosperity." Sayre School for Girls, eXt)hins incre<>se in inquiries. had been agreed upon early in Awrust people, pledging local control of local platform. He added, "From the south­ Lexington: Enrollment up 60 since last ate School, Richmond: Increased at the Atlanta "unity" meeting. Con­ institutions. We must have a strong em point of view, the civil ri~hts plank year; sees no indication ~hat d~segrega­ pJi,..,tions normal, no relation to vention strategy worked out at that platform and a stron~t candidate con­ was better than many thoustht we could tion responsible and believes 1t due to gation. meeting evolved around a nebulous plan demning the unconstitutional usurpa­ get. though we would have liked for the crowded conditions of public schools, MARYLAND-Gilman School, for a show of restraint in public while tion of authority by the central govern­ platfonn to have given some recognition greater prosperity. more: Full, with usual waW n~t list: working vigorously in committee for a ment." to fundamental constitutional princi­ NORTH CAROLINA-Pineland Col­ lieve<; de•egreJ[ation has had no compromise plank-to be voted against Amon~ the 20-odd advocates of strong ples." lege and Edwards Military Institute, ciable effect. McDonough Sch when the issue reached he floor. The civil rights programs who testified Said former Gov. Battle of Virginia, Salemburg: Enrollment up "markedly" itary), Baltimore: Full, waitinJI: southerners banked heavily on the con­ were: member of the drafting subcommittee in past two years with increase noted past six or seven years and noth viction that the national party, feeling Geoll(e Meany, president of the AF which had hammered out the compro­ especially in grades beyond grammar niflcant that can be tied to it has a good chance of electing a Demo­ of L-CIO: "Efforts of the states to mise phraseology of the civil rights school level; "segregation has ha~ an lion; believes some parents mav be cratic President this year, would like­ thwart the Supreme Court decisions ron plank: ''We're not satisfied with it, but effect." Oak Ridge Military Institute, ing to keep children out of mixed it was the best we could do. It is ac­ Oak Ridge: "Last year we had to tum wise seek an accommodation to avoid school dese!n"e~tion l must not go un­ uations, but not enousth to be away boys" whereas prior to that time a regional defection. challenged." He also asked for specific cePtable because it doesn't t.ie down a ered a trend. Samuel Ready the school rarely reached its 200-stu­ Thus, southern spokesmen reasoned, platform endorsement of the decisions thing." (girls), Baltimore: Enrollment up any unity-wracking floor fight to amend and said hbor would consider anvthing On the other side, Edward Williams, dent capacity; segregation "may ~~ve knows of only one parent in last the plank would be brought by non­ less than this a dodge of responsibility. vice chainnan of the District of Colum­ had some effect" but believes deciSive years who said that inte~tration in southerners who then would be out of bia delevation. said. "We don't consider factor is that post-war baby crop is lie schools was reason for apJllieabf Sen. Herbert Lehman of New York: coming of prep- and hleh school-age. sympathy with the party majority. ''The Democratic party can do no other rtbe civil rights plank] satisfactory at renson most parents ~tive for .. nrnl ll~ all. We did fight for a much stronger LOUISIANA-Southfield Schoo 1, is wanting to shift children from than to embrace that decision (declar­ Shreveport: Enrollment and applica­ WBlTE BOUSE INTERVENES inq school segregation unconstitutional). plank and we did sign the minority crowded public schools. At San Francisco, the GOP plank report." tions "just normal" for coming term; no Those who speak of reversing that de­ abnonnal rush of applicants, not even TENNESSEE-Miss Hutch i so likewise was hammered out in commit­ cision by so-called lawful means know He added that the minority report tee. Reportedly, the White House forced at the time of the first Supreme Court School, Memphis: Long waiting that they are speaking only words. They embodied everything the proponents of longer this yem· than in past; a softening of the original draft by Sen. stronger civil rights programs wanted ruling. Ridgewood Prep, Metairie: En­ speak in vain. They try only to gain rollment at all-time high, attributed to mostly children of former students Everett Dirksen of Illlnois. The reason time ... The Democratic party, however, and was not considered a compromise for this intervention was a subject of proposal. "integration threat"-in Catholic paro­ integration question does not cannot be a party to these efforts." chial schools more than in public Castle Heights Military Academy, debate. Alabama's GOP chairman, Wrenched feelings left by the civil Claude 0. Vardeman, and others said Joseph L. Rauh Jr., chairman of schools. New Orleans Academy: Cur­ anon: Operating at capacity for Americans for Democratic Action: "We rights struggle carried over into the rent waiting list about normal, but reg­ her of years and full for the ...... ~~lit'< ..._ it was to give the two Republican sena­ nominating sessions. torial candidates in Kentucky a better cannot overlook the fact that there are istrations-in-advance are growing; be­ year for several weeks; doesn't elements in some parts of the country chance and to protect the GOP con­ FAVORITE SONS PUT UP lieves some of this is because of con­ segregation issue has entered who will seek to resist integration very much. The Baylor School, gressmen in Virginia, North Carolina, The attitude of some southern dele­ cern over integration and some because through personal and economic terror nooga: Had to turn away more Florida and Texas. gations was demonstrated when three the school has more graduates reaching . .. The Democratic platform must, if it cants thi'! year than in nr•w1o~us However, John Sherman Cooper, states-Georgia, South Carolina and parenthood age and registering sons at GOP senatorial candidate against for­ is to meet the needs of the time, pledge birth. because just beginning to the party to meet defiance with law and Virginia-nominated favorite sons, us­ mer Gov. Lawrence Wetherby in Ken­ ing the time given them for nominating MISSOURI- Mary In sti tu t e, St. in birth rate at high school tucky, summoned a press conference to to bring about integration with deliber­ Louis: Enrollment up 45 since 1954; licves integration hac; only ate speed." speeches to make pleas for understand­ deny any complicity in this softening. ing of southern racial mores and pro­ believes increase is not in any way due bearing. Tennessee Military He said he liked the civil rights plank to public school integration in area; Sweetwnter: Increase of a little ovt: 'OPEN REBELLION' testing the Supreme Court's usurpation and wouldn't have been displeased with of poweJ. main factors in increase are higher in­ per cent: believes due to increalf a stronger one. Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of come plus growing awareness of short­ population, with integration not the National Association for the Ad­ In the balloting, however, six of the comings of public schools, plus rise in a strong factor- thou5th probably 'MATTER OF PRINCIPLE' vancement of Colored People: "A hard 11 states which participated in the At­ school population generally. Country years to come. Webb School And ADA Chairman Raub, in an in­ core of eight states is in open rebellion lanta "unity" meeting gave most or all Day School, St. Louis: Rate of growth Buckle: Very little increase terview with the Montgomery Adver­ against the Supreme Court's anti-seg­ of their convention votes to Adlai Stev­ (up 10 this year) about the same for cants, full since middle of tiser, rejected the idea of the White regation ruling. These states are defy­ enson on the first ballot. They were past five or six years; no discernible in­ lieves attributable to inc·~:~SU\g House softening as ransom paid for the ing the court and the Constitution ... Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, crease in applications as a result of in­ ber of children of school congressional hostages held in the They have taken-as state governments North Carolina and Tenn es~ee. Georgia tegration in area but some at the school crowded conditions in pu South, Editor Hall reported. He quoted -punitive action against persons and stuck by its favorite son, Congressman think a greater number of applications does not. think segregation Rauh as saying, "I'm a Democrat, but organizations who have ur<(ed compli­ James C. Davis; Virginia cast its full due to integration will be visible in anything to do with il The I rate Eisenhower higher on principle ance. They have encouraged widespread vote for former Gov. Battle of that the future. Barstow School (girls), School, Chattanooga: Enrollment than this. This was a matter of prin­ disrespect for our Constitution, our Su­ state; and South Carolina gave its 20 Kansas City: Enrollment up 84 since again this year) growing stea~n, ciple. He didn't. want a plank (like preme Court and for law and order." votes to Gov. Timmerman. Mississippi 1954 ; believes public school integration past 10 years; believes integratiOO Dirksen's) that he simply was not go­ In many cases, such as in the testi­ and Texas voles went to Sen. Lyndon has had very little effect and knows of ters into it probably a little; onl1 ing to comply with." mony of labor leaders, civil rights pro­ Johnson. no single case of a student enrolled or two people this year gave a~ Whatever the reason behind it, the posals were presented in connection In the vice presidential balloting, Sen. there to escape contact with Negroes. this was the problem. Columh1• "toning down" of the plank in commlt­ with broader programs touching on Estes Kefauver of Tennessee failed to Pembroke Country Day School, Kansas itarv Academv, Columbia: lee prevented argument of the issue on topics ranging from foreign affairs to draw the majority of the votes either City: Enrollment up 70 in last two years capacity since 1940, with boys ?~. the floor. industrial health and safety. Almost in­ on first or second roll calls of Alabama, under plan which eliminated boarding ing list since Aug. 1; filled up WI-' This was something Democratic lead­ variably the civil rights proposals were Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis­ t tudents; believes public school inte­ about a week earlier; believes nro ership could not manage, despite their coupled with requests for party en­ sippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, gration of no effect, and up to now has sons for this, overcrowded efforts before and during the conven­ dorsement of chanfles in Senate Rul<> 22, Texas or Virginia. This was generally had none; increaSe attributed to bnby schools and the segregation issu_e. . tion. From the beginning of the civil under which filibusters are possible, interpreted as southern dissatisfaction boom; 32 applications this year for 19 gomery Bell Academy, Nashv~· rights hearings of the Democratic Plat­ and in the seniority system of selecting with his position on school segregation. kindergarten vacancies. rollment about the same, waltinl form Committee through the final voice congressional committee chairmen to - PATRICK McCAULEY. OKLAHOMA-casady School, Okla- up for years to come. SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 1956-PAGE 3

had been successful in preventing in­ he walked to the school £ront door, )~e Tennessee School Desegregated; tegTation in Delaware and Maryland. where he was met by Brittain. Kasper He said there was an even higher asked the principal what his position on authority than the courts. He said that the desegregation issue was. Brittain r1olence Marks Protests, Picketing under common law, people are superior told him he could obey the court order, to courts and that ii enough of them disobey it or resign. He said that he was NASHVILLE, Tenn. oppose a rule, they could change it. He going to obey it. HE FrRST OF' AN estimated 775,000 assured us that whatever he did would 'RUN NEGROES OFF' Tennessee school children returned be peaceable." Kasper told Brittain to either "run the school last month and with one ex­ Sunday night, Kasper held a mass NegToes off or resign." >tion they returned to segregated meeting in front of the Anderson Coun­ te school systems. "I told him," said Brittain, "I would ty courthouse-attended by about 50 resign if 51 per cent of the parents with rhe exception: Clinton high school, people-during which he urged the students in school wanted it." y of Clinton, in Anderson County. school be picketed and urged students Brittain said also that since school iVhen the 806 children, includinR 12 not to attend class. opened, he had received many anony­ ·groes, walked through the front Late that evening, Walter E. Fischer, mous telephone calls from people ors of the Clinton high school build­ assistant district attorney general, swore threatening his life. ' Monday, Aug. 27, they stepped into out warrants for Kasper's arrest, charg­ After he spoke to Brittain, Kasper ~ middle of a desegregation contro­ ing him with inciting a riot and vagTan­ spoke to the people who had been rsy that resulted in several days of cy. He was jailed in Anderson County standing around the school about their ruly mob activity, rock and tomato in lieu of $5,000 bond. The charges were "fundamental rights" and the need {or rowit1g, school picketing, seven ar­ dismissed Tuesday for lack of evidence. financial support in his effort to prevent >ts. and the jailing oC a white Citi­ On Monday, when school opened, a desegTegation. ns Council leader from Washington, picket line was in £ront of the school. It That night, he held a mass meeting c. was composed of teenagers and varied at the courthouse. About 500 attended. Other developments during the month in size £rom three to 10 pickets. Some He repeated over and over, "We must iicated that the scholastic year 1956- of the pickets carried cardboard pla­ have no integration in our schools." He wHl be marked by continued arRU­ cards, marked with such phrases as: said, ''Brittain must go," and urged the ~t and incident over school desegre­ "We, the pupils of this school, Clinton parents of students to join him in a tion. Hi. don't want Negroes in our school"; march to the principal's office Wednes­ Three Clinton high school students were among the pickets who carried posters "We won't go to school with Negroes"; ..ECTION ANALYSIS day to protest integration . aro~d the school as classes opened Aug. 28 witJt 12 Negro students and 600 white "Strike a~Zainst IntergTation (sic) of Analysis of the election of members pup~ enroUed. As the week progressed. the demonstrations g-rew to mob pro­ Clinton Hi." CITIZENS COUNCU. LITERATURE the 1957 state legislature convening portion ultimately leading to highway patrolmen and National Guardsmen being Kasper promised also to form a Citi­ January, indicated that the legisla­ ordered into the East Tennessee town. PICKETS GO TO CLASS zens Council in Clinton, and distribut­ re will be presented with resolutions Three of the pickets, all students at ed pamphlets explaining the councils. interposition and bills seeking to One was asshtned to the senior class, ble. This group, which included Mayor the school, paraded for a while, then School attendance Tuesday was aintain segregation in public schools, three to the junior class, three to the W. E. Lewallen, Editor Wells and a few put down their signs and entered the normal. U'ks and transportation facilities. Most sophomore class and six to the fresh­ others, told Kasper they had fought de­ school. Wednesday, Kasper appeared at the the proposals are expected to come man class. All of the Negro students. segregation for five years and that they Brittain said that 12 NegTo students school at 9 a.m., began distributing om legislators representing counties Bt·ittain said, were given achievement had exhausted every legal means to do showed up for school. He said he did picket signs. There was a crowd of west Tennessee, particularly Shelby tests and it was on the basis of these so. They said they faced no alternative not know what happened to the other about 25 teenagers-students and non­ demphis) County, and from southeast tests that they were placed in English but to obey the court's order and that three who registered. The entire white students-and 75 adults. Two of the ~nnessee, particularly Ham i 1 ton and mathematics classes. they were going to do so. student body attended class on Monda~·. teenagers carrying picket signs said ::hattanooga) County. Residents of the city say the subject The school day was completed with­ they were told to do so by their parents, ~ August was a month in which the was often discussed since the desegre­ TO ORGANIZE PICKETS out major incident. A NegTo girl stu­ and they would not be doing it other­ llowing additional action involving gation order was issued eight months According to Editor Wells, Kasper dent said she was forced off the side­ wise. 1blic school segregation occurred: ago. Based on interviews with parents "told us he was there to organize a walk by two white boys, however, and a Police arrested two teenagers, one a -The Nashville City Council ap­ and other citizens in the community, it picket line to oppose integTation." He NegTo woman passing the school said white non-student and one Ne$.!1'0, after 'Oved a $1,300,000 bond issue to build is £air to describe their attitude toward said no one had sent him and that he she was pushed around by the crowd. they became involved in a fight. Police 110 new Negro schools and expand an- desegregation as one of resignation. came after he read about desegTegation Tuesday, Kasper went to the school. said the fuzht: st11rted after the NCgTo . her one into a senior high school. Horace V. Wells Jr., editor and pub­ here in a newspaper story. He said he In company with about 25 other adults, (See TEN?Io'ESSEE, page 12) lisher of the Clinton Courier-News, put O~rnUTTEE CRITICIZED it this way in a recent column of his -Two members of the Nashville pub­ paper: c school board criticized the board's "We have never heard anyone in Alabama Expecting No Desegregation; tslruction committee for failing to keep Clinton say he wanted integration of 1e board members informed of its work students in the schools, but we have 1 drafting a school desegregation plan. heard a great many people say: 'We 'Free Choice' Amendment Is Adopted .. - A new political party, the Consti­ believe in the law. We will obey the ltion Party, was established in the ruling of the court. We have no other MONTGOMERY, Ala. a resolution in San Francisco urging the .ate, announcing a slate of electors 'It Needs Two of Us to choice.'" ATTHE £ND Of' August, it seemed very party to "recognize the ordeal of the !edged to cast their vote for a Presi­ unlikely that there would be inte­ Raise It! South" and to "speak with the ton~e !ntial candidate who will support " ... 15 FOR REGISTRATION gration in any Alabama public school oi moderation and understanding" and .ate's rights and fair and just segrega­ On Monday, Aug. 20, the high school during the new academic year. thus open "avenues of hitherto un­ on, giving equal opportunities to all." opened for registration. The original 12 known support." The resolution, passer! NegTo students were joined by three No integration was planned, official resistance was adamant, and no deseg­ before the Republican civil ri~hts plank others. There was no incident during was adopted, noted that the Republican the registration. The Negro children regation action had been filed. Still, many whiles-educators and ordinary party had already broken the once solid were told that if any wanted to par­ South, partly because of President ticipate in athletics, they were free to citizens alike-viewed the year ahead with uneasiness. Eisenhower's popularity but also be­ do so. They were told also that if they This uneasiness was reflected in the cause of the southern realization that made one of the school teams, they "the region must come to two-party Aug. 28 amendment election when the •: The only legal action taken during would be allowed to play only if it was politics" if it is to have national influ­ voters endot·sed by a wide margin a l!!l - 1e month was a suit filed in Ander­ agTceable to the opposing school, ence. The Alabama delegates cautioned series of constitutional revisions known >n County Chancery Court seeking an Driltain told them that they could a~ainst a GOP attempt to outbid the - 1junction to restrain the principal of as the "freedom of choice" amendment, attend the school's social events, but which gives the legislature virtually un­ Democrats in luring minority votes. ,... · linton high school from following his there would be no mixin~. Each stu­ ::~ ::-- nnounced mtenlion to allow Negroes limited authority to maintain or abolish dent was told he must stay with his public schools as it sees fit. > enroll at that school. The suit was own racial gToup during these events. - - led Aug. 22 by the Tennessee Federa- Neither the Negro children nor their UNOFFICIAL RETURNS TI.. on for Constitutional Government. parents offered any objection to these The amendment, which passed by a The "freedom of choice" amendment •s-r: The suit sought to stop the expcndi­ instructions. Jie of state or county funds by the vote of 128,545 to 80,777, empowers the which generated an 11th-hour debate r igh school if it desegregated. The suit POLICY REAFFIRMED legislature to withdraw aid to, and even before the Aug. 28 election (see above dispose of, any school faced with forcible and "What They Say") actually amends • ·as heard on Aug. 27. Chancellor Joe On Thursday, Au~. 23, four days prior aration of church and state and pennit to the opening of school for class, the mtegration. As the election neared, the six sections of the state constitution, £. Carden of LaFollette, dismissed it on confusing controversy which had been state funds to be allocated to church­ rounds that it was without merit. As school board reaffirmed its policy. In a deleting all requirements for the state to mounting for several weeks reached a supported schools. Protestant mmisters te month ended an appeal to the state resolution passed at a meeting that maintain public schools. This, as ex­ climax, with educators and even white and ministerial gToups led this attack upreme Court was being prepared. night, the board sajd: which was impliedly, though not open­ plained by proponents of the measure. Citizens Councils arguing among them­ was to give the legislature "flexibility" "The board of education wishes to ly, directed at the possibility of state­ -· selves over the effects of the amend­ arise. in meeting "situations" ii they have its position clearly understood a'> ment. supported Catholic schools. it faces new court action f see "Lega 1 The revision also deletes all references Action"] gTowing out of the U. S. Su­ Some pro-segTegationist groups, not­ LUCY PETITION DENIED to segregation, thus, according to the preme Court's ruling abolishins; scwe­ ably several of Asa Carter's Citizens Also during August: drafters of the amendment, simply re­ Councils in North Alaban1a, attacked gation in public schools; now, therefore, 1) U. S. District Judge Hobart moving "dead letter'' sections which the amendment as a plot to promote b~ it resolved that this board formally Grooms of Birmingham denied a peti­ were outlawed by the Supreme Court. integration, pointing to one of the re­ • On Jan. 4, 1956, Federal District Judge reaffitm its policy f as stated in October, tion filed by Mrs. Autherine Lucy This makes the constitution and Cree visions which removes the historic con­ .obcrt L. Taylor issued an order that 19551, it bein~ the intention of this body Foster to nullify her expulsion by the choice segregation legal, they said . ttegration should be el!ccted in An­ to comply with any and all court man­ stitutional •·equiremenl of segregated University of Alabama Board of Trus­ One of the amended sections em­ classrooms. erson County high schools at a time nates, both federal and state. tees following the Tuscaloosa riots last powers the attorney general to defend Olher councils, chiefly those allied • .,. ot later than "the beginning of the fall "Be it further t·esolved that the board February. (See "In the Colleges.") school boards and school officials in law­ with the rival South Alabama fed­ ~ !nn of the year 1956." ratify and support the actions of all 2) Alabama's delegation to the Dem­ suits brought by the NAACP or other eration, the Alabama Association of ocratic National Convention gave only individuals or gToups intent on break­ -rll!l The judge's order brought to a close high school principals in effectuating Citizens Councils headed by state Sen. six of its 26 votes to Tennessee's Sen. ing down segTegation. Another gTants five-year period of litigation during this policy." Sam Engelhardt of the Black Belt, ·hich the Anderson County school Estes Kefauver for the Vice Presiden­ judicial authority-and hence, sup­ KASPER 0~ SCENE argued that the segTegation section was tial nomination. Largely because of posedly, immunity from lawsui~to all ; :>ard opposed desegregating its high removed because it was a dead letter Saturday afternoon, a man named widespread distrust of Kefauver's al­ school boards, superintendents and ed­ :hool-a period during which Negro and would invite court attack. They said igh school students in the county were Frederick John Kasper, 26, arrived in leged "un-southem" views on the race ucation employes over the state. Clinton. He identified himseU as execu­ the amendment would preserve segre­ question, a majority of the Alabama ansported to a school in Knoxville gation by substituting for constitutional tive secretary of the Seaboard White delegation (16!.4 votes) went for Sen. TRIPLE SYSTEM DENIED nee there was no Negro high school compulsion. which the Supreme Court Citizens Council, 1246 Wisconsin Ave., John Kennedy of Massachusetts in the The plan had been widely publicized the county. has outlawed, the Cree choice of the N.W., Washington, D.C. He said he was show-down fight. A majority (15th as setting up three school systems-all­ Since that time, desegregation has a resident of Washington but a native people: which is, they said, to maintain • :!en a subject of constant discussion in votes) approved of Stevenson as the white, all-Negro and integTated~ach of Camden, N.J., where he received his separate facilities for white and NegTo Presidential nominee. linton. children. by choice. As the debate neared election dementary and part of his high school date, however, proponents said that this D. J. Brittain Jr., principal of Clin­ 3) A third political party, the Segre­ education. He said he worked in a book­ EDUCATORS DEBATE third school system was not contem­ Jn high school, said that as soon as the gation Party, was officially recognized in store in Washington. The debate among educators concen­ plated, insisting that the sole intention Jdge issued his order, he began discus­ late August with the filing of Saturday and Sunday, Kasper con­ trated largely on the wisdom of that credentials with the secretary of state. of the amendment was to thwart inte­ on with the school's faculty about de­ ducted a door-to-door campaign, urg­ gration by substituting the popular ) f!regalion, "and we let the children •l"ctio'l of the amendment which re­ However there was little indication of in~ parents to picket the school. He told Moves the mandatory requirement of support for the new party. AU 11 of the preference of segregation for the out­ : slk about it and discuss it. We let both officials of the town that he was in maintaining a public school system. lawed constitutional requirement of des say what they wanted to. What we elector candidates to be ol!ered by the Clinton with the avowed purpose of do­ Some said this 1·evision was dangerous; segregationists in the Nov. 6 general segregation. anted was for both sides to face the ing what he could to prevent the school others that it was the only way out. • roblem as intelligently as possible." election are £rom Montgomery County, Although voluntary integration is still ft·om desegregating. A third group entered the debate as and all are members of the Montgomery a theoretical possibility, now that the ,...>. NEGROES ENROLL Sunday afternoon, a small group of the <-lcction nem·ed by charging that a Citizens Council. constitutional barrier has been removed, ro.,r.' \~ During the late spring, Brittoin said the town's leading citizens met with no ~~ iblc cl!ecl of the amendment would ") The Alabama delegation to the it seems unlikely that such steps will be Kasper, urged him not to stir up tTou- .,. ~ Ne~ocs were cnrollt'd in the school. h<' to break down the traditional sep- Republican national convention adopted (See ALABAMA, Pages 14 & 15) PAGE 4--SEPTEMBER 1950-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS S. C. Expects Record High Enrollment SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS In Its Segregated System This Year Southern School Ne~ is the official publication of the S.outhern Educatt01 Reporting Service, an objective, f~et-findin_g agency .e~tablt~hed by sou!h1111 newspaper editors and educators woth the aom of provodo~g accurate, unbotsed COLUMBIA, S. C. "The original civil rights plank writ­ enforcement of the Supreme Court's inform ation to school administrators, public officials and onterested lay cititt~~t Q N THE EVE of the 1956-57 school year, ten for the platform was a strong one. anti-segregation decision, Judge Tim­ on developments in education arising from the U. S. Supreme Court opinion of South Carolina's school system and It: called specifically for the use of force, merman issued the following statement: May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the public scho~ls uncons!itutional. SERS sta~ government both remain firmly if necessary, to implement the Supreme "As to the order entered by the court is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregatoon nor anto-segregatoon, but si111p~ committed to a continuation of racial Court's integration decision. South Car­ under date July 15, 1955, it was not reports the facts as it finds them, state by state. segregation in the public schools. olina was one of a group of southern entered because of any detenninalion Published monthly by Southern Ed ucation Reporting Service at 1109 19th Ave, As September approached, South Car­ state delegations which put up a three­ made by the District Court. The order S., Nashville, Tenn. Second class mail privileges authorized at Nashville, Tenn., under the authority olina schools at all levels, elementary, day battle against this. We took it be­ specifically states that it was entered of the act of Morch 3, 1879. secondary and collegia~. prepared for fore the Resolutions Committee and at­ 'in accordance with the decision and their customary influx of students on tained what I believe to be some major mandate of the Supreme Court.' Ac­ OFFICERS the traditional basis of separate facil­ concessions. We are very pleased with cordingly. it represented the Supreme Virginius Dabney . • ...... · · · · · · · · · · · · Chairman ities. This year's enrollment in elemen­ the compromise in view of the harsh­ Court's determination and not mine. Thomes R. Waring • ...... · · · · · • Vice.Chairman Don Shoemaker ...... · · · · · Erecutive Director tary and secondary schools is expected ness of the original plank." "The Supreme Court has not yet passed a law which says that it is a Patrick McCauley, Assistant to the Executive Director to reach a record hi ~th of approximately REPORT ON STEVENSON 575.000 pupils. Unofficial records for the crime to maintain separate schools for BOARD OF DIRECTORS Two members of the South Carolina white and Negro children. It has nol 1955-56 school year reflect a total en­ Charles S. Johnson, President, Fisl delegation to the national Democratic said that the parents of children ln Frank Ahlgren, Ed itor, Memphis Com­ rollment of 563.110 students of which merciai-Appeol, Memphis, Tenn. University, Nashville, Tenn. convention reported at Chicago that America are without competency to 319.589 were white and 243,521 were they had been assured by Adlai Stev­ Gordon Blackwell, Director, Institute C. A. McKnight, Ed itor, Charlotie Ob. Ne11ro. select their children's associates; that for Research in Social Science, Uni­ server, Charlotte, N.C. enson tilat the South had nothing to any one attending a separate school Although the school segregation fear from him with respect to enforce­ venity of N.C. Charles Moss, Executive Editor, Nash. question had little impact on school will ipso facto violate a law passed by Harvie Branscomb, Chancellor, Vander­ ville Banner, Nashville, Tenn. ment of the Supreme Court's school de­ the Supreme Court. All that the decision activities and preparations in August, segregation decision. A statement to that bilt University, Neshville, Tenn. Don Shoemaker, Erec. Director Sou. says is that the state cannot compel it spilled over with considerable pub­ affect was made by state Democratic Virginius Dabney, Editor, Richmond Education Reporting Service segregation solely on the ground liritv into thP field of oolitics. chairman Neville Bennett of Clio and Ti mes-Dispatch, Richmond, Va. Thomas R. Waring, Editor, Charlest01 Coleman A. Harwell, Editor, Nashville by Edward K. Pritchard of Charleston. of race. The Supreme Court has not yet News & Courier, Charleston, S.C. enacted any law r equiring the mixing Te nnessean, Nashville, Tenn. Pritchard added that Stevenson had told of the races in the schools, regardless Henry H. Hill, President, George Pea­ Henry I. W illett, Superintendent of him that the law could be enforced only body College, Nashville, Tenn. Schools, Richmond, Va. to the extent that the people were ready of the wishes of those being mixed, nor for such enforcement. has it provided any money for operating CORRESPONDENTS mixed schools. Meanwhile, the Camden News pub­ ALABAMA MISSOURI The attitude of white South Carolin­ lished a reply written by Stevenson in WD..L NOT CLOSE SCHOOL William H. McDonold, Editoriol Robert L4sch, Editorial Writer, St. ians was reflected in their efforts at response to a letter of inquiry from that "I do not think the Supreme Court Writer, Montgomery Advertiser Louis Post-Dispatch ARKANSAS Chicago and at San Francisco to per­ newspaper. In his letter relating to im­ decision requires me to order a school NORTH CAROLINA Thomes D. Davis, News Editor, Ar­ suade both national polilical parties to plementation of the Supreme Court's closed simply because it is attended by Jay Jenkins, Raleigh Bureau Chief, t,e:t:.-:JIU decision Stevenson said this: kan sas Gazette "soften" the civil rights planks in their children of only one race, and I have DELAWARE Charlotte Observer dl ~ platlorms and to avoid reference to the "If I were President I would have not the slightest intention of doing so. William P. Frank, Staff Writer, Wil­ OKLAHOMA Suoreme Court's anti-segreJZation de­ worked ceaselessly-with public of­ A lot of propaganda has been dissem­ mington News leonard Jackson, Staff Writer, O~fa. ~~==- ~=£13~ cision. Althoueh gains were claimed by ficials, private groups and educators­ inated to the effect that the Supreme DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA home City Oklahoman-Times lllp.s::::!t to southerners attending the two conven­ deal with the tensions that have fol­ Court has ordered that all of the schools Jeanne Rogers, Education Writer, · ~;:;. · . lowed the Supreme Court decision. I Washington Post & Times Herald SOUTH CAROLINA tions, a stronJZ undercurrent of resent­ be integrated. I repeat that all that: it W. D. Workman Jr., Special Corre· ~alii «• would have sought to use the immense has decided is that the state cannot. FLORIDA ment remained in South Carolina Bert Collier, Staff Writer, Mia mi spondent, Columbia, S.C. uit:t :~~~talnst both parties and resulted in a prestige and moral leadership of the under the 14th Amendment to the Con­ Herald TENNESSEE :l ~G!G: drive to orllnnize oolitical suooort for Presidency to help those who honestly stitution. comoel segregation solely be­ }i.l~ seek solutions.... GEORGIA James Elliott, Staff Writer, Nashville an independent slate of Presidential cause of race." Joseph B. Parham, Editor, The Macon Banner electors pledged to neither national 'TO FIND BEST COURSE' A South Carolina case involving News Wallace W esHeldt, Staff Writer, ti<-ket. racial separation on city buses has been KENTUCKY Nashville Tennessean "The job that has to be done now is W eldon Jomes, Editorial W riter, ThP independent movement was to find the best course by which the appealed to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals for the second time. The case Louisville Courier-Journal TEXAS l11unchf'd immediately followin~t an Aug. court's decision can be carried out Be­ Richard M. Moreheod, Austin Bureau, 'n meetinlt of the South Carolina state (Sarah Mae Flemming Brown v. S. C. LOUISIANA cause in this area circumstances are Le o Adde, Editorial Writer, New Or­ Dallas News Democratic convention. which had been changing almost daily, solutions pro­ Electric and Ga.s Co.) relates to a leans Item lwtw $25,000 damage suit brought by the Ne­ VIRGINIA in recess since M:~rch 21. Promoters of posed today may be useless or worse MARYLAND the indeoendent ticket said they were gro plaintiff for alleged mistreabnent Overton Jones, Editoriol Writer, tomorrow. But of this I am sure: the Edger L. Jones, Editorial Writer, Richmond Times.Dispatch motiv'lted bv the decision of the Dem­ aboard a Columbia city bus operated by Baltimore Evening Sun Presidential office could be put to active, the defendant corporation. WEST VIRGINIA ocratic convention to endorse the na­ positive use--to restore communication MI SSISS IPPI tional partv ticket and its refusal to Kenneth Toler, Mississippi Bureau, Thomas F. Stafford, Assistant to the between reasonable people of both Memphis Commercial-Appeal Editor, Charleston Gazette permit dissidents to vote another ticket sides." without loss of partv standing. A state­ The president of the South Carolina MAIL ADDRESS ment issued after the initial meetinl!' of chapter of the NAACP, J ames M. Hin­ the indeoendent group contained this P.O. Box 6156, Adlen Station, Noshville 5, Tenn. ton of Columbia, wrote national Dem­ Addressing the South Carolina state Return Postage Guaranteed parai(Taph: ocratic chainnan Paul Butler in Aug­ Democratic convention in re-convened "This orjlanlzatlon opposes the plat­ ust to warn that a "full citizenship session on Aug. 27, Gov. George Bell forms of both parties relatin~~t to states rights" plank should be contained in Timmerman Jr. made a detailed denun­ rights and constitutional jlovernment. It the Democratic platform. ciation of the Republican administration trative officer of the state agency which Lo leave the school before damage protests particularlv any platform which "Write a weak civll rights plank or for its actions toward desegrega­ handles the school equalization and ex­ done them and the school. Mayor would limlt free debate in the United no civil rights plank and Negroes will tion. The governor said: pansion program launched in 1951. He age and the Camden City Council a States Senate; any endorsement of the know they are not wanted in the Dem­ "Although that decision destroys the spoke on Aug. 1 before the Myrtle to provide such protection as could United States Supreme Court decisions ocratic party," he stated. long recognized separate but equal doc­ Beach Rotary Club. afforded but asked that the relatin~~: to SeJ(regation of the races; and trine, it did not go far enou~h to suit Thus far, a total of $168,867,000 has abandon its integrated work project any attempt to extend the jurisdiction the Republican administration. Mr. been allocated for the construction or the interest of preserving good order. Clf the federal courts." Eisenhower ordered that all school chil­ modernization of school buildings in the Subsequently, a cross was burned SEF.lUNG SIGNATURES dren in the District of Columbia be state. Initially, the bulk of those alloca­ front of the mayor's residence, pres ThP new Proup. now identified as racially mixed whether they wanted it tions went for NerlrO schools, but the ably, he said, because he had indica "<;outh Carolinians for Independent or not, without any exceptions, and re­ ratio has leveled off to an approximate he would call on the governor Electol"!" must 5ei"ure 10.000 si~matures gardless of any detrimental effects 50-50 balance in recent months. Dr. troops if needed to prevent the on oelitions in order to meet state re­ A special committee charged by the which the court plainly said should be Crow explains that by noting that the ing or burning of the Mather school quirements for inrlu".ion of thPir elec­ 1956 General Assembly with investigat­ taken into consideration. increasing white population and de­ unidentified persons. Mayor Savage tors on the general election ballot. ing NAACP activities at South Carolina "Mr. Eisenhower's compulsory racial cre;~sin~ Negro pooulation in the state is he assumed the cross had been plt Meanwhile, reaction was varied State College (for Negroes) completed mixing order is 100 per cent more shifting the school requirements. by the Ku Klux Klan, adding that amon11: deleg:~tes who had attended the its hearing in late August but did not damaging to good race relations than H e also reported that since the pro­ held a low opinion of that and s' make public its findings. The nine-mem­ organizations. t!11 national political conventions. Some the decision of the court itself." gram was begun, "90 per cent of all 1 considerPd that the South had been ber group of legislators and laymen held CALLISON RAPS NAACP racial inequities have been eliminated, Meanwhile, the mayor received a It ~ ~ successful in ~tainin~~t "moderate" planks hearings at the state college campus at Atty. Gen. T. C. Callison, sneaking and transportlltion costs have been in­ ter of complaint from a group of y Q: 1 on tooics of civil ri'(hts in ~reneral and Orangeburg and queried a number of before the Sumter Kiwanis Club on creased two-thirds.'' people assembled in New York City • school segregation in oarticular. Others staff and faculty membPrs. among oth­ study "the various phases of our dill felt that the so-called "moderation" was ers. State Sen. James Hugh McFadden Aug. 17, said, "The ultimate goal of NEGRO TEACHERS LAUDED the NAACP and their allied minority ocratic way of life." The letter pro illusory and that the platforms of both of Clarendon reported as committee A group of 24 Negro teachers who the mayor's effort to transfer the · parties were inimical to South Caro­ chairman that the group had concluded is to completely integrate the races... Members of the NAACP, certain poli­ formerly taught in the Elloree schools group from Mather Academy and lina and lhe South. Numerous state­ its hearings and would draft a report or Orangeburg County reportedly will that the students' riaht of assembly for submission to the legislature when ticians and other minority groups should ments to that effect were made Aug. 27 be given awards as "Citizens of Cour­ being flagrantly violated. on the floor of the state Democratic it convenes for the 1957 session in J an­ know and should have it forcibly called uary. to their attention that they are engaged a~e" by citizens of Minneapolis and St. convention. Paul. The Atlanta Daily World, of July REPLIES TO CRITICS Gov. George Bell Timmerman Jr., An incoming member of the South in and carrying out the real program Carolina House of Representatives has which was mapped out by the Commu­ 31 reported that the teachers will re­ In his reply to the group, Mayor Sit however, reported to the convention in ceive the first awards to be thus award­ age said that the students were his capacity as chairman of the Demo­ suggested the possibility of the legisla­ nists 25 or 30 years a~o ... In every case ture's taking over the responsibility of which has gone to the U. S. Supreme ed by an organization fonned in to leave "in the interest of p cratic delegation to Chica~~to, that the Minnesota to "encourage Negroes in the assigning pupils within the public Court where minority groups have been good order." He added lhls: South won "a decisive victory" in its North to )tive moral and financial sup­ fight for a moderate plank on civil school system. 0 . L. Warr of Lamar, arraigned against the vast majority of "Your letter illustrates what an president of the Citizens Council in his the people, the decisions have been fav­ port to citizens of the South who are mous need we have for mutual rights. He admitted that the platform making a courageous effort to uphold "is not all that we want," but cited own community, made the su(lgestion in orable to the minority. The great masses standing between the sections. You.._. of the people have no civil ril!hts which the Supreme Court's decisions outlaw­ no doubt, be amazed to learn that these three items as indicative of south­ a talk before the Citizens Council of ing segregation." ern gains: Lobeco in Beaufort County. the court feels they should protect .. .'' your letter was being signed, a Legislative assignment of pupils, he Former stllte Sen. Thomas B. Bryant The Elloree teachers to be cited are was being burned in my front yard PROBLEMS RECOGNIZED said, would pose the "tough and unprec­ Jr. of Orangeburg, chainnan of the State lhose who refused to sign a statement anonymous threats were telephoned "The willingness of responsible party edented problem of whether or not the Probation, Parole and Pardon Board at reflecting membership in or attitude me, presumably by the KKK. becallll leaders to recognize our problems and federal courts can jail for contempt the the Kingstree Citizens Council, on Aug. toward the NAACP. had made preliminary arranl to work with us to moderate the de­ representatives of a sovereign state for 7, said: "If segregation is sinful today, with the governor's office to insUrt mands of the radicals. . .. the exercise of their sober judgment it was sinful even 1,000 years ago. In "The rejection of specific language in safety or these people j( they . in body assembled. Should such a day 1865, when the South was occupied by in staying.'' the 1952 plalform which had pledged come to pass, tyranny will have com­ northern troops, no one was saying the party to extend federal control by Ku Klux Klan meetings were he!cl pleted a full turn of the wheel." segregation was sinful. I'll tell you what South Carolina at least twice d perfecting federal civil rights statutes makes it sinful-common politics." and by strengthening tile administrative August A crowd estimated at machinery of the federal government in 300 persons, including about 30 relation to civil rights. Mayor Henry Savage Jr. of Camden and robed Klansmen, gathered oG "The rejection of the use of force to Federal Judge George Bell Timmer­ has. bee~ be~et wi.th troubles from OP­ leased field outside Conway, in Batt implement integration." p~slte du·ectlons smce he intervened in County, for a Klan rally on the nigb16 man Sr. of Columbia declared on Aug. The director of the Slate Educational m1d-July to transfer a mixed group of On the Republican side, this report 10 that he had no intention of ordering Aug. 18. On the same night a coruicl!t Finance Commission, Dr. E. R. Crow students {rom a work project at a Negro came from Henry T. Gaud, of Charles­ the closing of any school simply because ably larger crowd, estimaled at ap~ said in early August that "as of no~ school (Mather Academy) at Camden ton, legal counsel for the Republican it is attended by children of only one and for the foreseeable future there imately 1,500 persons attended a SIJI1"" faction which was seated at the San race. Commenting on remarks attributed The Methodist-sponsored group of rally near Williamston, located near~ will be no racial mixing in the schools young boys and girls had been threat­ Francisco convention: to President Eisenhower with respect to of this state." Dr. Crow is chief adminis- boundary between Greenville and ~ <-ncd by anonymous calls and warnings <:'rson counties. SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 1956--PAGE 5 • ""ltw1 Segregation Ill Effect At All Levels As Georgia Schools Reopen , MACON, Ga. be acceptable to the South and to "even in prospect for Ward, even if he wins the pulpit against integration in recent 1) Membership lists of the organiza­ ~ G EORGIA's WHITE and Negro school 11 those who hold the most extreme his suit, unless it is decided before the months. tion. : , ~~ children will begin the 1956-57 term views." entry deadline. Dr. Charles L. Allen of Grace Meth­ 2) Information on whether it should ·~ ::' in September with segregation in effect At the Democratic convention, how­ The two regents who filed opposition odist Church in Atlanta, upheld sep­ pay state income taxes. '- 11.'' at elementary, high school and college ever, the Georgia delegation asked to motions, Quimby Melton Jr., of Griffin aration of the races, saying he does not 3) Facts on whether it has violated • :-, levels in every classroom in the state's be recorded as voting against the party and Morris M. Bryan Jr., of Jefferson, ~· ... ' believe the Bible calls for integration. state laws in soliciting funds to push · ,., ill system. platform which included the civil rights said they cannot be made defendants Dr. Allen said he told a Negro who a suit seeking admission of a Negro to \ · ·..;, There is no public school integration planks. since their actual succession to office wished to join the Grace Church: the University of Georgia. in Georgia and the state legislature has DAVIS NOl\DNATED did not occur until after the General "Joining our church won't accomplish A spot check of legislators indicated ~ ~ 1 tightened laws in the hope of continu­ Assembly convened in 1956, and that anything. There are 200 Negro churches ing racial segregation. A constitutional Gov. Marvin Griffin nominated Con­ that Cook's proposal would receive prior to that time they were serving un­ in Atlanta that need you. You in your gympathetic consideration by the Gen­ ~ ~ amendment approved by the people in gressman James C. Davis for President and used the occasion of the nomination expired terms of their predecessors. church, we in ours, will be worshipping eral Assembly. 1954 opened the way for the legislature Judge Hooper earlier had said it might the same God. You will be better off to enact laws providing for transition speech to say: "The people of Georgia believe that over the years and with be possible to bring the Ward case to and so will we." • c._ from public integrated to private seg- trial during the early part of September. "If that's un-Christian," Dr. Allen '!t.Cit regated schools. Under this plan, stale much suffering we have evolved in the South the only way of life under which told his congregation, "that's still the • ':itt- funds would be cut off for pupils at- way I feel." An estimated 26,136 regular enroll­ tending mixed schools but individual our two great races can live together ments, a 7.5 per cent increase over the grants for education would be given by in a state of peace, harmony and good will." BAPTIST PASTOR SPEAKS last college term, is expected in the the state to students going to private The Rev. York Chambless, pastor of 16 units of the University System of ":t~ ~ segregated schools. Most members of the delegation were the Smyrna First Baptist Church, said Georgia for the 1956-57 school year, ac­ : · A suit seeking admission for a Negro publicly critical of the Democrats' civil integration will not solve racial prob­ cording to figures from the State Board ··.-""'~ to the University of Georgia School of rights plank, but some admitted pri­ Members of the Atlanta Public School lems. Chambless said that although the of Regents. Officials said this meant Law may be heard soon (see "Legal vately that it was the best that could Teachers Association would leave their Bible says the people of the earth are maximum capacity for all units. ~~ Action") and officials see a possibility be expected. national union rather than accept inte­ of one blood, it says nowhere that the The largest estimated increase will ~t!< that suits may be filed in behalf of Ne­ Sen. Richard B. Russell of Georgia, gration within their local organization. races should integrate or intermarry. be 16.1 per cent in the three Negro in­ -~ !c. groes who were turned away from however, said in Atlanta that it was the according to Roger Derthick, president Former Gov. Herman Talmadge, stitutions in the system. Increases of .. :. Georgia State College in Atlanta (SSN, strongest such plank the party had ever of Atlanta Local 89, largest teachers campaigning for the U.S. Senate seat 8.4 per cent in the junior colleges and adopted . ' Cf· t1'> August, 1956). union in the state. of retiring Sen. Walter F. George, told 6.5 per cent in the senior white insti­ 1':\iC. No suits seeking admission of Negro The Georgia delegation, anti-Kefau­ Derthick's remarks were prompted the Georgia Prison Wardens Association tutions are anticipated. .., ~ students to white grammar o1· high ver and anti-Hurnpht·ey, voted for Sen. by an effort within the American Fed­ if elected he would "work night and 1 schools in Georgia are pending. John Kennedy of Massachusetts on eration of Teachers to revoke the char­ day . . . to put the Supreme Court both ballots as the Democrats selected ters of eight segregated southern locals. back to ruling on the law instead of a Vice Presidential nominee. The ouster move failed when two-thirds legislating." of the delegates at the annual convention Atty. Gen. Eugene Cook offered a T. V. Williams Jr., was named secre­ of the AFT in Pittsburgh failed to sup­ resolution which he said he proposed tary of the Georgia Education Commis­ port it to recommend to the governor and sion to succeed Durwood Pye Jr. The Charters of all-white and all-Negro General Assembly for enactment at the GEC was created by the state legisla­ rlfl Q, The possibility that the Horace Ward chapters in Georgia, Louisiana and Ten­ regular legislative session in January, ture to seek legal means of circum­ Both Georgia's Republican and Dem- segregation suit might be heard prior to nessee would have been recalled and 1957. The resolution would give Geor­ venting the Supreme Court's desegre­ ocratic delegations to the respective the deadline for application to the Uni­ procedures for organizing integrated lo­ gia power to investigate the internal gation decision. ~-· national convenlions reportedly exert- versity of Georgia School of Law ap­ cals established under the rejected pro­ operations of the National Association Williams was the target of editorial ~~ eel some influence on the writing of civil peared to be fading as two University posal. for the Advancement of Colored People, fire from newspapers which criticized .,. rights planks in the party platforms by System regents filed separate motions "We want to keep our union segre­ Cook said. the fact that he was the son of the state their strong anti-integration stands. in AUanta district federal court oppos­ gated, at least as long as the community The resolution would create a joint revenue commissioner, T. V. Williams "'· C.-. Some talk of a minority civil rights ing being named as defendants in the is segregated," Derthick said. House-Senate interim committee, to be Sr.; and that the state job paid $500 a plank to be offered from the floor was case. represented by the attorney general, month although the commission had not heard in the Georgia Republican dele­ The suit of Ward, an AUanta Negro, and to hold bearings on the need for met in over a year. , No.-.\ galion. Such a report, it was generally was reactivated this year. Since stu­ legislation regulating groups seeking to A crowd of some 300 persons, about presumed, would have toned down the dents are admitted to the law school influence public opinion or promote lit­ 100 in robes, gathered in Macon for a ,: W., civil rights language. But the Georgia only at the opening of the fall term near Two prominent Georgia ministers en­ igation. Ku Klux Klan meeting at which crosses GOP delegation endorsed the plank as the end of September, under University dorsed segregation, joining several other Aiming at the NAACP, Cook hopes were burned and speeches denouncing offered and leaders predicted it. would System rules, a delay of at least a year is state ministers who have spoken from to obtain through the investigation: integration were made. ~ !.,. Kentucky to Have 'Integrated Situations' in All But 15 Counties ~ w~ LOUISvn.LE, Ky. pected to leave at least one high school continue its segregated setup for 1956- former Sen. John Sherman Cooper and The school is the state-supported Lincoln Institute in Shelby County, a WITH nre STAtt's OFFICIAL attitude still all-Negro and one junior high school 57 and to initiate desegregation in 1957- former Asst. Secretary of State Thur­ all-white. A few hundred Louisvillians 58. The integration committee reported ston Morton, both candidates this fall boarding school with a $1.5 million • ~ ~ill that "the Supreme Court ruling is 1 initiated summer-school desegregation that because or "the many factors and for U.S. Senate seats, angrily denied plant and 444 acres of farmland, a fully the law of the land," as reiterated by in June, and in August Louisville Male problems involved" it had been unable reports that they had sought to "soften" accredited Class A high school with the State Supt. of Public Instruction Rob­ High School "jumped the gun on inte­ to complete its study. The county sys­ the first (and stronger) version of the added advantages of a vocational ert Martin on Aug. 28, Kentucky will gration" by adding eight Negroes to its tem last year had 23.8 per cent Ne­ GOP civil rights plank. school Before the Supreme Court de­ speed up its integration program as the 98-man football squad. Coach Charles groes among its school-age children. Cooper said he had favored the orig­ cision, it was the one high school in 1956-57 school year begins. Best esti- Kuhn smilingly said "somebody might August announcements by systems inal draft that would have pledged im­ Kentucky to which districts without -mate: "integrated situations" in all but have slipped them the word" about the beginning integration this fall included plementation of the Supreme Court Negro high schools could send pupils 15 of the state's 120 counties, involving date of pre-school practice, and an­ Ashland (first and second grades, 2 per school integration decision by the fed­ in full compliance with the law-and :t ~ perhaps 180,000 white students and 20,­ nounced that "if they're good, we're cent Negro enrollment), Hopkinsville eral legislative and executive branches. last year it enrolled 581 from 59 dis­ i.ll)\YS OOO, or nearly 50 per cent, of the state's going to use them." (first grade only, 30.2 Negro enroll­ But he maintained that the plank tricts, including 233 commuters, others rC:a:ir school-age Negro children. On teacher-int-egration, however, ment), and Newport (all elementary adopted was "a good plank, much bet­ from every section of the state. ctl~ State officials say these figures may Louisville Supt. Orner Carmichael and grades, 2.9 per cent Negro enrollment, ter than the Democratic plank because An administrative unit of the for­ ~ ~ t be expanded considerably within the Jefferson County Supt. Richard Van with the all-Negro Southgate Street it does not dodge the issue" and also merly all-Negro Kentucky State Col­ d ::;:- next fortnight because of last-hour de­ Hoose announced there would be none School being abandoned and its three by implication recognizes "the exten­ lege at Frankfort, Lincoln Institute no ,.,,.,.. segregation announcements by local this fall. No teachers are expected to teachers to "continue teaching in the sion of full civil rights into the fields longer can depend on segregation to ·~"=' districts reluctant to publicize their lose their jobs because of race but, as city's school system.") of voting, of housing and employment." furnish it a ready pool of students. And ~ ::" programs "too early." Carmichael put it, "we're trying to do there is no longer a fixed obligation of 'DECIDING FACTOR' • ~·•::t Public or semi-public announcement, one big thing at a time." the state legislature to supply it with If the Democratic party in Kentucky the funds needed in excess of its small • (!(f""' howe~er,. has been made by 86 of ~e COUNCILS OPPOSE -c:· t:l!. 180 d1str1cts having any Negro pup1ls supports the plank adopted by the Chi­ endowment income and the fees paid by Organized opposition to the Louis­ ..... ~ (11 of the 120 counties and 41 of the cago convention, Cooper contended, students or the school districts from ville-Jefferson County deseg1-egation :~"ll!' state's 211 school districts have none). "that one issue could be the deciding which they enroll, or any necessity of was expressed for the first time in Au­ factor among the Negro population of . : j'l!)' Students involved represent a ten-fold the districts to make such payments. gust. It came from the recenUy organ­ Kentucky's pollticians gave some bi­ ~,·. . .-. increase over last year, when 40 deseg­ Kentucky." He forecast victory for ized Citizens Councils of Kentucky. partisan attention to the school deseg­ SEE SURVIVAL -;: ~ regating districts in 33 counties brought himself against his Democratic oppo­ James Dumas, executive secretary of »' "'" one type of integration or another to regation issue at the August conven­ nent, former Gov. Lawrence W. Weth­ But three educators interviewed by only 330 Negroes and 17,206 whites. the councils, accompanied by delega­ tions of the two major parties. erby. All•m M . Trout of The Courier-J ournal tions of about 20 adults, presented sim­ ~ Before the Democrats met in Chicago The latter had bespoken Kentucky's believe Lincoln Institute will survive - ;'•FULL REPORT ilar petitions to the Louisville board Gov. A. B. "Happy" Chandler, a can­ compliance with the Supreme Court and flourish. They include Lincoln's ; y • The State Department of Education on Aug. 21 and the Jefferson County didate for the Presidential nomination, ruling of May, 1954, the day it was is­ President Whitney M. Young, Kentucky . -: made no advance survey of local dis­ board on Aug. 27. had told a national television audience sued. So had incumbent Sen. Earle State President R. B. Atwood, and State ~ .... trict plans (the figures above came The first was signed by 80 persons, that "every American must come to the Clements, whose GOP opponent is Superintendent of Public Instruction .:.-:rt·from newspaper compilations and ficld­ the second by 97. Both held that mix­ realization sooner or later that we must Morton. Robert Martin. ing Negro and white children in the r~ rf. checks by the Kentucky Council on bring an end to segregation. We've got A summary of their reasons: (1) schools was a violation of Kentucky's •. ~ Hwnan Relations, Inc.) But state offi­ reasonable men in the South who know many Negro pupils wlll prefer to at­ ~.., cials say that a full districL-by-distdct Day Law, that 85 per cent of Ken­ we must support the laws of the land." lend Lincoln Institute rather than in­ lucky's parents opposed it, and that the • report will be made shortly after all And for the Democratic platform, on tegrated schools offering weaker facul­ schools have opened in September. Suoreme Court bad no authority to the same July 7 telecast, he had urged ties and poorer courses of instruction, ~ The Kentucky Council s ur vey order it. adoption of a plank "affirming the de­ and local superintendents will permit "We will do everything in our pow­ ,.. showed that about a dozen Negro cision of the Supreme Court." them to do so because their districts, v "' teachers would be employed this fall in er to prevent you from violating the But at Chicago he offered these views The beginning of the second year of under the state's new minimum foun­ ~ ~ previously all-white schools, chiefly in law of the state, and we will not allow to some southern delegations: public school desegregation in Ken­ dation program, will lose no money our children to attend any schools ::;. non-teaching positions, but reported tucky finds 28 of the state's 40 institu­ thereby; (2) the 1956 legislature, instead where both white and Negro children "As a lawyer I know the Supreme < '""several instances" in which qualified Court decision is final, unless they tions of higher learning (seminaries, of decreasing the school's biennial ap­ ,;_./Negro teachers had been dismissed be­ are enrolled," the petitions asserted. change their minds. And they have junior colleges, municipal and senior propriation, increased it by $19,000, rec­ (. "' cause of pupil integration. Council Ex- CARl\fiCHAEL CAUTIONS changed their minds a number of times. colleges, public, private and sectarian ognizing that "it is the instinct of .. ecutive Director Galen Martin found At the city meeting Carmichael said schools) open to all races. Some were schoolmen to preserve and nourish s~ }he teacher-integration problem "im­ "U I am elected President, I might desegregated in 1950, some last year. the Louisville program was developed be able to appoint some fellows who ,.,..,k., of excelle'lce in public education": ... ~~ proving," howevct·, with severnl dis­ on a gradual, considerate basis. He cau­ Those with no reported plans for de­ (3) to deny the Negro th.e right to t 'f.. triets having re-hired Negro teachers would have a different view on this im­ segregation include five senior colleges tioned the delegation against "making portant question." choose between inferior and superior ·-.tX. .,(' :lismissed last spring. And he quoted it hard for yourselves and others" and and seven junior colleges--all private opportunities would be as unsound "as • .-<1:me superintendent as saying that or church-related, several belonging to t • · ' . . making the children "innocent sufler­ •JUST POLITICS' the old denial of his right to study with ct :;:>-"Kentucky wilt use a far higher pro- ct-s." Board President Keith C. Spears To a fellow Kentucky delegate, Harry Protestant denominations whose other white classmates"; (4) fine points of j <-portion of Negro teachers in integrated said "the Supreme Court has handed S. McAJpin, Louisville attorney and colleges in Kentucky have desegrega­ the law to the contrary, the all-Negro >chools than the northern states." down the decision" and "we're going to member of the executive committee of ted, none to the Roman Catholic Church school is here to stay; for proof. con­ or the state. integrate this fall" . the Louisville branch of the NAACP, sider "the many all-Negro schools north ~... ..(.f To the declaration of one woman m this was surprising. But McAlpin said Affiliated with one state college is a of the Ohio River where the doors of ;"•,.' unique secondary school for Negroes e1'111 . --...... ;. the delegation that "good white peo­ he was convinced of Chandler's sincer­ white schools have never been closed whose enrollment for the term begin­ ple should not allow that sort of thing," ity in past statements favoring school to the Negro"; and (5) housing is the 1b :.: ~ ~ ~uisvill e, larg~st of ~e systems 1 Board Member Yancey R. Altshcler re­ integration. ning Sept. 10 promises to be the high­ •• ~ Peguuung desegregatiOn this fall (first "He has shown himself to me to be est in its history. That Is at least a realistic factor that determines whether ,_.~ , •. g~de through the twelfth, unlike some torted "We're good Americans fi rst." a school is all-white or all-Negro, and At Hopkinsville on Aug. 25 the Chris­ very snuare on this question," McAlpin temporary answer to the question of c-t- districts experimenting with grade-at­ said. "I appreciate the fact that the whether such an all-Negro school, "districts with sparse Negro population /' ";a-time or rugh-school-only programs), tian County Board of Education, acting on the recommendation o£ a special in­ governor was talking to the Alabama though legally open to whites also, will that have been sending youths to Lin­ . : .about 40,000 white pupils and 12,000 delegation. This may be just politics." survive the state's desegregation pro­ coln Institute still have no better place ¢-til in tegration committee composed of 10 ''Negroes will be involved a free- At San Francisco's GOP convention gram. to send them." ' ~hoice flexible-transfer program ex- white and five Negro citizens, voted to ~ ,. PAGE b-SEPTEMBER 1956-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS limited number o( pilot lopped off the reading lag. classet The test report did not com~are test lagging pupils have been conducttd scores of white and Negro puptls, who, grade schools in recent years. The "overage·• groups will be D. C. Launches 3rd Year of Integration until two years ago, were tested sep­ arately under the segregated school sys­ ducted as regular classes, officials One objection to holding back tem. Disclosure of last year's lest scores pupils. they added, is that they Against Backdrop of Committee Probe which indicated a substantial achieve­ barrassed in staying behind with er and smaller children. WASHINGTON, D. C. This would mark a gain of 15,000 pupils arithmetic reasoning and six months be­ ment lag and a gap between white and Negro achievement averages caused In the tenth grade this fall, a 'J'HE DISTRICT PUBLIC school system will in the next four years. Thus by 1960 the hind in arithmetic computation. quite a stir in the communio/ and. drew track'' plan tailored to wide begin the third year of racial inte­ enrollment could stand at 122,700 stu­ Eighth Grade-One year and four achievement differences will go dents. The major gain between now and a national spotlight to Washmgton s de- gration Sept. 10 against the background months behind in paragraph meaning segregated school system. . feet, with four curriculum of a congressional investigation of its 1960 is expected in the already over­ and arithmetic reasoning and computa­ custom-made for gifted, average crowded elementary schools. Since then, officials have been m­ standards. tion, eight-tenths of a year behind in t.cnsifying their campaign for smaller slow students. A special, six-man House District sub­ In the past five years, enrollment has word meaning. classes and for more special remedial committee expects to start public hear­ gone up 11 per cent or a gain of about Ninth Grade-One and six-tcntbs of a classes. Their fight is for enough money ings on "juvenile delinquency and 10,700 students. Foster said this increase year behind in paragraph meaning, one to hire the additional teachers needed lowered school standards" early this and the one predicted for the future and one-tenth year behind in word for such a pt·ogram. month, according to Chairman James C. hinged on the huge post-war birth rate meaning, and one and seven-tenths of a The last. year's most spectaculat· Davis, Georgia Democrat. and the migration into the city. year behind in arithmetic reasoning. achievement gains were registered in a Davis said he would like to get the Average lag behind national sample, one special set of tests given in four uniden­ hearings under way before a Sept. 12 and three-tenths of a school year. In test The question of District school Georgia election primary in which he has tified grade schools. Fifth grades in these on understanding basic concepts, three schools (representing all four sections of g1·ation came up at preliminaries been campaigning. points below national norm of 12; in test the city) showed average reading g~ National Democratic convention in One subcommittee member, Rep. De­ on background in the social sciences, one cago. WittS. Hyde, Maryland Republican, said ranging up to two and one-half years m point below national norm of 11; in cor­ the single school year. BeUord V. Lawson, one of the such an early start of hearings would trict's two membet'S of the School officials have still another con­ rectness and appropriateness of expres­ preclude his attendance. Hyde said he sion, the local median equaled the na­ AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE Resolutions Commitlet>, sharply will be busy on the election stump for tinuing educational problem: that of tional sample. The researchers emphasized in there­ lengcd an Aug. 11 statement by the next two months. raising the achievement level of some of port that three out of four grades tested Carolina's Gov. George Bell Ttrnm...... Davis said he hoped at least two or its students. Eleventh Grade-On ability to inter­ pret reading materials in the social for intelligence scored the national aver­ that Washington's desegregated three subcommittee members would at­ Last month, officials reported on the age, indicating that "numerous capable system is '•in a mess." tend the sessions. Other members are new results of achievement tests given studies and natural sciences, two points below national norm; on ability to in­ children are not achieving for reasons Lawson, a Negro, helped cool · · ~~~-·~ Democrats John Bell Williams, Missis­ to students in eight of the city's 12 grades other than lack of intelligence." South fires by not insisting that sippi; Woodrow W. Jones, North Caro­ between last September and June. They terpret library materials, three points below the national norm. "The present test results," the report merman take the witness stand, lina; and Republicans Joel Broyhill of said some pupils gained three years in said, "bring into bold relief the fact that Virginia and A. L. Miller of Nebraska. basic subjects in tbe past school year, he could not let Timmerman's statemt"A~·~~ Twelfth Grade-On understanding of more remedial services are needed." go unchallenged. but most students still lag behind na­ basic social concepts, one point below School officials reported that under a NIGHT SESSIONS PLANNED tional norms on the test scores. the national norm; on general back­ "The fact is that we arc very new get-tough policy on promotions, If the hearings overlap school sessions, Here is how the District public school ground in the natural sciences and on pleased with the success of the Davis said the subcommittee might hold system says the city's pupils averaged lagging grade-school pupils will be held tion of schools in the District," correctness and appropriateness of ex­ back in "overage" elementary classes night sessions. "We'll try to make some on the past school year's citywide pression, one point above the norm; on said. "Obviously there are problems, accommodation," he added, "so that if achievement tests in comparison with ability to do quantitative thinking, four this fall. we feel it is a demonstration of the any teachers or principals are called, it the national test standards: points lower than the norm. Special classes on the fourth, fifth and cess of the integration of schools in won't disrupt the classrooms." nation-because Washington is a Third Grade-Nine months below The report didn't give any grade-by­ sixth-grade level will be set up for the Davis said he assumes in the "normal ern city." standard in paragraph meaning, seven grade comparison of city test averages overage slow learners-some as old as 16 course of procedure" that witnesses will -who are dragging behind in reading in word meaning and spelling, eight in for this year and last. An unofficial com­ MRS. BUTCHER TESTIFIES include the District commissioners, board and arithmetic achievement. of education members, School Supt. arithmetic reasoning and six in arithme­ parison shows, however, that the sixth Mrs. Margaret Butcher, a Hobart M. Coming and other school of­ tic computation. grade pulled up three months to half a PUPILS SCREENED member of the District School ficials. Fifth Grade-About one year behind year over its reading and arithmetic These pupils have been carefully was one of the witnesses for a The subcommittee chairman would in all tests. averages of a year ago. screened, and their parents have given civil rights plank. Lawson, a member not say whether witnesses at the public Sixth Grade-One and one-fifth of a The ninth grade, which a year ago was permission to enroll them in the special the committee panel, asked her if hearings will include a spokesman from school year behind in paragraph mean­ averaging a year or two years below "overage" classes. School officials had no thought there was any need for an the National Association for the Ad­ ing, five school months behind in word standard in reading and two to three estimate of the number of pupils who vestigation of the District's vancement of Colored People. Eugene meaning and spelling, six months behind years below in arithmetic, also cut its would go into the classes but said there schools. Davidson, president of the NAACP in language, eight months behind in lag substantially. Several months were would be a "large number enrolled." A "Of course not," she said. branch in the District, has asked to be heard. Davis said the NAACP letter has been "filed" and all such requests will be Mississippi's School Facilities Tern1ed 'At New High studied by subcommittee members. William E. Gerber, Memphis, Tenn. JACKSON, Miss. next 10 years. (See "What They Say.") student allocation in the preceding 20 dress at the University of attorney and chief counsel for the prob­ M ISSISSIPPI'S ESTIMATED 542,000 public Meanwhile, on the political front, Mis­ years. The funds for the allocation are said by 1966 Mississippi's population ...... ers, told Davis his staff work is far school children-white and Negro sissippi officials have deserted the old coming at this time from the setting should be two-to-one white against enough along so the stage may be set for -return to their segregated classrooms States Rights movement and have an­ aside of $550,000 in sales taxes each gro, and by 1976 it should be thr...... ~r -•• public hearings. in September to find physical facilities, nounced full backing of the Democratic month. When the building program gets one white. along with salaries for their teachers, at presidential slate of Stevenson and Ke­ in "high," the finance commission is au­ 400 INTERVIEWED On that premise, Gov. Coleman in anew high. fauver. Much of their reasoning is based thorized to issue bonds, the only limit address before the Canyon Club in Since he started interviewing officials on assertions that the racial "problem" being that the outstanding obligations at and citizens six weeks ago, Gerber said There has been no desegregation, nor cago said, "The Negro problem is any legal steps to break down the long­ is moving North with migration, and the no time shall exceed 60 million dollars. ing from the South to the North." he has talked to "close to 400 persons." people in those sections "are beginning Recently the investigators have been followed segregation pattern in the wake A report on Aug. 25 of Mississippi's of an all-out effort on the part of the to understand our situation." (Sec General Legislative Investigating Com­ concentrating on teachers and principals "Political Activity.") among Washington's 4,000 public school state to bring opportunities for Negroes mittee disclosed it had found one instructors and officers. Eat·lier, Gerber up to those long provided the whites. instance of desegregation in a state and his aides talked to the commissioners "Equality of opportunity," blue­ hospital, but that it was corrected imme­ and school board members in closed­ printed in a 1953 legislative enacted Ne­ diately. door preliminary interviews. gro-white public school equalization The incident was disclosed in an in­ Investigation leaders haven't chal­ program, covers classrooms, equipment, vestigation by the committee, whose A planned televised interracial·-...... ~.~.~... lenged reports that their main interest transportation, teachers' salaries and all chairman is state Sen. Stanton Hall of ing in Mississippi has been is District public school race integration phases of the public school program. Hattiesburg, of a claim by a white stu­ according to Hal DeCell of the or the fact that the majority of subcom­ Likewise, on the college level, atten­ State Supt. J . M. Tubb of the Missis­ dent practical nurse at the University sippi Sovereignty Commission, .,.,... ..K .-­ mittee members and the investigation tion is being directed at the uplifting of sippi Department of Education, said an Medical hospital that she was discharged sponsors "were afraid they would staff are southerners. the Negro institutions in the overall ob­ estimated 541,938 children, white and because of her strong position on segre­ cused o! being segregationists." Negro, will begin school in September Gerber, however, denied reports that jective of giving Negroes equal oppor­ gation. The charge was found ground­ It was of a Negro PTA group Negro teachers were dodging the inves­ tunities with the whites in order to without any integration. He said for the less, and her discharge due to "very low full year, the average daily attendance with the board of trustees of the tigators because of fear for their jobs. He minimize agitation for desegregation. grades." dale municipal separate school said he was sure school officials would will shake down to about: 237,865 whites ~fiXED ORIENTATION ENDED The filmed proceedings had been support him in stating teachers needn't NO INTEGRATION EFFORTS of a total enrollment of 273,722, and 204,826 Negroes out of a total enrollment However, in its investigation, the com­ uled on NBC's "Outlook" as an be afraid. Public school officials attribute the of "interracial goodwill and IVV""'"'u • continued harmony between the two of 268,216. mittee said it found there was int.egra­ Aiding Gerber in his interviews are tion at the hospital in orientation classes at the local level" Leonard 0. Hilder, Arlington, Va. edu­ races and absence of efforts to inte­ Supt. Tubb attributes the absence of grate to the 1953 equalization program integration efforts to the 1953 equaliza­ "but. as soon as the committee found this In the filmed meeting, school cator; and George W. McCown, Florence, to be true, it immediately ceased." tion was not mentioned, the S.C. high school principal. Herrick M. and the speed with which officials are tion program, which he said is fast being seeking to put it into effect. put in effect. "Since the visit of the committee, there confining its requests to petitions Rowland, New Hanover, N.C. school su­ proved school conditions. perintendent, has been asked to assist. However, they do not overlook the Under that program, tbe 1,000-odd has been no integration of the races at force of the strong pro-segregation laws school districts in Mississippi will be re­ this institution, and the committee has Charles C. Stringer, spokesman for SCHOOL BOARDS enacted by the legislature, including the duced by several hundred by July 1, been advised there will be none," it said PTA delegation, said: AND SCHOOLMEN "standby" authority voted the legisla­ 1957, to give all schools in a county or in :m official report to Gov. J. P. Cole­ "At this time, it is not our ture by the people to abolish public edu­ municipal separate school district full man and members of the legislature. attempt to solve lhc question of School officials will have other con­ cation if integration is threatened. (See advantage of whatever taxes are levied. Chairman Sall said the committee galion or integration. Whatever found that patients were segregated at plexion our school system takes cerns than lhc Capitol Hill quiz when "Under Survey.") CONSOLIDATION UNDE.R WAY all U1e hospitals, with the exception of futut·e, it is certain we should school opens. A continuing enrollment Indicative of the demand of Missis­ Thus far the State Educational Finance increase of new students will force many sippi Negroes being on "equal oppor­ the children's ward at the University adt>quatc classroom space, facilities Commission which is administering the Medical hospital. There it found the city first and second grade classes to go tunities" rather than "integration" is the building features of the equalization personnel." on parttime programs, officials fear. situation at Clarksdale in the heavily small Negro and white children occupy The Negro group also asked for program has approved school district one ward. This fall, officials expect a school pop­ Negro-populated delta area. reorganizations in 17 o£ the 82 counties, ination of dual curriculum standards ulation of llO,OOO, or an increase of about Negro leaders at Clarksdale, meeting with 20 others awaiting final action. By "But," the committee explained, "they the hiring of "qualified teachers, 2,200 over last year. Assistant School with the all-white board of trustees of next July, the deadline, all counties are are segregated in that the white patients ly trained in their fields, m order Supt. Richard R. Foster in charge of re­ the Clarksdale municipal separate school expected to have been reconstituted into are on one end of the ward and the Ne­ able to do the best job, and at the search said he could not give any racial district, have demonstrated "interracial one county-wide district and possibly gro patients are on another end of the time, qualify for top salaries." breakdowns. goodwill and cooperation" at the local one or two municipal separate school ward." Foster explained that school officials leveL The Negroes did not seck integra­ areas. felt making such figures public would tion, but on the other hand requested At this time, the finance commission "not be in the public interest." The board improved school conditions. (See "School has approved 32 building projects in nine Boards and Schoolmen.") of education adopted a policy banning counties costing $5,457,926 in state funds, Mississippi political leaders, racial statistics shortly after the start of A report. on "migration from Missis­ HOSPITAL 1\D.XJNG FOUND and which local districts are to supple­ Sen. James 0. Eastland (D. integration. ment with an additional $4,500,000. Most sippi" by Harold A. Pedersen of the announced their support for the A recent report by a General Legisla­ sociology department. of Mississippi State Present enrollment trends are ex­ of the approved projects have been for son-Kefauvt>r Democratic nri'•<:IQIII'... pected to continue as they have in the tive Investigating Commitlee disclosed Negro schools. College shows that the rate oC migration the watchfulness of the state agencies ticket. They said tht> election of a last six or seven years, Foster said. The has been "greater Cor the non-white than on integration. It concerned reported The state is paying for the overall the white population." cratic administration, along with city's white school population has been building program and is allotting funds cratic congr·essmen, is "for the bei dropping and the Negro enrollment integration in the University Medical hospital in Jackson. (See "Under Sur­ on a basis of $12 per white child and $15 He said by 1960, Mississippi should terest. oC the South." growing since about 1950. Unofficial esti­ have 968,000 non-white persons (now vey.") for each Negro child. The val'iancc is The Mississippi delegation to mates place this year's school population 900,300) and 1,231,000 white persons designed to speed the building of Negro cago Democratic notional A~• .,,~.._, racial ratio at 65 per cent Negro and 35 Another report, by Dr. Robert C. schools. (~o\y 1,188,600). That will give Missis­ per cent white. Weems, J r., of Mississippi State College, claimt>d a "victory" in the stppt a total population of nearly "moderate" plank on civil rights: anticipates a large migration of Negroes FINANCE PROVISIONS 2,200,000, compared to its 1950 listing of CONTINUED INCREASE SEEN from Mississippi to such an extent that A school district may borrow up to 75 2,178,900. claim success in beating a minor!~ School officials predict a 14 per cent the closely-divided racial groups will port which would have "endorsed per cent of what last year's average daily Meanwhile, Dr. Robert C. Weems Jr. hike in public school enrollment by 1960. become one-sidedly white within the attendance would earn under the per Supreme Court's desegregation,....,.,...... of Mississippi State College, in an' ad: (Continued on Next Page) ·J.. J SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 195~PAGE 7 !to~ ·;Oklahoma Reports At Least 161 Districts Integrating Classrooms OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. Four others will have it in additional rectors of the Oklahoma Coaches' &­ ferences with former President Truman .,CHOOLS rn AT LEAST 161 Oklahoma high school grades, and one district, sociation, in a special meeting three days and Harriman campaign strategists, ' districts have actual integration of Depew in Creek County, expects to have before the game, declared him eligible. Gary issued a stronger-than-ever civil aces in the classroom as they launch desegregation in all grades in 1957-58. The same group had ruled against him rights plank statement which appeared ro 'le 1956-57 year. The move is taking Another 23 districts are known to last December because his school was to be contradictory to his Oklahoma lace for the first time in 37 of the dis­ have desegregated in 1955-56. not then a member of the Oklahoma City remarks. nets. Undertaking integration for the first High School Athletic Association. Gautt, Raymond Gary managed to plant his His Chicago release declared: "The Desegregation plans in three new dis- time in 1956-57 are 32 districts revealed slated to enroll at the University of Ok­ gubernatorial feet on both sides of the Supreme Court decision is the law of ''~~ ricts were disclosed during the past by the survey and five others in which lahoma with a chance of becoming the civil rights fence during the dispute nonlh, although in one the action is the land. We must and will abide by the action has been reported by news Sooners' first varsity Negro player, which plagued the Democrats for a it." In a press conference he went fur­ mder petition attack. (See "School dispatches. turned in 23- and 90-yard touchdown while in their Chicago convention. oards and Schoolmen.") Also revealed ther and said the words "Supreme runs in the all-state game and was Gary was an early supporter of New Court" should appear in the 1956 plat­ as a suggestion passed alon~ by t.he 189 TEACHERS OUT named the outstanding backfield man. York's Gov. Averell Harriman for the form. However, he added he didn't see ' '·tl,niversity of Oklahoma that President Negro students will participate fully Presidential nomination and, indeed, why civil rights should be a big issue ' ~isenhower call a Southwide conference in extracurricular activities in 125 of the districts responding to the questionnaire. made the nominating speech. in the November election, pointing out f educators to deal with the segrcga­ Yet, on the eve of his departure from on-desegregation problem. (Sec "In Ten districts said Negro and white President Eisenhower has made state­ Oklahoma City, Gary announced he ments in favor of enforcing the court's r.::~ he Colleges".) And at. the Democratic teachers will be serving on the same The suggestion for a Southwide edu­ faculty. Forty of the districts said they would urge the Democratic platform decision. ~ ,arty convention in Chicago Okla­ cators' conference convened by the writers to take a "moderate" stand on , ;::... ,oma's Gov. Raymond Gary did some had had to reduce their staffs because White House was transmitted by Dr. of desegregation, and 189 Negro teachers the civil rights issue. He would not say ast hopping around on the controversial George L. Cross, president of the Uni­ then whether the platform should lr.t ' ·ivil rights platform issue. (See "Politi­ were reported dismissed as a result. versity of Oklahoma. Actually, the idea MISCELLANEOUS . Per-pupil costs have remained "about specifically endorse the Supreme Court's , ~al Activity.") came out of a Southern Regional Con­ school desegregation decision, a key ~ the same" in 66 districts and have de­ ference on Human Relations Education Segregation and comparative educa­ creased in 43 others. point in dissension between southern at Norman in June. The university co­ and northern delegates. tional standards of Oklahoma and (A complete list of integrated and sponsored the conference with the Anti­ Louisiana cropped up in a child custody segregat'ed Oklahoma school districts Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. GARY STATEMENT hearing in Tulsa. J udge Eben L. Taylor, appears elsewhere on this page.) Dr. Cross e..xplained the university "However," Gary said, "my interpre­ was asked to decide whether Frank E. was not a "prime mover" but did con­ tation of the Supreme Court opinion is Latimer J r., 8, should remain with his cur in the idea of southern education that the states were not expected to mother in Lafayette, La., or join his :0:... More complete returns in a survey by leaders being brought together by the carry out the decision overnight. This father in Tulsa. The family is Negro and While House to discuss integration was to be a long-range program and we the father claims the boy's future in a :.:.! "SoUTHERN ScHOOL NEws and The Okla- Five Negroes will attend high school tOTM Ctty Times, plus information from problems. His letter stated that only the were expected to take into cons.idera­ state with school segregation is not a classes with 600 white students for the prestige of t.he Presidency could provide tion the attitude of the people in dif­ bright one. He pleaded for the court to ·· ::- )SN records and news reports, indicate first time this fall in Sallisaw, in o!::t~ 13 Oklahoma districts will be involved the necessary stimulus for such a full­ ferent sections and the economic condi­ consider what he claims are differences Sequoyah county on Oklahoma's east­ range meeting. tions. I feel that in due time the South in educational standards of Louisiana ": !m "integrated situations" in 1956-57. ern border. But G. R. Hurd, superin­ :,.. · ese include 12 districts, with 2,729 The delegates to the Norman meeting will accept desegregation, but it is not and Oklahoma for Negroes. The mother tendent, said a petition signed by all felt, Dr. Cross wrote, that a Washington going to now. I am opposed to the use insist:s the boy would be better off with · ;chwhite and 375 Negro pupils, in which the Negro parents in the community baisihe minority race has chosen not to conference would "help immeasurably of force to carry out desegregation. We her, no matter where they live. She asked that Dunbar elementary school be in dealing with a situation so fraught will have to carry out an educational sends him to a Catholic school in La­ :;:- ·llintegrate with the majority group al- kept open. It is a single-teacher, six­ though the schools are officially deseg­ with complexities and possible serious program." fayette. Both parents are college grad­ grade school with 12 pupils. The board disruption of law and order." After his arrival in Chicago and con- uates and teachers. l!S regated. is complying with the Negroes' wishes , The 161 districts actually integrated in this regard, Hurd said. I I l l I I I I I I 111111111 I IIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII III II 111~11 I I I II I l l I I I I I I IIIIIIII I [ IIIIIIIIJ I III II IIIIIIIIII~IIIIIflll !t i ~ the fall semester begins have 3,177 The superintendent of Achille schools ~ ~~eiO'o pupils attending school with in Bryan County, deep in "Little Dixie," lt HJ8,990 white children. found himself under attack after the Still sem-egated, either through official ILi st Shows Status of Oklahoma School Districts .J:;: board agreed to admit Negro children I !!: 1•• >Oiicy of the board of education or pref­ to white classes. A petition signed by 48 i 1111111 1111111 II II IJIII~~~IIIJIIIIIJIIIJIIIIIJII II IJ III IIII 1111111 I 1111 ~ IIIIIIIIIIIIIImiiiiiiiiJIII(;JJIIIIIIIIIJIIIII I I ~ ·~· z~rence of the pupils, are 11,521 whites 1 persons asked for the ouster of John L. ' ::J;1Dd 1.811 Nettroes in 26 other districts. Following are the Oklahoma di&tricts JOHNSTON COUNTY- Tishomingo, PUSBMATAHA COUNTY-Albion (4 Wilmoth, the superintendent. as well as and their status as they head into the 1955. N, 130 W), 1955; Antlers (15 N, 850 W), . l Desegregation in Oklahoma has oc­ the 11 Negro students enrolled. How­ ._ :urred chiefly in a broad belt running 1956-51 year, with the date integration KAY COUNTY-Newkirk, 1955; Pon­ 1955. ever , Wilmoth had the support of all but has taken place and the number of ca City (170 N, 6,000 W), 1955. ROGERS COUNTY- Claremore (30 ll'om the southwestern comer of the one board member in the integration 1_.-tate across to the northeast. The north­ pupils affected where available: KINGFISHER COUNTY-Hennessey N, 375 W), 1955; "Dependent District" move. The Achille district has 225 quali­ (6 N, 440 W), 1955; Kingfisher (75 N, vestern and Panhandle counties have no BECKBAl\1 COUNTY-Elk City,1955; (5 N, no figure for W), 1955; Inola, 1955. ~ fied voters. Sayre (3 Negroes, 860 whites), 1955; 750 W), 1955; Lacy (11 N, 90 W), 1955. SEl\DNOLE COUNTY-Cromwell (12 i ~~egro populations. And in the south­ Texola (14 N, llO W), 1955. KIOWA COUNTY-Hobart (45 N, N, 139 W), 1955; Konawa (5 N, 25 W), ~...:;: ··ast, where the concentration of Negroes THIRD INSTANCE BLAINE COUNTY-Fay (30 N, 150 1,150 W), 1955; Lone Wolf (14 N, 286 : .-s IO'eatest outside of Oklahoma City A third new instance of desegregation 1955; Pleasant Grove (35 N, 190 W), W), 1955; Geary (25 N, 250 W), 1955; W), 1955. 1955; Sasakwa (20 N, 215 W), 1955; Sem­ -;.,~md Tulsa, the p~blic has been slow to was reported at Arcadia, in northeastern Greenfield (30 N, 215 W), 1955; Okeene LATIMER COUNTY-Wilburton (25 inole, 1955; Wolf (8 N, 120 W), 1955. lccept desegregation. Oklahoma County. It is only eight miles from Luther, also planning to desegre­ (3 N, 350 W); Watonga (70 N, 300 W), N, 600 W), 1955. SEQUOYAB COUNTY-Vian (38 N, ~ :501\IE DESEGREGATED gate for the first time. 1956. LEFLORE COUNTY-Panama (18 N, 700 W), 1955; Sallisaw (5 N, 600 W), :~: However, the survey and SSN records The state board of education hired a BRYAN COUNTY - Achille, 1956; 419 W), 1955; Poteau (15 N, 280 W), 1956. le:: :~ disclosed that 14 districts in this area, Negro secretary, Miss Beulah Jacobs, Bokchito (8 N, 380 W), 1955; Colbert 1955. STEPHENS COUNTY - Duncan (45 Xoni. known as "Little Dixie," desegregated 23-year-old Langston University grad­ (25 N, 120 W), 1956. LINCOLN COUNTY-Carney, 1955; N, 1,900 W), 1956. l!ISt year. Three more have joined them uate, to work beside five white girls. CADDO COUNTY-Alfalfa (3 N, 225 Chandler (120 N, 560 W), 1955; Daven­ TILLMAN COUNTY - Frederick port (40 N, 350 W), 1955; Meeker (45 or 1956-57. Five other districts in the Previously she was secretary to Ira D. W), 1955; Anadarko (70 N, 1,410 W), (athletics, t.Tansportation only), 1955. N, 360 W), 1955; Prague (8 N, 450 W), rea say their schools are open to both Hall, supervisor of instruction for Ne­ 1956; Binger (25 N, 325 W), 1955; Car­ TULSA COUNTY - Broken Arrow negie (6 N, 700 W), 1955; Cement (23 1955; Stroud (35 N, 730 W), 1956; Wells­ .vhltes and Negroes but no actual inte­ gro schools, and worked in a basement (14 N, 1,525 W), 1955; J enks (28 N, 1,130 ton (60 N, 300 W). 1955. ;:ration has occurred. office of the capitol building. When the N. 470 W), 1956; Eakly (2 N, 220 W-in W), 1955; Owasso (27 N. 850 W), 1955; Altogether, at least 60 of Oklahoma's 1955-56 Negroes have since left dis­ LOGAN COUNTY-Coyle (3 N, 200 Tulsa (82 bT, 7,349 W-1955-56 figures.) increasing abandonment of Negro high W), 1955; Crescent (45 N, 410 W), 1956; n counties have some measure o£ de­ schools eliminated his position, Hall was trict); Fort Cobb (20 N, 400 W), 1955; WAGONER COUNTY- Coweta (77 Gracemont (10 N, 300 W), 1956; Lookeba Guthrie, 1955. N, 800 W). 1955. r..ca. ~ation, either official or actual. named principal of Oklahoma City's (2 N, 175 W), 1955; Oney (12 N, 175 W), McCLAIN COUNTY-Blanchard (2 N, WASB1NGTON COUNTY-Bartles­ -: li'Jl The SSN-Ti»ll?$ survey teamed 75 Creston IDlls elementary school and 1955. 100 W) , 1955; Byars (5 N, 120 W), 1955; ville (45 N, 4,500 W), 1955; Rice Creek ::t JLdistricts accomplished complete deseg­ Miss Jacobs was t.Tansferred to the reg­ CANADIAN COUNTY-Center Grove Purcell (20 N, 800 W), 1955; Washington (1 N, 69 W) 1956. - :tl'Cl!ation in 1955-56. Another 28 district.!: ular secretarial force. (2 N, 11 W), 1955; El Reno, 1955. (3 N, 290 W), 1955. Prentice Gautt of the Oklahoma City WASHITA COUNTY-Sentinel, 1955. ,;:..o began integrating the races last year, all CDEROKEE COUNTY - Tahlequah MciNTOSH COUNTY-Checotah (5 Douglass high school became the first (White Rock also listed but county ~ but one of them at the high school level. (40 N, 1.600 W), 1955. N, 650 W), 1956; Hanna (27 N, 98 W), undetermined.) Negro to play in the annual north-south 1;::J3ut 12 of these plan to extend integra­ CLEVELAND COUNTY-Stella (10 1956; Pierce (20 N, 35 W), 1956. all-state football game in August. Di- ::.cC..{ion to all grades in the coming year. N, 25 W), 1955. MAJOR COUNTY-Cleo Springs (2 Still Segregated tt!: COAL COUNTY-Coalgate (10 N, 500 N, 155 W), 1955. ATOKA COUNTY-Stringtown (43 ['((:.-: weakened the states rights movement W), 1955; Lehigh, 1955; Olney, 1955; l\1AYES COUNTY-Chouteau (5 N, N, 225 W), board policy. ~Ill= Mississippi considerably. Tupelo (15 N, 250 W), 1955. 400 W), 1955; Strang. 1955. CARTER COUNTY-Ardmore; Dick­ ~ Party leaders have shifted the theme COl\lANCIIE COUNTY-Cache (4 N, l\1URRAY COUNTY - Davis, 1955; son (8 N, 600 W); Springdale (20 N, (Continued from Page 6) of their fight for the election of a Demo­ 400 W), 1956; Lawton (75 N, 11,000 W), Sulphur, 1955; Woodland (23 N, 100 W), 128 W); Wheeler ( 40 N, 94 W), pupil choice. "";e-:md eal.led for federal legislation to force cratic administratit>n from the racial 1955. 1955. issue to that of preserving the congres­ MUSKOGEE COUNTY-Council Hill CHEROKEE COUNTY-Hulbert (8 ''· -=:heir implementation. COTTON COUNTY-Temple (23 N, sional committee chairmanships o{ 530 W), 1956. (3 N, 90 W), 1956; Muskogee (24 N, 2,296 N, 400 W), choice. ;:-:;;~ Sen. Eastland had predicted a "mod­ southerners-including Sen. Eastland as CRAIG COUNTY-Ketchum (6 N, 220 W), 1955; Webbers Falls (12 N, 325 W), CHOCTAW COUNTY-Grant (291 N, erate" plank in a speech at the Ncshoba head of the powerful Senate Judiciary W), 1955; Vinita (30 N, 600 W), 1955; 1955. 190 W), policy. ;;l!i"'County Fair near Philadelphia, Miss., on Committee. Whiteoak, 1955. NOBLE COUNTY-Perry (48 N, 1,150 CREEK COUNTY- Bristow (300 N, the grounds that "the tide is running in Refusal of the Republican national CREEK COUNTY-Dependent 9 (6 W), 1955; Red Rock ( 4 N, 230 W), 1955. 1,700 W), policy; Mannford (3 N, 290 ·~!? favor of the South" and that "the people convention to give full recognition to an N, 20 W), 1956; Dependent 11 (4 N, 20 NOWATA COUNTY-Lenapah (15 N, W), choice. acf~in the North are' beginning to undcr­ all-white delegation has weakened the W), 1955; Dependent 26 (10 N, 40 W), 135 W), 1956. JACKSON COUNTY-Southside (18 Eisenhower strength in Mississippi. It ·~ -stand our problem in a sympathetic 1956; Depew (11 N, 72 W), 1955; Drum­ OKFUSKEE COUNTY - Bearden. N, 165 W), choice. ~c 1 way ." He attl'ibuted that to the migra- was that group which resulted in the wright (20 N, 1,000 W), 1956; Milfay (21 1955; Boley, 1955; Weleetka (19 N, 140 KIOWA COUNTY-Gotebo (2 N, 246 Republicans in 1952 getting 40 per c~nt W), 1955. :;;d tion of Negroes from the South to the N, 110 W), 1956; Mounds (14 N, 210 W), W), choice. .,.. ~ North. of the vote in Mississippi-a record hJgh OKLAHOMA COUNTY - Arcadia, 1955; Olive (6 N, 200 W), 1955; Sapulpa, LOGAN COUNTY-Langston (184 N, for that party. 1955. 1956; Jones (30 N, 200 W), 1956; Luther ,,, PLANK 'EASIER' FOR SOUTH (50 N, 90 W), 1956; Oklahoma City (160 6 W), choice. CUSTER COUNTY - Weatherford, On the asserted "moderate" civil rights N, 3,000 W). 1955. LOVE COUNTY-Marietta (46 N, 467 .::.._;plank in the Democratic platform, Gov. 1955. OKMULGEE COUNTY-Beggs, 1955; W), policy. ?"'>~·Coleman said, "The South will be able GARFIELD COUNTY - Drummond Nuyaka, 1955. McCURTAIN COUNTY-Tom (102 c to live under it much easier than the (2 N, 216 W), 1955; Enid (10 N, 7,300 W), OSAGE COUNTY-Fairfax (17 N, 600 N, 146 W), policy; Valliant (90 N, 450 North." He based that on the assumption 1955. W), 1955; Hominy (50 N, 800 W), 1955; W), choice. that strong minority groups would have GARVIN COUNTY-Pernell (10 N, Pawhuska (20 N, 500 W), 1956. ~lclNTOSH COUNTY-Eufaula (250 4Jlore pressure-success on political Children in 37 of Mississippi's 82 195 W), 1956; Wynnewood (128 N, 859 PAYNE COUNTY-Glencoe (3 N, 200 N, 800 W), policy. leaders in the North than would be the counties are still required to f~on W), 1956. W), 1955; Perkins (4 N, 450 W), 1955; case in the South. their classroom activities in keepmg NOWATA COUNTY-Alliance (5 N, GRADY COUNTY-Chickasha (8 N, Progress (2 N, 22 W), 1955; Stillwater 352 W), policy. Despite all-out Democratic support with the harvesting of the state's cot­ 550 W), 1955; Rush Springs (3 N, 600 (40 N, 900 W), 1956. ;. from the state leaders a newly formed ton crop. The "split" session ope;ates for W), 1955. PAWNEE COUNTY-Cleveland (6 N, OKFUSKEE COUNTY-"Dependent. ~>' o~ganization of "Missi~ippians for States both white and Negro school chtldren. GREER COUNTY-Mangum (25 N, 714 W), 1955; Pawnee (40 N, 840 W), schools"; Okemah ("few" N, 954 W), policy. 't:·.Rights" has qualified a slate of indepen­ According to the State Department of 750 W), 1955. 1955; Ralston (5 N, 257 W), 1955. ..,,. dent Presidential electors pledged to Education, school children in 37 of ~e IJARMON COUNTY-Arnett (9 N, PITTSBURG COUNTY - Alderson, OKLAHOl\lA COUNTY- Deer Creek ~)sta tes rights and state sovereignty and 82 counties take time out !rom thetr 144 W ), 1955; LaCasa (14 N, 68 W), 1955; 1955; Canadian, 1955; Crowder, 1955; (3 N, no figure for W), choice; Edmond : :J! tno particular candidate. They hope to classrooms to assist in ptcking cotton. Ron (10 N, 130 W), 1955. Hartshorne (85 N, 800 W), 1956; Mc­ (5 N, 2,507 W), policy. . ~ tt&ain sufficient strength nationwide in Most of the schools are in the heavily HUGHES COUNTY - "Dependentl" Alester (14 N, 275 W), 1955; Quinton (7 OKMULGEE COUNTY- Dewar ( 4 similar movements to throw the Prcsi- white-populated counties in the north­ 1955; Dustin (17 N, 240 W), 1956; Hold­ N, 350 W), 1955. N, 350 W), choice; Twin Hills (40 N, llil dential clection into the national House eastern section of the state. enville (40 N, 550 W), 1955; Moss (7 N, PONTOTOC COUNTY-Ada (28 N, 100 W), policy. :~r o{ Representatives. SPLIT-SESSION EXTENT 223 W), 1955; Wetumka (40 N, 325 W), 2,800 W), 1956; Byng (15 N, 350 W), PONTOTOC COUNTY-McLish (2 ' ., . However, the desertion ft·om the states 1956. 1955; Lula (26 N, 81 W), 1955; Stonewall N, 180 W), policy. \-• l'lghts ranks by many who led it in 1948 The education department said all Ne­ gro schools in 30 co.unties o~erate on the JACKSON COUNTY - Altus, 1955; (6 N, 325 W), 1956; Vanoss (5 N, 355 W), SEMJNOLE COUNTY- Wewoka (354 .: :, and 1952, and return to the Democralic Duke (3 N, 160 W) , 1955. "split-session" basts, and tn 13 of the 1956. N, 1,171 W), policy. C·. Party of many of those who backed the counties part of the schools have that JEFFERSON COUNTY-Ryan, 1955; POTI'AWATOMIE COUNTY - Mc­ SEQUOYAB COUNTY-All rural n" Republican ticket in 1952 under the ban­ Waurika, 1955. Loud (15 N, 435 W),1955. districts (30 W, 1 N), policy. ~ ... ner of "Citizens for Eisenhower," have type schedule. J!( PAGE 8-SEPTEMBER 1956--SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS ple of local option in working out man of the commission, who voted with own solutions to the problem. the 19 majority, said: "2) That in harmony with Secti~ Virginia To l(eep Separate "When the report of the study com­ of the Virginia Constitution, the mission was filed in November, 1955, I era! Assembly guarantee to the signed the same in hope that the com­ an efficient system of public free mission's proposed plan for assignment throughout the state." Schools; Legislature Meets of pupils upon a basis other than race would hold an acceptablt. solution of RICHMOND, Va. low of 14 per cent in the city of Wil­ NEWSPAPER CRmCISI\1 our problem. y mclNlA'S PtrBLIC SCHOOLS open for the liamsburg. The Stanley proposal for wi fall term on the same segregated Actually, the localities still could get DEVELOPL\IENTS BRING REVl SION funds from integrated school basis on which they were operaung two the state money, not for public schools "Since that report was submitted .. · drew lire from several segrega · years ago when the U.S. Supreme Court but to use to help pay tuition grants to developments have taken place which newspapers and legislators. Sollie handed down its anti-segregation deci­ children attending private non-sectarian have compelled me to conclude that gued that it would kill the public sion. schools. Localities would be permitted the recommended plan for the ;lssign­ Some also said it would be a betrayr, Charlottesville, the only locality in to continue levying school taxes and to ment of pupils will not effectively pre­ citizens who were told in January which desegregation in September had use this money also for tuition grants. vent enforced integration of our schools the tuition grant plan was a llart seemed a remote possibility, won an Other bills in the governor's program and will in the end result in the closing program which included the assi order from Federal District Judge John would seek to accomplish the following: of schools in vast areas of Virginia. Nor plan. A referendum on the tuition Paul on Aug. 27 staying execution of 1) Provide that no child shall be re­ does it reach the great constitutional plan was held in January, and v his previous ruling that the city's quired to attend a mixed school. overwhelmingly approved the · 2) Permit, but not require, localities issue which must be resolved." schools must be desegregated immedi­ Gov. Stanley expressed the view that a constitutional convention to make ately. The stay was granted because the to furnish pupil transportation. 3) Amend the teachers' retirement act 95 per cent of the people of Virginia necessary amendments to permit, city and the state are appealing the case favor a total resistance approach, such grants. to the U. S. Fourth Circuit Court. (See to cover teachers who go into the private SYstems set up to avoid integration. as he proposes, to the integration prob­ mission's report, unless it is changed, And so the battle ra~ed. "Legal Action.") lem. will be fatal, because it is integration." Arlington County has been ordered Conspicuously absent from the gover­ A lO-man delegation of citizens nor's program was the pupil assignment The Defenders of State Sovereignty the Norfolk-Portsmouth area p by Federal District Judge Albert V. and Individual Liberties, who claim FAVOR LOCAL OPTION Bryan end segregation in its elemen­ plan which had been unanimously rec­ Gov. Stanley petitions bearin ~~ to about 12,000 members. gave the gov­ On the other side of the fence, the 11 tary schools by Jan. 31, 1957, and in its ommended by the 32-member Gray 30,000 names asking him and the Commission last November and which ernor their backing. Virginia Council on Human Relations, high schools by the beginning of the with about 550 members, approximately era! Assembly "to do whatever is 1957-58 school year. Attorneys for the had been widely haHed as the best essary to prevent mixed schools means, coupled with tuition grants to 'NO COMPROl\fiSE' half of them Ne~oes, came out against county school board have filed notice In a bulletin to its membership, th<' the governor's plan and in favor of local where in Virginia." A spokesman children in private schools, to prevent only two per cent of the per.;ons of appeal. organization declared, in part: opllon on desegregation. enforced integration. Gov. Stanley en­ to sign refused. ASSDmLY CONVENES dorsed the Gray Commission report "The interposition resolution passed "We cannot believe," the council de­ As school officials throughout the when it was first presented. by the legislature in February estab­ clan-d. "that the problem we now con­ RICHl\10ND RAPS PLAN lished a state policy to 'take all appro­ state were making final arrangements front can be fairly and soundly met by The Richmond clly school board OPPOSmON STIFFENED priate measures honorably, legally and a statewide policy that defies our fed­ for the opening of the fall term, the Vir­ ed a statement opposing the gove ginia General Assembly convened in Since early this year, however, the at­ constitutionally available to us to resist eral <:ourts, flouts the feelings and aspi­ titute of Virginia officialdom has been this illegal encroachment upon our rations of the slate's Negro citizens, and pr·oposal for denying funds to integn special session on Aug. 27 to consider school systems. The board said it Gov. Thomas B. Stanley's proposals de­ steadily hardening against any integra­ sovereign powers.' There can be no nullifies the officially declared intent signed to provide total resistance to the tion whatever, and the pupil assignment compromise on a principle without com­ of our national constitution. We live in ored the assignment plan "or some Supreme Court's ruling. Other propos­ plan lost favor because it would permit pletely sacrificing the principle. Virginia a moment of history that calls upon us plan that would give a greater als, taking a different approach to the some integration in localities which de­ must now stand or surrender ... for something more than shrewd politi­ of assistance in its (the board'a) segregation problem, also were to be sired it. The governor and other state cal answers. The times demand of us viously announced position to pr leaders-but not all-now take the view ''To one of the recommendations of lhe public school system under b considered. the Commission on Public Education, not merely the deepest searching of our Major item in the governor's legisla­ that it would seriously weaken the seg­ hearts hut also the bold display of our Stale funds account for about 22 regationists' position iC any integt·ation the Defenders are unalterably opposed. tive package was a bill which would By official action, within a few hours finest hrand of statesmanship ... cent of Richmond's school budget. deny state funds to integrated schools. at all were to occur in the !ltate. "In lhc interest of fairness and free­ The Washington Evening St4r The governor went before the assem­ aiter the commission's report was made The governor's program would not in­ public, we announced our opposition to dom, therefore, and in view of the press­ that a "taxpayers' rebellion'' may clude the pupil assignment plan. This bly with the backing-but not unani­ vclop in Virginia iC the governor's mous-of the Gray Commission. It had this proposal, namely, the so-called as­ mg need to safeguard as fully as possi­ plan was originally recommended by the signment plan. This assignment plan, ble our public school system, we rec­ gram is adopted. The paper said Commission on Public Education (the voted 19 to 12 for Stanley's program, which meant abandoning its own pupil in theory, gives school boards rights to ommend: from three scattered sections oi the Gray Commission) last year but was re­ assign pupils to schools for reasons other "l) That within the framework of the -Arlington, Norfolk and Chari jected by the commission itself on a 19 assignment plan. Earlier, the commis­ than race. Even the commission itself Constitution of the United States, as de­ ville-had come reports "that to 12 vote on Aug. 22. (See "Legislative sion's executive committee had endorsed the governor's plan by a 6 to 4 vote. did not contend that assignment alone fined hy the Supreme Court, our Vir­ minded residents were ready to rtf Action.") gmia communities be allowed, as a mat­ payment of Virginia income taxes On the college level, meanwhile, sev­ Commenting on the change in his own would prevent integration ... The 0 program which he said would serve the 30th day of July, 1956, upon the com­ complaint, including summary judgment be construed as nullifying any state or While most observers were predi best interests of all Virginians but which plaint, upon the motion of the defendants for the defendants, be, and it is hereby local rules, now in force or hereafter that the governor's program would opponents said would wreck the public to dismiss the complaint and the plain­ denied. promulgated, for the assignment of adopted substantially as he propose! schools in this state. tiffs to drop certain persons and add 2) The court proceeding to inquire if children to classes, courses of study, or assemblymen not in SYmpathy with The principal bill among the 13 he others as parties plaintiff, upon the final judgment may now be entered in schools, so long as such rules or assign­ plan dropped into the legislative presented would make this declaration stipulation of the the action. It appears to the court £rom ments are not based upon race or color; numerous bills designed to provideot!. as an amendment to the state appropria­ parties that the ac­ an examination of the pleadings, the said nor, in the event of a complaint hereafter approaches toward solving the tions act: tion not be heard affidavits and the said documentary evi­ made by a child as to any such rule or tion problem. "The General Assembly declares, finds before July 23, 1956, dence, as well as from the interrogation assignment, shall said injunction be con­ and establishes as a fact that the mixing But one who was in sympathy and upon the docu­ of counsel, that there is no genuine issue strued as relieving such child of the the governor's general aim, delegalf of white and colored children in any ele­ ments offered in as to any material fact in this case, and duty of first fully pursuing any admin­ mentary or secondary public school W. Cleaton of South Hill in M evidence at said that on the admissions of record and the istrative remedy now or hereafter pro­ burg County (56 per cent Negro within any county, city or town of the uncontrovertible allegations of the com­ hearing by agree­ vided by the defendants or by the com­ enrollment) offered a measure in commonwealth constitutes a clear and plaint, summary judgment should be ment, and was monwealth of Virginia for the hearing with the "massive resistance" present danger ... and that no efficient by counsel. granted the plaintiffs: and decision of such complaint before system of elementary and secondary of meeting the court's dese Upon considera­ Therefore, it is further adjudged, applying to this court for a decision on decision. public schools can be maintained in any whether any such rule or assignment county, city or town in which white and tion whereof, after ordered, and decreed that effective at the times and subject to the conditions violates said injunction. The Cleaton bill would prevent colored children arc taught in any such Judge B,an granting the said ities from using tax money to o school located therein." hereinafter stated, the defendants, their And jurisdiction of this cause is re­ motions for the dropping and adding of successors in office, agents, representa­ tained with the power to enlarge, re­ integrated schools. The Stanley P 'EFF1CIENCY' DEFINED parties, the court finds, concludes, and tives, servants and employes be, and duce or otherwise modify the provisions would deny state funds to such . The bill defines efficient systems of orders as follows: each of them is hereby, restrained and of said injunction or of this decree, and but it would not prohibit the local!: elementary and secondary schools as 1) The court treats said motion to enjoined from refusing on account of this cause is continued generally. from financing integrated schools those systems within a county, city or dismiss as a motion for summary judg­ race or color to admit to, or enroll or of their own local treasuries. ment and is of the opinion thereon as town in which there is no student body educate in, any school under their op­ Following is the text of a. memo­ ASSIGNMENT BILLS in which white and colored children are follows: eration, control, direction, or super­ randmn JudgP. Bryan issued with taught. The bill then continues: (a) That the defendant, county school Gray Commission members vision any child otherwise qualified for his order in the ArLington schooL other-s who balked at the gov "The General Assembly, for the pur­ board of Arlington County, is suable in admission to, and enrollment and educa­ cases: pose of protecting the health and wel­ this court, because if acting as charged tion in, such school. program introduced bills to carry~ ll must be remembered that the general the assignment plan whicll fare of the people and in order to pre­ in the complaint, it is not acting as an decisions of the Supreme Court of of commission originally recommend~ serve and maintain an efficient system agency of the state Virginia; the United States in Brown v. oi public elementary and secondary • later rejected. (b) That the defendant, T. Edward 3) Considering the total number of Board of Education, 1954 and 1955, schools, hereby declares and establishes Rutter, division superintendent of school children attending the public schools of One set of these bills would cam it to be the policy of this commonwealth 347 United States 483 and 349 United of the county of Arlington, is suable in Arlington County, Virginia, and the States 294, do not compel the mixing the assignment plan originally P that no public elementary or secondary this action for the same reason as the ~umbe~ of whites and Negroes, respec­ of lhe different races in the public with the assigning of pupils d011t schools in which white and colored chil­ said board is suable; tively, m the elementary schools, junior local school boards. dren are mixed and taught shall be en­ (c) That the complaint stated a claim schools. No general reshullling of the high schools, and senior high schools, pupils in any school system has been Another set of assignment bills, titled to or shall receive any funds from against each of said defendants upon the relatively small territorial size of the the state treasury for their operation, which, if proved, relief can be granted; commanded. The order of that court the backers hoped would win county, its compactness and urban char­ from strong segregationists, was and, to that end, forbids and prohibits (d) That, as appears !rom the said acter, and the requisite notice to the is simply that no child shall be de­ nied admission to a school on the duced as a possible substitute tt the expenditure of any part of the funds documentary evidence, the plaintiffs be­ school officials, as well as the period &ppropriated by Items 133, 134, 137, 138 basis of race or color. Indeed, just so original Gray assignment proposal fore instituting this suit had exhausted most convenient to the children and -oll.r!t...:<.. and 143 of this section for the establish­ all administrative remedies then and school officials, of and for making the a child is not through any form of These latter bills would set up ment and maintenance of any system of now available to them, including the transition from a racial to a nonracial compulsion or pressure required to pupil assignment boards in every J public elementary or secondary schools, administrative steps set forth in Section slay in a certain school. or denied district in the state to classify ciD: which is not efficient." school basis, and weighing the public 26-27, Code of Virginia 1950, in that considerations, including the time t~ansfer to another school, because of on the basis of vanous factors The impact which such a law would they have since July 28, 1955, in effect needed by the defendants to conform to his race or color, the school heads than race. E:1ch assignment boru:d' have can be seen by the fact that 42 per maintained a continuing request upon any procedure for such transition as may may allow the pupil, whether white consist of three members appolllll' cent of all money spent for public the defendants, the county school board be p~s~r.ibed ~Y the General Assembly or Negro, to go to the same school as the governor and would take ovtl schools in Virginia comes from the state, and the division superintendent of of Vugtrua at 1ts extra session called by he would have attended in the ab­ placement of pupils from th~ " 51 per cent from the localities and the schools, for admission of Negro children the. Governor for Aug. 27, 1956, and ;encc of the ruling of the Supreme board. In placing pupils, the ass• rest from the federal government. The to the public schools of Arlington County wetghing also the personal interests of -o.ut·t. Consequently, compliance boards would take into account • amount of state money which the locali­ on a nonracial basis, and said request has the plaintiffs, the court is of the opinion wtt~ that ruling may well not ne­ ability of facilities, transportationol ties receives varies greatly, from a high been denied, or no action taken thereon cessitate such extensive changes in lems and health and aptitude of 74 per cent in Buchanan County to a that the said injunction hereinbefore the equivalent of a denial thereof; ' granted should be, and it is hereby the school system as some anticipate. dents. (Continued on Next Page) ~ SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 1956-PAGE 9 'Pr! ~ He estimates that in the 1956-57 The new school board of Milton also school year, there will be a grand total got a new lawyer, Everett Warrington , •• l' st4 Delaware Districts Will Continue (including Wilmington) of 52,961 white of Georgetown, Del., to replace the law­ and 10,993 Negro children in the Dela­ yer who had drafted the first answer, ware schools. former Chief Justice of Delaware Dan­ , , : ~ · Desegregation Policies During 1956-57 Dr. Parres also advises that the an­ iel Layton. nual school directories for the state of Here is a summary of the new school 'lc!r WILMINGTON, Del. "We t·eaffirm our belie( that a statu­ regation in Wilmington, the largest city Delaware will be omitting the custom­ board's position as ouUined in Eyvcm:ne ~ F OURTEEN SCHOOL DISTRICTS in Delaware tory state human relations commission in Delaware. ary distinctions of "C" meaning "Col­ Holloma.n et al v. Madeline BucM.nan "frcc ~u! of 63 that used to be either all- would contribute toward the intelligent In the first year. the Wilmington ored Schools." et at (Civil Action No. 1819): Nhite or included segregated schools­ understanding and good will so neces­ Board of Education pennitted desegre­ Enrollment statistics in the future .vill continue their desegregated poli­ will not be broken down into racial dis­ 1) The opposition to integration is sary in seeking solutions to this prob­ gation in the elementary schools; last so strong in Milton school community !ies as the 1956-57 school year opens. lem." year, it was permitted in the junior tinctions for public use. He says he is { See "School Boards and Schoolmen. ' ) keeping such distinctions for office rec­ and of such an emotional nature "that The Republican party's slate conven­ high schools and now the senior high any action which could apparently be ~ At least 4,100 Negro children out of ords in order to meet the needs of re­ tion selected Gov. J. Caleb Boggs to run schools are open to any qualified stu­ lawfully initiated by the school board, ~ ';1 total or about 11,000 in the state will Cor re-election. He has been described dent. searchers studying the various phases ct: .:>e in school districts that have varying looking toward integration and not as a "moderate" on the subject of inte­ However, the Wilmington board is of the developing integration pattern. . • , .oatterns of desegregation. gration. clearly forced upon the local board by adhering stricUy to attendance area some agency of higher authority than ~ ~ The accurate picture of the situation Soon after the Supreme Court de­ Most Important Plank \':· ' will not be apparent until the end of boundaries established some years ago. it, in this particular case, the state cision, Gov. Boggs instructed the Slate board of education, would be either ig­ t:: ' ..5eptember when the first net enroll- Department of Public Instruction to Hence, lhe pattern in Wilmington is • ....ment census in the schools is taken by that some schools that had been Negro nored completely or over-ridden by take what steps it thought were neces­ force." the State Department of Public Instruc­ sary and practical to comply with the will still have either all Negro students tion. decision. or an overwhelming number of Negro 2) The board of school trustees of the youths. In the meantime, the Democratic and At the time of the outbreak of diffi­ Milton white school does not possess facilities for the maintenance of law and 'Republican state conventions have been culties in the Milford school district TRANSFERS GIVEN held and have taken positions in their in the fall of 1954, Gov. Boggs kept in order "as would be required to enforce Transfers out of attendance areas to the first small step toward integration respective platforms with respect to constant touch with the situation, urged other schools within the city are being ... so long as there are numerous other "civil rights." (See "Political Activity." ) the people to maintain law and order, granted, but only aLter close study of but he was publicly criticized in some school districts in the vicinity in which 1:1 PLANKS SATISFY the reasons given. Dr. Ward 1 Miller, integration is not being likewise en­ quarters for not having taken what was superintendent of the Wilmington \ The Democratic and Republican del- forced." egations to the national conventions­ called "a stronger position." schools, reports that the requests for these delegations representing every However, his defenders counter­ transfer are exceptionally few. Also fac­ FEAR 'VIOLENCE' 1\.t~ section or the state-returned to their claimed that Gov. Boggs was maintain­ ulties are being integrated on a school­ 3) All school districts in Sussex home areas apparently satisfied with ing a moderate stand so as not to in­ by-school basis aLter consultation with County are essentially similar sociolog­ cr.; •• the civil rights planks for their par- name the situation. the principals. ically, so as to constitute what amounts l:'J ties. PICK CANDIDATE Wilmington school authorities have to a single community. Therefore, en­ f::~ At least there has been no stated ob- warned that it will become more and forcement of integration in Milton The Democrats of Delaware have more difficult to obtain racial statistics .~ ~ jeclion on the part of any one of the nominated J. H. Tyler McConnell of without substantially simultaneous en­ to: ~~t Pepublican or Democratic delegates to because the schools are beginning to forcement throughout the county would near Wilmington as their candidate for discontinue in their enrollment rec­ • ~· the national conventions to their par­ governor. A native of Virginia (and be calculated "to inflame resentment ~ .._.. ties' planks on civil rights. ords the customary distinctions of and to increase the likelihood of vio­ having once been a judge in Radford), "white" and "colored." ~~ State Sen. Walter Roey of near Mil­ McConnell is also considered as "mod­ lence." '>;e: ~ ford, a member of the Democratic dele­ erate" in the area of integration. Dr. Zenas R. Clark, director of re­ 4) There must be a "general and ,b: ~ j!ation to Chicago and an avowed segrc­ search and statistics for the Wilmington schematic" enforcement of integration :t«>-~ ~ationist, was quoted in the Wilmington schools, reports that a number of school -Wilml~ton Journal Everv-Evening throughout the entire county of Sussex, !'~n"-; k JountaL-Evertf Eveninq. as having said principals arc objecting to any kind of Del. ~ • · the Democratic party's national plank racial distinctions in their enrollment :t . on civil rights was agreeable to him. figures. He reports that the only reason STATE POSmON these distinctions are kept now~n a The state board of education of Del­ limited basis-is because the state De­ The newly organized board o£ educa­ aware, however, has taken the position The little school district of Christiana partment of Public Instruction is con­ tion of the Milton (white) school dis­ that a program of integration must orig­ t"..i "i near Newark, Del, one of the eight dis­ tinuing to request them. trict in Delaware's southernmost coun­ inate with the local school districts and '~.... The Delaware Democratic party in tricts named in a series of suits brought "I might also say," Dr. Clark adds, ty, Sussex, has petitioned the U.S. Dis­ then be submitted to the state board for ::..- :a convention late in August adopted as by the NAACP in the U.S. District "we are trying to keep these racial dis­ trict Court of Delaware to allow it to approval. ~1::1! its civil rights plank the exact wording Court of Delaware, will be the four­ tribution figures because SoUTHERN amend an answer filed by a previous Dr. George Miller, state superintend­ or the national Democratic party plank. teenth and latest district in the state ScHOOL NEws keeps asking us for them." board of education of the community to ent of public instruction, has indicated to undertake a partial program of de­ a suit instituted by the NAACP. b:.i tt was accepted without a dissenting According to the last enrollment cen­ that the state board oi education will Br.'. segregation. The essence of the first answer filed Cl1 :r ::t: vote, even though among the delegates sus in Wilmington, there were 9,122 not deviate from this position unless by the fonner board of education o! this i:l4 ll<• were known pro-segregationists from This district will attempt desegrega­ white children and 3,855 Negroes in the directed to do so by some higher au­ community was that a partial integra­ ~ . southern Delaware. tion in the lower grades. The district city schools. The latest census report thority in the state or by the courts. school has classes through the eighth tion program would be undertaken in - • As for the Republicans, they adopted of the Wilmington schools shows more Other arguments forwarded by the grade and had an enrollment of about than 2,580 Negro children were attend­ September of 1956-where and when JSI: this very brief plank in the platfonn new board of education of Milton in­ 250 white pupils last school year. ing schools with mixed classes. vacancies occur in the white school. 1 ~ of 1956 without a dissenting vote: clude such positions as: It is not known at present how many This answer stirred a controversy 280 OUTSIDE 1) If Negro children are admitted to t~U:: "We recognize the decision of the Negro children from the nearby areas within the school district which extends t ',"~ Supreme Court in the school segregation According to the office of Dr. John G. beyond the corporate limits of the town. the white school, more rooms would wiJl apply for admission. have to be built and the General As­ ::t !!:\ cases, as in all its other decisions, as Parres, director of research for the It was so great that a new board of ed­ n - the law of the land; however, ·we also WILMINGTON STATUS State Department of Public Instruction, ucation was created to supplant the old sembly has not taken any action toward that goal. :z:.rt:. recognize that the decision overturns On the broader scale in Delaware, about 280 Negro children will be at­ board and the principal of the Milton :;;<. the customs and traditions established all of Wilmington's 20 schrols, from tending schools in Delaware outside of school tendered his resignation. He is 2) The people of the town do not want a :.c. for generations throughout many scc­ kindergarten Uu-ough senior high Wilmington with mixed classes in the Edison Blevins who is now supervisor integration. ifJ i!!!!" tlons of the state, and that adjustment school, will be operated on what has new school year. Again, he advises, of an elementary school on the outskirts The district court has not yet acted .OOI]D to this decision can be accomplished been described as "a freedom of admis­ more accurate figures will not be avail­ of Wilmington in the northern part of upon the petition !or amending the only by lime, consideration and under- sion basis." able until the Sept. 30 census o{ net the state where desegregation is the original answer of the Milton school 1' standing. This will be the third year of deseg- enrollment is taken. prevailing policy. board. .,.:;:: school board and school officials) have rights plank at San Francisco. Virginia's not enter the meeting room, and Kasper The VEA's board of directors, meet­ ·~~ Vh·ginia refused to agree to abandon the practice two representatives on the platfonn was not arrested. ing in Fredericksburg on Aug. 7, dis­ of segregation and have made it plain committee-Lester Parsons Sr. of Nor­ Earlier in August, Kasper and three cussed the case of the two Appomattox illr· (Continued £rom P age 8) that they intend, if possible, to continue folk and Mrs. Hazel Barger of Roanoke other representatives of the Seaboard County teachers who were not rehired ~;;/~ it. Under this state of facts the plaintiffs -both voted in committee against the White Citizens Council were arrested this year by the county school board An entirely different approach to the arc undoubtedly entiUed to maintain this plank finally adopted. on charges of soliciting memberships for because of what the teachers said was ~-;.· whole problem was contained in two 1 action and to have the relief prayed for. that organization without written per­ their opposition to strong segregationist ~;~ bills offered by Sen. Edwat·d 0. McCue WANTED FLOOR FIGHT mission from city officials. Police Chlef views (See SSN, June). The board !LJ· t of Charlottesville. These provide that "It only t·emains to be determined as R. R. Harmon of Charlottesville, a to the time when an injunction restrain­ J. E. Adams said the men twice had adopted a statement suggesting that the &> •• ,.... the General Assembly would take ove•· member of the Virginia COP delegation, ing defendants from maintaining segre­ asked for such permission and had been Appomattox school board state the rea­ • ~ the entire operation of the schools from probably would have precipitated a denied it. The charges were nol prossed sons for not renewing the two teachers' _.. the localities. gated schools shall become effective ... floor fight on civil rights had the dele­ S: The defense has been one of seeking to when the cases were called for trial. contracts. • gation not voted 28 to 2 against his re­ 1 ~ The State Board of Education held a avoid any integration of the schools in On the afternoon of Saturday, Aug. ' closed session on Aug. 29. Newspapers quest that he be allowed to read on 20, Kasper addressed a public meeting either the near or the distant future. the convention floor a statement pro­ 1 • .., reported that a majority of the members They have given no evidence of any in the city's Mcintire Park, attended by expressed opposition to the governor's testing the civil rights plank. willingness to comply with the ruling Rep. Richard H. Poff, Republican, who about 250 local residents and about 30 . ., proposal to withhold state funds from of the Supreme Court at any time. In persons from northern Virginia., Wash­ The Virginia State Bar Association, J integrated schools. is seeking re-election to Congress from .~ ~ view of all these circumstances it is ington, Maryland and Delaware. J. But­ meeting at While Sulphur Springs, re­ the Sixth Virginia District, said neither ler Yowell, whose wife is president o£ jected a proposed resolution introduced ;:;:· .. The newspapers said that !our mem­ not seen where any good can be accom­ party's civil rights plank was acceptable .,...J.. hers opposed the governor's plan, pre­ plished by deferring the effective date the Clark Elementary School PI'A, by Alex W. Parker, chairman of the to him. He said "there is no essential served as temporary chairman for the Richmond Democratic Committee, which ~;;. ferring the original Gray Commission of the court's decree beyond the begin­ difference" between the two planks. proposals; that two were undecided, ning of the school session opening this meeting, but he later quit the council would have put the bar on record as and that one supported the governor. autumn ..." because he said he didn't like the group's advocating "maximum and total re­ Among scores of other bills presented tactics and thought their approach was sistance by all proper means" to the 1 ::t was one to allow localities to decide by "crude." Supreme Court's anti-segregation de­ ·. .: POLITICAl; cision. ,.:':!~ referendum whether they wanted to in­ : .. _.._ .._ •,,,. ..._ ...... ~_.f CRARLO'ITESVILLE RESOLUTION :,... legrate their schools. Instead, the association adopted a res­ Virginians played important roles in The Charlottesville City Council olution stating that the group continues ~ The General Assembly recessed on both national political party conven­ adopted a resolution, obviously aimed to deplore the present tendency of the . Wednesday, Aug. 29, wit.!) plans to rc­ tions in the efforts to get civil rights A cross-burning at a meeting of a at the Kasper group, which expressed pro-integration group and the arrest Supreme Court to invade the rights re­ ' 11'""' convene on Tuesday, Sept 4, when pub­ plat!onn planks acceptable to the South. opposition "to the activities of any in­ of four Seaboard White Citizens Council served to the states. ::.. ·1' lie hearings were to be held on the pro- Former Gov. John S. Battle of Char­ dividual or group of individuals which members on charges of unauthorized John T. Fey, the new clerk of the 1.: posed legislation. lottesville, a member o£ the Democratic are designed to incite the emotions and U. S. Supreme Court, does not believe soliciting of memberships were among prejudices of the citizens of Charlottes­ platform committee, was credited by recent events in the segregation con­ that pupil assignment or similar plans members of the Virginia delegation with ville on questions related to the issues to avoid compliance with the anti-seg­ troversy in Charlottesville. of racial segregation or integration." having much to do with keeping the The cross was burned on the lawn o{ regation decision would be upheld if committee !rom writing a "stronger Westminster Presbyterian Church on The board of directors of the Virginia appealed to the high tribunal. plank." The delegation thought the the night of Aug. 23 while a meeting Education Association last month dis­ Fey expressed his views in response plank was the best that could be got was being held inside to organize a solved the association's speech and dra­ to a question asked him following a talk under the circumstances, but they voted Charlottesville chapter of the Virginia ma section because it had admitted Ne­ to a group of commonwealth's attomeys ;;J:'· .A On Aug. 7 Federal Judge John Paul solidly against it to indicate that it still Council on Human Relations. The meet­ groes as members. The VEA, a state­ attending the Local Government Offi­ . of the Western District of Virginia is­ was not what they would have liked. ing itself was interrupted occasionally wide organization of white teachers, pro­ cials conference at Charlottesville on rJ..""' sued a !onnal order in the Charlottes­ BatUe and Mrs. John Garland Pollard of by John Kasper of Washington, D. C., hibits admission of Negroes. The cor­ Aug. 28. " _.. ville case to carry out his previously Richmond, Virginia's other representa­ executive secretary of the Seaboard responding organization for Negro An estimated 500 o£ the 620 persons ~ · announced intention of requiring de­ tive on the platfonn committee, had White Citizens Council. teachers is the Virginia Teachers Asso­ attending the conference adopted a res­ f:': ~ segregation at the start of the 1956-57 voted against the plank in committee. ciation. olution saying they were "unequivocally 1.1 : •• school year. On Aug. 27, Judge Paul The delegation gave its 32 votes to Battle POLICE SUM1\10NED Martin H. Spielberg of Arlington, pres­ opposed to any integration in any public !rl"' J.'Y granted a stay of execution of the order as a "favorite son" Presidential candi­ C. E. Moran Jr., temporary chairman, ident of the speech and drama section school in the commonwealth of Vir­ ;.~·_ .... pending an appeal of the case. date. finally asked Kasper if he was going to (one of 26 sections in the VEA), said ginia." They called on the General As­ ,,.~, In his Aug. 7 order Judge Paul said, in Stale Sen. Ted Dalton of Radford, make it necessary to call police, and their were about six Negro members sembly to "enact such legislation as is til' part: COP national committeeman from Vir­ Kasper reportedly replied: "If you and that they were members when he necessary to prevent the integration of "The defendants (CharlottesviUe ginia, worked for a "moderate" civil wish." Police were called, but they did became president last October . the races in the public schools." PAGE 10--SEPTEMBER 1951>-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS N w N. C. 'Not Expecting Difficulty;' College Enr~lls 2 ~~~:rl eo, th,~~ 1 RALEIGH, N.C. ments, Gov. Hodges appointed Editor 'Gee \VIu z-Wh ~ l Am ' amendments. mclude: N ORTH CAROLINA'S public schools "are Holt McPherson of the 1-Hg~ Point Anyway? Slate _Jun•or Chamber of '-"'•nrno.. a ·· not expecting any difficulty" from E1tterprise as chairman of the Gover- the Jumor Order of . the segregation issue as they begin their nor's Committee for the Public School 1cs, the N. C. Education biggest year. Amendments." As head of the womcn"s Exchange Clubs in the state section of the committee (which has a associponents include Bishop Vincent As September began there was not a over-confidence are the chief foes of Waters of the CaU10lic Diocese o£ single instance of desegregation save at those planks. The unit voting rule was not employed. the amendments, which he said "'are Jeil!h (including the entire state the college level. Two Negro women gaining in favor." In a 1953 special. el~c- for Gaston County) a~d the were admitted to the Woman's College, At delegation caucuses at the Dem­ ocratic convention in Chicago, chief lion on $50 million in school bu1ldmg and Winston-Salem uruts o£ University of North Carolina in Greens­ bonds and $22 million in mental insti- ican Association of University boro. (See "In the Colleges.") emphasis was placed on the wording of the platform as it related to the U.S. tution bonds only 196,762 persons The state Parent-Teachers ~"'te rem­ our present system of school operatiar. lic apathy was the greatest danger. pend local schools. schools · of Montgomery County. The He !'aid the plan provides a degree (See "Political Activity.") edies are set out in the 1955 pupil as­ ( ) AGAINST constitutional continuance was ordered because an signment law. flexibility of choice in allowing Several statewide organizations an­ amendment authorizing education attorney for the Montgomery school munities to determine the pattern nounced for the amendments, and there expense grants for private educa­ board is confined to a hospital. A defi­ their educational program, and it was little organized opposition. Lead­ tion and authorizing local vote to nite date was not fixed fot· the case. vides opportunities for the ing opponent was the Catholic Bishop­ suspend local schools. In Richmond, Va., the Fourth Circuit each community to express their ric of the state. (See "What They Say.") Court of Appeals was asked to order Organizations which have declared erences before a school can be pended. White members of the stale board education (the board includes one Only 3 W.Va. Counties Have Fully Segregated SysteiDs gro, Dr. H. L. Trigg) met privately CHARLESTON, W.Va. words, were placed at previously all­ It slacked off last year, and a highly each child effectively, the development a formal board meeting and Negro schools and white teachers at placed source in state educational circles of a strong teachers' union affiliated statement backing the school plan WHEN sCHOOLS OPEN in West Virginia the end that our public schools only three counties will have fully white schools. said this week that he wouldn't be sur­ with the AFL-CIO, and schools staffed prised if a shift back toward segregated saved." segregated systems. The other 52 either 'WAIT- AND-SEE' by professionally qualified teachers who have no Negroes, have ordered partial schools was evident after the colleges through training and experience have PLAN CALLED 'UNCHRISTIAN' This was interpreted by both the open this fall. desegregation or will be totally de­ NAACP and state school authorities as developed a high sense of social and In opposition, Catholic Bishop segregated on the first day of school. a tacit announcement that the status He attributed the notable movement moral responsibility." did not mention the plan but (See "School Boards and Schoolmen.") of Negro and white students toward col­ quo would be maintained. A wait-and­ PARTY PLATFORMS mistakable references to it in a ..-·-.,1 ...... A state labor group meeting at Hunt­ see attitude has been adopted by the leges in their own localities immediate­ letter. He condemned the plan ly after the court handed down its ruJ­ The Democrats at Charleston a week ington (see "Community Action") and NAACP, which has spearheaded the Catholic, un-Christian and .... , ...v,..,w.M 1 the state Democratic and Republican court battles heretofore initiated to de­ ing to the novelty of desegregation. That later were more specific. They resolved tiona!. parties adopted resolutions dealing with segregate the public schools. has worn off now, he added, and Ne­ that no child should be deprived of full gt·oes and whites are moving back to­ educational advantages because of race, Bishop Waters said in effect that segregation-desegregation, while at Harry E. Dennis, former principal of conflict involving racial prejudices their respective national conventions Charleston's Garnet High School, re­ ward the schools that were previously color and creed. They also endorsed the all-white and all-Negro. Supreme Court's position on desegrega­ equality of educational West Virginia delegates (see "Political signed as assistant principal at the coun­ should be settled constitutionally on Activity") approved platform planks on ty's technical high school with a blast tion and said its rulings deserve full public compliance. national basis. " . . . The rights civil rights. at the school board. minorities are recognized under Meanwhile, a hearing date was set Dennis said he was quitting because Next day at Clarksburg the Republi­ constitution as in no other for the one pending school desegregation he was demoted to a lesser job at lower cans wrote a similar civil rights plank the known world. This is to our suit in West Virginia. (See "Legal Ac­ pay. Dennis stated in his letter of resig­ into their platlorm. They resolved that: ry ..." tion.") nation, "I feel I have not been treated "The Constitution of the United States fairly by the Kanawha County school State Rep. Dan K. Edwards of recognizes no distinction among Ameri­ ham, one of only two members of system by being demoted with the sub­ One court case is pending, that cans because of race, color, religion or sequent reduction in salary. special session of the General brought in Cabell County two months national origin and guarantees them bly to vote against submission "I am cognizant that during this pe­ ago by the NAACP against the board equal treatment by both federal and riod of transition some changes have to amendments, said the plan was .. ~,..... ,...... of education. There has been no move state governments. ed as "a punitive deterrent" to be made, but I fail to see why one's for continuance, and the suit has been "In order that that guarantee may be race should overshadow his ability, ex­ the NAACP from pushing for furlll­ set for hearing in federal court on realized and secured for all people of intcgration through the courts. With the opening of school this fall perience, qualifications and excellent Sept. 5. West Virginia, we pledge our party to 20 county school systems will be de­ record as an employe of the Kanawha The case is styled Michael D. Pierce a program of equal rights and privi­ EDWARDS IS CRmCAL segregated, three will not, ll had no County Board of Education. et als. v. the Board of Education of leges for all citizens, irrespective of race, Negroes when the 1954 court ruling was "Such actions when predicated on an Edwards took issue with backers handed down, and the remaining 21 Cabell County. The NAACP's state color, religion or national origin and we the plan who said it will "save obvious discriminatory basis., as was president, T. G. Nutter of Charleston, further pledge the full use of the powers counties in the state will be partially de­ stated in our (with Supt. L. K. Leven­ school system." He said, segregated. says "Cabell County is making no real and prestige of the office of the gover­ it will save our schools only if it stein) conversation, are contrary to the progress to desegregate the schools." nor, the executive branch and the leg­ Biggest changes since last spring's principles upon which I base my phi­ used. It does not provide for the . school closing will be in Kanawha Coun­ islative branch of our state government lishment of private schools to take losophy regarding the rights of an in­ to that end." ty, the state's largest, and Ohio, heav­ dividual. Also, I cannot accept the con­ place of public schools which ily populated Northern Panhandle steel clusion that my race is sufficient reason closed, and docs not assure Ute producing county. to prevent advancement in the school ued education of any child Meanwhile, the State CIO Council, in North Carolina." Both will completely desegregate their system." at its state convention in Huntington systems this fall after testing public Joel A. Johnson of Four Oaks, lit­ DECLINES CO!\DIENT Aug. 2, and the Democratic and Repub­ sentiment with partial desegregation lican parties, at their respective state publican c.,ndidate for the U. S. last year. No trouble developed during Levenstein declined comment on the conventions in Charleston Aug. 10 and and opponent of Democratic the 1955-56 school term and none has Dennis letter. Later, when approached J. Ervin Jr., said the plan on another matter by another individ­ Clarksburg Aug. 12, formalized their On the platform drafting subcommit­ been threatened this term. positions regarding public schools. more plainly unconstitutional if The trio of counties still segregated ual, he said all Negro teachers have tee for the Democratic national conven­ tion at Chicago was fomter Second Dis­ rstale Advisory Education) are Berkeley, Hampshire and Jefferson been placed in the desegregated county­ Without taking a position on the had used all their brains to make wide school system. court's desegregation ruJing, the CIO, trict Congressman Jennings Randolph in the Eastern Panhandle. Race :md race only is the basis for with 32,000 members in a score or more (now a high official in Capital Airlines.) C. T. Hairston, assistant superintend­ ting a tuition grant, and race is the DOUBT RAISED of industrial unions in the state, unani­ ent who has been active in the desegt·e­ "I think we can make a forthright and only basis the Supreme Court A question of doubt about the in­ gation program, said he knew of no mously reaffirmed its support of the statement of support o! the Supreme can't be used-health, aptitude, tentions of six other counties existed in complaints elsewhere in the state which principle that every child should be Cow·t's 1954 anti-segregation decision," the minds of personnel at the State compare to that made by Dennis. given the opportunity to master the and pupil welfare are all righL if Randolph said, "and I also feel we can doesn't show up as the real basis." Board of Education and officials of the "Other teachers," he said, "seem to basic tools of learning, some knowledge provide a cushion of time and a flexibil­ National Association for the Advance­ be cooperating in the movement, and of the humanities, fine arts and liberal ity that will allow a gradual rather than In Greensboro, the superintendent ment of Colored People. only time will tell whether they (the arts, some degree of manual dexterity, an abrupt adherence." citv schools, Ben L. Smith. declared opposition to the proposed amcndrnet: All six of them agreed to desegregate Negro teachers) will have a chance for and an understanding of his duties, Practically every one of the 24 mem­ last year after Federal Judge Ben Moore "The hour of desegregation has advancement." rights and responsibilities in democratic bers of the West Virginia convention reached an agreement with the Green­ government. delegation agreed with this stand, but and it is lhe position of brier County Board of Education to the world which the U.S. has The council urged implementation in when the Democratic platform finally completely desegregate this fall. Those West Virginia "through a program of reached the floor at Chicago's inter­ which makes it inevitable," Smith··" besides Greenbrier are: Raleigh, Sum­ adequate well-built school housing, a "The decision of the Supreme CoUJ· mers, Mercer, McDowell and Logan. national amphitheatre, they voted as In the state colleges, pre-enrollment democratically administered school sys­ a bloc for the committee's recommend­ the law." While they announced that they would figures do not indicate the volume of tem, statewide compulsory attendance ed civil rights plank. abide by the Supreme Court's 1954 de­ desegregation. State colleges were ot·d­ laws, free textbooks, and a curriculum cision, they finished placing their teach­ ered desegregated immediately follow­ At lhe Republican convention in San so varied and enriched as to assure to Francisco, the West Virginia delegation e•·s earlier in the summer without shift­ ing the 1954 decision, and in the first each child the fullest development of ing from the segregated program of pre­ year there was a marked movement to­ also went along with the civil rights After predicting there would be ~ his personal capacity, classes small plank, as it did lhe whole party plat­ vious years. Negro teachers, in other ward integration. enough to enable the teacher to teach segregation difficulties for the form, without dissent. (Continued on Next Page) .. , SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 195b-PAGE II ~ 0 BALTIMORE, Md. "Several studies made in areas where ~(Oil£ THAN RALF THE COUNTTES of Mary- complete desegregation has been prac­ "< land arc admitting some Negro<'S to More Than Half of Maryland Counties ticed have indicated a lowering of school mely all-while schools thts fall standards that is detrimental to all chil­ dren. Experience in other areas has also "'· ner counties have opened \Yhil<' Now Opening Once All-White Schools shown that bitter local opposition to de­ 1001 doors to Negro applicnnts. but segregation in a school system not only .1ccepted, and the nun1ber of white pu­ Very slow •• 1e bas applied. All together, 19 coun­ lion of our dual system of government, prevents an orderly transition, but also pils thereby placed in integrated situa­ as provided for under the Constitution WlUe dUJercnce adversely affects the whole educational ~ , and Baltimore cily have dcst'gre­ tions, will not be known until fall en­ Some jon policies in effect, leaving only of the United States and the amend­ Does not mix with others program. rollments are complete. ments thereto." (g) Emotional controi- No-7. "With these factors in mind, the Har­ 'E ar counties without some sort of pro- (h) Truthfulneu-No-6 The civil rights issue is not a subject Williams said that Sept. 7 had been ford County Board of Education has 1.... un under way. or these remtuning Some N~ children f\nd It difficult of political controversy in Maryland at set as the hearing date for the Anne adopted a policy for a gradual, but u, one has no Negro school children to be truthful In self-evaluation lhis time. The Maryland delegations to Arundel petition, which was filed two when they are In d1fficult situations orderly, program for desegregation .... ! ~ d hence is not a part of the dcscgre­ the Democratic and Republican con­ weeks ahead of the Howard County Ill Honesty-No-7. The board has approved applications for ~ ~ Lion picture, and anothc1· (St. Mary's) (j) LanguaJe developmentr-Ye~~-2; No- ventions accepted the civil rights planks case. Anne Arundel school officials the transfer of Negro pupils from announced that elemenla1·y school 3. 5 of their respective parties without open sought the legal aid of the attorney Wmlted colored to white schools in the first ,. segregation will begin next fall. discussion and almost without public general's office and the state board of Negroes are below while children three grades in the Edgewood Elemen­ .:.; ~ The number of Negroes entering comment. The only criticism expressed (k) Attention span-Ye~~-1 ; No-5. education in replying to the suit. Atty. Generally shorter among Negroes tary School and the Halls Cross Roads t . 1ite schools is expected to be small. by a delegate was that of State Sen. Gen. C. Ferdinand Sybert declined the (l) Concentration lability to concentrate) Elementary School. Children living in ';; ' hile registrations in some counties Harry A. Cole, a Negro Republican, who invitation saying that the state was not - Yes-!; No-S. these areas are already living in inte­ • . !re not complete in late August. the !'aid that while the Republican plank a par·ty to the suit and that while his General ability Is lower among Ne­ grated housing, and the adjustments was stronger than the Democratic one, groes Uook was Cor about 1,600 Negro chi!­ office may act in defense of slate depart­ (m) Memory (Ability to memorize)­ will not be so great as in the rural areas :: ,.,.,. en to be attending mixed classes in he was "not completely satisfied." ments, it may not serve as counsel for N~. of the county where such relationships '!'·. counties. These 13 counties have a county school boards. The state board (n) Interest In school work-No-7. do not exist. ''tal of 258,009 white and 27,798 Negro (o) ThlnldnJ nnd reasoning power-­ of education was expected to take a No--4 Other desegregation developments aplls in their school systems (as or last similar position. Little dltierence compared to others across the state included these: cit.. U). With Baltimore city added in, a on same IQ level The board of education of Charles ., , ugh estimate was that about 7,000 Ne­ Less nmonc Nesroes County (3,436 white, 2,787 Negro pupils) (p) ParUclpatlon ln school actlvltles.­ i~ oes would be integrated in school No--4 on Aug. 28 reviewed and gave its ap­ · _ stems having a total of 345.922 white Does not participate proval of five Negro applications for ad­ · .: 1d 86.668 Ncwo pupils. Maryland as Two suits were filed in county circuit Negro students partlcJpate in all ac. mission to first grade classes. All five Caroline County, on Maryland's East­ ·' whole bas 378.766 white and 102,955 courts during August by parents seek­ UviUes applications were for admission to ern Shore, erased its classification as the Less among Ne~may be due to school children (1955-56 enroll­ mg to maintain separate schools for Head elementary school, which egro only county in the state which bad not minority Indian ll ent.) whites and Negroes. On the other side fu!luctant untH lnvlted but always serves a naval installation and also a announced a desegregation policy or ap­ of the issue, the National Association for lnvlted community which includes a number of Under the "voluntary desegregation" pointed a study group to work out a (q) General Conduct- No--3. the Advancement of Colored People on federal employes who commute to ~- ~ >licy adopted by most Maryland coun­ policy. The new county superintendent In the classroom No--3 Aug. 28 filed in federal district court a ln the corridors No--2 Washington. ~ ~the majority of Negro school chi!­ of schools, Wilbur S. Hoopengardner, !-ccond suit against the board of edu­ In the cafeteria No-2 ~ . ·en in the stale were given an oppor­ reported to the press in August: cation of Harford County. An ea1·lier In the lavatories No-2 Prince George's• County (1955-56 . r ~.nity to apply for admission to white "The Board of Education has been and on the playground No-2 t ·hools this fall. The open-doo1· policy suit was dropped last March by the Satisfactory to oil. Except table man­ school population: 43,615 white; 6,360 slill is giving the problem of integration ner. Negro better. Negro children :.:..-. ~plied to all grades in 12 counties. It NAACP when school officials announced Negro) received 107 applications from that desegregation would begin this fall. m the schools very careful study. It were noisy at first but hove adjusted Negroes seeking admission to white '3S limited to the first grade in Charles previously requested a committee of its to our standards. Regular bathroom The NAACP is not satisfied with the habits not established schools in the second year of the "'- 1>Unty, to the first three grades in Anne own membe1-s to summarize their think­ ;:-:,·.:;: .rundel and Talbot counties, to the first limited nature of the desegregation pro­ (r) General atutude-No--3 county's desegregation program. Per­ gram subsequently adopted by the ing and submit a statement of policy for toward fellow students No-2 mission was granted to 98, raising the ti:!~ tree grades of two schools in Harfo•·d consideration at a future board meeting. toward student leaders No--4 1 county. (See "What They Say.") ~ a...- ounly, to the first five grades in How­ townrd teachers No-3 total for the fall semester to 158 Negroes This report was received at the regular in 19 formerly all-white schools. ..-a,l~ rd County and to the 12th grade in The two white mandamus actions toward the school No--4 al!ainst county boards of education were August meeting and is now under con­ toward rules and regulations No--4 ».<, orchester County. In addition, 22 pu- sideration by the board." SaUstactory In all filed by George Washington Williams, a Anne Arundel County• (23,594 white, 1 ·'"'='!Is in a partially burned-out school in Very slow In maklng social adjust­ An evaluation of the first year of de­ :::,. ~~ rederick County were assi~med to two Baltimore lawyer who sought the Dem­ ment 5,289 Negro school children) received segregation in Prince George's County, Hesitant; aloof -~ .- hite schools in the town of Brunswick. ocratic senatorial nomination last spring 53 applications under a recently adopted where 67 Negroes were enrolled in eight (s) Personal-social problerm.-No-5. • ::t c-3ee "School Boards and School men.") on a segregation platform. The suits are Does not seem to belong policy of admitting Negroes to the first in behalf of nine parents in Anne Arun­ formerly all-white schools, was made by (t ) Parental pressures-No-S. three grades of white schools. Twenty­ l'i the principals involved, in response to a t ~ ),000 INVOLVED del County and 28 in Howard County. Le,ss among NeJrOCS so fnr nine applications were approved and 24 The cases are being pushed by the pro­ questionnaire from the county school (u) Economic security-Ves-t : N~ . On the basis of last year's enrollment (v) Travel and other broadening expe­ rejected. County superintendent o£ segre~ation Maryland Petition Commit­ administration. Part of the evaluation. rlence.-Yes--2; No--3. schools David S. Jenkins was reported t :-7 1 the counties and grades subject to unique in Maryland, was printed in the ::. · · oluntary desegregation, about 25,000 lee. Williams said, and indicated that Very limited as saying that most of those rejected had August issue of SoUTHERN SCHOOL N£Ws. Less amonJ Negroes t- egro pupils in 19 counties were given suits in other counties would follow. failed to meet the requirement that in Another section follows. NPgro more limited ; - s:!le choice of remainin'C in Negro schools The petitioners seek writs of man­ (w) Soeclal talents (art. musle. dance. order to transfer to a white school it !.:.': -r aoplying for admission to white damus "commanding" county school drama. etc.\-Yes-1: No--4 must be nearer to Negro pupils than the QUESTIONS LISTED Very limited · ~·hools. They reoresented 60 per cent of boards "to establish and maintain sep­ school they have been attending. The beads of desegregated schools Athletics (boys) II the Negro school children in Mary­ arate public schools for colored children Groun Is too small for this to be in accordance with the requirements of were asked, "From your experience this slgnlftcant Howard County •(4,466 white, 1,085 md's 23 counties. With Baltimore city year, limited though it be, have you dis­ ib1U!' 1cluded. the doors of white schools in Sections 207 and 208 of Article 77 of the Negro pupils) received 13 applications cerned any significant differences be­ E.l:.c--1aryland were opened to approximate­ Annotated Code of Maryland, 1951." under its new policy of admitting Ne­ tween Negro and white pupils in the groes to the first five grades. All 13 were ,b::...f 87,000 Negro pupils. or close to 85 per CHARGES ERRORS following?" The question was divided of all Negro school children in the approved. •c; nnt Taking the position that the state into 23 sections, with some principals le ;;.:.tate. school-segregation laws are still valid, giving "yes" or "no" answers and others Talbot County (2,•597 white, 1,269 Ne- :.: 'ZiJ The number or white children in the Williams says in his 20-page petition making comments. The categories and gro pupils) remained in August the arne counties and grades subject to de­ Tucker R. Dearing, an NAACP attor­ that the Supreme Court school segrega­ responses are given here verbatim: only county on the Eastem Shore prop­ ~~:-. egregation policies was about. 231,000, ney, said in an interview that Negro tion decisions "contain substantial errors (a) Academic achlevement-Yes-1; No er that had received applications from ~ r approximately 80 per cent of the -4. school children had been done an in­ of both law and fact." The petitioners, Negroes to enter white schools. Talbot ~ a;r-ounties' white school population. With therefore, " have fell it to be a duty to All have fallen in low average groups justice in Harford County where only Negroes nre generally lower received 42 requests and admitted 10 ::;::c.: laltimore city added, the total rises to 15 out of 59 Negro applications for themselves and to their said inrant chil­ (b) Personal health-No-7. Negro pupils to the first three grades :-~ • .pproximately 318,900, or about: 84 per dren, and to be warranted as taxpayers (c) Personul cleanliness-No-S. transfers to white schools were accepted. of two white schools. Opportunities to Dearing said that the NAACP had ~: ~ ~t of all white school children in and citizens of the state of Maryland in LlUie difference make transfer requests were given to ,:;e .laryland. making this attempt to preserve the Some dropped its suit against Harford Coun­ (d) Muscular coordlnatlon-N~. Negroes in Kent, Queen Anne's, Som­ s • While some 25.000 Negro pupils in present and long-range interest of their, Good. better than whites ty Last spring with the understanding erset, Wicomico. Dorchester (twelfth 4aryland counties had an opportunity and other parents and children like-sit­ (e) Energy output-No--4. that white schools would be opened to grade only), and Worcester counties, Less. work and play more slowly T.:'~ o apply for admission to white schools, uated, and such others as may wish to Negroes this fall. "If they had just inte­ but none were received. AU lie on the Wttle difference grated the 50-odd plaintiffs, it would r ~ mly about 1,700 asked to change join this proceeding, and their, and the High Eastern Shore and have from 20 to 41 ~- ·~hools. The exact number of Negroes general public interest in the preserva- (f) Soc:lai adjuslment-No--3. have been all right," he explained. (For per cent Negro pupils in their school county's position see "School Boards populations. and Schoolmen.") ~-~;r~ ------:t"J.. fl Now, according to Dearing, the Dorchester County• (3,706 white, 1,792 olina mountains as the fall term opened senior class and a member of the Na­ NAACP is following two courses of ac­ Negro pupils) became the first county dtt North Carolina on Aug. 30. They were refused admis­ tional Honor Society. tion. A suit in federal court was filed in Maryland to adopt a policy of be­ sion, without incident. (Continued from Page 10) Woman's College officials expressed in late August on behalf of some of the ginning desegregation in an upper confidence the admission of the two Ne­ , chool year, Dr. Carroll, Stale Superin­ County Superintendent of Schools Negroes denied admission to white grade. Asked why Dorchester had be­ gro girls will be accepted "calmly" by •· i end.ent of Public Instruction, said "only T. L. Woodward told the Negroes they schools. An appeal on behali of others gun at the top, county school Supt. - . ime will tell" whether future school could not be admitted because of im­ the more than 2,000 students on the will be taken to the state board of ed­ James G. Busick replied: "We believe campus. Dr. W. W. Pierson, acting ;,;;~~J ears will witness difficulty. At the propet· registration. Said he: "If you ucation in accordance with Judge that it is more feasible to start with the chancellor of the school, said, "They ~f: · ;ame time, Carroll disclosed the present want to apply for admission next year, Roszel C. Thomsen's ruling in the St. twelfth ~trade. since the socio-economic will be treated as any other students, ;~. ::t etehool enrollment is expected to in­ you will have to register within 10 Mary's County case that Negro plaintiffs status of the children at that age in the and have rights which will be pro­ :, lil :;~::rease 25,000 above last year's record days after the close or the school term, should first exhaust their aclministrative oublic schools is more alike." As of tected.'' ~ l:¢>f 1,021,000. There were 32.318 tcache•·s according to the 1955 legislative school remedies. Harford County lies in last fall Dorchester had 188 white and Dr. Pierson said the Negro students ~::t ~t year; between 800 and 900 new assignment law." northern Maryland and ranks 14th 63 Negro pupils in the twelfth grade. will have access to all the facilities of ·l._o1f'.eachers have been added, ru1d the sup­ This was the only instance reported among Maryland's 23 counties in per­ the college and added "no double "' >ly still is not sufficient. thus Car in which Negro students at­ centage of Negro pupils, with 11,889 Carroll County (•8,899 white, 474 Ne- standards in grading will be tolerated." , :);>) In Raleigh. the Rev. S. F. Daly, say- templed to enter a white school in the white and 1,428 Negro school children gro pupils) had 15 Ne~oes in two for­ Also he said "there will be no specious ·.. ~:,:ng he sooke onlv Cor himself, urged enrolled last year. merly white schools last year. and is state this year. charity" with regard to academic rec­ '· ~~ :he Raleigh school board to take steps expecting only 10 this year in the same ords of the students. ... ,.··,.o start gradual inte~ration. He urged two schools. One family of six moved 1 ••~ •opointment of a biracial committee. away, and only one new admission re­ : ~;.: avorable to integration, to make the quest was received. ~ ~ ;tart Last March the Harford County ~ ~ The board voted to consider the rec­ Vice President Richard M. Nixon Board of Education adopted the recom­ Cecil County (7,874• white, 510 Ne- . .,_; )mmendation at its next meetin~. then spoke at three western North Carolina mendation of its 25-member citizens de­ gro pupils) also has experienced little ·~ :et the next meeting for one week after Two Negroes were admitted to the religious assemblies and urged south­ segregation advisory group which had change in its second year of desegre­ .• .-~Jte opening of Ralei~h schools. Thus freshman class of Woman's College, Uni­ em churches to speed compliance with resolved that "any child regardless of gation. No applications have been re­ . Daly's re1uest for integration will not ve•-sity of Norlh Carolina, in Greens­ the court decision outlawing school race may make individual application ported at schools other than Bainbridge r- "Je considered until the schools already boro. They are believed to be the first segregation. He spoke to Presbyterians, to the board of education to be admit­ Elementary School which serves the in­ <}re in operation. Negro girls admitted to a state-sup­ Baptists and Methodists. ted to a school other than the one at­ tegrated Bainbridge Naval Traininjl ,.· .PUPlL ASSIGNMENTS UNCHANGED ported woman's college south of Vir­ In Chapel Hill, sales of season tickets tended by such child." Rules and Center. Twenty Netm>eS are expected to the summer swimming course spon­ regulations governing the granting of there, which is about eight more than ... ·.? Numbers of county boards of educa­ ginia . sored by the University of North Car­ transfer requests were left up to the last year. .. :lion announced they will assign pupils Mrs. Bettye Ann Davis Tillman, 19, olina were halted. Chancellor R. B. board. It was on the basis o£ this action Frederick County (11,246 whlte, 1,124 , ·t on the same basis as last year, thus in­ of Wadesboro, and Miss Elizabeth Jo Ann Smart of Raleigh will begin their House said the action was taken because that the NAACP dropped its suit against Negro pupils), which had been expect­ ;; · surin~ a continuance of segregation. "inquiries were made on behalf of Ne­ the county board in federal district to have a desegregation in · ,.... , In Chapel Hill, a Newo, Prec;ton R. studies in September and will room ed policy together on the campus in the fresh­ gro children." No Negro children ac­ court. effect this fall, has confined itself to ; (('!Weaver, announced he has withdrawn tually applied, he said. In August the board of education an­ one emergency measure. Fire destroyed ' an aonlication for admittSouthern Manifesto, to be gov­ tor of Texas State Teachers Assocla- did not seek re-election. Neither Wilson Waco ordered desegregation ernor. (See "Political Activity.") lion estimated that 72,000 white and nor Moore could be describe~ as pro- lhe first grade, then postponed Angry white citizens sought to pre­ S 600 Negro classroom teachers will be integration from their public statc- order after a public meeting. vent Negroes !rom enrolling at Mans­ n'eeded this year. He eslima~ that a mcnts; however Moore did cr~ticize the "The question is not if but field High School under a Federal Court shortage of qualified teachers will cause pro-segregation questions whtch Texas !;aid Dr. Howard Dudgeon, r-·--...... ~ order. (See "Legal Action.") Te.xas schools to use about 5,000 sub- Democrats approved in a referendum the Waco board. Dallas and most other large Texas standard white teachers. J 1 28 The Dallas board announced cities will retain segregation this fall. He called it the "worst year" for the vote on u Y . study of problems of (See "School Boards and Schoolmen.") teacher shortage in Texas. The Texas SJIIVERS PLANS MESSAGE l;lal'led a year ago, is Texas State Teachers Association Education Agency, backed by t~e Fu~d Gov. Shivers took no part in the races Twelve areas have been spokesmen rejected a suggestion that for the Advancement of Education, will this summer, except to issue one state- study. Reports are complete Negroes be employed to teach where begin in September an experimental ment inferentially criticizing Yarbo- of these, the board said. The n .... ; .:..~r• . there is a shortage of white teachers. program to recruit . ~d ~ t~achers rough, who was defeated by Shivers in continue segregation was (See "What They Say.") by commercial televiSIOn. Th1s ~ill per- two previous races for governor. . after the board heard spo1kesmen Gainesville College announced il has mit housewives and others holdmg non- The governor is known to be studymg for the NAACP and the Texas c-th.I-....W\'111, accepted a Negro student, making 18 teaching college degrees to qualify for the segregation court decisions and Council. integrated Texas colleges. (See " In the jobs. They may teach on temporary per- Jaws passed recently in southern states, Colleges.") mits while studying via TV. with a view to making recommenda­ DALLAS TRIAL SET Atty. Gen. John Ben Shepperd an­ tions to the Texas legislature before he Meanwhile, U. S. District nounced plans to appeal from a decision SUGGESTS NEGRO TEACHERS leaves office. Whether this would be liam H. Atwell set for trial Sept. that Lamar State College of Technology Mrs. James S. Crate of Houston, done in a special legislative session t h'IS year-old lawsuit (Bell v. Rim) at Beaumont must admit Negroes. (See president of the Texas Commission on fall, or in his message to the new leg- ing to open white schools of Race Relations, suggested that Negro "Legal Action.") teachers be used to fill vacancies in islature in January, remains to be seen. 27 Negro students. Judge The new governor will take office in missed the case last year as nre!IW:At' white or desegregated schools. January, but the outgoing executive PRICE DANIEL This drew a rebuff from Charles and recenUy was ordered by the will make recommendations to the law­ Nominee-Apparent Tennyson, executive secretary for Texas U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals to State Teachers Association. He declared makers. on the merits. The Dallas News survey indicates this "is not the solution to the problem Price Daniel has not yet resigned his Judge Atwell rejected a plea that this fall will find about 500,000 by any means" and that local boards by Senate seat, but two candidates have NAACP attorneys to try the case white and 25,000 Negro students in "in­ U. S. Dist. Judge Joe Estes, comply­ custom do not employ Negro teachers announced to be his successor. A spe- school opens on Sept. 4. The tegrated situations," compared to 410,- for white students. cial election may be called in November board sought to appeal to the U. ing with the Circuit Court's order 000 whites and 21,000 Negroes last year. (Jackson v. Rawdon), ordered Mans­ TSTA's Sturgeon added there is no to be held with the general election. preme Court from the New field to admit Negroes to its high school. IN MIXED CLASSES proof that any sizeable surplus of quali- One candidate is James P. Hart, !or- circuit court's decision. The Fifth U. S. Circuit Court of Ap­ Actually attending mixed classes will fled Negro teachers exists, although he mer Texas Supreme Court justice and peals rejected a request from the Mans­ be about 315,000 white and 3,380 Negro noted there is "some evidence" that the former chancellor of the University of field School Board to delay enforcement pupils; compared to 260,000 whites and supply exceeds the demand. There are Texas. Hart, 51. called for support of for one year of its order to admit Ne­ 2,650 Negroes a year ago. many holders of unused teaching cer- U. S. Supreme Court segregation deci- groes to the town's only high school Kerrville, Waco and Lockney districts tificates both among the white and Ne- sions. Atty. Gen. Shepperd gave notitt (Jackson. v. Rawdon). Negroes have have rescinded plans for integration this gro population, Sturgeon said, adding "The only course which is left, con- appeal from the decision of U. S. been carried by bus to Fort Worth, 20 fall. Some districts, like Seguin, have that it does not mean these are avail- sistent with respect for law and order, trict Judge Lamar Cecil that two miles away. dropped segregation starling in Sep­ able for teachlng jobs. is to recognize the Supreme Court's de­ applicants must be admitted to Three Negro children were reported tember but officials predict all Negroes cision and comply with it in good faith State College for Technology at ready to enroll, although two signed up will continue to attend separate schools and with due deliberation," Hart said in mont. at least temporarily to attend a Fort by choice. his announcement. The attorney general contended Worth school. Crowds estimated at 250 Several superintendents reported to Hart told questioners that be would many parents of both r aces prefer to 400 appeared at the school, threaten­ the Dallas News that desegregation is Sen. Price Daniel apparenUy defeated not sign the Southern Manifesto. Earli­ ing violence to anybody who attempted Austin Atty. Ralph Yarborough by their chlldren to attend segregated expected to start in 1957. These include er he had criticized the "interposition" leges, and that facilities for filling to admit Negroes. some 3,500 votes in the Democratic race Port Arthur, which would be the first movement. demand should be maintained as East Texas district to take the step. for governor. About 1,400,000 persons A Democrat, Hart is expected to at­ RANGERS SENT voted in the runoff primary. Barring for those who prefer integration. Upon request of Gov. Allan Shivers, Port Arthur has 12,800 white and tract moderate as well as "liberal" 4,200 Negro scholastics. Desegregation is court action, the final result will be support. Four senior and 13 ~:-~=~~,:;~; two Texas Rangers were sent to Mans­ known on Sepl 11 when the State Dem­ junior colleges already were field with orders to arrest anyone, white scheduled to start a year from now in The second Democrat announced is the first grade. Because Negroes there ocratic convention canvasses the vote. state Sen. Searcy Bracewell of Houston, in Texas. or colored, "whose act.ions are such as Both sides claimed voting irregulari­ to represent a threat to the peace." By live largely within concentrated areas, an avowed supporter of President Eis­ A fourteenth junior college csw•u'tl•• •rz Port Arthur officials expect little actual ties. Yarborough supporters said some enhower and a conservative political­ its lirst Negro student in this time the school's enrollment had were suspected in south Texas counties been ended for the Labor Day week­ mixing of students. ly. He is 38 and a lawyer. Gainesville College, in North which have large Latin-American pop­ Republicans in state convention nom­ rolled in a ni~ht course the wife end. NEW DESEGREGATION ulations. Daniel carried much of this Gov. Shivers talked by phone with inated Thad T. Hutcheson, also a young soldier now stationed in Germany. New integration in 1956 will include area. Houston attorney, to run for U. S. sen­ board voted to admit her Mansfield school authorities and urged Seymour, Burnet, Edgewood (San An­ Daniel friends charged that Negro them to "transfer out of the district any ator if a vacancy occurs. He expects to separate facilities were available ~l& GI::ll:. tonio), Pearsa11, Su.ndeen (Nueces boxes voted heavily for Yarborough, in make a vigorous campaign. for Negroes. scholastics, white or colored, whose at­ County), Pep (Hockley County), Se­ some cases more than 10 to 1. A grand tendance or attempts to attend Mans­ guin, Marion (Guadalupe County), jury at Fort Worth ordered an investi­ field High School would be reasonably Navarro (Guadalupe County), Victoria, gation of one box in a Negro precinct Tennessee violence at the school. Eleven of calculated to incite violence." Spade (Lamb County), Schertz-Cibolo where large numbers of voters report­ Negro students attended class. The Shivers said this could be done "for (Continued !rom Page 3) (Guadalupe County), Littlefield, Mc­ edly voted alphabetically. was reported ill. As the Negro the general welfare, to preserve peace Allen, Polito-Blanco (Jim Wells Coun­ Daniel, like Gov. Allan Shivers (who boy was chased by a mob of about 50 left school at noon-the school and orderly conduct" under the U. S. ty), and Amarillo. persons, youths and adults. He was missed because of a teachers' meetu~~t •t:.: t::..., Supreme Court decision in the Auther­ did not seek re-election), comes from Polito-Blanco has no Negroes but is East Texas where segregation sentiment caught. knocked down and struck re­ tomatoes, stones and epithets ine Lucy case. willing to accept them. is strong. Besides being a strong states' peatedly with fists and sticks. Three hurled at them from the crowd of -· ~~~ If this action is construed as contempt 200 people who waited outside. of federal courts, Shivers said it should Districts which started desegregation rights advocate, Daniel made pro-seg­ other Negro students were rescued be blamed upon the governor instead of last year and will extend it to cllver regation statements in the campaign from the mob by members of the Clin­ FIREARMS REPORTED more grades this fall include Edinburg, and accused his opponent of being ton football team and escorted back into Mansfield citizens. Police, on a report from an a•cum•­ "It is not my intention to permit the Odessa, Killeen, Aransas Pass, Calhoun backed by the National Association for school. that the Negroes d r ivin~ the four use of state officers or troops to shoot County schools, Harlingen and North­ the Advancement of Colored People. ATTENDANCE DROPS that were to pick up the students down or intimidate Texas citizens who side (San Antonio). Yarborough denied this charge. While Attendance in the school dropped by armed, searched the cars and are making orderly protest against a Texas Education Agency reports that he was the "liberal" candidate in the about 50 to 60 students that day. cupants, including some of the situation instigated and agitated by the 714 districts have both white and Ne­ race. Yarborough advocated segregation The students, meeting in an assembly who were already in them. They National Association for Advancement gro students this year. Some have Ne­ in East Texas. This caused some Texas without the presence of teachers, voted no weapons. of Colored People," Shivers said. gro residents who attend school outside Negro leaders to oppose him, and to 614 to 0 that Brittain should keep his Thw·sday morning, three more the district. suggest that Negro voters scratch the job despite Kasper's demand that he boys-two teena~~:ers and a .::.L-·Yeli<.,..._ WU..L PROTECT ALL names of both candidates. "At the same time we will protect NEGRO SCHOOLS IMPROVED resign. The students were asked to poll airman-were arrested by police Many East Texas districts and some Yarborough claimed that Daniel car­ their parents on the same question and throwin't tomatoes at Negroes. persons of all races who are not them­ ried some voting boxes where Negroes selves contributing to the breach of elsewhere in the state are improving bring the results to school the next day. Friday, as the month ended, the Negro schools, especially in such ways predominate. Yarborough held the ma­ They did. The results: 447 to 6 in favor peace. If this course is not satisfactory jority in many others. was quiet but tense. And under the circumstances to the Federal as building athletic and lunchroom fa­ of Brittain. weekend. new outbreaks by government, I respectfully suggest fur­ cilities. The survey showed that new TIDELANDS ISSUE Wednesday night Kasper held another mob led to 110 Hiehway "P... ,~-.. ther that the Supreme Court, which is buildings often are planned with a view Daniel campaigned for Dwight D. mass meeting. It was attended by 1,200 and some 600 Tennessee responsible for the order, be given the to making them suitable either for in­ Eisenhower, Republican presidential to 1,500 people. His speech was the Guardsmen being ordered into task of enforcing it." tegrated or segregated use. Negroes nominee, in 1952 when Adlai Stevenson same as the night before with one ex­ to restore order which the A reporter for the Fort Worth Star­ have been named to planning commit­ opposed state ownership of offshore ception. Jar police force, even with the Telegram, in a series of articles written tees in some districts. "tidelands." The exception: While he was speak­ of 25 special officers, could not from Mansfield, said be found very More than 150 districts reported In Texas, this property belongs to the ing, a U. S. marshal inteJTUpted him to tain. little sentiment for integration either "advisory committee" activity this year. Permanent School Fund. an endowment serve a warrant temporarily restrain­ among white or Negro residents of the In some cases this was found to include for all public schools. About $60,000,000 ing Kasper from hindering or impeding community. One Negro patron at Mans­ such partisans as local Citizens Coun­ has already been realized by the fund integration at the school. The marshal field preferred to continue the trans­ cils. It appeared definite that school from oil and gas development in the read the restraining order to Kasper portation arrangement since the Negro boards are making wider use of ad­ Gulf o£ Mexico, although activity so far and left. Kasper returned to the front As Tennesse's state-owned high school at Fort Worth "has a hisrh­ visory committees. Perhaps 100 Texas has been relatively small. of the courthouse, told the crowd that open this month Negro students er rating than the Mansfield school." districts now have non-partisan com­ Sen. Daniel sponsored the bill which he had been enjoined but that they pected to enroll in three of them. mittees assisting in the segregation-de­ Congress passed and President Eisen­ didn't have to obey the order. is no information available on segregation problems. hower signed recognizing state owner­ CONTEl\1PT CITATION SOUGHT many such students will enroll. Negro athletes will be used by more ship of tidelands. Later Wednesday night, when Kasper ing to the gradual desegregation formerly-white high school football for colleges adopted by the At least 23 districts will begin or ex­ O'DANIEL STILL RUNNING continued speaking after he received teams this fall. Some schools expect as year, Negroes may be admitted tend desegregation this fall, making 100 W. Lee O'Daniel, an outspoken pro­ the warrant, the same men who peti­ many as eight Negroes on the football colleges this term as graduate or more in the state, according to a new squad. Most have one or two candidates. segregation candidate, has announced lioned the court for the restraining survey by The Dallas Morniflg News. About 25 superintendents replied that that be intends to run for governor order returned to Knoxvllle, coniened The survey also disclosed that more Negroes likely will play on the same again at the November general election with Judge Taylor who had issued the districts and more students were in­ teams with whites this fall. after being defeated in the July Demo­ injunction and asked him to charge volved in desegregation in 1955-56 than cratic primary. Kasper with contempt of cow·t. Their was originally reported. Seventy-three EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS Whether this can be done remains to petition was based on grounds that he districts are definitely known to have While the survey did not furnish be seen, for O'Daniel faces both legal had violated the restraining order by Harry Allen, Chattanooga's taken the step lost year, and some esti­ complete figures on the effect of deseg­ and practical difficulties in gelling his continuing to speak as he did after ac­ sioner of education, died of a mates fix the total number at more than regation on employment of Negro name on the ballot as an "independent." cepting the order. After hearing the case tack last month. Allen (see ss~ 80. The exact figure likely never will teachers, several superintendents noted In his campaign early this summer, Friday Judge Taylor sentenced Kasper ber, 1955) originally suppo be known, since no official totals are that it would result in some decrease in O'Daniel said he was going to restore to one year in federal prison for con­ school board's decision to comply kept and schools in some places inte­ jobs for Negroes. Others indicated the segregation in Texas districts which tempt. the law, later declared his __ •.,.,, ...... grated without publicity. change would make no difference in to- have integrated. Thursday morning, there was more to it. SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 1956-PAGE 1, MIAMI, Fla. 'LOIUDIA.NS DIFFERED over the effective­ ness of segregation laws passed by Floridians Debate Effectiveness of New School Laws e state legislature in special session. ers with tenure on a basis of sociologi­ make a clear issue. He added that the cated and expensive. This is a summary 1hile some leaders, including Gov. Le- cal and psychological factors. NAACP is planning a court test of given the schoolmen: ~ >Y Collins, said the~ woul~ be e~ec­ A law giving the governor extraor­ Florida's new segregation laws. 1. Maintaining separate schools by the •e weapons in fighting ag:nnst miXed dinary powers for five years to "cope new assignment law will be more costly hools, others predicted they would with emergencies threatening the peace than present financing will permit. .t serve the purpose. and tranquility of the state." (See SURVEY 2. Mechanics of testing and assign­ ~ School officials, meeting to consider "What They Say.") ment will be so complex that special e mechanics of operating under the A resolution condemning the U.S. The Dade County school board, which personnel, and in larger counties com­ -w law, remained confused. They were Supreme Court "for usurping the sov­ expects to enroll 121,000 children this plete departments, must be set up. td that administration would be com­ ereign rights of the states" and asking month, received a report from admin­ 3. There is no assurance that the te­ ex and expensive. (See "School Congress to offer a clarifying amend­ istrators on a year-long study of segre­ dious procedure will protect segrega­ >aJ'(!s and Schoolmen.") Even the au- ment to the federal constitution. gation problems saying that "social tion from court attack. • ors of the new laws fell they con­ A law selling up an interim commit­ problems involved appear to make de­ ined loopholes. (See "What They tee of three senators and four repre­ segregation of student activities unac­ DADE ACTS .y.") sentatives to investigate the National ceptable." One of the first counties to tackle the As a special joint legislative commit­ Association for the Advancement of Some progress has been made, the problem on a local level was Dade (Mi­ ~ e prepared to launch a $50,000 inves­ Colored People. school officials reported. Bi-racial meet­ ami), Florida's largest. The county ration of the NAACP, an upsurge of The NAACP resolution was one of ings of school personnel are now gen­ board voted 3-1 to approve procedures ~ Ku Klux Klan caused concern. the most discussed outcomes of the spe­ erally accepted. But this applies only endorsed at the state conference of su­ lee "Miscellaneous.") cial session. It was not part of the to "non-social" sessions, the report said. perintendents. Collins program and there were sub­ "There is no evidence that at either Separate forms will be provided for stantial ~rrounds for belief the governor local or state levels classroom teachers all children requesting transfer from would veto the measure. He allowed it associations, athletic associations, etc., their present school. Supt. W. R. to become law without his signature. are ready to consolidate. Thomas and his aides estimated that $50.000 FUND "Should there be any type of desegre­ REP. JOHN B. ORR, JR. "5 000 to 10,000" children may be in­ The committee has $50,000 to employ gation, dramatic productions, school Lone Voice volved during the present school year. counsel Florida legislature and preliminary sessions are expected from the school program." tect peace and tranquility." nied by the administrative officials, they " .ward maintaining segregation was a to begin in September. This has been less discussed than the must appeal to the school board. The • 1 !piC for debate among lawmakers, "Fullest cooperation" in the investi­ TEACHER PROBLEMS pupil and teacher assignment laws. "As board has the right to take testimony "':hoolmen and citizens. gation was pledged to the committee by Of teacher problems the report said: I see it," David said, "this act bas pos­ and gather any evidence pertinent to ~ The five-point program recommend­ Florida spokesmen for the NAACP. The "As long as Dade is growing as it has sibilities to maintain segregation, im­ each case before making a decision. ( by Gov. LeRoy Collins, based on the state board, meeting in Miami, declared been for the past 10 years, it is prob­ prove conditions of the Negroes and From the local level, pupils denied • !POrt of the Fabisinski committee, was that "democracy can find the highest improve relations between the two 1 ably reasonable to assume that all reassignment must appeal to the state !opted. Its chief feature was a strin- and most vital expression of its aims teachers now employed could be util­ races." :. . I board before the courts can take juris­ ·tnt pupil assignment aw. through the elimination of legally ized, if only the number of teachers is Atty. Gen. Richard W. Ervin, one of diction. ' » A. group of legislators was gathering sanctioned segregation on all levels of considered. The proportionate number the proponents of the "gradualism" the­ The adoption of the procedure was ory which he argued before the Su­ 1pport for measures more drastic than human activity." of Negro teachers, especially in the ele­ opposed by Board Member Anna Bren­ 1e Collins program, including an in­ But the group said it did not seek mentary grades, making application for preme Court, fought for stronger laws ner Meyers: "I believe the pupil as­ rposition resolution. when the gov- to have the measure vetoed. teaching positions. greatly outnumber during the special session and believes signment law passed recently is con­ the Collins program will fail to preserve r invoked seldom-used powers and "We view the setting up of an interim white teachers making similar applica­ trary to the mandate of the U.S. Su­ lssolved the session. committee for the ostensible purpose of tions." segregation. preme Court which gave local school Ot· investigating organizations fostering The report showed that 18 school dis­ "The program is all right as far as it boards the responsibility of implement­ lift ETS PROTESTS violence and subversion as. in reality. tricts bad Negro children who lived goes," be said, ''but I don't believe it ing that decision 'with all deliberate ±:. There were protests from segrega­ an attempt to intintidate and embarrass closer to white than to Ne~o schools goes far enough to satisfy the people speed'." Mn;. Mvers said. "As an attor­ -~ onist leaders, who said the new laws the NAACP," said G. E. Graves Jr.. an they now attend. These are in areas of Florida. They should be given the ney admitted to practice before the ~r ill llhort of assuring continued segre- attorney for the group. "But we shall with high concentrations of Negro resi­ opportunity to vote on whether they U.S. Supreme Court, I have no choice aUon. But Collins disagreed. "As a extend our fullest cooperation and re­ dents. In other districts only a scatter­ want integrated public schools or seg­ but to uphold that decision and abide (" :ate we have acted calmly and wisely spect as long as it has official legisla­ ing of Negro children are involved. regated private schools." by the order of the court." ~-1us far in meeting the problems which tive ! ecent primary, to push through the in­ Orr said he had been "flooded" with Efforts are being made to improve or denied. incident. He hopes to be accepted as a '!:" arposition resolution. Bryant urged the calls, telegrams and letters praisin~ his the situation, the report said. These 3. Machinery for bearing applications x ,.louse special committee on education stand. But his family in Miami rece1ved include special instruction for teachers student this fall. If so, he will live off and handling appeals. This would in­ campus. n ~~~.nd Internal affairs to "accept interpo­ anonymous threats by phone and a and the establishment of reading clin­ clude appeals from county to state ·l.ooJ ltion as a rallying point," having the move was started for opposition to Orr ics. school authorities before "administra­ The case of the 48-year-old Hawkins 'I'. ame significance as a flag. in the general election. He was renom­ \Vh.ile school officials pondered these tive remedies" are exhausted and cases has been before the U.S. Supreme inated in the spring primary. Court on two occasions. On both, the :.... rwo SUPPORT HlM problems, school children expressed could be taken into court. Mrs. Orr, the representative's wife, their opinions in a poll conducted by court ordered the University to admit Bryant received support from two said he had received hundreds of let­ The Miami Herald. The group included COmUTTEE SET UP him as a student. ~' dei'S--G1!n. Sumter Lowry, the all­ ters and messages. They ran about 10 to 50 white and 50 Negro teenagers. A continuing committee of county !:t •ut segregationist candidate who ran 1 in praise of his stand. Even th.ose w~o Immediate and complete integration superintendents was set up to work • ~ lhead of him in the primary (which re­ did not agree with him pi'81Sed his with state officials on questions that - ulted in the renomination of Gov. was favored by 94 per cent of the Ne­ courage, she said. groes, but opposed by 58 per cent of arise. ~~ ~llins) and Atty. Gen. Richard W. the white students. Nearly all agreed State Supt. Thomas D. Bailey said an n:.. ~tn. that integration was inevitable in lhe important problem is the wording of Lowry demanded that the legislature long run. tests on which assignments are to be ..,. 'meet head-on" the challenge of the made. Local school officials must work Renewed activity by the Ku Klux :. -ourt rulings on integration. out their own, without help from the Klan continued to make news. Klan ~ Ervin asked for stronger laws than state department, the superintendent leaflets were distributed at Tarpon ll! hose recommended by Collins--laws said. "We do think, however, that the Springs on the west coast, where ten­ r.ohich would 8rnl him for a "last ditch tests which stand up in court must be sion existed over reports that Negroes • ';{and, if we are serious about resistin~ Florida's first suit for admission "';f Opinion on the effect of the new laws standard, nationally recommended were planning to use the Pleasure Pier Negro pupils to white schools (Rev. .ntegration. If some counties want to passed at the special session of the tests," he added. Beach. Theodore Gibson, et at, vs. Dade County ?l~..ntegrate, let them. Give them that Florida legislature differed widely. Counties which face special problems More than a thousand persons at­ Board of Public Instruction, et at) was ~- ·lght, but don't put up a mirage." While Gov. Collins said they provided are those which have no complete Ne­ tended a Klan meeting near Jackson­ thrown out by Federal District Judge a "sound course" toward meeting the • ' Ervin suggested a system of tuition gro high schools. They are Baker, ville to hear speakers denounce the Emmett C. Choate and promptly re- problems of segregation, others held ~ts, in effect state-supplied scholar­ Charlotte, Collier, Dixie, Hardee, Hen­ NAACP and the U.S. Supreme Court. hips, to permit children to continue filed. they might be ineffective. dry, Holmes, Lafayette and Union. Police said this meeting, in suburban I·~ ..heir education in segregated private Judge Choate dismissed ~e o~iginal J. Lewis Hall, Tampa member of the Bailey said the counties had too few Riverview, jammed traffic for hours. iChools. complaint on grounds that 1t d1d not Fabisinski committee which made the Negro students to warrant separate fa­ Robed Klansmen at Starke cheered an The House committee voted down allege sufficient facts on which to base study on which the laws were based, cilities. Negro students are being trans­ unidentified speaker who assailed Gov. said: "There is no magic in these bills." Bryant's interposition re::.olulion, 12 to action. ported to neighboring larger counties. Collins as "one of the worst enemies of . But he continued the fight on the Edward F. Boardman, attorney for He said that some Negroes would be Special study is needed of this situation, states' rights in Florida." admitted to white schools, if the new iouse floor. There, sitting as a com­ the school board, contended that no Ne­ he said. Gov. Collins said he will take action laws were "administered fairly." , nittee of the whole, the House over­ gro cl1ild had applied for ~dmission if the K1ans violate any laws. "So far ~ 'Ode the special committee and adopted to a white school and no action taken John Wiggington, also a Tampa 30 VACANCIES as I have been able to learn up to this :.. ' '3ryant's interposition resolution, 64 to to bar any child. member of the committee, said: "It J esse Woodham, superintendent of time," he said, "the recent meetings d3, demonstrating that the necessary might be a good thing to let one or two &cambia County (Pensacola), said he have not been in violation of our laws • ;\:-wo-thirds majority existed to pass it NONE DENIED into white schools here and there. It has 30 teacher vacancies with no qual­ guaranteeing freedom of speech and the ater. G. E. Graves Jr., attorney for ~e would stop them from hollering." But ified white applicants, but over 100 right of peaceful assembly. The Klan petitioners, admitted no specific ~ppli­ Wiggington said the new laws "will qualified Negro applicants. and its inherent objectives of intimida­ But before that point was reached. eliminate 99 and 441100 of the evils }ov, Collins ended the session by use cation has been denied. But he S8ld the By a show of hands, a majority of tion and fear are reprehensible. We petitioners asked the school ~~rd last people fear. There will be some leak­ the county officials indicated they had have a statute which circumscribes and >£ emergency powers. The action was age but posslbly in the time that takes, Nithout precedent. September to integrate schools as soon a similar situation. limits their activities." as practicable" but no action had been attitudes will be changed here." Temporary certilicates may be Issued .LAWS ENACTED taken. Wiggington warned county school of­ for white teachers with less than stand­ ANTI-MASK LAWS This was what the special session Alter dismissal of the suit the. peti­ ficials not to assign pupils on the basis ard qualifications. But the required These laws prohibit the wearing of macted: tioners, six parents o~ Negro. 0lldr~, of color. "That won't stand up in court," form states no qualified teachers are masks on public property. Nearly all filed an amended motion for mJunction , ,J A law permitting county school he said. available in the county. State Supt. the recent meetings have been on pri­ to prevent the school board !.rom con­ to SPEAKER HEARD Bailey suggested the form be changed vate land. 3 ~~ards assign pupils on the ba~is of tinuing with segregated schools. No ~~ tnlellectual ability, scholastic achieve­ and promised to work on the problem. Mayor D. Lee Powell of Miami Beach hearing date has been set. Speaker Ted David of the Florida <- ment and sociological and psychological General discussion among the 67 su­ has asked the city's legislative consul­ Although no Negroes had sought ad­ House said the most significant of the :... fac:tors (see "School Boards and School- perintendents indicated a belief that the tant in Tallahassee to work for stronger . . n to particular schools, Graves new laws, in respect to easing racial ,1 ,-men"). mlSSlO • d to tensions, was the measure giving emer- assignment procedure would be compli- laws against the Klan. said several are plannmg to o so A law permitting dismissal of teach- PAGE 14-SEPTEMBER 195b-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS lion ram through idiotic pieces or NEW ORLEANS, La. islalion without even opening O NE PHRASE DESCRIBES the race situa- mouths in protest ..." tion in all of Louisiana's 64 parish Louisiana's Public Schools 'Solidly "U the pl•ople or this state do (county) and three municipal school star~ speaking up.... whe~ attemp. system segments as the 1956-57 term infnnge upon thc1 r hbcrhes, t~ opens. The phrase is "solidly segre­ Segregated' As School Year Begins may wak(' up one day and gated." · · 't about 400 Negro students to stay they hav£' no more liberty." Sources close to the governor tnd1cate pennt . The eventful 12 months leading up to · · · the rolls of once all-wh1te state co1 - Rainach :ttlnbutcd the Eiland the start of a new school term were not be agrees wtth the pnvately-protesting on torials to "hrninwashing of lht without serious legal setbacks for the Sugar Bowlers that a "better law" leges. would leave the stands segregated and But prospective freshmen and tr~ns- sort. It is time for the academic state's segregationists. But none of the tain to be drawn aside so that defeats was decisive enough to put the the playing field open to athletes of fer students will still run up agamst both races. That is the change in the the legislative bl~ck ~et up by the re- mothers and hthcrs or this statt first Negro child into a Louisiana pub­ know what their children bill which Gov. Long's floor leaders are cently-end~ sesslo~ m. Baton Rouge. lic school. "'d to ush The law m qucst1on IS Act 15. It es- subjected to.'' New Orleans public schools, objects expect .... p . · t last February of a federal court order As the month ended with the legis- tablished a new entrance requ1r7men ItAJNACH RAPPED to begin desel(re!(ating (in Busll v. Or­ lature in session any change seemed at tax-supported colleges-a certificate Eiland had the last word in the leans Parish School Board), are unlikely (sec bel~w ). of scholastic. eligibility and good .mor~l d('vclopinsr controv('rsy as August shielded by a new sUi te law (Act 319) . Dr. Emmett Lee Irwin, chairman of character s1gned by the. a~phcant s ed: If the Orleans boa1·d's current appeal the Citizens Councils of New Orleans, high school principal and d1stnct school "Sen. Rainach's persistent of the decision fail s, and the federal said to repeal or altCJ· the law would superintendent. LSU and the Da!h1 Re1Jeille courts finally enioin it from operating "nullify and destroy all other setu·ega- Atty. Gen. J ack Gremillion first in- stronvh• or the Hiller-Stalin segregated schools, integration still will lion measures and [concede to] the tcrpreted Act 15 as applying to persons for eli~inaling all opposition by not come immediately to Louisiana, ac­ wishes of the int-egrationists and mon- already on the school rolls from pre- eliminating the free press. cording to segreaation leaders. Act 319 ~relizers ." vious terms. Later he changed this to "In the senator's opinion, there shifts to the state legislature the au­ The Sugar Bowl, officially the New exempt "old" students. For the 1956-57 to be no room for disagreement thority for New Orleans segregation. Orleans Midwinter Sports Association, term, he said. only first-term enrollees views on how to maintain ~,..,r...... ,.. saw its 25-year-old week-long athletic and transfer students would need the Louisiana," Eiland continued. 5 SUITS IN STATE carnival begin to totter under the law's "good character" document. who disagrees with our high pn.­ No other public school district is as provisions. close as New Orleans' to imminent in­ OPINION PROTESTED segregation is immediately brandt.: integrationic:.t and subversive. tegration. Suits directed at East Baton 3 TEAMS WITBDRAW ARCHBISHOP RUl\fMEL Gremillion made his reversal over "I am not :m mtcsrralionist, but t Rouge and St. Helena parishes, plus It was in the basketball tourney last Postpones Desegregation the protests of the legislature's segre­ five tax-supported trade schools, are year that the Sugar Bowl broke the gation committee chairman. Sen. Rain­ continue to opoo•e Sen. Rainach under advisement by federal courts. color line. Holy Cross of Worcester, On Aug. 5 a "pastoral letter" read in ach, who said the intent behind the recklcco; ac:.!'ault upon the basie ties of Lou1s1ana 's citizens, white 11 And there is no functioning Louisiana Mass., had a Negro player. Notre Dame, all Catholic churches stated"... we law's writing and passage was to make branch of the NAACP to press new Dayton and St. Louis universities have deem it necessary to postpone integra­ it applicable to every student. new or as Negro." suits. A state court threw a legal noose pulled out of the 1956 tournament be­ tion in schools in which it has not yet old. (fashioned from a 1924 law about mak­ cause of the color restrictions. The been effected at least until September, The segregation committee had hoped ing membership public) around the Bowlers announced they would try to 1957. In the meantime we hope to over­ that Act 15 and three others in the 1956 NAACP several months ago. get three other schools to compete with come difficulties and make necessary ression's 10-l?w sel!reeation ''pack'3ge" There is a block, too, against new the University of Kentucky. Later there preparations." would practically eliminate Negro en­ desegregation suits brought by unor­ were rumors the basketball tourney There was no elaboration on the I"Ollment at once all-while colleges. ganized citizens. Approval of the state would be dropped instead. "difficulties." Public reaction to the legislature is a prerequisite-so says a Acts 249, 250 and 252 make any pro­ The center ring of the Sugar Bowl letter, instead, centered around the ad­ $O::hool-integration activity a reason for proposed constitutional amendment mission that some schools were inte­ carnival, the football game, was suffer­ firing public education officials. In the which will go before the voters (and Jlrated, and around another paragraph ing, too. The University of Pittsburgh, segregation committee's (but not yet inevitably be approved) in November. in the archbishop's lcctter: which brought a star Negro fullback the attorney general's) interpretation Act 319 and the amendment were the "Catholic schools which are now in­ work of a legislature which passed and an unsegregated rooting section to of these acts, sie:ning a good character New Orleans on Jan. 1, 1956, announced tegrated are expected to follow their certificate for a Negro who intends to eil!ht other school segregation bills in present plans without interruption." July. Segregationists contend these it would accept no more invitations as 11pply at a white public college would long as the law stood. The military be an advocacy of school integration. merely augment the separatist statutes SCHOOLS NOT NAMED academies indicated much the same The certificates must list the applicant's "It was as much of a victory rushed into being in 1954 (see "Legis­ In which of the archdiocese's 181 thing. choice of college and are not transfer­ could possibly have achieved," lative Action"). A federal court deci­ schools, spread over 15 Louisiana par­ An unnamed aide to Gov. Long re­ rable to another college. added. Some Louisiana delel!:a~ sion invalidated these last spring, but ishes (counties), was this integration the legislature "interposed" the state's ported, "The Sugar Bowl people are In the last four years, court rulings "begrudging and regretful" really hurting. They can't sell any na­ in effect? Segregationists. especially, cepting the plank as written, but sovereignty between the 1954 laws and were asking that question loudly and have opened four tax-supported col­ federal authority. tional advertising for their programs. leges to Negro undergraduates and were no opposition votes to it in Nobody wants to televise their game or getting no specific answers. As the date delegate poll, Gravel revealed. for fall term registration rolled around, vraduale students - Louisiana State COUNCILS ACTIVE broadcast it, and it's doubtful they Earlier, during Platform it was clear that the only way to get University, Southwestern Louisiana In­ Adding substance to Louisiana's pro­ could line up the kind of game that hearings on the civil any information was to observe the ::.titutc, McNeese Stale College and segregationism is the Citizens Council would sell many tickets." 1 children and parents who turned up to Southeastern Louisiana College. Three Louisiana delegate scored "~ ~"''" " movement. One Council official ~ys On Aug. 31 it appeared that the issue other state colleges have resisted inte­ half-truths about the South" that more than 100,000 Louisianians are register at the 143 of the 181 schools uttered by Democrats ignorant of would remain unresolved as the House which are nominally for white children. vration. active members. by a 67 to 15 vole decided to table the conditions in the area. Still, there are factors which keep There was unofficial talk that the NEWSPAPER llASSLE repeal bill, thus leaving Act 579 on the Citizens Councils planned to do some­ Louisiana from kinship with the most books as adopted in July. Four editorials in the LSU student CHARGES REBUTI'ED extreme segregationist states: thing like this. newspaper, the Reveille, brought seg­ "It is simply not true," said No more is heard of abolishing pub­ STATUS OF LAWS There was no guarantee even that regationist protests raining down on Fred Cassibry, a New Orleans lic schools rather than seeing them in­ State Sen. William Rainach of Homer, this would give them their answers. the 27-year-old student editor, Korean councilman, "that the South is in a tegrate. All five candidates for governor chairman of the joint legislative com­ The Rt. Rev. Henry C. Bczou, arch­ War veteran Darrell Eiland of Selma, of insurrection concerning .,,.,,...,.,,.,.. In last fall's election took pledges to mjttee, contends that the 10 school seg­ diocesan school superintendent. said La. "Not a single person in the this effect, and then dropped the sub­ regation laws passed in July comple­ the amount of integration was "very The first, on June 19, urged a less refused to obey or abide by the ject. The victor, Earl Long, is a segre­ ment instead of replace Louisiana's minor" and "not by design." emotional approach to the segregation a court of law," he said. "That, I gation "moderate" in that he has said 1954 segregation statutes. This September, for the first time question by both sides. The next two. will continue to be the policy of our pie." "you can go too far" in legislating for Sen. Rainach took issue with this since the initial segregated church par­ in July, centered on what Eiland called segregation. paragraph in the Louisiana report in ish was established in New Orleans in!rin~cments on personal liberties by At San Francisco, Republican around 1890, there will be a notation Committeeman John M. Wisdom PARQCBIAL SCHOOL SITUATION the August, 1956 issue of SoUTHERN segregation laws then being debated ScHOOL NEWs: of race on the "census card" filled out and passed in the state Capitol. Orleans said the South's fight The 75,000-pupil parochial school for each enrolling pupil. And this will moderate civil rights plank was "The new laws replace the 'police In August a side ruckus developed­ system of the Archdiocese of New Or­ be the third year that a civil birth cer­ rul; so successful, in fact, that powers' amendment and acts which whether or not Sen. Rainach, chief seg­ leans has some integration, and its tificate will be required for parochial was laid "for a firm two-party were invalidated last February by a regation lawmaker, wanted the school leader has said that the end of segre­ school registration. Previously a cer­ the Deep South." federal court decision which also or­ newspaper to be censored. gation is still his plan for the future tificate of baptism, which carries no dered New Orleans public school au­ STATES' RIGHTS ACTIVITY (see "School Boards and Schoolmen"). notation of race, was sufficient. Rainach said he was misquoted in the Two segregation laws passed only last thorities to begin desegregating." daily press as favoring faculty censor­ Other political news was being ._... "''­ July are already wobbling. A special Rainach said, "The Police Powers Act DATA REFUSED ship of what went into the Reveille. He at home. The States' Rights legislative session starting Aug. 30 was of 1954 still stands upon the law books Msgr. Bezou refused to release any said the same effect could be achieved Louisiana met in New Orleans to to reconsider a sports segregation sta­ of the state of Louisiana and is valid, data on the names of students or without censorship "by avoiding radi­ up its platform. This included slrDI!I tute. A law aimed at ending integration insofar as we are concerned, although schools integrated. cals as editors ... The last six editors dorsements o! segregation and in tax-supported colleges has what the there is a lower federal court ruling to To Catholic layman Emile Wagner, a or the Reveille have been integration­ Southern Manifesto in Congress. state attorney general regards as a the contrary. lawyer and leading New Orleans seg­ ists." The party's chairman, attorney Rc G. Chandler of Shreveport, said loophole (see "In the Colleges"). "The federal courts are acting ille­ regationist, Msgr. Bezour said, "We CONTROVERSY FANNED consider it unwise to expose those re­ Stales Rightcz·s had endorsed T. What integration there is in public gally and without constitutional au­ Eiland's July 19 editorial criticized sponsible for our schools and the par­ man Andrews of Richmond, Va., educational institutions is all at the thority in the seg1·egation matter," "citizens who have meekly set (sic) Rainach added. "The legislature of ents to the annoyance with which they candidate for Presidenl Andrews college level. Four nominally white col­ back and let the advocates of segrega- leges are legally bound to admit Ne­ Louisiana has interposed this state's would inevitably be harassed as a re­ mer U. S. tax commissioner. groes this fall. A fifth, Northwestern sovereignty between the people and sult of any publication of the names of State at Natchitoches (in Williams v. laws of this state and the illegal actions pupils or schools." Alabama and open the way for a Prather et al), is being sued by N e­ of the federal courts. The theory of in­ To SOU'I'HERN ScHOOL NEws, Msgt·. Alabama sible appeal to the U. S. Supreme groes seeking admittance. terposition presupposes that the state Bezou said, "The last thing I would do (Continued from Page 3) NAACP attomeys have indicated government will resist the unconstitu­ is expose any child or parent to hu­ taken in the immediate future, because intend to carry the case to federal o;. tional federal encroachments set forth miliation, and this would happen the or current excitement over the race Among the cnors alleged by in our resolution of interposition." moment there was any hint as to who issue. for the or·ganization was that the they or their schools were." Another section of the amendment lion violall'S the First and Fourlt': Gov. Earl K. Long called a special Other facts brought to light in state­ gives the lcltislalurc authority to abolish Amcndmcnb; to the constitution, b' 10-day session of the legislature for ments by the top Catholic clergy: schools wherever and whenever neces­ posing on freedom of speech and Aug. 30 to consider 27 items-including sary. organization's efforts in seeking Act 579 of 1956. This is the law which The first revelation of even the GRADUAL PLAN When integration comes, it will be right to vote and other "'"'"tituti~ ''*'· calls a full halt to the gradual integra­ slightest racial integration in any prh•ilcgcs. tion in both school and professional Louisiana elementary school came in one grade a year and "under moderate athletics seen in Louisiana the last few August It was part of a statement that conditions." years. The act bans interracial social the school system involved was post­ The pastors of individual church par­ The National Association for the Ad­ functions and games, and also unsegre­ poning wholesale desegregation at least ishes have the right to admit whom­ vancement of Colored People, turned ever they consider qualified to their gated seating arrangements for specta­ another year. down Aug. 13 on its request to have As U1c Aug. 28 amendment tors. schools. A diocese-wide policy of con­ the Alabama Supreme Court review its The occasion was the long-awaited tinued segregation would not prevent neared. debate on the The text of Gov. Long's session call s~oo,ooo contempt fine, applied for re­ choice"" school amendment word from Roman Catholic Archbishop a pastor from admitting a Negro child was indefinite about what changes he Joseph F. Rummel about racial policy VIeW a second time Aug. 21. with educators and even Citizens wanted to see in the sports segregation to a predominantly white school if he After the. Aug. 13 appeal, the supreme for the 1956-57 term in the New Or­ chose. c1l groups divided on the question setup. Item 12 on the agenda of the Jeans Archdiocese's big school system. cou.r~ unam~ously denied the NAACP's Dr. Austin R. Meadows, state session was "to enact legislation relat­ "A few" Negro children have attend­ Last Feb. 11 Archbishop Rummel P tltlon to tssue a review order of the intendent or education, warned d ing to interracial sports contests." ed mostly-white parochial schools "for fine imposed by Montgomery Circuit termed racial segregation "morally the last two or three years." eonst:qucnces of sections in the When he signed the bilJ, the governor wrong" and said it was on the way out Judg£' W~lle~ B. Jones (SSN, August). constitulionnl revisions The st:ttc s htghest court said NAACP' predicted it would "wind up in the In the schools under his charge. But he abolish the mandatory courts." However, the president of the didn't say when. There were rumors contention of 10 errors in the circui~ maintain public schools. Also organization hit hardest by the bill, ever since that the Archbishop would ("Ourt's action "m·e insufficient to war­ the amendment, but for very Paul DeBlanc of the Sugar Bowl, said or would not integrate his 75,000-pupil nmt the issuance" of a review order. reasons, was Asa Carter's the law would not be contested. The state attorney general's inter­ system this fall. pretation of a new segregation law will A second refusal to review will ex­ hama Citizens Council --~-.. H~• haust th(' NAACP's )('gal remedies in (Continued on Next page) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-SEPTEMBER 195b-PAGE 15 L\.rkansas Schools Open With Same Classroom Status As Last Year LITTLE ROCK, Ark. fused to sign petitions for the interpo­ committed and the kind of speech in rBREE i\RKANSAS school districts-the sition amendment proposed by Jim which they indulged. same number as a year aeo-will Johnson, director of the White Citizens "Those acts and that type of speech · ~ve racial integration when the £all Council of Arkansas and an unsuccess­ were not within the channels of the ·nn opens this month. ful candidate for governor. School offi­ democratic process but were calculated In addition to Lhe anti-integration cials denied the charge, saying that five and intended to force disobedience to mliment in East Arkansas. factors Negro teachers had refused to sign and the law. Such verbal and other conduct is ;(ainsl integrnlion during the past year that only two of them were not rehired subversive of orderly governmental ave included the dispute at Hoxie. -on grounds of non-cooperation on procedures and is not protected by the ·here integration bel{an in 1955, and a other matters with the school principal. courts as 'free speech'." esire to await the outcome o£ the (See "School Board and Schoolmen.") The free speech issue has been raised "AACP suit :-against the Little Rock by the Georgia attorney general, who · iliool district's plnn fo1· J:(rndual inte­ bas intervened on the side of the pro­ ration beginning in 1957. segregation forces. The case is scheduled to be argued ~~~ The inte~·at<>d disll·icts nrc Hoxie, On Aug. 1, the day a!ter the Demo­ before the Court of Appeals at St. Louis o •ith about 12 Negroes attending classes cratic preferential primary, Jim John­ Sept. 10. ··.~·· •ith about 900 while pupils; Fayetle­ son said that all the votes had not been e ille. which integrated nine Nesxroes at tabulated and that "a proper tabulatio11 f • 1e high school level in 1954 with about would definitely cause a runoff." ·-- WHAT" THEY SAY 1 A "v.. • ~- JO white pupils, and Charleston. which Johnson, who based his campaign al­ ,._ 'ltegrated 11 Ncl!l'OCS in 1954 with about most entirely on the segregation issue, On Aug. 20, in a speech before the ~:-:- 30 white students. said his next move would be to form a Northwest Arkansas Dental Society (')·· During August. major happenings in­ new political party which would dis­ Convention at Fort Smith, Sen. John L. uded: avow the "anti-South nominees" of the McClellan, (D., Ark.) assailed the 1) After Gov. Orval E. Fat1bus. con­ Democratic and Republican parties on Supreme Court as "nine men lacking in dered more "moderate" in his segre­ the national level and would nominate judicial capacity." Or. William G. Cooper Jr. (ieft), president of the Little Rode school board, and ation stand than two other major a slate of Presidential electors. He said The greatest danger facing the United the new party would be formed a few U. Simpson Tate of Dallas, regional attorney for the NAACP, converse at the fed ­ States today, McClellan said, "is a andidates, had won the Democratic eral court hearing in Little Bock at which the school board's plan for gradual de­ omination for governor with a clear days after the close of the Republican Supreme Court that departs !rom the segregation was approved. 'lajoritv in the first primary, all-out national convention. fundamentals of law and imposes per­ sonal opinions on interpretations of the ~ationist Jim Johnson. who ran GO FOR STEVENSON In holding the school board's plan as Junior high school. The plan calls for econd. charged fraud and said he adequate, he said: integration of the four high school law." ould form a new nolilical party. (See The day before the Arkansas delega­ grades in 1957, the eighth grade in On Aug. 1, in an interview at Little tion left for the Democratic national "The plan which has been adopted Rock, Dr. Paul Misner of Glencoe, lll., olitical Activity.") alter thorough and conscientious con­ 1958 and the seventh grade in 1960. convention, Gov. Faubus said Adlai This pattern would continue until inte­ president of the American Association Stevenson's unqualified support of the sideration of the many questions in­ 'RADUAL PLAN OKAYEO gration was complete in 1966. of School AdministratoTS, said that local ~ - 2) On Aus:t. 28. Ff'deral Jud~re John Supreme Court's desectreStation ruling volved is a plan that will lead to an communities should have the autonomy :e..- .. :. Miller ruled in favor of the Little "does not meet with the approval of a effective and gradual adjustment of the 87 NEGRO PUPILS to decide the racial segregation issue in Ct.- •· tock school board plan for ~radual in­ lot of people" and that "some people problem." Van Buren has 87 Negroes and 2,721 their public schools. :il: • . eL PLANS TO ATI'END figures claim they can get 100,000 men demonstration. Increased support could .- o sectarian or denominational groups defend must be on high ground ... The Ally. Arthur D. Shores, representing into the city in 24 hours !rom Alabama easily be expected from Mississippi. The ,":>r educational purposes, which action issue is squarely faced in this amend- Mrs. Foster, contended that the expul­ and Mississippi should they be needed. boast of the ability to mobilize 100,000 .- ; contrary to the fundamental Ameri- ment. When we face squarely a fateful sion order was an "unlawful interfer­ The Ku Klux Klan has initiated ap­ men is doubtless greatly exaggerated, an principle of the scporalion of church choice between compulsory segregation proximately 150 men in a series of but a figure of 10,000 is definitely in \: md state... In our opinion ... the pro- and compulsory integration, it becomes ence" with the court order of Feb. 29. spring and summer rallies in the area. the realm of possibility." >osN! amendments will radically change clear that the real evil in both is pre- Mrs. Foster was not present at the Aug. .. , ~ PAGE l b-SEPTEMBER 195b-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS change- over very long. Hayti, in Pem­ plans are being made to end iscot County, where the Negro J?Opula­ in elementary grades. There tion is relatively high, has dec1ded to groes and 140 whites in high Missouri in 3rd Year of Integration; spend $35,000 of a recent $275,000 bond Negroes and 446 whites in issue for a new Negro high school, the grades. reminder goin~ for a white grade school At Bell City, the largest distrit; 88 p. c. of Negro Children Mfected and a gym. Rives, a large elementary area in Stoddard County, hl~ district in Dunklin County, also with a grades were integrated in 1954 ST. LOUIS, Mo. this September after integrating the tions taken by local districts. Now thls serious problems have been ' is being discontinued, says Commission­ high percentage of Negro students, last M rssotTRI BECINS rrs third year of racial high school in 1954. April approved a $55,000 bond issue ered, says Supt. H. C. Webster Groves formerly operated er Hubert Wheeler, because the job is ment is 207 of whom 29 are integration in public schools with considered so nearly done. which includes $15,000 for a two-class­ segregation almost abolished at the high the segregated high school where all room addition at both its white and Ne­ One Negro boy played on the basketball team and two were school level and 88 per cent of all Ne­ other St. Louis County districts sent 'BOOTBEEL' PERSISTS gro schools. gro pupils enrolled in wholly or partial­ their Negro pupils. By ending segrega­ Some segregated districts, as they second team last year; two also tion at both elementary and high school The only area where segregation on the baseball team. At the ly integrated school systems. seems likely to persist for some time is consolidate with others, house their Ne­ levels this year. Webster Groves adds disciplinary problems were lt:flC:OUnt..r At the high school level, only 700 the "Bootheel" or delta section. Even gro pupils in the vacated rural build­ 30 Negroes and 1,300 whites to the list ings while the white students go to arising from !'riction between Negro pupils in six schools remain seg­ of integrated high school students, and here, however, beginnings toward de­ and whites on school buses, but regated. All are in the "Bootheel" or segregation have been made. Although central schools in the reorganized dis­ 313 Negroes and 3,940 whites in inte­ trict. Generally the rural buildings are says these were no worse than delta section of southeast Missouri. grated elementary schools. two counties remain wholly segregated incidents among whites. In the elementary grades, all but 7,300 --r, the serving of soft drinks to mixed lrial depositions. Ralph Wallace, groups of students. The district had ident of the Moberly school planned to integrate the elementary 1955 when it was decided to grades beginning Sept. 1, bul postponed Negro school and not to rehire U action because of delay in building a gro teachers, tesUfied no "n••~u1PMotm• ·• new high school building. There is was given to race of teachers. v...,.,.,_, ., stronger sentiment against admission of Henderson, who has since Negroes to elementary grades because Kirkwood, Mo., as assistant ~, •.,.,.;nt ooll ·' many Negroes are retarded. some first dent, agreed. Under questioning he and second graders being 12 to 14 years mitted that 14 white teachers old. Whether to proceed at' the elemen­ later hired and that some had less tary level, where present enrollment perience than any of the Negro runs 61 Negroes to 616 whites, will be Henderson also admitted rec:omme~.. discussed during the coming year. ing one of the dismissed bas the whole story-complete, unbiased, authoritative-each month. Here are the At Sikeston. Supt. Lynn Twitty re­ employment elsewhere, but Pxtllailler..,­ " answers"-pro and con-in the experiences of thousands of school boards and pub­ ports that although the educational he thought she was applying at a level of the Negro children is below gated school. He said he wbuld lic officials, legislatures, courts, educational and lay groups, accurately and objective­ that of the whites, their attitude is this teacher's qualifications as ly r eported by a trained corps of 19 newsmen in 17 states and Washington, D. C. very good and usually they seem able an integrated school as in a cPIII'el!l~ll. to do average class work. Negroes are one. She had had 30 years of Quality of teaching in .... _.__.,, .,,~ No wonder SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS is r ead thoroughly each accepted pretty much on their individ­ ual worth by the white children. How­ 1·egated school, Henderson month in governors' offices, by state boards of education and legislative ever, only the lith and 12th grades of had been distinctly inferior to committees, by editors and newscasters . . • high school have been integrated and !he white schools. Asked why be the 32 Negroes there may be an above­ described another of the dismissed Does your school board receive SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS? (Bulk subscriptions average group. groes as a "strong" teacher, he . The Negro elementary and junior was comparing her with other are available at a r educed rate.) high school constitutes a logical atten­ not with whites. dance area, since it is situated in the TEACHER MADE DEAN center of the Negro residential area. Do you have a friend or colleague who would benefit from this information? One of the plaintiffs, Mrs. H. D. Until the Negro population is more widely scattered further integration is mony, who had taught 13 years at erly, testified that she has Here is a handy order form to unlikely to take place, says Twitty appointed dean of women at though in time it may be extended ~ the 9th and lOth grades. University in Jefferson City, a FOLLOW THE BIG STORY segregated and now predominantlY SENTIMENT DIVIDED gro four-year college. Though the pays $4,700 a year she said she SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Sikeston community sentiment is prefer her old job at $2,700 a year P.O. Box 6156 Aclden Station, divided, but the school board believes cause "Moberly is my home." the majority supports its actions so far. Mrs. Tymony described a Nashville, Tenn. individuals are vocal in opposition. F~w with school board member Please enter my subscription to SoUTHERN SCHOOL NEws at $2.00 S1keston enrolls 3,500 children of whom Chamier at which the Negro 600 to 700 are in the high school in­ (Note: 5 or more subs to one address: $1.50 were told: "If you knew the cluding 32 Negroes in the 11th and 12th 5 or more to different addresses: $1.15 each) we're having integrating the grades. In elementary grades, whites number 2,350. There are 400 Negroes in wouldn't ask for integration of NAME···· ······· ····························································· elementary and junior high school. Somebody has to lose in this sit:ion." ADDRESS 0 0 0 •• 0 0 o o 0 0 II 0 0 0 0 o 0 oo 0 o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 At Morley, where the lith and 12th Chamier, however, testified that CITY ...••••••••••••••...•••.••••• •••• ZONE. . • . • • • . • STATE ...... •.•••.•••••..• grades of high school have been inte­ was not a factor in the decision. gr-ated since 1954, the process is being of the Negro school had 0 Payment enclosed 0 Send bill extend~ this year to cover grades 9 to surplus of teachers, he said, and . (Pletue make checks payable to Southern Education Reporting Service) 12. Sentiment against integration exists retained were selected on the basl' but is reported "not too strong." N~ qualifications. TENNESSEt: STATE LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES State L1brarv n.v;.;""