If you have issues viewing or accessing this file, please contact us at NCJRS.gov.

.... 7'i.: : 7-/7"?:7 ...... Guaranteeing • =:~;~'5#,:.< !:,., i:~-'~&~ ~ - . Safe Passage: The National Forum on Youth Violence

made possible by 0 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Wellness Foundation ? Criminal Justice Policy Foundation Cowles Charitable Trust

[:.

• 71• 4

%[7 " '""',-q" ~''<" ;" ..... [. •

Annie E. Casey-F~r~datiOn : ii:

..... • ....: ,2. . National Conference o~:S~;-~g~S{atures .[ .... '...... "~ :: '.-.;'".;"" ..... Police Executive l~esearch Forum :0 i i . Dil ¸ :.

.2, ~:,~.~5 ~ ~ ~ : ~ .~,~-~.~ 7C ':~ ~'" ""' ~~;~ .... .,. ~ ~ ...... :.7..2!"~: , )~'i

GuaranteeingSafePassage

MateriaJs foi this Forum were prepared under Grant No. 95-JN-FX-0012 from the Office of Juvefiile Justice and Delinquency Preventio n, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U. S. Department of Justice. 0

Manual design and layout by Lisa A. Gilley, Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. Q

7:00 - 9:00 PM Dinner Dinner Speaker: Joe Marshall Agenda Views on Preventing Youth Violencefrom a Nationally Respected Youth Advocate

Friday, June 2

8:00 - 9:00 AM Breakfast

9:00- 10:30 AM Panel: Balancing Enforcement and Prevention A discussion with prominent law enforcement officials who have implemented programs blending law enforcement and prevention approaches.

10:30 - 10:45 AM Break

\ 10:45 - 12:15 PM Working Groups - Session III Youth Violence Prevention: What Works Youth Violence Prevention: What Doesn't Work Early Childhood Intervention Youth Speak Out

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Q

12:15 - 1:45 PM Lunch Agenda Luncheon Speaker: Shay Bilchik Framing A National Agenda on Youth Violence

1:45 - 3:30 PM Panel: Next Steps - A Call to Action A discussion with Forum participants on future action steps.

m Guaranteeing Safe Passage Forum Chairperson

Honorable Glenda Hatchett Johnson Speakers Fulton County Juvenile Court

The Speakers

Honorltble Janet Reno Marian Wright Edelman Attorney General of the President Children's Defense Fund

Honorable Lee Brown Clarence Harmon Director Chief of Police Office of National Drug Control Policy St. Louis, MO

Shay Bilchik Joe Marshall Administrator Executive Director Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Omega Boy's Club Prevention

Karen Pittman Terence P. Thornberry, Ph.D. Director Professor President's Crime Prevention Council State University of New York - Albany

Guaranteeing Safe Passage The Panelists and Moderators Panelists

Panel: Public Perceptions and Panel: Media View Political Realities A discussion with prominent journalists A discussion with prominent political about media influences on public opinion. leaders about how policy issues are affected by the political climate. Panelists Panelists Ben Holden Randall Franke Wall Street Journal President National Association of Counties Alex Kotlowitz Author and Journalist Bill Purcell Majority Leader Sam Vincent Meddis Tennessee House of Representatives USA Today

Kathleen Kennedy Townsend Caroline Satchell Lieutenant Governor WJLA-TV, Washington, D.C. Maryland Ginger Rutland Moderator Sacramento Bee Talbot D'Alemberte President Isabel Wilkerson State University New York Times Moderator Russell Cox Trustee Criminal Justice Policy Foundation

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Panel: Balancing Enforcement Panel: Next Steps - A Call to and Prevention Action A discussion with prominent law enforce- A discussion with Forum participants on ment officials who have implemented future action steps. programs blending law enforcement and prevention approaches. Panelists Shay Bilchik Panelists Administrator Kent Alexander Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency U.S. Attorney Prevention

Gil Garcetti Barry Krisberg District Attorney President National Council on Crime and Deborah Poritz Delinquency Attorney General Karen Pittman Michael Yamaguchi Director U.S. Attorney President's Crime Prevention Council

Moderator Moderator Sherry Magill Laurie Robinson Executive Director Assistant Attorney General Jessie Ball duPont Fund Office of Justice Programs

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Working Groups

Working Group Assignments WorkingGroup information

Your individual working group assign- On the following pages you will find ments page was distributed at registration. information on the individual working Please insert this page here. groups, including the names of presenters, facilitators and recorders for each group. If you have misplaced your working group assignment page, please check with the You will also find a set ofworksheets for registration desk. you to use during your participation in each of the working group discussions.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Working Groups

Session i

Effective Public/Private Partnerships The OJJDP Comprehensive Strategy

Presenters: Presenters: David Nee John Wilson Executive Director Deputy Administrator William Caspar Graustein Memorial Fund Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Luba H. Lynch Executive Director James C. Howell A.L.Mailman Family Foundation Former Director of Research and Program Development Facgitator: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Khalif Ramadan Prevention Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. Facilitator: Rick Cady Recorder: Developmental Research and Programs, Dr. Sandra Tunis Inc. National Council on Crime and Delinquency Recorder: Dr. Robert DeComo National Council on Crime and Delinquency m Guaranteeing Safe Passage Session I

Guns and Kids Young Women and Violence

Presenter: Presenters: Frank Zimring Noel Brennan Professor Deputy Assistant Attorney General School of'Law- U.C. Berkeley Department of Justice

Leslie Acoca Director Fecmlbnlcr: Women Offenders Sentencing Study Sherry Wong. Developmental Research and Programs, Facmtator: Inc. Brenda Taylor-Hines Recorder: Developmental Research and Programs, Darlene Grant Inc. National Council on Crime and Delinquency Recorder: Deborah Neuenfeldt National Council on Crime and Delinquency

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Working Groups

Session II

Effective Public/Private Partnerships The OJJDP Comprehensive Strategy

Presenters: Presenters: David Nee John Wilson Executive Director Deputy Administrator William Caspar Graustein Memorial Fund Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Luba H. Lynch Executive Director James C. Howell A.L.Mailman Family Foundation Former Director of Research and Program Development Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Facmtator: Prevention Khalif Ramadan Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. Facmtator: Rick Cady Recorder: Developmental Research and Programs, Dr. Sanda Tunis Inc. National Council on Crime and Delinquency R6corder: Dr. Robert DeComo National Council on Crime and Delinquency

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Session II

Youth Violence Prevention: What Reducing Violence Through Community Works! Policing

Presenter: Presenters: Dr. Richard E Catalano Drew Diamond Co-Founder Director Developmental Research and Programs, Community Policing Consortium Inc. Phil Keith Chief of Police Facilitator: Knoxville Police Department Sherry Wong Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. Facilitator: Brenda Taylor-Hines Recorder: Developmental Research and Programs, Deborah Neuenfeldt Inc. National Council on Crime and Delinquency Recorder: Darlene Grant National Council on Crime and Delinquency

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Working Groups

Session III

Violence Prevention: What Works! Youth Violence Prevention: What Doesn't Work

Presenter: Presenter: Dr. Richard E Catalano Dr. James Austin Co-Founder Executive Vice President Developmental Research and Programs, National Council on Crime and Inc. Delinquency

Facmtator: Facilitator: Sherry Wong Rick Cady Developmental Research and Programs, Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. Inc.

Recorder: Recorder: Deborah Neuenfeldt Dr. Robert DeComo National Council on Crime and National Council on Crime and Delinquency Delinquency

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Session III

Early ChildhoodIntervention Youth Speak Out

Presenter: Presenters: Emily Fenichel Dr. Yitzhak Bakal Associate Director Executive Director Zero to Three - National Center for North American Family Institute Clinical Infant Program Youth participants from the Thomas Facilitator: O'Farrell Youth Center Khalif Ramadan Developmental Research and Programs, Facmtator: Inc. Brenda Taylor-Hines Developmental Research and Programs, Recorder: Inc. Dr. Sandra Tunis National Council on Crime and Recorder: Delinquency Darlene Grant National Council on Crime and Delinquency

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Working Group- Session I

litle of Working Group

Use the space below to record your thoughts and ideas for discussion in this working group. Successes

Lessons Learned

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Gaps

Next Steps

Guarauteeing Safe Passage Working Group- Session II

title of Working Group

Use the space below to record your thoughts and ideas for discussion in this working group. Successes

Lessons Learned

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Gaps

Next Steps

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Working Group- Session iii

litle of Working Group

Use the space below to record your thoughts and ideas for discussion in this working group. Success6s

Lessons Learned

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Gaps

Next Steps

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Biographies Speakers, Panelists, Presenters Biographies

Leslie Acoca Washington to advise her on policy Leslie Acoca co-founded two programs for matters. He also chairs that Committee's learning and behavior disordered delin- Computer Working Group. Mr. Alexander quent children. She also founded and became an Assistant U.S. Attorney in served as Executive Director of Threshold, 1985 and prosecuted a wide variety of Inc., a treatment continuum for chemically criminal cases, ultimately concentrating in dependent youth offenders. As a consultant the white collar criminal area. He left the to the California Department of Correc- office in 1992 to join the law firm of King tions, Ms. Acoca developed alternative & Spalding, which elected him as a sentencing legislation for pregnant and partner the following year. Mr. Alexander parenting female offenders and their has been very active in the community, children. She is currently directing an and is a founding board member of Hands NCCD study on female offenders in On . He graduated magna cum California, Florida, and Connecticut. Ms. laude from Tufts University and from the Acoca is writing a monograph for the University of Virginia School of Law. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges describing treatment options James Austin for youth, which will be published in the James Austin is Executive Vice President of Fall 1995 Journal. Ms. Acoca is a graduate the National Council on Crime and of Yale University and holds two Masters Delinquency (NCCD). Prior to joining degrees and an M.EC.C. license. NCCD in 1974, Dr. Austin was a correc- tional sociologist for the Illinois Depart- Kent Alexander ment of Corrections. In 1991, Dr. Austin Kent Alexander is the United States Attor- was awarded the Peter P. Lejins Research ney for the Northern District of Georgia. Award by the American Correctional He heads an office of roughly 135 employ- Association. Dr. Austin received his ees, 68 of whom are attorneys. Mr. masters degree in sociology from DePaul Alexander is a member of Attorney General University and his doctorate, also in Reno's Advisory Committee, a group of sociology, from the University of Califor- U.S. Attorneys who regularly meet in nia, Davis.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Dr. Yitzhak Bakal Prior to her appointment to OJP, Ms. Dr. Yitzhak Bakal is the founder and Brennan served as Assistant United State Executive Director of North American Attorney for the District of Columbia. A Family Institute, and Northeastern Family Between 1985 and 1987, she was a law Institute, large multi-service agencies, clerk on the District of Columbia Superior providing community-based care for de- Court and the U.S. District Court for the institutionalized populations including District of Columbia, She also serves as an delinquent youth, serving nine states. He associate with the Center for Dispute Biographies is the author of Closing Correctional Settlement and was a principal in estab- Institutions New Strategies in Youth Services lishing the D.C. Mediation Service. Ms. and co-author of Reforming Correctionsfbr Brennan received her J.D. from Juvenile Offenders and The Life-Style Violent Georgetown University Law Center in Juvenile. 1985, and is a member of the adjunct faculty at the Law Center. Shay Bilchik Shay Bilchik is the Administrator of the Lee P. Brown Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Lee P. Brown is Director of the White Justice and Delinquency Prevention House Office of National Drug Control (OJJDP). He previously served as Associ- Policy (ONDCP). Prior to his confirma- ate Deputy Attorney General in the Office tion as ONDCP Director, Dr. Brown was of the Deputy Attorney General. Mr. distinguished Professor at Southern Bilchik began his career in 1977 as an University and Director of the University's Assistant State Attorney for the 1 lth Black Male Initiative Program. He also Judicial Circuit of Florida in Miami. In served as New York City Police Commis- 1979, he was promoted to Juvenile Divi- sioner from 1990-1992, as Police Chief of sion Chief and later to Deputy Chief Houston from 1982-1990 and as Atlanta's Assistant for Administration. In 1985, he Public Safety Commissioner from 1978- became the Chief Assistant for Adminis- 1982. Dr. Brown received a Doctorate in tration and was responsible for administer- Criminology from the University of ing an office of over 200 attorneys. Mr. California at Berkeley in 1970, a M.A. in Bilchik received his education from the Sociology from San Jose State University University of Florida where he earned his and a B.A. in Criminology at Fresno State B.S.B.A. degree in 1975 and his J.D. in University. He is the past President of the 1977. International Association of Chiefs of Police. In 1991, he was named Father of Noel Brennan the Year by the National Father's Day Noel Brennan is a Deputy Assistant Committee. Dr. Brown is the co-author of Attorney General for the Department of Police and Society: An Environment for Justice, Office of Justice Programs (OJP). Collaboration and Confrontation. m Guaranteeing Safe Passage Richard F, Catalano, Ph,D, Talbot D'Alemberte Richard F. Catalano is co-founder of Talbot D'Alemberte is President of the Developmental Research and Programs, an Florida State University, where he formerly Associate Professor at the University of served as Dean of the College of Law from Washington, and the Associate Director of 1984 to 1989. He was the 1991-92 the Social Development Research Group President of the American Bar Association, at the University of Washington's School the 1982-84 President of the American of Social Work. Dr. Catalano has been Judicature Society, and is a former partner BIoUraphles involved in research and program develop- in the law firm of Steel Hector & Davis, ment in the areas of drug abuse and where he began his law career in 1962. delinquency for over fifteen years. He has D'Alemberte served in the Florida House served on the National Institute on Drug of Representatives representing Dade Abuse Epidemiology and Prevention County from 1966 to 1972 and was Chair Review committee, and on the Washing- of the Florida Constitutional Revision ton State Advisory Committee for Alcohol Commission in 1977-78. He is the author and Substance Abuse. He is co-author of of The Florida Constitution and The Florida Communities That Care: Action Jbr Drug Civil Trial Guide, as well as many articles. Abuse Prevention. Dr. Catalano received his He holds numerous awards including the B.A. from the University of Wisconsin and 1986 National Sigma Delta Chi First his Ph.D. from the University of Washing- Amendment Award and a 1985 American ton. Academy of Television Arts and Sciences "Emmy" for his work in open government, particularly the opening of court proceed- Russell Cox ings to electronic journalists. He earned Russell Cox is a Trustee of the Linell his B.A. with honors in political science Foundation and the Criminal Justice from the University of the South in 1955 Policy Foundation. He is also the Presi- and his J.D. with honors from the Univer- dent of Resort Management, Inc. Mr. sity of Florida in 1962. Cox has ~t forty year business career in real estate. He has been president of three companies involved in nationwide devel- opment and management and has finance experience as director of four banks and several public corporations. Mr. Cox received a B.S. from MIT, an MBA from Harvard Business School, and has com- pleted professional studies at NYU and .

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Drew Diamond in Jackson, Mississippi. Mrs. Edelman Drew Diamond is Director of the Depart- moved to Washington in 1968 as counsel ment of Justice's Community Policing to the Poor People's March. She founded Consortium project. Prior to his present the Washington Research Project, a public position, he served as a Senior Research interest law firm and the parent body of Associate at the Police Executive Research CDE For two years she served as Director Forum (PERF) after retiring as Chief of of the Center for Law and Education at Police in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He completed Harvard University, and in 1973 she B ographies twenty two years of service with the Tulsa founded CDE Mrs. Edelman has received Police Department and served as Chief many honorary degrees and awards includ- from 1987 until his retirement in 1991. ing the Albert Schweitzer Humanitarian Prior to joining the Tulsa Police Depart- Prize and was a Mac.Arthur Foundation ment he was an employee of the Federal Prize Fellow. She is the author of several Bureau of Investigation until he entered books, including Families in Peril: An the U.S. Army and became an Agent in Agenda for Social Change and The Measure the Army Criminal Investigations Com- of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and mand. He is a graduate of Northeastern Yours. Oklahoma State University, the 116th Session of the FBI National Academy and EmilyFenichel the 12th Session of the FBI National Emily Fenichel is Associate Director of Executive Institute. Diamond has been a ZERO TO THREE/National Center for member of the adjunct faculty of Tulsa Clinical Infant Programs, a national, non- Junior College since 1982 instructing profit organization dedicated to fostering criminal justice courses. the healthy physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of infants, tod- dlers, and their families. She is editor of Marian Wright Edetman the bi-monthly bulletin, Zero to Three, co- Marian Wright Edelman is the President editor,'with Dr. Joy Osofsky, of Caringfor and founder of the Children's Defense Infants and Toddlers in ½'dent Environ- Fund (CDF). She has been an advocate for mentz, and author, editor, or co-editor of disadvantaged Americans for her entire numerous other publications concerned professional career. Under her leadership, with training and best practice in the the Washington-based CDF has become a infant/family field. strong national voice for children and families. Mrs. Edelman, a graduate of Spelman College and Yale Law School, was the first black woman admitted to the Mississippi Bar. She directed the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund office

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Randall Franke and attended UCLA Law School. Randall Franke is the County Commis- sioner of Marion County, OR. He has Clarence Harmon been the County Commissioner since Clarence Harmon is Chief of Police of the 1979, and has been elected Board Chair- St. Louis Police Department. He is a 26- man six times. Mr. Franke is the President year veteran of the Department. Prior to of the National Association of Counties. his promotion to Chief, he served as Secretary to the Board of Police Commis- He is the former chair of the NACo Biographies Environment, Energy and Land Use sioners in the ranks of both Lieutenant Committee. Franke is the past president of Colonel and Major. He also served as the Association of Oregon Counties Commander of Area I, in south St. Louis. (AOC) and has been a member of the As Area Commander, Harmon developed AOC Board of Directors since 1985. a Community Oriented Problem Solving He is chair of the Marion County Chil- (COPS) program based on a philosophy as dren and Families Commission and the police as problem solvers, not simply law YMCA Board of Directors. Franke re- enforcers. He is now expanding the ceived his M~. in corrections from program to the entire department. Chief Oregon College of Education and is B.A. Harmon holds a M.A. in Criminal Justice from the . Administration and Public Administration from Webster University and a B.S. from Gil Garcetti Northeast Missouri State University. Chief Gil Garcetti is the Los Angeles County Harmon has been the recipient of four District Attorney. When he took office, Chief of Police Letters of Commendation Garcetti immediately formed the Bureau for outstanding performance of duty. of Crime Prevention and Youth Services, which sends prosecutors into classrooms Ben Holden and communities to work with children Ben Holden covers urban affairs and and teenagers to prevent them from energy for the WallStreet Journal. He has becoming involved in crime. Garcetti also been with the Journal since January 1993. formed the first Domestic Violence Unit Mr. Holden received national recognition in the District Attorney's office. Through- in 1985 by receiving the William out his career in the District Attorney's Randolph Hearst Award for his investiga- office, Garcetti served in administrative tive reporting and is a 1993 FAME Award and trial deputy positions, including winner. Mr. Holden holds MBA and J.D. serving as Chief Deputy, Head Deputy of degrees from the University of California, the Torrance Branch office and head of the Berkeley. Prior to his work in Special Investigations Division. Garcetti he was a business attorney for three years. graduated cum laude from the University of Southern California School of Business

Guaranteeing Safe Passage James C, Howell, Ph,D, Law and of Mount Holyoke College, Dr. James C. (Buddy) Howell is a graduate Judge Johnson was originally appointed to

ww fi of East Texas Baptist College (B.A., the court in 1990. After her first year on Sociology). He earned a master's degree the bench, Judge Johnson was selected by from Stephen E Austin State University, the National Bar Association's local aff'di- and a Ph.D. from the University of Colo- ate as the Outstanding Jurist of the Year rado. For most of the past twenty years, for her innovative leadership in revolution- Dr. Howell has served as Director of Biographies izing the Fulton County Juvenile Court Research and Program Development at the system with public and private partnership Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency initiatives. She is Georgia's first African- Prevention (OJJDP) in the U.S. Depart- American presiding judge of a state court, ment of Justice. Dr. Howell also held as well as head of one of the largest juve- several other OJJDP positions since nile court systems in the nation. Judge helping to create the office in 1975. These Johnson was a senior attorney for Delta include Director of the National Institute Airlines and served as U.S. District Court on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Law Clerk to the Honorable Horace T. Prevention, Deputy Administrator of Ward. OJJDP, and a member of the federal Coordinating Council for Juvenile Justice Phil Keith and Delinquency Prevention. Dr. Howell Phil Keith is the Chief of Police of Knox- is co-author of the ComprehensiveStrategy ville, Tennessee. Prior to serving as the for Serious, Violent and ChronicJuvenile Chief of Police, he demonstrated innova- Offenders. He is also the editor of the tive strategies through a number of nation- federal Guidefor Implementing the Compre- ally recognized programs, including the hensive Strategyfor Serious, Violent and Integrated Criminal Apprehension Pro- Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Dr. Howell gram, Systems Approach to Crime Preven- was the primary architect designing the tion, and Covert Property Crimes Pro- OJJDP approach for implementing the gram. For more than ten years he served as federal Juvenile Justice Tide V delinquency the director of the planning and research prevention program and has authored element of the Knoxville Police Depart- numerous other publications on juvenile ment. Additionally he has served as Ad- delinquency research and juvenile justice ministrative Assistant to three former issues. chiefs of police and has been recognized for his achievements including Officer of Judge Gienda Hatchett Johnson the Year, Law Enforcement Educator of Judge Glenda Hatchett Johnson is the the Year by the Southeast Criminal Justice Chief Presiding Judge of the Fulton Educators Association, and the nationally County Juvenile Court in Atlanta. A acclaimed Planner of the Year award. Mr. graduate of School of Keith served on the 1994 U.S. Conference

Guaranteeing Safe Passage of Mayors Crime Task Force. Mr. Keith Wesleyan University. received his B.A. from East Tennessee State University and his M.A. from the Univer- Barry Krisberg sity of Tennessee. He is a graduate of the Barry Krisberg is the President of the 110th Session of the FBI's National National Council on Crime and Delin- Academy and the 13th Session of the quency (NCCD). He is known nationally National Executive Institute. for his research and expertise on juvenile justice issues and is called upon as a Biographies Alex Kotlowitz resource for professionals and the media. Alex Kotlowitz is the author of the best- Dr. Krisberg is the author of numerous selling There Are No Children Here: the publications including Crime and Privilege: Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other The Children of lshmae~ Juvenile Justice: America. The book was the recipient of Improving the Quality of Care, Excellence in numerous awards including the Helen B. Adolescent Care: The Thomas O'Farrell Bemstein Award for Excellence in Journal- Youth Center, and Reinventing Juvenile ism, the Carl Sandburg Award and a Justice, co-authored with Dr. James Austin. Christopher Award. It was adapted for Last year, he was awarded the American television as an ABC Movie of the Week, Society of Criminology's August Vollmer starring Oprah Winfrey. Mr. Kotlowitz is Award in recognition of his outstanding presently at work on a second book. He professional contributions in the field of also continues to write and speak on issues criminology. Dr. Krisberg received his concerning children and the inner-city, master's degree in criminology and a including appearance on college campuses. doctorate in sociology, both from the Most recently, Mr. Kotlowitz was a Distin- University of Pennsylvania. guished Visitor at the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. From 1984 until 1993, he worked as a staff writer at The Wall StreetJournal, writing on urban affairs and social policy. Prior to joining the Journa~ he freelanced for five years contributing to the MacNeil- Lehrer NewsHour, National Public Radio and various magazines. His journalism honors include the Robert E Kennedy Journalism Award and the George Polk Award. He is also the recipient of The Catholic Interracial Council of New York's John LaFarge Memorial Award for Interra- cial Justice. Mr. Kotlowitz is a graduate of

Guaranteeing Safe Passage LubaH, Lynch Shore. She is a member of the Southeast- Luba H. Lynch, M.Ed., is the Executive em Council of Foundations Board and Director of the A.L. Mailman Family President of the P.A.C.E. Center for Girls Foundation. The A.L. Mailman Family State Board. Dr. Magill holds a bachelor's Foundation is a national foundation that and master's degree from the University of promotes of the well-being of children and , and a doctorate in American their families. In recent years the Founda- Studies from Syracuse University. tion has been distributing over $800,000 Biographies annually in the fields of early childhood care and education, moral and social Joe Marshall development, early intervention, and Joe Marshall is Executive Director and co- family support. Earlier in her career, Ms. founder of the Omega Boys Club, a youth Lynch served as Program Officer at the organization that emphasizes academic Field Foundation, a research assistant with achievement and non-involvement with Hon. Justine Wise Polier and with the drugs. Since Omegas founding in 1987, Juvenile Justice Division of the Children's Marshall has helped send more than 100 Defense Fund. Ms. Lynch is Co-chair of young men and women to college. In the National Funding Collaborative on 1990, Marshall was honored by the White Violence Prevention and is on the Steering House for his success in fighting drugs and Committee of the national affinity group crime in his community. He is the recipi- of foundations, Grantmakers for Children, ent of numerous awards including a 1994 Youth and Families. She serves on the MacArthur Fellowship, a 1994 Leadership Board of the New York Regional Associa- Award from the Children's Defense Fund tion of Grantmakers and the Viola W. and an Essence Award. In addition to his Bernard Foundation. Ms. Lynch is a work with the Omega Boys Club, graduate of Bank Street College of Educa- Marshall hosts an award-winning violence tion. prevention talk show. Marshall is currendy on leave from the San Francisco Unified Sherry Magill School District where he was employed as Sherry Magill is the Executive Director of a teacher and administrator for twenty five the Jessie Ball duPont Fund. Located in years. He received a B.A. from the Univer- Jacksonville, FL, the Fund has assets of sity of San Francisco, an M.A. in Educa- $180 million and an annual grants budget tion from San Francisco State University of $7 million. Prior to joining the Fund's and is a Ph.D. candidate in Psychology staffin 1991 as Program Officer for from the Wright Institute in Berkeley, CA. Education, Dr. Magill served as Vice President and Deputy to the President of Washington College, a small private liberal arts college located on Maryland's Eastern iCma Guaranteeing Safe Passage Sam Vincent Meddis Karen Pitt]nan Sam Vincent Meddis is the USA Today's Karen Pittman is Director of the chief reporter coveting the U.S. Justice President's Crime Prevention Council. The Department. He has worked at the paper Council was established by Congress in that capacity since 1982. His work has through the Violent Crime Control and received national recognition, including Law Enforcement Act of 1994 and is two PASS awards from the National Chaired by the Vice President. Prior to Council on Crime and Delinquency, a coming to the Crime Prevention Council, Silver G~tvel Award from the American Bar Pittman was a Senior Vice President at the Biographies Association and the Unity Award for Academy for Educational Development Investigative Reporting from the School of and Founder and Director of the Center Journalism of Lincoln University in for Youth Development and Policy Re- Missouri. search. Pittman has also served as director of the adolescent pregnancy prevention David Nee and youth development work at the David Nee is the Executive Director of the Children's Defense Fund. She has also William Caspar Graustein Memorial Fund worked for the Urban Institute and the in July 1993. Within the state of Con- National Center for Family Studies. Ms. necticut, the Memorial Fund seeks to Pittman is the author of Black and White improve the effectiveness of pre-collegiate Children America: Key Facts, Testing the education in fostering personal growth and Safety Net: The Impact of Changes in leadership. Previously, Mr. Nee was Execu- Support Programs During the Reagan tive Director of the Ittleson Foundation Administration and dozens of articles. Ms. and Executive Director of the Florence V. Pittman holds a B.A. from Oberlin Col- Burden Foundation. Mr. Nee has devel- lege, an M.A. from the University of oped programs in the fields of aging, crime Chicago and has completed a Ph.D. and justice, mental health, AIDS, and the dissertation pending acceptance. environment. Mr. Nee is the co-author of From Baby-Boom to Baby-Bust: How Business Can Deal With the Demographic Challenge. Mr. Nee graduated from Harvard College in 1968, holds a Master's degree in English from Yale University, and a Master's degree in Business Adminis- tration from Boston University.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Deborah T, Poritz Department of Youth Development, Deborah T. Poritz is the Attorney General discourage high school dropouts and of New Jersey. She has served as Deputy promote Family Resource Centers in Attorney General in the Division of Law, Tennessee schools. Rep. Purcell represents Environmental Protection section and the 52nd District which encompasses East Deputy Attorney General in Charge of Nashville and Donelson. Rep. Purcell Appeals and Chief of the Banking, Insur- received his law degree from Vanderbilt I ance and Public Securities Section. From University and his undergraduate degree Biographies 1986 to 1989, Poritz served as Assistant from Hamilton College. Attorney General and Director of the Division of Law, supervising more than Attorney General Janet Reno 300 attorneys for the state. She was Janet Reno is the Attorney General of the appointed Chief Counsel to Governor United States. From 1978 until the time Kean in 1989, and was a partner in the of her appointment, Ms. Reno served as law firm of Jamieson, Moore, Peskin and State Attorney for Dade County, Florida. Spicer until her appointment in 1994 to She was initially appointed to the position be New Jersey's first female Attorney by the Governor of Florida and was General. Poritz received her B.A. from subsequently elected to that office five Brooklyn College, where she was magna times. Ms. Reno was a partner in the cum laude and elected to Phi Beta Kappa Miami-based law firm of Steel, Hector & and received her law degree from the Davis from 1976 to 1978. Before that, University of Pennsylvania Law School. she served as an assistant state attorney and as Staff Director of the Florida House of Rep, Bill Purcell Representatives Judiciary Committee, after Rep. Bill Purcell is the Majority Leader for starting her legal career in private practice. the Tennessee General Assembly. AS Ms. Reno received her A.B. from Cornell Majority Leader he has been at the fore- University and her L.L.B. from Harvard front of reforms in education, sentencing, Law School. health care and workers compensation over the past four years. Throughout his Laurie O, Robinson eight years in the House, Rep. Purcell has Laurie O. Robinson is the Assistant placed special emphasis on legislation Attorney General of the Department of affecting Tennessee's families and children. Justice's Office of Justice Programs. She A chairman of the Select Committee on joined the Justice Department in 1993 as Children and Youth during the last six an Associate Deputy Attorney General. years, he has steered legislation through From 1979 to 1993, Ms. Robinson was the general assembly to provide maternity Director of the American Bar Association's leave, create America's first statewide (ABA) Criminal Justice Section. She family preservation program, establish the served as Chair of the National Forum on

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Criminal Justice from 1991 until 1993. news department. She writes and produces

Ms. Robinson graduated Magna Cum primetime studio and documentary 4P Laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Pembroke specials, series for anchors and special College in Brown University in 1968. events coverage. Until recently, she also produced a weekly public affairs show called "Issues and Answers." Ginger Rutland Ginger Rudand is an associate editor with Toronce T, Thornberry the Sacramento Bee. She has been a mem- Terence T. Thornberry is Professor, and Biographies ber of that paper's editorial board since former Dean, at the School of Criminal 1988. Her areas of concentration include Justice at the State University of New criminal justice, legislative ethics, poverty York. Prior to moving to Albany, he was a and transportation. She was a 1993 faculty member at the University of recipient of the National Council on Georgia and the University of Pennsylva- Crime and Delinquency PASS Award for nia. Professor Thornberry received his her editorials on juvenile crime issues. M.A. in Criminology and his Ph.D. in Before coming to The Bee, Ms. Rutland Sociology from the University of Pennsyl- was aTV reporter for 17 years. From vania. He is the author of numerous 1978 to 1988 she was the Capitol Bureau books, including The Criminally Insane A reporter for KRON-TV, the NBC affiliate and From Boy to Man - From Delinquency in San Francisco. While at KRON she to Crime, as well as numerous articles and won an Emmy for a documentary about book chapters. Professor Thornberry is the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant currendy the director of the Rochester and reported extensively on prison and Youth Development Study, an ongoing crime issues. Ms. Rudand is a graduate of panel study examining the causes and in Washington, D.C. correlates of serious delinquency and drug use. He has served as an Executive Coun- selor and Vice President of the American Caroline Satcheli Society of Criminology. Professor Caroline Satchell is a producer for WJLA- Thornberty is the recipient of numerous TV in Washington, DC. She began her awards including the American Bar career at WUSA-TV in Washington, Association's Gavel Award Certificate of where she produced segments for a Sunday Merit, the President's Award for Excellence morning magazine show called "Capital in Research at the University of Albany, Edition. ~ In 1991, she moved to WJLA- and he is a fellow of the American Society TV in Washington, where she produced of Criminology. for anchor Renee Poussaint (who is now the ABC'S ~Primetime Live"). Currently, she is the Senior Producer/Writer for the

Guaranteeing Safe Passage include the George S. Polk Award, also the

P Kathleen KennedyTownsend first Black woman to win, for her coverage Kathleen Kennedy Townsend is the of the floods. She was named 1994 Jour- Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. As a nalist of the Year by the National Associa- public-sector executive and private-sector tion of Black Journalists. Mrs. Wilkerson advocate, she has a wide range of accom- has worked for the 7~mesas a metropolitan plishments focusing on criminal justice, reporter in the New York City and Albany community service, education and eco- bureaus, a national correspondent in the Biographies nomic development. As chair of the Detroit and Chicago bureaus and as Cabinet Council on Criminal and Juvenile Chicago bureau chief.. Ms. Wilkerson is Justice, Townsend is responsible for currently on leave, researching and writing directing Maryland's efforts to control and a book for Random House on the migra- prevent crime. Prior to her election in tion of blacks from the South to the North 1994, she served as Deputy Assistant from the World War I to the 1950's. She is Attorney General in the Department of a 1983 journalism graduate of Howard Justice, responsible for a billion dollar University, where she served as editor-in- budget to support local law enforcement chief of the student newspaper, The efforts and establish community policing Hilltop. programs around the country. In the early 1980s, she directed efforts to create a John J. Wilson Police Corps program where young people John J. Wilson is the Deputy Administra- would receive college tuition in return for tor of the Department of Justice's Office of their work as police officers. Mrs. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preven- Townsend is a cum laude graduate of tion (OJJDP). Mr. Wilson joined the Harvard University and a graduate of the Department in 1974 as an attorney University of New Mexico Law School, advisor in the Office of General Counsel where she was an editor of the law review. for the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. He served as Senior Isabel Wilkerson Counsel of OJJDP from its inception in Isabel Wilkerson, a senior writer at the 1974 until 1992, when he joined , is the first African- office as full-time Legal Counsel. He American woman to win a in served as Acting Administrator of OJJDP journalism and the first Black American to from January 1993 to October 1994. Mr. win for individual reporting. She won the Wilson has an A.B. from the University of 1994 Pulirzer Prize, the industry's highest Michigan, and M.B.A. from Wayne State honor, for her stories about the Midwest University and a J.D. from Detroit College floods and for her profile of a 10 year-old of Law. boy with a man's obligations on the South Side of Chicago. Her other citations

Guaranteeing Safe Passage IVfichael J, Yamaguchi Institute. Prior to 1985, he was on the

Michael J. Yamaguchi is the United States faculty of the University of Chicago for jim Attorney for the Northern District of eighteen years, most recendy as Llewellyn California. Prior to his present position, Professor of Jurisprudence and Director of he served as a criminal Assistant United the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice. States Attorney for thirteen years in the His recent books include The Changing same office he now leads. Mr. Yamaguchi Legal World ofAdolescence, and with is a graduate of two law schools, New York Gordon Hawkins, Capital Punishment and University and the University of San the American Agenda, The Citizen's Guide to Biographies Francisco. Gun Control Pornography in a Free Society, and The Scale ofImprisonment. He served Franklin E, 7imring as Director of Research for the Task Force Franklin E. Zimring, B.A. Wayne State on Firearms of National Violence Com- University, J.D. University of Chicago, has mission in 1968-1969 and was co-author been at Berkeley since 1985 as Professor of of that Task Force's report, Firearms and Law and Director of the Earl Warren Legal Violence in American Life.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Forum Participants

Ms. Leslie Acoca Mr. S. Christopher Baird Director Senior Vice President Women Offenders Sentencing Study National Council on Crime and Box 87 Delinquency Woodacre, CA 94973 6409 Odana Road Madison, WI 53719 Ms. Toni Aleman Midwest Manager Dr. Yitzhak Bakal National Council on Crime and Executive Director Delinquency North American Family Institute 6409 Odana Road 10 Harbor Street Madison, WI 53719 Danvers, MA 01923

Mr. Kent B. Alexander Mr. David Ballenberger United States Attorney Vice President United States Attorney's Office Community Consultant Inc. Richard Russell Federal Building P.O. Box 512 75 Spring Street, SW, Suite 1800 Oxford, MI 48371 Atlanta, GA 30335 Ms. Nanette Banks Dr. James Austin Senior Research Associate Executive Vice President National Council on Crime and National Council on Crime and Delinquency Delinquency 685 Market Street, Suite 620 1325 G Street, NW, Suite 770 San Francisco, CA 94105 Washington, D.C. 20005 Ms. Kimberly Barnes-O'Connor Mr. A_rchieAvedisian Children's Policy Coordinator President Senate Committee on Labor and Human Greater Washington Boys and Girls Clubs Resources 1320 Fenwick Lane, Suite 800 U.S. Senate Silver Springs, MD 20910 Washington, D.C. 20510

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Mr. George Bedell Honorable Noel Brennan Trustee Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jessie Ball duPont Fund Department of Justice 2810 NW 38th Drive 633 Indiana Avenue, Suite 1300 Gainesville, FL 32605 Washington, D.C. 20531

• Mr. Melvin J. Bell, Jr. Honorable Lee Brown Program Officer Director Rhode Island Foundation Office of National Drug Control Policy 70 Elm Street Executive Office of the President Providence, RI 02903 Washington, D.C. 20500

Mr. Brian Berkowitz Ms. Jennie D. Brown, Ed.D. Vice President Project Specialist Leroy Collins Center for Public Policy Office of the Essex County Prosecutor, EO. Box 1658 Newark, New Jersey Tallahassee, FL 32302-1658 New Courts Building Newark, NJ 07102 Mr. Shay Bilchik Administrator Mr. Jim Brown Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency President Prevention Community Research Associates 633 Indiana Avenue, NW 41 East University Avenue, Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 20531 Champaign, IL 61820

Ms. Heather A. Block Ms. Gloria Primm Brown D.A.R.E. America Program Officer P.O. Box 3108 Carnegie Corporation Oakton, VA 22134 437 Madison Ave, 27th Floor NewYork, NY 10022 Ms. Lincla Bowen Executive Director Mr. Rick Cady National Funding Collaborative on Manager of Training and Technical Violence Prevention/Tides Foundation Assistance 410 4th Street, NE Developmental Research and Programs, Washington, D.C. 20002 Inc. 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 , WA 98109

Guaranteeing Safe .Passage "g

Mr. Jack Calhoun Mr. Thomas E. Coury Executive Director Executive Director National Crime Prevention Council Gardiner Howland Shaw Foundation 1700 K Street, NW, 2nd Floor 341 Chestnut Street Washington, D.C. 20006 Needham, MA 02192

Ms. Charlotte Camper Mr. Russell N. Cox Director of Program Analysis Trustee SC Department of Juvenile Justice Criminal Justice Policy Foundation P.O. Box 21069 EO. Box 649 Columbia, SC 29221-1069 West End, NC 27376-0649

Dr. Richard E Catalano Mr. Cabell C. Cropper Co-Founder Director, Management & Administration Developmental Research and Programs, American Prosecutors Research Institute Inc. 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 510 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 Alexandria, VA 22314 Seattle, WA 98109 Ms. Jane Elizabeth Curran Ms. Pat Chappell Executive Director Director of Product Development and The Florida Bar Foundation Special Projects 109 East Church Street, Suite 405 Developmental Research and Programs, Orlando, FL 32801-3340 Inc. 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 Mr. Talbot D'Alemberte Seattle, WA 98109 President Florida State University Mr. Ronald W. Clement 211 Westcott Building Executive Director Tallahassee, FL 32306-1037 Haigh-Scatena Foundation P.O. Box 4399 Mr. J. Otis Davis Davis, CA 95617-4399 Director, Office of Delinquency Services Michigan Department of Social Services Ms. Joan Colello 335 S. Cesar Chavez Avenue Executive Director Lansing, MI •48917 The Pinkerton Foundation 725 Park Avenue NewYork, NY 10021

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Mr. H. Christian DeBruyn Mr. Jim Duke Commissioner Budget Examiner Indiana Department of Correction Office of Management and Budget 302 W. Washington Street, Room E334 725 17th Street, NW Indianapolis, IN 46204 Washington, D.C. 20503

Dr. Robert E. DeComo Mr. Earl L. Dunlap Senior Researcher Executive Director National Council on Crime and National Juvenile Detention Association Delinquency Eastern Kentucky University 685Market Street, Suite 620 301 Perkins Building San Francisco, CA 94105 Richmond, KY 40475-3127

Mr. Paul DeMuro Ms. Marian Wright Edelman Federal Court Monitor President Oklahoma Children's Defense Fund 82 Essex 25 E Street, NW Montclair, NJ 07042 Washington, D.C. 20001

Mr. Drew Diamond Ms. Kathleen Feely Director Associate Director Community Policing Consortium Annie E. Casey Foundation 1726 M Street, NW, Suite 801 701 St. Paul Street Washington, D.C. 20036 Baltimore, MD 21202

Mr. Walter Dickey Ms. Emily Fenichel Professor of Law Associate Director University of Wisconsin Law School Zero to Three/National Center for Clini- Campaign for an Effective Crime Policy cal Infant Program Madison, WI 53706 2000 14th Street N, Suite 380 Arlington, VA 22201-2500 Ms. Bernardine Dohrn Director Mr. James P. Finley Children and Family Justice Center Program Manager Northwestern School of Law - Legal U.S. Department of Justice, OJJDP, Clinic FVTC 357 East Chicago Avenue 120 East Unaka Avenue Chicago, IL 60611 Johnson City, TN 37601

Guaranteeing Safe Passage 4

Honorable Randall Franke Mr. Jim Gondles President Executive Director National Association of Counties American Correctional Association 100 High Street 8025 Laurel Lakes Ct. Salem, OR 97301 Laurel, MD 20707-5075

Mr. Craig Frazer Ms. Darlene Grant Associate Director Senior Research Associate Police Executive Research Forum National Council on Crime and 2116 Thornwood Avenue Delinquency Wilmette, IL 60091-1452 1325 G Street, NW, Suite 770 Washington, D.C. 20005 Mr. Gil Garcetti District Attorney Hon. Ernestine E Gray Los Angeles County Judge 210 West , 18th Floor Orleans Parish Juvenile Court Los Angeles, CA 90012 421 Loyola Avenue New Orleans, LA 70112 Mr. Fred Garcia, MSW Deputy Director Ms. Rhonda Greene Office of National Drug Control Policy Director, Community Programs Executive Office of the President South Carolina Department of Juvenile Washington, D.C. 20503 Justice Georgetown County Office Mr. William A. Geller P.O. Box 64 Associate Director Georgetown, SC 29442 Police Executive Research Forum 2116 Thornwood Avenue Mr. Woodrow C. Greene Wilmette, IL 60091-1452 Community Foundation of Greater Flint 502 Church Street Ms. Kumiki Gibson Flint, MI 48502 Counsel to the Vice President Office of the Vice President Mr. John Gregrich Old Executive Office Building Senior Policy Analyst Washington,D.C. 20501 Office of National Drug Control Policy Executive Office of the President Washington, D.C. 20503

Guaranteeing Safe Passage

[ - Mr. William Grosshans Mr. Ben Holden Administrator Reporter Wisconsin Department of Corrections Wall Street Journal 149 East Wilson Street 65 Wilshire Blvd., 15th Floor EO. Box 7925 Los Angeles, CA 90048 Madison, WI 53707-7925 Dr. James C. Howell Ms. Beatrix Hamburg, M.D. Former Director of Research and Program President Development William T. Grant Foundation Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency 515 Madison Avenue Prevention NewYork, NY 10022 2795 Mansway Drive Herndon, VA 22071 Mr. Clarence Harmon Chief of Police Mr. Robert Hussey St. Louis Police Department Federal Liaison Counsel 1200 Clark Corporation for National Service St. Louis, MO 63103 1201 New York Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20525 Mr. Martin Hassner Bernard and Audre Rapoport Foundation Mr. Michael Jarvis 8 Hook Road Department of Housing and Urban• Rye, NY 10580 Development 451 7th Street, S.W. Ms. Carolyn Haynes Washington, D.C. 20410 Executive Assistant to the President National Council on Crime and Ms. Krista R. Johns Delinquency Director of Curriculum Development 685 Market Street, Suite 620 National Council of Juvenile and Family San Francisco, CA 94105 Court Judges 1041 North Virginia, Third Floor Ms. Barbara Hildt Reno, NV 89557 Coordinator The Medical Foundation Ms. Claire M. Johnson 95 Berkeley Street Senior Associate Boston, MA 02116 Institute for Law and Justice 1018 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 m Guaranteeing Safe Passage Honorable Glenda Hatchett Johnson Mr. Alex Kotlowitz Juvenile Court Judge Author and Journalist Fulton County Juvenile Court 141 South Harvey 445 Capitol Avenue, SW Oakport, IL 60302 Atlanta, GA 30312 Dr. Barry Krisberg Ms. Sharon M. Jones President Research Associate National Council on Crime and • The Criminal Justice Policy Foundation Delinquency 1899 L Street NW, Suite 500 685 Market Street, Suite 620 Washington, D.C. 20036 San Francisco, CA 94105

Ms. Jolie E. Kapelus Mr. Jay Kroshus Associate, Program for Children Research Analyst The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation National Conference of State Legislatures 250 Park Avenue, Suite 900 (NCSL) New York, NY 10177 1560 Broadway, Suite 700 Denver, CO 80202-5140 Mr. Phil Keith Chief of Police Mr. Michael Livingston Knoxville Police Department Assistant Attorney General p.o. Box 3610 Oregon Department of Justice Knoxville, TN 37927 1162 Court Street NE Salem, OR 97310 Ms. Constance E. Kohl Strategic Planning and Budgeting Mr. Edward J. Loughran Administrator Director Department of Youth Treatment and Robert E Kennedy Memorial-National Rehabilitation Juvenile Justice Project 1624 West Adams 286 Congress Street/6th Floor Phoenix, AZ 85007 Boston, MA 02210

Ms. Judi Kosterman Mr. Bart Lubow Associate Director of Field Operations Senior Program Assistant Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of Annie E. Casey Foundation America 701 St. Paul Street 701 N. Fairfax Street Baltimore, MD 21202 Alexandria, VA 22314

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Ms. Luba H. Lynch Ms. Marion Mattingly Executive Director Juvenile Justice Consultant/ A.L. Mailman Family Foundation Washington Editor, Juvenile Justice 707 Westchester Avenue Update White Plains, NY 10604 8801 Fallen Oak Drive Bethesda, MD 20817 Ms. Barbara A. MacKenzie Michigan Department of Social Services Mr. Gaynor McCown 235 S. Cesar Chavez Avenue, Suite 514 Senior Policy Analyst Lansing, MI 48909 Domestic Policy Council Room 218-OEOB Dr. Sherry P. Magill The White House Executive Director Washington, D.C. 20501 Jessie Ball duPont Fund 225 Water Street, Suite 1200 Mr. Sam Vincent Meddis Jacksonville, FL 32202-517 Staff Reporter USA Today Ms. Sandy Markwood 1000 Wilson Blvd. Director, Human Services Programs Arlington, VA 22229 National Association of Counties 440 First Street, NW Ms. Benita Melton Washington, DC 20001-2080 Associate Program Officer C. S. Mott Foundation Mr. Joe Marshall 1200 Mott Foundation Building Executive Director Flint, MI 48502 Omega Boy's Club P.O. Box 884463 Mr. Nick Millar San Francisco, CA 94188-4463 Regional Director Associated Marine Institutes Mr. Vicente Martinez 2514 West Tharpe Street Program Officer Tallahassee, FL 32303 New York Foundation 350 Fifth Ave, Room 2901 Mr. William Modzeleski NewYork, NY 10118 Director, Safe Drug-Free Schools Department of Education 600 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, D.C. 20202

Guaranteeing Safe Passage

l 8 " I Mr. Eugene R. Moore Ms. Katie Nichols Director Vice Chair: National Council on Crime Department of Youth Treatment and and Delinquency Board of Directors Rehabilitation Florida Corrections Commission 1624 West Adams 1682 Oceanview Drive Phoenix, AZ 85007 Tierra Verde, FL 33715

Mr. Maurice Moore Mr. William D. O'Leary Program Associate Commissioner Annie E. Casey Foundation Department of Youth Services 701 St. Paul Street 27-43 Wormwood Street Baltimore, MD 21202 Boston, .MA 02210

Ms. Mary Ann Murphy Mr. David Onek Manager ~Research Associate Deaconess Child Abuse Center National Council on Crime and P.O. Box 248 Delinquency Spokane, WA 99210-0248 685 Market Street, Suite 620 San Francisco, CA 94105 Mr. Donald Murray Associate Legislative Director Mr. Greg Pearce National Association of Counties Research Associate 440 First Street, N.W. National Council on Crime and Washington, D.C. 20001-2080 Delinquency 685 Market Street, Suite 620 Mr. David Nee San Francisco, CA 94105 Executive Director William Caspar Graustein Memorial Ms. Judy Pennington Fund Director of Program Development 84 Trumbull Street, 4th Floor Fulton County Juvenile Court New Haven, CT 06511 445 Capitol Ave. Atlanta, GA 30312 Ms. Deborah Neuenfeldt Senior Researcher Ms. Linda Petterson National Council on Crime and National Council on Crime and Delinquency Delinquency 6409 Odana Road 8 Hook Road Madison, WI 53719 Rye, NY 10580

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Ms. Kitty Phillips Honorable John Racanelli Trustee Chair: National Council on Crime and Jessie Ball duPont Fund Delinquency Board of Directors 225 Water Street, Suite 1200 1548 VaUejo Jacksonville, FL 32202-5176 San Francisco, CA 94109

Ms. Roz Pierson Mr. Khalif Ramadan Program Officer Developmental Research and Programs, The California Wellness Foundation Inc. 6320 Canoga Avenue, Suite 1700 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 Woodland Hills, CA 91367 • Seattle, WA 98109

Ms. Karen Pittman Honorable Janet Reno Director Attorney General of the United States President's Crime Prevention Council Department of Justice 736 Jackson Place, NW 10th and ConstitutionAve., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20503 Washington, D.C. 20530

Honorable Deborah T. Poritz Mr. Robert J. Richards, Jr. Attorney General Trustee State of New Jersey The Linell Foundation Office of the Attorney General EO. Box 649 Department of Law and Public Safety West End, NC 27376-0649 CN O8O Trenton, NJ 08625 Ms. Nicole Ricketts Development & Program Officer Honorable Bill Purcell East Bay Community Foundation •Majority Leader 501 Wickson Avenue Tennessee House of Representatives Oakland, CA 94610 Legislative Plaza 18A Nashville, TN 37243 Mr. Stephen Rickman Director, Crime Act Support Division Ms. Patricia Puritz Bureau of Justice Assistance Director, Juvenile Justice Center 633 Indiana Avenue, Room 462 American Bar Association Washington, D.C. 20531 1800 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20030

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Mr. Reggie Robinson Ms. Hattie Ruttenberg Deputy Assistant Attorney General Assistant General Counsel Assistant Attorney General's Office, Office The Children's Defense Fund of Justice Programs 25 E Street, NW 633 Indiana Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20001 Washington, D.C. 20531 Ms. Caroline Satchell Mr. Steve Robinson Producer Executive Director WJLA-TV Channel 7 Texas Youth Commission 3007 Tilden Street, NW P.O. Box 4260 Washington, D.C. 20008 Austin, TX 78765 Mr. Bob Schwartz Ms. Laurie Robinson Executive Director Assistant Attorney General Juvenile Law Center Office of Justice Programs 801 Arch Street, Suite 610 633 Indiana Avenue, N W Philadelphia, PA 19107 Washington, D.C. 20531 Mr. Robert E. Shepherd, Jr. Ms. Miriam A. Rollin Professor of Law Vice President for Policy & Program University of Richmond .:% • National Association of Child Advocates T.C. Williams School of Law 1625 K Street, NW #510 Richmond, VA 23173 Washington, D.C. 20006 Mr. Robert C. Silver Mr. H.E. "Buz" Rummel Trustee President Criminal Justice Policy Foundation The Rummel Companies P.O. Box 649 5401 Central Avenue West End, NC 27376-0649 St. Petersburg, FL 33710 Mr. Jeff Sl0wikowski Ms. Ginger Rutland Program Manager, Research and Associate Editor Program Development The Sacramento Bee Office of Juvenile Justice and 2100 Q Street Delinquency Prevention Sacramento, CA 95816 633 Indiana Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20531

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Mr. Mark Soler Mr. Michael J. Sullivan President Secretary Youth Law Center Wisconsin Department of Corrections 1325 G Street, NW, Suite 1020 149 East Wilson Street Washington, D.C. 20005 P.O. Box 7925 Madison, WI 53707-7925 Mr. Eric E. Sterling President Ms. Brenda Taylor-Hines Criminal Justice Policy Foundation Developmental Research and Programs, 1899 L Street, NW, Suite 500 Inc. Washington, DC 20036 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 Seattle, WA 98109 Mr. Mark Steward Director Dr. Terence P. Thornberry Missouri Division of Youth Services Professor P.O. Box 447 State University of New York, Albany Jefferson City, MO 65102-0447 135 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12222 Mr. Randolph N. Stone University of Chicago/Mandell Legal Aid Honorable Kathleen Kennedy Townsend Clinic Lieutenant Governor 6020 S. University Maryland Chicago, IL 60637 The Statehouse 100 State Circle Mr. Bruce D. Stout Annapolis, MD 21401 Policy Advisor Governor's Office - New Jersey Ms. Olga Trujillo State House CN 001 Legal Counsel Trenton, NJ 08625 Office for Victims of Crimes, Department of Justice Ms. Susan Stroud 633 Indiana Avenue, NW Room 1352 Director, Office of Federal Partnerships Washington, D.C. 20531 Corporation for National Service 1201 New York Avenue, NW Dr. Sandra Tunis Washington, D.C. 20525 Senior Researcher National Council on Crime and Delinquency 685 Market Street, Suite 620 San Francisco, CA 94105 atom Guaranteeing Safe Passage Ms. Gwendolyn R. Tyre Ms. Sherry Wong Director Developmental Research and Programs, Executive Office of Weed & Seed Inc, 633 Indiana Avenue, Room 3045 130 Nickerson, Suite 107 Washington, D.C. 20531 •Seattle, WA 98109

Dr. Eugene P. Walker Mr. Don Wydra Commissioner Regional Director - Southern Region Georgia Department of Children and North American Family Institute Youth Services 10 Harbor Street 2 Peachtree, 5th Floor Danvers, MA 01923 Atlanta, GA 30303 Mr. Michael Yamaguchi Mr. Chuck Wexler United States Attorney Executive Director United States Attorney's Office Police Executive Research Forum Box 36055 2116 Thornwood Avenue 455 Golden Gate Avenue Wilmette, IL, 60091-1452 San Francisco, CA 94102

Ms. Isabel Wilkerson Mr. Gary Yates The New York Times Interim President 122 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 1916 The California Wellness Foundation Chicago, IL 60603 6320 Canoga Avenue, Suite 1700 Woodland Hills, CA 91367 Ms. Beth Wilkinson Deputy Attorney General's Office Mr. Anthony Zermeno i 0th and Constitution Ave., NW Program Director Washington, D.C. 20530 San Antonio Area Foundation Violence Prevention Collaborative Mr. John Wilson 530 McCullough, Suite 650 Deputy Administrator San Antonio, TX 78212-9566 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Mr. Frank Zimring 633 Indiana Avenue, NW Professor Washington, D.C. 20531 Boalt School of Law University of California 398 Boalt Hall Berkeley, CA 94720

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Draft Policy Statement

[(liiiiiiliii~ii .,'.'ii::!~::~:)i~!ii~"i~.'.'i~i~.":~.".'.~i~::~i~i~i~:":" ~ii-.i~i~i~] ii~i~i~-:.:-i~ :~:~:i.-.':~:~:~:!:!:.::!:!:~:'~',.':~:!:!:!~:'..~:!:~.,.':~:i..'.~.,." ~l~i~.~i ~i~i~iiitl]~ii~]~:~:~:~"'~:]:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:'~]~::" ~:~"~:~:~:~:; !:~;:~:~:~:~:~""~ ~i~::?:]~i'::~::~i ...... '-.'~i~'..'-.i~i~i~i.,'." Statement -~.-'.-..,'.~:~ ~t,.'~! I~.~ ,-:.,'~:::::....':.x:.,. ,:'-~ :'~::.~i~:'[::::: ~,...... ,.,.::..-~ t..,.~.~i~i~.?:[~i~i~i~.~:.- ~:!:!'...'~!:~!'...:~ ~:~*~::~:~:.~:i:.-:

America is gripped by fear over youth violence. The serious and violent crime rate among juveniles has increased dramatically in the past few years. In some areas, rarely a day goes by without a new report of youth violence. Demographic trends suggest that the youth violence problem will get even worse over the next ten years unless effective new strategies are developed to combat the problem.

We are part of an emerging consensus that believes that communities need compre- hensive strategies to combat youth crime. We believe that there are five basic principles which should guide such efforts:

1. Strengthen the family in its role to instill healthy beliefs, promote clear standards, and provide opportunities, skill development and recognition to children.

2. Support co social institutions (schools, religious organizations, youth service agenci community groups) in their efforts to develop capable, mature and responsib youth.

3. Recognize that delinquency prevention is the most cost effective approach to combatting youth crime.

4. Intervene immediately and effectively when delinquent behavior first mani- fests itself. Ensure that appropriate sanctions and interventions are delivered in a timely fashion.

5. Identify and control the small group of serious, violent and chronic offend-

Guaranteeing Safe Passage Draft

Statement

ers through a range of graduated sanctions, including placement in secure facilities where necessary.

A comprehensive strategy to combat youth violence should incorporate both prevention and intervention components. The prevention component should be based on a risk-focused approach to prevention that examines the status of each community in terms of the level of research-based risk factors that are associated with youth violence, and the effectiveness of existing resources in the community. Communities can then allocate resources to reduce priority risks and increase the effectiveness of programs and services in buffering the effects of the salient risk factors.

This risk-focused prevention approach should be complemented by a risk- focused continuum of graduated sanctions for juvenile offenders. This con- tinuum of sanctions should include immediate sanctions for first-time and minor offenders, an array of intermediate sanctions for repeat and more serious offenders, and effective, secure treatment programs for the most serious and violent offenders.

In order to implement such a comprehensive strategy, all segments of the com- munity must work together to build a long-term, sustainable approach to reducing youth violence. An intensive collaborative planning effort must be undertaken that produces an in-depth understanding of the problems each community faces, as well as ownership of all proposed solutions. It is critical that communities be aware of what has worked and what has not in order to avoid failed policies and programs. The intensive planning effort should focus on action, targeting clearly defined and articulated outcomes.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE DRAFT

Policy Statement on Youth Violence from The National Forum on Youth Violence 2 June 1995

America is gripped by fear of youth violence. The serious and violent crime rate among juveniles has increased dramatically in the past few years. Demographic trends indicate youth violence will continue to increase over the next ten years unless effective strategies are implemented by American communities to combat the problem.

The level of violence perpetuated by and against children is shocking. Recent studies demonstrate that children who are victims of abuse/neglect frequently become offenders themselves. We can and must break this cycle.

We believe that our nation needs an effective comprehensive strategy to deal with youth crime. We have identified eight principles which should guide this effort: "

. Preventing crime is obviously the best way to protect society. A renewed focus on delinquency prevention programs is critical to violence reduction. Such efforts are far less expensive than treating crime victims and incarcerating confirmed offenders.

. Support for families is crucial to efforts to reduce violence. Strong families are needed to instill healthy beliefs, promote clear standards and provide guidance to children.

. Community institutions that work with children and families are key to safer communities. Core social institutions (schools, religious organizations, youth service agencies) must have the support of businesses, foundations, th~ news media and the government.

. Comprehensive school and community-based efforts to combat drug and alcoholuse are critical elements in the crime prevention effort. Employment and entrepreneurship opportunities must be created in our local economies.

. Communities must intervene immediately and effectively when delinquent behavior first manifests itself. Ensure that appropriate sanctions and interventions are delivered in a timely fashion.

. The public must be protected from the small percentage of youth who are serious, violent and chronic offenders. These offenders must be heldaccountable for their crimes and subject to a range of graduated sanctions, including secure facilities. Waiver to adult court may be appropriate for a select few of the most violent youth.

7. Guns must be removed from the hands of children.

. Victims of juvenile offenders must be recognized and respected. Victim servicesshould be expanded to serve and protect victims of juvenile crime.

A comprehensive strategy to combat youth violence must incorporate both prevention and intervention components. Prevention should be based on a risk-f0cused approach that examines the condition of each community. Research shows that risk factors associated with youth violence include: the availability of d~ugs and firearms; high transition and mobility; low neighborhood attachment and community organization; and extreme economic deprivation. Community resources have to be developed and deployed to reduce these risks.

Effective intervention requires a continuum of graduated sanctions for juvenile offenders. Such sanctions include immediate sanctions for first-time and minor offenders, intermediate sanctions (such as short-term community confinement, day treatment, outreach and tracking) for repeat and more serious offenders, and effective, secure treatment programs for the most serious and violent youth.

Communities must have access to knowledge of what has worked and what has not from other communities. Federal and state agencies must disseminate and promote effective crime prevention strategies to avoid repeating failures.

All segments of the community must work together in building a long-term, sustainable approach to reducing youth violence. This requires commitment, collaboration and planning by all. Only such collaboration will produce in-depth understanding of the problems and ownership of the proposed solutions. The intensive planning effort should focus on action, targeting clearly defined and articulated outcomes.

The National Forum on Youth violence calls upon the government, business, churches, the private, non-profit sector, and every member of our communities to commit to guaranteeing safe passage -- to safe homes, safe schools and safe communities for all of us.

### a:\polstdr.5

b2 ' ---L * I

J i i ~ i I J i i li i ,,,.~mo~.i I i

!

~ L ] i I - I i , 1 i I T ~, i ~ l i , I i iI i Ii il 2 3-

I i- t t

I i I ! L i l ' ' ! i i i T ! i v--r ¸ i t i I , , I l

i ! T 7

I ' i

, i

Z I J I i

t

, i L i- i L j i i i i i

L !

i i | I i

14750 Conference Center Drive. Chantilly, Virginia 22021 • (703) 818-0300 * 800-635-5666 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention In 1974, Congress enacted the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act. This landmark legislation established OJJDP to provide Federal leadership and support to State and local governments in their efforts to improve the juvenile justice system. The Act requires OJJDP to address juve- nile justice issues in a comprehensive, coordinated manner, and to support research, training and program initiatives that respond to a broad spectrum of juvenile justice issues. Since its enactment, the JJDP Act has evolved to meet the changing needs of the juvenile justice system and to address new concerns in delinquency prevention, control and treatment.

OJJDP carries out its initiatives in a comprehensive and coordinated manner through organizational components that provide expertise in planning, re- search, program development, demonstration, replication, training and techni- cal assistance, evaluation, and information dissemination.

National Council on Crime and Delinquency

The National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) is a non-profit organization committed to developing and promoting criminal and juvenile justice strategies that are fair, humane, effective, and economically sound. Since 1907, NCCD has been researching critical criminal justice issues, formulating innovative approaches to crime control, and implementing ground breaking programs on behalf of criminal justice professionals and correctional facilities nationwide. For nearly a century, NCCD has enjoyed an international reputation for its excellent research, training and advocacy programs.

NCCD's goal is to help federal and state officials, criminal justice professionals, and community organizations implement programs that will improve the juvenile and criminal justice systems. NCCD believes that if we educate our population and adopt preventive measures, crime and its effects will be minimized, and we can concentrate on building a safer society for future generations.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::]!~i]!ii]i]iiiiiii[ii]ii~]]i]iiiiiiiii~i]~ii]]~i~ii]~]iiiiiiii]]]~]!]iiiiiiii~!]~ ]]::]]]]]]]]]]::U::::::U]]]::::::[::[]]]]]::::]]]i]]::::::U]::••]U]]]::]]]]]]]]]::]::]]]]]]]]:: i:~i~i~!~i~i~i;i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~iii~i~i~i;i~i~i~i;!~i~i~i;i;i~i;~;~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :[:~:~:~:~:~:~:]:!:~:::~:::i::::-:.[?:~":"L~i I.'"~i:~:3]:i:~:~.~:~:~:~[:~ Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. (DRP) was established in 1984 by Drs. J. David Hawkins and Richard E Catalano, to translate current research findings into programs that promote the healthy development of children and families in communities. The goal is to develop and distribute tools and training programs for families, schools and communities based on the Social Development Strategy, the foundation of their continuing research. At DRP we believe that we must use all of :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::iiiiiiiiiiii;}iii~;~!~i~ii~::i::iii::iiii~::i::i::ii~ii::iiiii:,i::ii~::~ii::~::~::i::;iiii ]]~i~[]]~]::i]]~]]]]]]::~]~]]]]]]::]]::][]i~]]]]::[::::[::i]]]]i:::::J::i]]]]]]:J::]i]i]]]]~::]what we know from research about risk and protection to help today's children and families face the challenge of reducing behavioral problems - problems such as substance abuse, violence and delinquency, school drop-out and high risk sexual :~!ii~ii!ii~iiiiiiiii~iiiiiii~iiiiiiiii~iiiiiiiii~iiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~i~i~i~i~'i iiiiiii i!ii activity. That's why the programs we create at DRP reduce risks while building protective strategies for young people. We have pioneered the development, testing and :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::distribution of risk-focused prevention programs. At DRP we see our role as linking those who do research to those who must prepare our next generation of young people for the future.

Guaranteeing Safe Passage ....-' RESCUING OUR YOUTH FROM THE TRAGEDY OF VIOLENCE

by Barry Krisberg, Ph.D. President, National Council on Crime and Delinquency

The Dimensions of Youth Violence , has intensified the violence problem among the young. Ask almost anyone. They will tell you that America The future of youth violence is ominous. Because the is in the grip of an out-of-control epidemic of violence teen population is growing (as the children ofthe baby committed by young people. This palpable fear of violent boom generation hit their adolescent years), violence rates teenagers is driving public policy decisions that are costly can be expected to increase into the next century. If the and will have long-term implications for the peace and trends of the past five years continue, America could security of our communities. Unfortunately, the national witness at least an 100 percent increase in juveniles debate is not guided by facts and reasoned judgments. arrested for violent crimes over the next ten years. But Our political leaders, sensing the citizenry's fear and it is essential that we remember that the young people revulsion over youth violence, are throwing a collective who may comprise these somber statistics are today temper tantrum. The rhetoric is simple and appealing -- toddlers and pre-schoolers. Thus, if we act quickly and "let's crack: down on teen killers," "do the adult crime, decisively to rescue the most at-risk youths, the violence do adult time," "let's stop coddling young criminals." epidemic could be diminished. The problem is that these jingoistic remedies are expensive to implement and have produced little evidence The NCCD's Historical Role in Juvenile Justice of their potential to reduce youth violence. Reform It is crucial to get the facts straight. America suffers from the highest rate of violence of any industrialized The National Council on Crime and Delinquency nation, but overall rates of victimization from rape, (NCCD) has played a major role throughout its 88-year robbery and aggravated assault have actually fallen over history in improving our nation's response to youth crime. the last ten years. The murder rate in 1992 was virtually The Council was first organized to expand the movement the same as it was twenty years ago. to create juvenile courts as means of keeping children out Youths constitute a small proportion of the violent of the criminal justice system. The Council developed crimes that are solved by law enforcement officers. The model laws and standards to guide the emerging proportion of violent crimes that are "cleared" by the professions of probation and parole. The NCCD was arrest of a juvenile is roughly equal to the portion of instrumental in assisting many states in establishing their juveniles in the total population. Youth are not first juvenile court systems and in developing programs to disproportionately more violent than adults. Indeed, rehabilitate offenders. Model legislation for the juvenile adults commit over eighty-five percent of all violent and family courts developed by the NCCD were adopted crimes. by virtually every state. Young people are more likely to be the victims of The NCCD was a leader in the movement to establish violence that its perpetrators. Twice as many children are youth service bureaus that could intervene early and murdered by their parents or guardians than are murdered rescue youths from lives of crime. We were pioneers in by other young people. Rates of child abuse are the nationwide recruitment of volunteers to work with staggering in relationship to youth crime rates. court-involved youngsters. Increasingly, the Council is What is alarming is the rapid growth in murders sought after for its research and training expertise in the involving youngsters. The number of juveniles arrested areas of youth corrections, juvenile detention, the for murder has more than doubled in the past five years. reduction of child abuse and delinquency prevention. Researchers who have looked at this tragic increase in Today, the NCCD works in forty states to test innovative juvenile murder have emphasized the role of handguns approaches to curtail crime and violence. We are the lead and automatic weapons in producing the carnage. consultant to the U.S. Department of Justice in violence Adolescent homicide and suicide rates involving guns are prevention and juvenile justice reform. way up. Juvenile conflicts are becoming more lethal as Throughout its history, the NCCD has pointed to the very young children have easier access to greater linkages of crime control to the broader promotion of firepower. Further, there are mounting data that the social justice. The Council is a research-based voice for illegal drug marketplace, especially involving "crack" effective community-based responses to crime. While the NCCD works closely with government agencies, we evaluations. For example, we found strong support for believe it is essential that the Council remains a strong the violence prevention effects of programs involving and independent private sector voice on criminal justice interventions in the first six years of a child's life. policy issues. Notable successes were reported by programs that employed public health nurses who visited high risk Current NCCD Programs to Combat Youth Violence families, intensive parent training efforts, well-targeted family preservation services and enriched Head Start There are several methods by which the NCCD assists programs. Mentoring programs with very strong communities in reducing youth violence. Our programs academic tutoring components were found to be successful include research efforts, evaluations of model programs, in violence prevention. Improving behavior management training for government agencies and community-based techniques in school as demonstrated by the Seattle Social mobilization for comprehensive strategies to reduce youth Learning project were found very helpful in curtailing violence. school-based aggressive behavior. Our research program on youth crime is designed to We also identified effective early intervention "get the facts straight" and communicate that accurate ~ programs for youngsters who are just beginning to break information to the media, elected officials and concerned the law. These include programs that employ college citizens. With support from the Annie E. Casey students as monitors and advocates for high risk youths Foundation, the NCCD produced a booklet examining such as the Choice Program in Maryland, and very current assumptions about youth crime. We found that creative alternative school programs such as the many of the popular ideas about youth violence were Associated Marine Institutes in Florida. Also identified mistaken. This booklet, Images and Reality: Violence, were effective programs dealing with the most serious Youth Crime and Public Policy, was distributed to almost offenders such as the Capital Offender Project of the 25,000 concerned citizens. Using the facts that were Texas Youth Commission, the Thomas O'Farrell School discovered, we conducted briefings for professionals, operated by the North American Family Institute and the elected officials and newspaper editorial boards. We also Florida Environmental Institute. worked with the Casey Foundation Journalism Program to The results of the NCCD's comprehensive review of conduct a seminar for influential journalists. effective youth violence reduction programs will be Another example of the NCCD's research is an published by the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and ongoing study of juveniles taken into custody OTIC) that Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). These results were covers all fifty states. This project collects information shared with top public and private sector leaders in a about the attributes of youths who are sent to state National Forum on Youth Violence. juvenile corrections agencies. We produce an annual Another aspect of our work involves very "hands-on" report to the Congress that summarizes this information work with youth corrections agencies that are seeking to and we publish a series of special reports pertinent to implement the most effective correctional strategies. The youth corrections. NCCD has been asked to assist in the redesign of youth Data from this project were used by the U.S. Justice corrections systems in Indiana, Alaska, Arizona, Department to evaluate various legislative proposals to Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, fund more secure facilities for serious offenders. The Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, JTIC project found that only 14 percent of youths entering Tennessee, and Texas. state juvenile facilities were violent or chronic serious These assignments include training staff in the use of offenders. We were able to demonstrate that a more research-based tools to assign youths to different levels of balanced strategy incorporating effective community-based secure confinement. We also help administrators improve sanctions with secure facilities would free up beds for the their research and planning capacities. Our work with truly dangerous and save the states over $300 million per states covers topics such as improving aftercare services, year. These research findings led to government policies how to implement effective intermediate sanctions, better that allowed jurisdictions wider latitude in how federal monitoring of community-based programs and upgrading corrections funds could be spent and which required states staff training. to plan for a broad continuum of sanctions, not just The underpinnings of the NCCD's help to states are maximum security facilities. the results of our research on successful programs Another NCCD research effort has identified the most operated in , Utah and Missouri. Each of promising programs to prevent violence and to respond to these states operates a broad continuum of care that violent offenders. We identified a number of excellent includes very small and individualized attention for programs that were supported by solid, independent serious offenders. Each of these states uses secure confinement sparingly and they all have operated effective Agenda for the Future aftercare programs that ease the youths return to community living. Our review of the violence prevention field revealed Through its Children's Research Center (CRC), the an appalling lack of data on effective programs. Fewer NCCD has offered the same kinds of research and than 10 percent of the programs reviewed possessed training services to Child Protective Services (CPS) competent and independent evaluations. Therefore, an agencies in Alaska, Indiana, Michigan, Oklahoma, Rhode urgent need for the future is for basic research on Island and Wisconsin. The NCCD began this work promising new strategies to reduce youth violence. For because the research has consistently shown a strong example, we found no programs with documented success linkage between child abuse and neglect and subsequent that worked with young women. Very little is known problem behaviors. We set out to see if the response of about how to break the cycle of violence that leads abused CPS agencies to child mistreatment could be improved. children to become violent adults. We need to know Similar to the work in juvenile justice, the NCCD more about which programs are best suited for different found that research-based classification tools were very ethnic communities. valuable in establishing standards for case supervision. There also is a need to develop replication materials We tested this improved system in Michigan and found for the most successful programs. Simply learning about that better case management led to significant reductions a model program is rarely enough to allow a community in the frequency and severity of abuse for children to faithfully replicate that effort. Communities need step- supervised by Child Protective Services. The NCCD by step guides for launching and sustaining good approach also made it more difficult for high risk cases to programs. Related to replicating our successful ventures fall between the cracks. The families who had the highest is the urgent need to build public support for prevention probability of re-abuse were targeted, for the most and early intervention programs. intensive services. Michigan's social service resources Sadly, the public debate is still dominated by the failed were thus maximized to the benefit of these most theory that tougher punishments alone can make our vulnerable children. communities safer. We know that "getting tough" will Other states have found the CRC case management make us poorer, but there is scant evidence that the heavy approach helpful in budget and resource planning. investments in more law enforcement and increased levels Recently, the National Center on Abuse and Neglect of youth incarceration will promote more peaceful selected NCCD to develop its risk assessment tools in a communities. three-year research effort. The NCCD plans to develop a range of public The centerpiece of the NCCD violence reduction education strategies including media briefings, public efforts is the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent service advertising, community awareness campaigns, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Developed in among others, that will speak to the value of blending collaboration with the OJJDP and Developmental prevention and treatment services with strict law Research and Programs (DRP), the Comprehensive enforcement. We especially want to direct public Strategy consists of a "how to" guide for communities. attention to the role of guns, drug trafficking and The Strategy combines prevention, early intervention and commercialized media violence in escalating violence graduated sanctions, involves all sectors of the community among our young people. and is based on the most current research on what works. Citizens must learn that they are not helpless to reduce The NCCD and the OJJDP have produced an violence and that concerted community action can produce implementation manual for the Comprehensive Strategy. good results. We cannot afford to lose a generation of Over the next two years, the manual will provide the basis young people as the victims of violent attacks or as those for a series of regional training seminars across the whose lives are diminished by the immobilizing fear of nation. Also planned are a series of teleconferences about being a victim. the Comprehensive Strategy. It is anticipated that the Comprehensive Strategy will be the basis of the OJJDP's grant program in the violence prevention arena over the next several years. i OevelopmentaiResearch • andPrograms, Inc.

Preparing the Next Generationfor the Future

Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. (DRP) to identify risk factors for drug abuse, delinquency was incorporated in 1984 to transhte current research and violence in multi-ethnic communities. findings into programs promoting the healthy devel- opment of children and families in communities. )~e Risk Factors The following is a list of the risk factors. The Founded by Dr. J. David Hawkins and Dr. Richard accompanying chart illustrates the correlation F. Catalano of the University of Washington, the between these risk factors and the problem behaviors goal of the firm is to develop and distribute tools they predict. and training programs for families, schools and communities based on the Social Development Community Risk Factors Strategy, the foundation of their continuing research. • Avaihbility of drugs • Avaihbility of firearms ~le Research Foundation • Community laws and norms favorable toward Research has shown that there are a number of r/sk drug use, firearms and crime factors that increase the chances of adolescents develop- • Media portrayals of violence ing health and behavior problems. Understanding • Transitions and mobility these risk factors is the first step toward identifying • Low neighborhood attachment and effective means of prevention. Equally important is community disorganization the evidence that certain protectivefactors can help • Extreme economic deprivation shield youngsters from problems. Family Risk Factors Risk-focused prevention is based on a simple • Family history of the problem behavior premise: to prevent a problem from happening, we • Family management problems need to identify the factors that increase the risk of • Family conflict that problem developing and then find ways to • Favorable parental attitudes and involvement in reduce the risks in ways that enhance protective or the behavior resiliency factors. School Risk Factors As part of their continuing research, Dr. Hawkins, • Early and persistent antisocial behavior Dr. Catalano, and their colleagues have reviewed over • Academic failure beginning in late elementary 30 years of existing work on risk factors from various school tlelds and have completed extensive work of their own • Lack of commitment to school

©1995 DevelopmentalResearch and Programs, Inc. p" ,,

Individual/Peer Risk Factors 'The Social Development Strategy "Rebelliousness The Social Development Strategy is a model *Friends who engage in the problem behavior developed by Drs. Hawkins and Catalano that • Favorable attitudes toward the problem behavior describes how protective factors can work together "Early initiation of the problem behavior to buffer children from risk. The goal of the Social "Constitutional factors Development Strategy is to help children develop into healthy adults. Protective Factors Some youngsters who are exposed to multiple risk Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards. When factors do not become substance abusers, juvenile parents, teachers and communities set clear stan- delinquents, school dards for children's drop-outs, or teen ~o--.~=,p,obi= s,~,=. !ibehavi°r' when they are parents. Balancing the ~widely and consistently risk factors are protec- supported, and when tive factors~aspects ithe consequences for of people's lives that ii::notfollowing the counter risk factors or iistandards are consistent provide buffers against iiand fair, young people them. They protect by i~iare more likely to either reducing the iiiifollowthe standards. impact of the risks or by changing the way a Bonding. Young person responds to the iipeople need to be risks. A key strategy iimotivated to follow to counter risk factors ii!the standards. Last- in young people~ lives !!ing motivation comes is to enhance protec- iiifrom strong attach- tive factors that ::iiments or relationships promote positive iliwith those who hold behavior, health, well- iiithese healthy beliefs i? being and personal iand clear standards. SUCCESS...... -i] iiWhen a young person is bonded to those who :i Research conducted by iiiiholdhealthy beliefs, Drs. Hawkins and they do not want to Catalano and others indicates that protective factors threaten the bond by behaving in ways that would fall into three basic categories (Hawkins, Catalano & jeopardize their relationships and investments. Miller, 1992; Werner & Smith, 1992; Rutter, I987): In order to build bonding, three conditions are necessary. Children must have opportunities to • Individual characteristics. make a meaningful contribution. They must have the • Bonding. skills to effectively contribute and they must be • Healthy beliefs and clear standards. recognized for their contributions.

© 1995 DevelopmentalResearch and Programs, Inc. CorporateHistory and Experience program are currently underway under a Phase II DRP has been a pioneer in the development of grant. A home video version of this parenting skills tools and training programs using this research program is targeted for release in the fall. base to help families, schools and communities develop comprehensive approaches to the preven- DRP has also developed a series of comprehensive tion of adolescent problem behaviors such as community training events. These training events, the violence and delinquency, substance abuse, teen Communities that Care ® series, teach communities how pregnancy and school to conduct a risk-focused, community-wide planning drop-our. effort that combines community mobilization strate- gies with risk-focused prevention programs, targeting The firm's first na- "...... -+- a community's priority risk factors. tional release, Preparing ". ".'.*.'." for the Drug FreeYears, is "':;;'" Field-tested for four years under the name Togethert. an award-winning Communitiesfor Drug-Free Youth, this model has reached prevention program designed to empower parents more than 500 communities in 45 states and territo- to reduce the risks that their children will abuse ries. drugs and alcohol. The program has earned the National Association of Broadcaster's Service to In 1994, Communities That Care was selected by the Children award, the National Council on Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Alcoholism's Markie Award, and the President's (OJjDP) as the training model to assist communities Private Sector Initiatives Award. in developing comprehensive juvenile violence and delinquency ...... prevention Since its introduction in 1987 as a television strategies ii i! underthe community service campaign, Preparingfor the Title V ::i COMMUNITIES~ block grant i Drug Free Years workshops have been conducted in initiative. CA~ H DRY, in 'i ,i over 30 states and Canada, and more than conjunction ii i with OjjDP I00,000 families have been trained in the and the state ii ...... i Juvenile program's concepts. Illinois, Oregon and Kansas Justice Spe- cialists has sponsored statewide implementations of PDFY. presented two key training events from the Communities Major efforts are under- That Care system and technical assistance to communi- way in Missouri, Florida ties using this approach on a nationwide basis. and Maine. The Colorado Division of Criminal Justice selected The Preparingfor the Drug Communities That Care as the prevention model for their Free l~ars curriculum has state-wide "Build a Generation" campaign and several also been adapted as a trainings from the Communities That Care system have workplace version to allow for more flexible been provided to Community Partnership teams in delivery as a "brown bag" lunchtime activity. over 30 states through the CSAP (Center for Sub- stance Abuse Prevention) Community Partnership An SBTR grant to study the feasibility of expand- Training Project. ing this curriculum to serve parents of adoles- cents was received in 1992, and field tests of this In addition, DRP was selected by the Department of Justice to be part of the technical assistance support

@ 1995 DeveloprnentalResearch and Programs,Inc. team for Project PACT (Pulling America's Com- The newest addition to the DRP product line is munities Together), providing training and techni- " PATHS TM (:PromotingAlternative Thinking Strategies), an cal assistance to PACT sites in Metro Denver, CO, elementary school classroom curriculum designed to Washington, D.C. and Metro Atlanta, GA. prevent violence, aggression and other behavioral problems. Developed and tested by Drs. Mark DRP has collaborated with OjjDP and the Greenberg and Carol Kusche of the University of National Council on Crime and Delinquency Washington, PATHS has been used in more than I00 (NCCD) in the development of the Comprehensive • schools in the United States, Canada, Belgium, the Strategyfor Serious, Holent and Chronicfuvenile Offenders Netherlands and Australia. and its accompanying materials. As part of DRP's work on this project, hundreds of violence and As our children enter the 2Ist Century, will they delinquency prevention programs were reviewed have the strength, vision and character to manage and assessed for effectiveness. The results of this the challenges of an increasingly complex world? review are being made available through OJJDP in At Developmental Research and Programs, we the Guidefor Implementing the ComprehensiveStrategy for see our role as linking those who do research to Serious, Holent and ChronicJuvenile Offenders. those who must prepare the next generation for the future. DRP authored the chapter on "Prevention, Inter- vention and Treatment (Chapter 7)" in the Imp/e- mentation Manual for the Department of Justice~ Weed and Seed project, and was involved in a project to develop and design training for Safe Haven demonstration communities...... 7.:71i7,!:i757. " :. .... ;:

• I30Nickers0mStreeti::Suite 107 .il The Communities That Care Community Planning Kit, • . :: ".:: . "]" : : :[::," ...... : Seattie~!WA:981IO9 : ~.- i • . -[ .: :::7 .. -:.::..::.!: " . " !: developed by DRP and based on work with ...... • i: communities through the •Tel,:(206):286~t805iiF~:~206)~286~:I462 -!! iii~i!!i!!!!i!i!!!!ii~!i!ili~ii~iiiii~]iiiiiiiiiii~:i:i::training system, is a ~ii~i~ii~iii.~~ "training in a box". The ...... ~.."~'i~ Kit is designed to be used by communities that have participated in trainings as well as those who have not participated in a formal training event. In- cluded in the Kit are valuable community presenta- tion resources such as audio and video tapes, transparencies and ~~ 35ram color slides and scripts.

© 1995 DevelopmentalResearch and Programs, Inc. :. ~:.ii " : .. ! The Criminal Justice Poficy Foundation

A Ca4me Prevention Vision The criminal justice system is simply a totally inadequate platform from which to view the problem of crime in the United States

A genuine crime prevention strateqy will move ven though it is hard to admit, there is very little that the criminal justice .system can do about the far beyond the vision of community policing, prevalence of crime right now -- or even in the sentencing reform, the sociology of juvenile Er future. The "crime fighting" response is "lock 'era tip." This is wrong-headed. The more people we lock gangs, or regulatory responses to the availability tip, the more serious our crime problem will become, for of guns. Ultimately, in my view, the foundation of three reasons. First, the prison culture extends respect to more serious a genuine crime prevention strateqy goes offenders. The culture values the transmission of increas- beyond thinking in terms of "crime." ingly sophisticated and more remunerative criminal techni- qnes. A genuine crime prevention strategy relies on a Second, prison teaches that an}, slight, any indignity, any vision of the world (and all of us in it) as cared threat to one's place in the pecking order, must be met with violence or else one will become subject to ~fiolence and .for. The vision, to be real, must be that we and degradation. Inmates learn that violence is the means for ,he world are worth caring for, indeed, that we self-protection. No prisoner can survive being "dissed" are wonderful to care for. This must be a vision ("disrespected") or the perception that they have been "dissed." held by police chiefs and officers, by legislators, Third, the basic human need for intimacy and trust is by public policy analysts, and individuals in the almost never met. In most societies, sex between adults provides a connection of intimacy. Sex in prison is per- recove'_iqg society. meated with violence, ahnost never with intimacy or trust. Remember, ahnost everyone in prison will be released if only to create room for new prisoners. The overwhelm- ing majority of all criminal offenses that were committed by prisoners were non-violent. Thus justice does not tolerate extremely long sentences for most offenders. by Eric E. Sterling Our prison population (measnred at the end of the year) has doubled since 1980, and the numbers of persons ex- posed tO the prison environment has grown even faster. By one estimate, some eleven million people in the United States go to prison for some time evei T year. Today's inmate is tomorrow's neighbor. (;iven the behavior learned in prison, how could anyone bc surprised that violent crime is on the rise. In this sense, the criminaljustitesystem, through its flawed strategies, is actually increasing the amount of violent crime. The basic, custody function of prison does not "correct" or "rehabilitate." Only programs considered fiills address

Eric E. Sterlingis President of The CriminalJustice Policy Foundation. Reprinted from Christian Social Action, November 1993. For more information, contact The CriminalJustice Policy Foundation at 1899 L Street, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036, 202-835-9075. © Ma~a Tabor

Members of Concerned Citizens Coalition in Washington, D.C. patrol their neighborhood. such goals, and these programs have been, and continue to pattern of interaction.Johnny is told (taught) he is bad, no be cut back throughout the nation. good, "a little devil." Often Johnny is acting tip because home is actually Imprisonment Not a Deterrent dangerous and chaotic and the family is dysfunctional. Johnny, like all Of us, craves attention. Generally Johnny is Contrary to political rhetoric, the threat of imprison- being neglected or abused. Perhaps there is an alcoholic, a ment is not much of a deterrent to crime. Most offenders drug addict, a batterer, or a child abuser in or close to the are impulsive, short-term thinkers. They rarely calculate household and Johnny. At best, the family is under severe especially the likelihood of something as remote and un- economic pressure, and Johnny's problems just seem to pleasant as imprisonment. Imprisonment does not serve the make it harder "to make ends meet." function most often assigned to it. Imprisonment is not an Typically Johnny's troubles at school are never seen as instrument for crime prevention. related to his family problems -- his trouble is handled by Not only is the major "output" of our criminal justice punishment. IfJohnny's family troubles are serious enough system ~ imprisonment (about one-third of our criminal for the attention of a family selvices agency, perhaps an justice system annual cost) ~ failing to prevent crime, but overworked social worker is assigned to the family's "case." much of our current interventions that attempt to prevent Johnny's troubles in school, at home, in the streets, with the crime are inadequate or ill conceived. police, and juvenile authorities are all subject to confiden- To prevent crime, we must respond to the fact that our most tiality rules that prevent the social worker from learning a serious offender~ have been subjected to patterns of abuse and complete, even official, story of Johnny's troubles. neglect. That, of course, does not excuse a crime. This is Johnny's therapeutic experience: "Hello Johnny, Experienced teachers can often spot the second grader I am Dr. Smith. Weseem to be having a problem. I am your who will become the serious sociopath. But our institutional friend and I am here to help you. Please tell me about it." responses to that second grader generally have been a Dr. Smith is typically doing an "evaluation." Johnny sees fiasco. Imagine a typical example: Dr. Smith once or twice.Johnny learns that such institution- Johnny is acting up in the classroom. He is singled-out al"help" is superficial, dishonest, insincere, and potentially (stigmatized) as a trouble-maker, sent to the principal's hostile. It is basically unreliable. We must truly and effective- office, given punishment work, and subjected to humilia- ly intervene, break the abusive patterns, and seek to heal the tion. More attention is spent on his failings and misbehavior child. than are ever lavished on his few successes. As Johnny grows, ahnost inevitably, his trouble-making Johnny acts up at home. Mom (and if he is in the home gets worse. When Johnny is 14 or 15, perhaps having now or neighborhood, Dad), are tired and frustrated with committed a serious offense, the District Attorney tells the Johnny. Morn, Dad, Grandma, Sis, et a~ repeatedly yell at court that Johnny's long record of misbehavior warrants him and physically punish him; this becomes the regular treating him as an aduh, and sending him to prison for a Lg time. The District Attorney objects to any "therapeutic A crime prevention strategy recognizes that "the crime position" because it is a "slap on the wrist." problem" is not caused by the criminal justice system, at A crime prevention approach begins much earlier than least initially, and it can't be "solved" by it. The children Johnny's first appearance in court, juvenile court, or even who are most at risk for committing crime get the least in the principal's office. Crime prevention begins at concep- preventive support. One dimension recognized in true crime prevention tion, and even earlier. Preventing teenage pregnancy is an important crime strategies is that the community best polices itself by caring prevention program. Pregnantwomen need care and nutri- for itself-- caring for its children, for its mothers, for its tion to minimize birth defects that often lead to behavior disadvantaged, for its abused, for its addicted, for its problems. Many pregnant women need to learn how to be troubled and hurting. A crime prevention strategy recog- nizes that compassion is transmitted from one heart to the mothers. Young men are even less familiar with child rearing than next. mothers. Fathers need to be trained to be fathers. Our society leaves these critical matters to a haphazard, informal To Build a "Recovering Society" education. More care is given to teaching teenagers geometry or trigonometry than how to parent. Licensed Former drug addicts and alcoholics often say they are barbers and plumbers get more training than parents. "recovering." Our society is addicted to the stimulant of violence, Indeed, one life-long situation in our society that is and to the depressant of indifference. Our challenge is to build nearly universal, extremely important, and can profoundly "a recovering society" -- recovering from drugs, from impact other lives -- driving a car -- is subject to extensive violence, from racism, and, ultimately, from indifference. training. Comparing driver training and parental training Much violence and theft are rationalized with false illustrates the inadequacy of parental training in our culture categories of indifference -- he, she, or it "don't matter to of highly stressed or "broken" families. me." New mothers need extensive support ~ besides from Our religious institutions -- to pick on the oldest, most their mothers. Some 67 percent of mothers under 18 are important, and best financed volunteer organizations that working; for their own sanity they must have safe, well are concerned about the correctness of behavior, the bind- organized, genuinely nurturing day care for their babies. ing together of community, and the raising of children m For the babies" growth, the babies must have safe, well are now largely hidebound, lost in sterile ritual, and patriar- organized, genuinely nurturing day care. chal. By and large they fail to bring to life the interconnec- Whether working or not, new mothers need much more tedness of people and of life on the planet; they even fail in support from the community than simply monetary assis- many cases to give a home to a life of the spirit. Religious tance. Mothers need companionship, mentors, and time institutions must recognize that they have a major role in off. Poor, young mothers need to be able to feel good about energizing genuine crime prevention programs -- not only themselves. They need to be able to leave their babies safely for the society, but for the achievement of their own mis- so they can get their hair done, for example, or to go sions. A genuine crime prevention strategy will move far shopping. All mothers -- working or not, married or not -- need beyond the vision of community policing, sentencing space and time to "charge their batteries." And, of course, reform, the sociology of juvenile gangs, or regulatory they need to learn how to feed and clothe their baby, play responses to the availability of guns. Ultimately, in my view, with him or her, shop economically, and cook. the foundation of a genuine crime prevention strategy goes beyond thinking in terms of "crime." A genuine crime prevention strategy relies on a vision of Teaching These Skills Fights Crime the world (and all of us in it) as cared for. The vision, to be When these skills are not learned in the families, the real, must be that we and the world are worth caring for, communities, neighborhoods, and churches, must inter- indeed, that we are wonderful to care for. This must be a Vene. It is hard to imagine government departments or vision held by police chiefs and officers, by legislators, by bureaus directly teaching these skills. These interventions public policy analysts, and individuals in the recovering are appropriate for churches, block associations, etc., and society. teaching these shillsfights crime. But how many churches, block As a vision, some may call it prevention, social justice, associations, tenant associations, or volunteer fire depart- wellness, wholeness, peace, or love. Call it what you will, but ments, teach parenting to unwed mothers and fathers the challenge for crime prevention is to live it, for that is without stigmatization? what will make it real. There is, ofcourse, the rest of our culture shaping young The criminal justice system is simply a totally inadequate people m our communications media, our economy, class platform from which to view the problem of crime in the and generational isolation, racism and sexism, etc. ~ that United States. Those of us in criminal justice must not do more to lead to crime and violence than to lead away accept a responsibility for US crime independent from the from crime and violence. For these conditions too, many shared responsibility of all this country's institutions. Our specific changes are needed, but they are not outlined in collective inadequacy in meeting our responsibility to our children has led to our nation's failure to prevent crime. • this vision. ,Groups Gropefor Results The Rights and Wrongs•ofYouth Violence Prevention

BY KEN CUHHINS tectors -- to name a few -- offer YOUTH TOOAY Corr espondeN schools and communlties Iramedtatc ways to mollify parents angry over Thc lat~teffort by the Center thclr chtldrtn's ocposm~ to violence. to Prevent Handgun Vio- But these programs either ha~ not lence, enlisting pro basket- existed long enough, or have never been rigorously evaluated, for ball stars to entice pledges their , ':.. from students not to use proponents to make any valid claims gvns. typifies what Is wrong with the about their etlecti~mess, current approach to curbing youth vio- NCCD analyzed more than 400 knee, rcsearthers say. programs as part of the preparation The STAR {'SU'alght Talk About of.the comprehensive strategy by

Risks'l Converse program, launched OJJDP. Of those. Krlsherg sold "at ( FCh. 28 in Los Angeles on a $300.000 least 95 peru~t* lacked the data and pledge from the nation's laxgest athktic solid research to demonstrate that shoemaker, offers a qutck and easy re- these prngrarns had any real lmpacL sponse to a long-range and complex "What's wrong with the debate problem. The schools ac:ross the country right now.ts that decisions are hetng that oblaln the most signed pledges by made on the basts of salcsmauship: the May I deadline will be honored with everybody is sclltng his program as i a~dstt from an BBA star pushing the though it's the panacea." Krisberg program's Just-say-m-in-gum message. said. "And thert is no single cure of "Then- Is Just no research evidence youth violence -- except maybe the that gun pro~Uon programs whcrt the Second Coming." This poster, which appeared in countries all over tha world. Is one o{ an endless klds sign pcUttons a~alnst violence will series of low:impact quick fixes to the Intractable problem of youth violence. • work." scald Batty Kxisbcrg. prtsldent of 8pin Cycle the National Council on Crime and De- The burgeoning youth violence prt- bnquency {NCCD}. vcntlon field Is passing through the teach social and study skills; family Identgyworthwh~ programsand meth- °We've spent a lot of money on pro- same development eydc that substance counseling and parental Uainlng to cre- ods. Each program selected, through grams where the results are at best. abuse prcvenUon went through more ate the Idnd of home environment that compcUtive bidding, for this thrtc-to- amblguous." hc sald. "that's unaccept- than two decades ago. Once-popular will help young children learn and stay five )'car pro~ct is getting $225.000 a programs like Sczred Straight and in school; and Job training and Job year on ~ to co~ the cost of the sberg Is among a number of ex- Tough Love, when finally evaluated. placement for adolescents. scientific evaluation. All but three ofd~. perts In the vtolcnce prevention field weft found to have actually increased In effect, pollcymakers and social sci- evaluations are scheduled to be com- : called on by the U.S. Department of Jus- the rtcldtvlsmrate among participants entists advocate re-creating the klnd of pleted next year. with the remainder Uce over the past two years to analyze or. in the case of the poIRlcallypotent family, community and school struc- completed the following ycm'. ISee next what's rlt,,ht and what's wrong with the but behaviorallyImpotent DARE pro- tures in low-income, hlgh-risk commu- page fora list of the programs,I • mulUtudc of youth violence prevention gram. had no meaningful effectat all. nities that middle-dass families rely on Mark Llpscy. director of the Crime ping.ms, The resultsof that study, pro- Now. federalJuvenile Justice offictals;- and take for granted to hdp raise their and Justice Policy Center at Vanderbllt viding the scientific basts for a comprt- working with social sclcntlsts,are at- children. University's Institute for Public Policy henstvestrategy rather than a program- tcmptlng to avoid these past mistakes "I think what we see now is something Studies. Is among those advocatln~ a matic approach, arc scheduled to be rt- by sorting out the programs that can that requires more of a collective re- more scientific method $or choosin2 leased In late May by the department's help from those that might actuallydo sponse." said Linda Dahlberg. behav- youth violence prevcntlon programs. Office of Juvenile Justice and Deltn- more harm than good or are a poor use ioral scientist with the Division of Vlo- Llpsey. a consultant to the Justice lk'- qRr,ncy Prevention. of money. • lence Prevention at the Centers for Dis- partment for preparation of the comprt- Many of the cxpcrls consulted told The youth violenceprevention flcld, at case Control and Prevention in Atlanta, henslve anti-youth vtolcnce strategy. O,MDP little or no evidence exists to present,is an entreprencurml,program- "You can't look at It from Just a criminal suggests that preventton programs l.- suppOrl clalms that programs now fash- driven Industry. The surge in youth Justice perspective, or a health pcrspcc- selected in the same manner the iI.S. ionable w!!l haveany sustainableImpact deaths and injuries caused by vlolene~ th~ or that the schools should address Fbod and Drug Administration al;I,r,'v~.-s on the problem, in the ease of the STAR plus the federal money that fueled the this, or the community address that. new drugs. program, citedby Krisbcrg In a rtccnt war on drugs In the latter half of the You have to get the support of all the "Drug companies have to do Hini,'al interview.Nancy Gannon. educationdl- 1980s. spurred on the violence preven- environments these kids move through." trials and show that thcir produ~ d,.~ rector far the Center to Prevent Hand- tlon effm-ts of the Clinton administra- But comprehensive programs thaL for no harm," Llpscy said. "Then Ihcy ha~¢ gun Violence, said plans arc In the tion. Combined. they are fostering the • instance., try also to get the guns out of to show that It is effective. Tb'lt's a works for a full-scalecvaluatlon study of rise of the youth violence prevention cot- the neighborhood, rather than Just rational process. Imagine ffwr ~wn" to the program's Impact. "But we have to tage Industry. keeping them out of the school building apply that same .logic to Juvcnlle pro- • raise tl~. money to do It." she said. The • What the Clinton administration and • during the school day. cost more and grams. People In the service domain CPHV annual budget Is $2.9 million. the researchers are dlscovalag is that arc more difficult to implement. Good would b¢ constrained to use those li- .'We'n" Iook~ at ",~ry big goals there unllkc some socialproblems, today'sIc- cvaluatlon of a more comprehenatve ap- censed models and not Just slari In- when you talk about changing some- thal brand of youth v~olcncedemands a proach, to determine what programs venting stuff that they claim works. body's behavior," Gannon admitted. "in- broad approach.That approach requh-es .should bc included In a particularmix. w~ were dealing with tic situation formation docsnl do thaL" coordinated programs instead of • also is more expensive. Where people who know something : Conflict resolution classes, peer me- a single solution. And. the bureaucrats • Dahlbcrg and thc CDC violcnce pre- about kids and their problems would tion programs, signed pledges,vio- and the scientists say. it must Include vention division currently arc In the come up with programs, then it would cc prex~ntlon curricula. Juvmilc boot early intervention for three- and four- midst of evaluating 15 youth vlolcncc be okay.But the research clearly shows ps. wilde.messcamps and metal de- ycar-olds in targeted risk groups to prevention programs In I 1 citlcs to that is not so. Most of what people art

34 " flAY/JUNE 1995 YOUTH TODAY comlng up wlth will not be effecUve, so Services Research Center at the Medi- ~e haw to be wry. way careful how we cal University of South Carolina In choose programs." Charleston. developed the Irealmcnt Llpscy could have been thtnklng of strategy in the 1980s In Memphls..qo "gMs and the Law.an" when he made reach "deep-end kids." that statemenL This Is a program of the This Is the 5 percent of the population 30-member Albany. Calif. pollcc depart- which, n~arch has shown, are ~spon- ment Ihat semis o~cers Into lrmer-ctty slble for the vast maJodty of crimes and schools m the San F'rancisco Bay area to v~lenee In any community. Thtw al~ sing Eh'ls-llke songs to encourage safe arc the hardest to reach for treatment. driving and discourage drinking. Def. Since these Juveniles, or their family Sgt. Bill Pa/mlra. the Elvis Impersonator members, were unwilling to come to of the group. Is searelaing for fundtog to clinics for treatment. Henggeler derided switch the focus to violence prevention. to treat them In their own communities. "Although we say It's a traffic safety "Our program Is family focused and program. It slum shows police officers In child centered, and community ba.~(~" a different IlghL" said Palmlnl. *Al- scald PhflUpeCurmlngham, an Instnwtor though ye're not d Irectly dotog anti-vio- with Family Servlces Research Center. lence, we're certainly building some Detective Sergeant Bill Palmini of the Albany, Calif. police department isn't "we treat kids In their own environ- brldges there." Palminl alr~y has a undercover. Ho's out ihere fighting drunk driving as one haft of the act Elvis and the ment." lawman. They*re now hoping to get Into the-violence prevention action as well. concept fnr the project: RAP 7 -- seven "Our assessment Involves under- steps to rrducing ang~ petr.nUal. standing how behavior make, sen,,a, In a Do Inner-city kids today relate to tire. the research shows. Mentorlng. over/he next three decades. very non-Judgmental manner." Cun- Elvls? combIned with tutortog, Is much more The most dramatic finding was that ntogham continued. "It's n~t saying that "As a matter of fact. yes." answers cffcctlve than mentoring by Itself. only 7 percent of this group had five or the family Is at fault here. it's saying. Palminl. wl~ said Elvis and the Lawman Intensity and dosage are also critical. more arrests, compared with 35 percent "How does thIs behavior make sen~ to recenUy returned from a mx-~ty tour In Even good programs will fall. the re- for the oompartson group not partici- this particular kid?' And once you un- the cast. and will be heading to Canada searchers say. If they don't provide at pating In the program. "We were dealing derstand that. the treatment Is preday to the fail. "We have found that to hlgh- least 100 hours of face-to-face contact with a group that was a vet3, high risk of straightforward. It maybe thai the fam- rtsk pc.pie of color, arzl especially Alto- with targeted youth over a stx-month- not only arrest, but repeated arrest." Ily Is overwhelmed, and mayJust need American and Hispanic kids. It does period, with u~'ckly two-hour sessions said Larry Schwelnhart, chair of the Increased parental monitoring." appeal. That's why we use EMs: it cuts as a bare minimum. Longer. more fre- Foundatton's r~seaxch dlvisbn. On av- across demographics." quent sesstorts are preferable. The suc- erag~ members of the ~ group had The Results of MST cessful programs also employ a high half the number of arrests as dld mem- Researchers and Juvenile Jtts{h.,..fll- eero~ ~ level of monitoring to be certain the right bers of the comparison group. clals ~ Hengg~s program be~an.~, it Llpsey. Krlsberg and others say youth are getting In. and are not drop- In addltlon. 29 pexccnt of the Perry has b~n tested and evaluated a,nnng enough research data already Is avail- ptog out. or dropping by the wayside. group were holding down Jobs earning serious Juvenile offenders i n Memphis: able to weed out the programs that will And tostltutlonallzcd youth need strong Incomes of at least $2,000 a month. Columbia, Me.: Spartanburg and work from those tlaat won'L For In- after-care programs, once released, to compared to only 7 percent to the com- Slmpsonvllle. S.C.; and, currently. In stance, school-based programs, to be avoid becoming repeat offenders. parison group; 36 percent owned Charleston. The results have been d:a- effective, must also target the studcnts The Perry Elementary School Project homes versus 13 percent homc-owrr.r- matte. Juveniles undergoing MST had who already have dropped ouL Talk in the 1980s proved the worth of carl), shlp by these outslde the Pony group, fewer subsequent arrests-- and ~r less therapk-s, rap groups and couns¢llng childhood IntervenUon. That project. a.qtl 59 percent were on welfare, com- serlotts c='lmes-- than offenders treated alined at esteem dcvebopment -- Jesse operated by the High/Scope Educa- pared to 80 percent In the comparison through the normal programs and agen- Jacksnn's mantra "I am somebodyV tl0nal Research Foundation In Mlchl- group. cies. leaps to mln~ -- will not produce be...hav- ban, prov~lM tx-aming to droop social ff the Perry School project has vali- In addition, the cost of treating ~rl- feral changes tn ado~qcent Juvenllc of- and leaning skillsand a sense of Inltla- dated the need for early Intervention. ous offenders was substantially less lenders. Ikhavlotal management pro- Uves In 123 Ypsflantl Al'rtcan-Amerlean Scott Henggeler's Multlsystemlc under MS'I'. In the.Slmpsonvtlle, S.C.. grams that feature role playing instead children, ages three and four. The Fotm- Therapy (MST}approach to ~ se- project, the cost was $2,800 on a~'r,~ of corralling, and simulate problem datlon then evaluated the effects of that rtous Juvenile offenders has proved the for each of the 84 offenders participat- situations and strateglea for dealing early Interventlon. combined wlth pa- worth of fanaly preservation strategies. Ing, comparul to an average cost of with them. have been much more cff¢c- rental trainin¢ by monitortog this g~uup Henggeler. now dlrcctor of the Family Confinu~ on Page '36 CDC Violence Prevention Projects I~moeltulldms CoQtact:Tom Roderk:k ~¢mt Im.t~m,~---t eermd Zzl,ecaaom Houston, "IX 77054 Iieart 213-870-3318 1984 Cof[msm Road 4655 S. Mfchlgaa Contact: William Wust P. O. P,,,x 1215S Cesstcr fo¢,q~i~ceat Studies P. O. Box 4,~0 ChP~o. "S06~ 713-794-9085 lMe~m. AZ ~7a2 indUmaU~tvero~y Ncwm'lcOH • Contact: ~ i~vcre ~tldim Scl~rlees Cont~ ,: Dennis gmhry Schoolof EducaUon couuc~ Molly 312-268-0499 SchoolMediation & Vlolen,',, eC~-2~,-KTmWAXI SOZ-299-6822 Sunc 614-522-9119 ,x 1-800-837-2801 ite,etrch l'dm~, ln~tu~e PreventionDtvslon Umlvtrtle/~C~dl/omlLt- smmt BIo~o~ IN 47405-1006 Se.lfI[mluuueement, Imc. P. O. Box 12194 280 [hoa~hvay Contact: F,xts Boswoeth 2156 N.E. Broadway Research Trt~ Pk.. Room401 Samta ~ CA ~1~6-9490 812-8~:~-8133 Po,'~x~L OR 97Z~ NC 27709-2194 New York,NY 1(]007 Comat-~:Cy~eUa Hudlk-~ Studentl fo~ Peau~ Coatact=Tony Hop~on Contact- Christopher P,Ingwalt Contact:Llnda Laus¢ll 8~-S

YOUTH TODAY HAY/JUNE 1995 • 3 5 "the gun lobby is trying to cover up its role in youth violence" ,o art dmsen from those prcvlously evalu- officials and rcsearcher say the data From Page 3S Scattlc's Communities that Care modal supporting prevention alternaUves has $16,300 for offemicrs tJxated or Inea.r- dcvdoped by David Ibwklm of the Um- ated by Hawkins"research group, ahain- coated by the S.C. ~cnt of Youth vcrsity of Washington's Social Devdop- Ing also Is provided to the board mem- becn available for some time. but has Sea-vices. ment Research Group. This program. bers and other partlclpanL~ In these been ignored because the policy has When U.S. ^ttomey General Janet dcve]opodand evaluated ~ the last 15 projects. Right now. most of the-CTC taken a back seat to politics and the Reno asked OJJDP research director years, currently is being used In 300 proJect~ acro~ the country arc Just en- power of the gun lobby. James "Buddy" Howell to name a pre- communities spread across 45 states tering the third phase, "We're locked into the most expen- ~nUon program tbat ~rks, he immedi- thanks to funding provided by OJJDP's "We're trying to give communities sive. least producUve strategies right ately pointed to MS'i'. Delinquency Prevention Title V and the tools so that they can plan effectlvcly now," says NCCD's Krlsbe~. who admits "1 think the most important fact we Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. before they implement programs." ex- that changing this dtrectlonwill be dlf[i- have discovered is that changing Idds is CTC Involves three phases. In the first plained Rick Catalano. co-director of the cult In the current polltlcalclimate, m~ch more difficult than wc believed." phase, the key players -- including so- ~ch group. "We get people to focus "some very loud and strident ~olces. said Howcll~ who retlred at the end of cial workers. Judges. teachers, youth on risk factors that a~ at elevated kvels particularly the National Rifle Associa- March. "We now reali2¢ that these kids workers and polio, chiefs-- are brought tn their community so that they don't tion and the correctional industrial com- ha~ mulHpk problems, so it takes wcU- together to discuss problems In their have to try to do everything at once." ple_x, are dominating the airwaves," he structured programs over a long pealod community, and to appoint a board of For example, Catalano cited a CTC adds. "It's clear to me that the gun lobby of time, MST is the epitome of what i'm directors for the project. This board then project in the rural county of Chcyenna is trying to cover up its role in youth vio- talking a~uL" conducts a slx-month risk assessment. Kan., where the risk assessment pin- lence by diverting our attention. All the "For many Fears, we expected too using 19 risk factors developed by pointed a hlghly transient population in research l've seen connects the camag~ much of programs.., and we haven't Hawklns's research group. In this sec- the community. The project has chosen tha1"s going on wlth more guns. mnre been encouraged enough by small re- ond phase, the beard settles on four or • to focus on enforcing truancy laws to lethality." suits." Howelladded. "But when you see five risk conditions prevalent in the keep kids in school, and training par- • Social scientists say the Clinton ad- a lO percrnt mtuctloa In recidivism for community that it wants the project to ents to hdp their kids study and exo*l. ministration Is on the rlght track with Its groups, you're talking big bucks focus on. While some of these programs am ex- comprehensive approach to the prob- when that plays out through society." The thlrd phase involve implementa- pensive. Catalano, Krtsbcrg. Hcngg¢ler lem. But focusing on prevention is a Another program that is often cited tion of programs to address the se- and others quickly point out that they risky business when so many pnlitl- by researchers and ~etvice prov~ers is lected risks. The programs to be used are not nearly as expensive as the cur- cians, playlng to the fear ofcrime among rent alternative: Incarcerating more and their constltuedts, preach only more " gU#Te more youth offenders. Juvenile justice cops and more IncarceraUon. Some Violence Prevention Resources Working 8.T.&R. Coaver~ CJ).C. Youth V'~.nc.e PRO'F'F_.S S ION AL Center to Prevent Handgun Vlolcnce ~uatioa erokct 1225 Eye StrceL NW Division of Violence Prevention The Leader in j Suite 1100 Centers for Diseas~ Control & Innovative -f- NOVAuNIv~rrY Washington. DC 20005 Prevention (~raduate P,I~AHAM .% FI.'~.~ILER (.'ENTER Contact: Nancy Gannon 4770 Buford Highway. ICE Programs B.~R THE ADVAM, .'EMENT ;.W El ~U¢ L~TKMq 202-289-7319 {FAX] 202-408-1851 M/S K60 Atlanta, GA 30341-3724 M41M#r"g Pr~r~m~ F~" a~'e laf~utlem, ream lbe ceupoa, Natiamfl Council on Crime Contact: Linda Dahlherg ~.~/Id ~ A~lnl~t~ton or r.MI ~tl #~: (800) l~-J~"J, Ezt. 7448 4044884646 (FAX] 404488-4349 OIl&l M~I Y~t~ ~re Admlahr~ ~l=lted SMt~ ~4 C~ulda) 685 Market Street I:#ml~ ~ Studies Center far Crime & justice PoUcy I Sultc 620 • Rema/~ a~ j~ur j~ and ~ome e~ ~ ~ lef~l~l ~ B Idl~l, San Francisco. CA 94105 Vanderbllt Institute for • Open to Mudents worldwide [ __ U~ter't. Cm~OCue ~w,~alritm Contact: Barry Krtsberg Public Policy Studies • Assignments re,ted to your job J __ MaSl~'S. Otild ~ Vo~d~C~e Mmin~ritocz 415-896-6223 Box 508. Vanderbflt University • Biweek.~ tel~h~#e conferences __ Ooao(m. Ct.~ ~ v~t, ~u~e~ Nashville. "IN 37212 e Instructiofl pr~v~d by experts J CurrentPosition Contact: Mark Lipsey 615-343-2696 Dcpt of Psyd~ & J £dd¢¢~$ Behavioral Sctenecs Elvl= & The I.awnma fd.O. Pre#r~m i~ [ C~ Medical Untvet~ty of South Carolina Albany Police DepL C#IM a~ Fo#~ Srudlas Charleston, SC 29425-0742 I00 San Pablo Ave. • Ap~oprizte fofprofession~l~ w~o work I SUre ,~b~. CA 947O6 with ¢.hiMzea (~¢tt# to age 18) ,lad their Il¢ Cone Contact: Scott Henggder ..o . bm#~.s 803-792-8003 (FAX] 803-792-7813 Contact: Det. SgL Bill Palmini • tlatioowid~ pr~m locations I re~o~e: Home( I 510-525-7300 - ". Monthly Salulday seminart of wofldwide I Wont( ) rm7 scaoaeroket computer eketwo~Ling I Ik~t~ ¢~ to: • $~ I~tituf¢ (hem/nJu/y) u Ik~. ll~dverzRy High/Scope Educational Research Communlfles that Cat, I &W I. [k~ckl4¢ e..~tw ~topmt~at ~ &vtogrt=~ • Reld-basedl~Ctieums ' I~ tM &dmcN~=t ~ [d.r~t~, Foundation • I~ation~llyre¢~Mzed faculty and I I,~11 C4llele &V~.NI 600 N. River Street 130 Nickerson distinguirJ~d~uest lecturers Fed LN~kud~l~, FI4,rld~ ~14 If~ YpstLantL MI 48198 Suite 107 Contact Larry Schwelnhart Seattla WA 98109 UaV4rr,i~ k, 80:tt~td by [hi Comndlskm 04 Co~.Qls o{ I1~ ~ht t'n lS.tO¢ilti¢~ ed Co41t~'t ind Schod4 Contact: Richard Catalano I~ award[~,¢Iti40¢'t. I~ltt(ff't. ed~wJtlO~llt0aC~itt, and doct~d ¢l~(ees. Itlo~ql~ ~ Itt~ntt (d iny 313-485-2000 206-286-1805 or 1-800-736-2630

36 " HAWJUNE 1995 YOUTH TODAY I

Articles

Media Panel Reference Materials

Guaranteeing Safe Passage :i::i-!!i.i-:,.ByIsabel Wil " • . • , : ;:~:ca::?.:C:..

• ' " " . --.~i ,

:~"-:" ?i

i : ::'"

-r.7..,a.

11. was late ill tilt:' sch()()l year, on a to the biol()w teacher, Barbara clear M,ul this iA the 9()'s. It is alS puilc'hcd ;ill(I shoved the 5',1" Jason t*.;isv h) l]ilcl ;i pistol as k I);ij~ and headed At first their 2g classmates th()ught some test tubes had olf i() sch()()l. been dropped, or that there had been an explosion in the fie was late that day by half HII hour. l-[;e handed his pass chemistry lah across the hall. When they realized what had lial.)pene(I, they ran and hid behind laboratory tables or l.scl&'l lVilkersolt is dU(ctotthc ChicaA,~J /)ur(saz~

8,1 Family Circle .~,'l<, ?., fears. Some wanted Io stopJason and talk to him, but they 90's must know how to dodge a knew they couldn't. Jason walked out calmly and sat under bullet. Across the country, a tree, where the police hmod hin~ minutes later. schools have removed lockers fl'om their halls for fear of stu- here were thousands of Michael Swanns in dents' storing weapons with their 199:{--chMren 1,'9 and under who, because they books and gyrn shorts. Many high gill Oll .SOllleone's bad side or were playing w th a schools, with security guards who Run or siml)ly gave up ~ln life or were in tile wrong check pockets and book bags, place ~lt the wton,t~ time, died by ,~unfire. (See "A seem more like airports on walch T}"ear rg-Tears," puk,c's 86, 87.) In I)envet', Carl Banks, 18, for terrorists. In I988 only 2 fie,," ,vas shol while taking his hrothers and sisters trick-ur- cyril oJlh(: nation's 50 lar~,esl school reatin.e,. In lloslun, I.uuis l*,rown, 16, was shot walldng to dish'icls used melal detectors Io ;theol. In EI Ca_iun, Califiunia, .]essica Reuhl. 9, was shot screen out we@,ms. B3' 1993, 50 w a sniper wh~ then killed himself. In Chicago, Steven Iw~wenl of them did. Yri.Qht, 5, ghol himself in the mouth wilh a .44 Magnum As the death t011 rises, lawmak- ~e found under his mtJlher's mat.tress. In Seattle, Luetta ers and citizens and a determined _'ust()n, ,q, w;ks shot riding in her fanlily's car after her gun lobby continue to struggle ,1other had honkcd tile horn ,Lt ant)(her driver. over new gun-centre] measures. Every d, Jv 14 children die in .qtm accidents, suicides and Nineteen states have enacted laws ,~micides. Ht, ldreds more are wounded, inally cripl)led malting it illegal for a minor to pos- ~a life. What nlakes this ,ising wave ~f killing so heart- sess a gun. In 11 states gun own- realdng is th;it lhe dcalhs were often preventable: many ers are liable for gun accidents : hMren might still be alive if a Run had n.t been at hand. involving children. Nationwide, ;at there are n~c ~rc' lhan 200 million Runs fur an estimated more and more gun-arnne'sty I)ro- :5.q millit ~n peqHe in this country, with women and young grains are encouraging owners to i cuple IornfinR a grmving new marl;el. More than half the trade their weapons for toys, food and other items. Still, 508 st udents pulled m a st ucly for the tiarvard School of the gun rermfins a tough opponent, one that President '.fl)lic l le;Hlh I;i.~t year said they cuuld get a gun if they Clinton has taken on, calling for new health-care initia- ;1Tllc'd (me. M()rc! than 20 ])elCelll of them saicl tile.',' coukl tives, increased police protection and the licensing of gun '{ (~tle "willlit] gilt II(.,ur." owners nationwide. But even supporters concede that the Guns nc~w seem t~ bc the problem solver (ffI)reference, Brady Law, the tot,ghest gun-control legislation passed by final s<~lutit~n ;~imed i,wreasingly at ohM targets. The Congress in more than 20 years, is no match for a country ,untr\' Ihat uv,.'rcame l)otio--a killer of children of gener- with nearly as many guns as people. A m'w izand.qun is {(Ills ])ilSI--S(,.ClllS tmahle t~) l)rOlect its y.ung flOln ~Ull- fir, duced eveo, 20 secon&. c. "We ;u-c' rai~in~ a .~eneration ~f chMren in a culture of ~lcnce." says I antes (;arbarino. Ph. i).. a ctuld psychok>- ed Hill, Pennsylvania, the hometown of Jason talk about what lmppened, as if talking about it would -, ~H (]rivt'-])\ ,~]l(nHilI,qS--I()]] aClC)SS 111(2;111streels: war help it make sense. "['eople don't knmv what to believe," ~:l-;tl~s bole,re the\ ,u-e (d fightinR age. An estimated $4 says Roxie Kulp, a lifelong resident and a neighbor of the ~{H1 ;I }'C';ll, IlltlCII (~f [lie COS[ bOrlle bv t.axpaycrs , is Smiths. "Jaso, felt trapped, and we don't know wily." -nt cm h~slfiladizati(m l(w fircal-m injuries. The town is now bitter and divided, with some people \hnost its (]isturbiilg ;is thc \'iolcncc itself are tile feeling anguish for the Swarms and others ralli~ing hehmd .41hs [o which I)Ccq)]c nlusl gl; Io ax'~fid it. The duck-and- Jason, saying Michael had it coining. Both boys were cr drill ¢d the .5()'s has rot urned to schtu~ls, nut because handsome; their smiling, dimpled faces in family and .pie lc;~r ;~ ~tt~dc;.w ,~ttack but bee,ms(, children in the school I)hotos give no hint of (Co,limu,d rm pak'e 88) uck-and-cover drills of the 50's have returned to schools, >t because people fear a nuclear attack but because ildren of the 90's must know how to dodge bullets. iRum--y CmaJE. rementbers the youngest casuait~g of gun ~Bience in 1993. From 1-mar old Brtanna Clark 1o 19-~ Jason IBamp~=, ~ list represents 726 of the most innocent vidims.* Names were gathered from news, poace amd autopsy

Jan. 1 Tattana Redmond, 14, Chicago ... lae. 2 Gary O'Neil Phillips Jr., 18, Lenoir, N.C.... William C. Walker Jr., 1, Lake Wales, Ra.... Jan. 3 David L=,e Cougar 1-3, Avondale, Ohio ... Paul Victor Murrow, /-8, Oklahoma City, Ok~a. ... Trisba Umberto, 14, Baldwin Park, Calif.... Jam. 4 Sharon Mane Jackson. 28. "~on, S.C.... Jacob Abner, 3. Salem, Ind.... Emmanuel Williams. 17. Sarasota, Fla. ,.. Jan. 6 Rebecca Sanchez. 1.5. AlbuQuerque. NM.... Jan. 7 Nathan ",',~:,o'~. 1.6. Detroit ... Jan. 8 Anthony Glasco. /.7. Cain Township, Pa.... Timothy W Stauffer, 17 Leola, Pa.... Jan. 9 Tiffany Dozier. 12. Pacoima. Calif.... S.%*wana Mc. Quiter, 16, Dallas ,.. Martha Petter. 16, New York City ... Michael Patrick Riley, '16, Houston ... Jan. 10 Katina Jefferson, '19. Fort Pierce. Fla.... Jam. 1.1 Bran- <:Ion Alex Gibson, 1.5. Alachua, Ra.... Tyrone Harris, 16, Chicago ... Jan. 12 Conroy Robinson, 18, Miami ... Joseph AIvarez, 18. New York City ... Jam. 1.4 Wal. tar Banks, 17, Chicago ... John Holden, 19. Porter Ranch, Calif.... Keith Johnson, 17, Garfield, Pa.... Jan. 15 Matthew McLean Counts. 2. ~Jtte. M,ont.... Alex Reyes. 1-6, Boston ... James L Williams, "14, Minneapolis ... Jan. 3.6 Lecester Anderson, 12, West Seattle, Wash.... Dewayne Smith. 14..~'cadia. PaL ... Jan. ~. 3.7 Jose Corbo Jr.. 16, Coconut Grove, Ra.... Angel Malave, 1-5, Milwaukee ... Reginald Polk, /6, Baton Rouge. La.... Jason Wilkey, /.5, Biggs. Cahf.... Jam. 18 ~, Brother J. Emerson, /.7, New Orleans ... Shilie Turner, I_7, Philadelphia ... John Devon Williams, 16; Minneapolis ... Jan. '19 Sandro Tones. /6, Sac'rar~-=."¢o. Calif. '"-.. Ja n. 20 Bridget Jean Risley. 15, Minneapolis ,.. Kurt witte, 15, JasDer, Ind.... Jan. 21 Demetrius L. Rice. /.6. Los Angeles ....tat. 22 Te'r~nce Martin Jr.. 5, Bridgeport, Conn.... Jan. 23 Jerry L. Cooks. 17, Milwaukee ... David Johnson, /.9. New Orleans ... Jan. 24 Carlos DeWa.,r~ ~'~tllis. 19, Menlphis ... Jan. 25 Kyle Samuels, lB. Tacoma. Wash.... John Zimnlck, 1.7, Ludlow, Vt.... Jan. 26 Diego Martinez RiDs. 9. ~. Calif. •.. Jan. 28 Curtis Welcher, 17, Miami _. Ronald D, Smaller, 19, St. Paul, Minn. _. Jan. 29 Rot Nguyeo. 1-7. Tacoma, Wash.... ~ Sarr~els. 16, New Orleans ... Jan. 30 Richard Giles, 17, Tacoma. Wash.... Jamilya Lewis, 7. Eustis. Fla.... Jasmine Lewis. 3. Eustis. Fla.... L.., 31 :acob Detjens. 15. Ja::~cr Ra.... Michael Alan Wianiewski 3d. 14. Arcadia, Ra.... Valentine Buena. 1-7. Milwaukee ... Fob. 1 Yasmine Gomez. 14. Ch~c~o ... ~ Artis, 17. Amityville. ~. • son Paul Domenico. 1-4, Redmond, Wash.... Fab. 2 Richard Perez. :L8. New York City ... Michelle Lewis. 16. Houston ... Feb. 3 Kia,'-,a ~'a,~ey, 16. Cleveland _ 81e- Warren. ].6. Orlando, Ra.... Feb. 4 Anthony LorDs. 17. Hayward, Calif.... James Holiday Jr., 18. Atlanta ... Feb. S Unker Baa.~ Warr_=-,~ "~. ~ew York City ,.. Fe~ Orozco. 14. Dallas ... Mack Tanuvasa. /.5, Tacoma. Wash.... Douglas Melonson, 19, Detroit ... Fob. 7 Demetrius Bailey. 17. East Ce'~and. Ohio ... Charles .~ Cleveland ... David Todd Schwanles, /.9, Louisville ... Feb. B Johnny Townes, 16, Fort Wayne, Ind. _. Enc Melby. 14, Middle River. ~rm. ,. 9rent J. Leen, 15. M:z:r- Minn.... Feb. 9 Devin Ports. 1-7. Galvoston, Texas .,. Fob. 10 Lorenzo Goldsmith, 1-8, Mobile. Ala.... Feb. /1 Jimmy Gonzalez, 1.=. ~ 'ark City ... ion Luks Mie,, 2. Warren. Mich.... Michael Govemale. 13. Tucson. Ariz.... Feb. 12 Arian Tillock Matthews. 1-4, Aurora. Cola.... Feb. 13 Michael Bo.~mar, .~, Cincinnati ... M¢~a~ ing. 16, Rosemount, Minn.... Feb. 1.4 Edwin Santiago. 17, New York City ... Christopher Heroandez. 1`5. New York City ,.. Arv',ette Me~"~ L 7. New York City _ '._~:- Crenshaw. /.6. St. Louis ... Feb..16 Harrison Turner. 1-6, Cleveland ... Feb. 3.7 Joseph MarreD, !6. Aurora. Colo.... Rulon Pa~l ~. /5. Seattle ... Scott ~. Puyaliup. Wash.... Feb./8 Jermaine Sheppard. 16, Oakland, Calif.... Kenneth Miller. 1-7. Denver ... Feb..19 Joe Dozier• 19. Gravette, Ark.... Feb. 20 -Pure- ;ickcns, 18, Kansas 3r9 ... Fob. 21 Edward Lee Little, 18, Milwaukee ... Nayib Sadan, 19, Miami ... Feb. 22 Micheal Shean Ensley, 17, Reseda. Calif.... Rocio Delga,oo. /.6. Nor~ ~. zls. Calif. _. Feb. 23 .E.lOe dettea 16, Milwaukee ... Fob. 24 Tres Middleton, 15, Lithonia, Ga.... Feb 25 Christopher Maxey, 7. Delhi, N.Y.... Fob. 26 Jose Luis LOpeZ. ZT. Sa.'~ta ~,a. ~..llit.... Feb. 28 James ,~_:~ I3. Chicago ... March 2 Wykisa Hilderbrand, 16, Kansas City, Me.... Desmond J. Lewis, 16, Cleveland ... March 3 Alex Diaz: 5. File, Wash.... Marc~ 4 ,.'shua Washington. ~ ,.h ... March 5 John Coronado, /.8. Albuquerque, N.M.... March 6 Khamphone Latmuong. 8. Dallas ... Phraneu~= Rink~=rcl 1J MH~ I Itch ~ ......

81 Gabriel Hedges. 1.5. Tacoma. Wash ...... • ...... ~v, , ,uu=Lu,, ... OHU=I t(~ wlra, 1.4. t.nlcago ... Eugene Rushin, 15. Louisville ... L~:er RJr-.e": ._.~-,soim. 14. Hilton HE _~..i .-. May 10 Ronald Isaac, 1_0. Mobile. Ala..~. WHiner Hunter. 16. Mobile. Ala.... Muy .11 81rian Dixon. 13. Chicago ... Danfl McDonald. 5, Mor..oe. ~..C. --.~r.end Brethem, 16. ~.-tJ.Je.. Colo.... May 13 Katrell T. Goodman. 14. Miami ... May .14 Jose Balderas Jr.. 17. Irving. Texas ... Reginald Wallace. 15. --:a[=-s .. Erika Stephanie M~k~_ ": Winters. Calif..,. J~hal~ Svay. 16, Fresno. Calif.... Samela Simpson, 3. Kansas City, Me.... May 15 Nikki Foley.. ;5. Pa=.'.'~m_= City. Calif.... Brent Sat'Jr" 12. Camden, Tenn.... Kelly Sarrat{. 15. Camden, Tenn.... Oerriok Peele. 13. New Odeans ... May 16 William P=:':e 1- '._.:~ Zrleans ... Calvin Rc~'.-~. '_ months, Kansas City. Me.... May 1.7 Joshua Langbehn. B. Galesburg. I1(.... May 1.9 Billy Johnson. 16. New C-eans ~ 20 Nairobi Herndo~'. ~. J.;' chorage. Alaska ... May 21 Tefley Coleman. 14, Boston ... Travis Harris Jr.. 6. Chicago ... May 22 Clarence La-'.cq... !- ".-P.' .~rleans ... May 24 ~'~~ Swann. 16. Red Hill, Pa.... May 25 Aaron F. Johnson. 14. Zephyrhills. Fla.... May 27 Gerald Dordain. tS. New C-'ears Ma~ 28 Naomi Viflafan. :~ .v.e. York City ... May 29 Darren Brewster. 16. Memphis. Tenn.... May 30 Sirag'e Abdur-Rahman. 19. Westburv,. N.% ... Mat. 3! ~:.:~n Hampton. 1.9. w~:-:~-a Ga.... Chadye Dixon. 1.8. Waycross. Ga.... June .1. Ouy Dang. 13, Chicago ... Nakisha Rivers. 1`0. Kansas Ciry. '.'~... J..J.'~ 2 :'chard Hemandez. !3.. L.'lCE Beach. Calit .... Vanessa Michelle Baisden. LT. Snoquatmie. Wash .... Andre Addison. 18. Kansas City. Me .. Ra~:-÷ Wi a~s, 1.9, Baton Rouge, La.... Carlos Ray Morris, 18, Oklahoma City, Okla.... June 3 T)son Parkins. 13. Au.:va C:..: I June 4 Lynn Johnson. 1`6, Muilins, S.C..., James L. Burns, 1-8. Dillon. S.C.... Juna 5 Matthew Gioia. L8. Chfton. '4.J.... ".Jr~ { 6 George Leon. 14. Oenver ... Reg nald Myers. L7. Memphis ... Juna 7 Andre Sarvis. 16. New York City ... Cathen~'.e Cre~- L- Denton. Texas ... Jesus Gilberto Garza. 16. Denton, Texas ... June 8 Diana Melbane, 17. Kansas C,ty. Me.... M.c-:-Je( Ste~ .=.-~. ~p : .

19, Kansas City, Me.... Jennifer Hill, 14. North Highlands. Calif.... Betty Morris. 13, Memphis ... Cameron St'.eooar3. "-5 ".o "" Kar}sas City. Me.... Robert Souza. 13. Al|rora. Colo.... Albert Brown. I0, Aniak. Alaska ... June 9 Roland Randolph, 16. Sanlee. S.C.... Arthur C.aldie~/-'....e~. . \;.: der 3d. 5. Loris,S.C .... June 3.0 Kevin Chadwick, ].3. Indianapolis ,.. Crislopher D. Ricketts. 1.7. Kalamazoo, Mich .... June 11 ChPstopr'.er Lar~ i-. -dl ' ": Kansas Cily. Me.... Juna 1.2 Nakia Nance, 1-7. Kent. Wash.... June 13 Melissa Gazcia. 19. Tucson. Adz• ... Curtis D. Miller, 16. Miami ... June 14 Ter'% ~ "~"- Ioway Jr.. 9, Chicago ... Jessica Forsyth. 1-1, Norwalk. Iowa ... Nikkl Ann Forsyth. 1.7. Norwalk. Iowa ... Brian Forsyth. 18. Norwalk. iowa ... June /.5 Jot~a.':-..~-- d ~" " Davis. 16. Callas ... Jay Browder. 1-5. Seneca. S.C.... Juno 16 Bond Ariesha Leeper, 2, San Diego, Calif.... Lori Hand. 4. Greenville. S.C.... S~**ar~_= E-*- k ward Brown. 1.5, Baton Rouge, La.... Juno 1.7 Kmth Lavell Ford, 17. Seattle ... June Z8 Kristofer Coggin, 1`1.. Mobile. Ala.... Ronert D. Jhehar~. 16. Le~r. R.C.... June 19 Rashwan Haywood. 19. Oklahnma City. Okla.... June 20 Michael Munn. 16. Tacoma. Wash.... Juiio CasfiJIo. t81. Ch..cago ... June 2:1 '.~'~'~-L~ ChJrit) ~e'.-" Lowery, t2. Chicago ... Jackson TrOuhg. 7. Long 8each. Calif.... Ebelin Espinal. t6. New York City ... Anthony Jermain files. 17. Minneapolis ... ~ 22 '.~.Jr'. t 7 E. Peterson Jr., 1`3, Akron. Ohio ... JOShua Reed. ].7. Seat PleasanL Md.... Michael A. Ware. 16, Milwaukee ... Mathew A. Gamin. 16. Wichita. Kay.. Jur~ 23 .irby Abrams. 1.7. SL L~JS .. ... Cortez Perryman. 17. St. Louis ... Renels Elan, 6. Miami ... Frederick Patterson. 1.7. Baton Rouge. La.... Juna 24 Christoohet Lamborne. B. De~to'~a. :~ .. 3hauna Rachel Fan-o=. 14 Oklahoma Cily. Okla .... June 25 Marquis Gilbert, 1`4. St. Louis ... Shawn Knowles. 14. Chicago ... Alisha Es.s.e=. ~..."m,P_~_~ .. Juna 2~ Cedric T. Bol:.k. 17. Milwaukee ... Anthony Middleton. i8. Mot)fie, Ata.... June 27 Anthony Ty. rone Davis. 14. Sealtle ... June 28 :at'as =_ ,',=-~.':rngton Jr., 13. St. Lou~>. .... Michael Cureton. tO. Tacoma. Wash.... June 29 Danielle Lalrico Linton, J.4. Milwaukee ... June 30 Jeralee Unde~'*,oc.d. "_'_ =:',.-atello. Idaho ... Judy 1 ~l~'- cus Dismuke. 16, Callas ... July 2 Eric Shepard. 9. Boston ... Scott Tala- mantes, 3. Comus Christie. Texas _. Juh~ 3 ~-ar:~ Pierce. 14. Phoenix. ~::- ' • .. July 4 David C. Lamey. 1`0. Loganton. Pa.... Anthony Daniels Robinson. 15, Wichita. Kan .... July 5 Tamrra Do~e :P:=. "-0. Frultland Park. ~ --" ~" James Troy Chavez, ]_6. Denver ... July 6 Frankie Cavis. 18. New York City ... Tanner Fosler. 2. Lincoln. Nob.... July 7 -,.,_=, -,,.'-~,s, 15, Glastonbury. Co~'. ... ~andy Wadloy. 6. Miarni .. Danielle Brown, 16, New Orleans ... James Williams, 14. Chicago ... July 9 Tifitve w,I;=ar--3. -1. St. Louis ... Jut,/1~ P'~ ; Minh Nguyen. t6. Seattle ... July 11 Michael Douglas. t7, Philadelphia ... Robert Lozano. 17, Grand Prairie. Te.~s ... '.~c'~as Souza, 8. Antioch. C~kf. : ... Cherie Souza. 5. Antioch, Calif.... Arthur Lee Williams Jr., 13. Chicago ... July 12 Gregoq O'Bryam. 12. MiI,*~.L=.e ~.--J...anJones. 16. St. LOU~ --. : July 13 Rason Sanlord, 18, Cincinnati ... Chester L. Brown. 17. Hartsville. S.C.... July 14 Michael Montoya. 7. C:":c~.-- . v-~-ry Hughes. 17. HouSion ..... 8~ Family Circle 3/1~/o4 " Cl~ris(ina Woods, 15, St. Petersburg. Fla.... July 15 Trent Crane, 19, Kansas City, Me.... July 16 Travis D. Craig, 17, Milwaukee ... July 17 Mark Jason Pendleton, 115, Glendale, Ariz.... ShadarreR Tarik Brown, 15, Birmingham, Ala.... July 1g Kareem Ackie, 17, New York City ... Timothy Smallwood, 15, Peoria. III.... Michael Leininger, 17. Bloomington. Minn.... July 19 Tonya Hettver, 3, Brainerd. Minn.... Nathan LoDez, 13, Bridgeport, Conn....Nicholas LOPOZ, 13, Bridgeport, Conn..,. Ju- ly 20 Sanaretha Price. 13. Distdct Heights, Md.... Michael Beasley. 14. St. Louis ... July 21 T.J. Reddick, 17, Lakeland. Fla.... July 23 James Emanuel, 18, Florence, S.C.... GaP/Furtado. 18, Boston ... July 24 Grisel Arquello, 10. Lynwood, Calif.... July 25 John Foster, 16, Boston ... Shonta Hogans, 16. St. Louts ... July 26 Rose Desir, 18, Boston ... Steven Wright, 5, Chicaned ... Randy Like. 16. St. Louis ... July 27 Austin Smith 3d, 11, New York City ... July 28 Damon Rashad English, 14, Dal- las ... Donald D. Lester, 16, Wahneta, Fla..., July 29 Kevin Wilsey, 13. Placentia, Calif.._ July 30 Gene Lament McNelll, 16, Chadboum. N.C.... July 31 William Crock- er 4th, 17, Springfield, Va..., Aug. 1 J.W. Donaldson, 14, Dallas ... Albert Thomas. 14, Wichita, Van.... Andreeo Pdce. 17, Lancaster. S.C.... Aug. 2 Francisco Gomez, t,4, Toledo. Ohio ... Steptlen-James Autry, 17. Honolulu, Hawaii ... Aug. 3 Michael Cain. 19. New York City ... Aug. 4 Joshua Newman, 16. Boston ... Carlos Daniel Lopez, 16, Aurora, III.... John Daniel Jones, 18, Richmond, Va..., Jamie Littlejohn. 17, Chesnee, S.C.... Aug. 5 Floyd Shivers, 13, Hart- -- ford, Conn.... Aug. 6 Dionte Peele. 8. Chicago ... Aug. 7 Tyrone Cooke, 17, Boston ... Albert J. Rice, 18, Tampa, Fla .... Aug. 8 ~ " " :" . Latasha A. Davis, 14, South Seattle. Wash.... John J. Lopez, 14, Phoenix, Adz..., Billy Johnston 3d, 13, Summenlille, S.C.... Aug. 9 Randolph Scott, 14, Chicago ... Freddie Garcia, 17, Houston ... Eric Lindsey, 15, Milwaukee ... Teduilla Woods. 13, St. Louis ... Aug .... 10 Clifton Andrew Carier. 18, Richmond, Va. ... Aug. 1.1. Michael'Johnathon Bada, 18. Richmond, Va. ... Aug. 12 Gregory Bolton, 11 months, Kansas City. .~.~.~ Me.... William Inthavon~. 8, Chicago ... Maun Sang Louie, 18, Seattle ... Sang Lee, 9. Glendale, Calif.... Aug..13 Lanaundra Warfield, 3, Chicago ... Aug. 14 Jake Keni'ledy, 17. Cheshire. Conn.... Aug. 15 Benny Privitt, 13, Sebastopol, Calif.... Aug. 16 Ahmad Miller, 15. Harris County, Texas ... Aug. 17 Mar- ton Williams, 12, Shreveport. La.... Monroe D. Harrell, 18, Kansas City. Me.... Raymond Tupuola. 15, Tacoma. Wash• ... Aug. 18 Annette Michelle Fisher, • - .. 16. Gadsden, Ala, .., Aug. 20 Amber Owen, 16, Charleston, S.C.... Kenny Randall, 10, Anna Maria. Fla.... Craig Rogers, 13, Chicago ... Van Rico Bennett, ~" "~'~ 15, St. Louis ... Bruce Bradach Jr.. 17. Beltrami County. Minn, ... Aug. 21 Martavious Oorenza Brown, 16, Cal}itol Heights. Md.... Aug. 22 Tornmy Husband. ~~, 15, Dallas .., Sea'r~Ryan Silvers 18, Lakeland. Fla.... Grog Mutchter. 14, Bradenlon, Fla.... Aug. 23 Rebecca Louise Couthren. 16 months, WilliEs, Calif .... George B. Proctor, 16, Albany, N.Y.... Aug. 24 Malio Baxter. 18. Milwaukee ... Aug. 25 Keda Patrick, 18, Boston ... Richard Chenault. 17. Hanover, Va .... Amanda Jacobs, 15. Charleston, S.C.... A;Jg. 26 Ronaid Parker, 10, New Orleans ... Cardell Harris, 16, New Orleans ... Toya GiJlard, 3.7, New York City ... Denise Decker Aug. 27 Cbristopher Louis Vargas. 15. Stanton. Calif.... Connie Gamboa, 17, Phoenix, Ariz.... Aug. 28 Ramon Tore Jr., 15. Lomita, Calif.... Aug. 29 Ivory 1~ Simms, 11, New Orlean s ... Aug. 31 Jamel Alexander, 12, Rochester, N.Y.... Marcus Taylor, 15, Atlanta ... Sel~. 1 Avondria Taylor, 2. Montgomery. Ala..., Quinton Moore. 7 months. Mont- gomery. Ala.... Aaron Chapman, 17. Salt Lake City. Utah ... Frank Williams Jr.. 15, Temple Hills, Md. ,.. Charles Lassiter, 18, Kansas City, Me.... Sept. 2 Gregory Powell, 15, Memphis ... Del'narkous McLem0re. 15, Dallas ... Jerome Gordon, 18. Dallas ... Sept. 3 Frederick Sanderson, 18, Boston ... Shannon Herrod, 10, Chicago ... Sept. 4 Chris Peyton, 17, Albuquerque, N.M.... Sept. S Deborah A. Phillips, 14. Louisville ... Willie Cockran. 15. Baton Rouge, La.... George F. Tourigny Jr.. 17, Taunton. Mass, ... Sept. 6 Robert J. Moses. 17, Brockton. Mass. ... Sept. "/Talise Nels~on, 14. St. Louis ... Jamon Whitney, 13, St. Louis ... Sept. 8 Myron Sallard, 17, Kansas City, Me.... Jennifer J. Busalacchi, 16, Milwaukee ... Daryl Acon. 18, Wichita, Ran..., Sept. 3.0 Juan Flores, 10. National City, Calif.... Aisha Heard, 13, Atlanta .., Vanessa Isaacs, 9, New York City ... Jonathon Macon, 14, Chicago ... Emerson J. Swain, 15, Seat. tie ... Sept. 11 Dejuan Dupree Collins, 18. Baton Rouge. La.... Billy Joe Edwards, 13, Hoover, Ala.... AI Martin. 16, Boston ... Sept. 12 Donavan Fontenot, 14 months, Port Arthur, Texas ... Lonnie Walker. 1G, Vacavilte, Calif.... Manuel Gonzalez, 14. New York City ... Efrain Alvarado, 12, Chicago ... Sept. 13 Venessa Valerio, 9, Rio Chama, N.M.... Andre Shawn Williams, 13, Tampa, Fla.... Daniel Rothermel, 15, Hegins, Pa.... Sept. 14 Jennife~ Lambert, 16, Duncanville. Ala.... Hakim Farim Afford-Long, 17. Oklahoma City, Okla.... Joshua Dooley. 16, West Carrollton. Ohio ... Sept.. :15 Cl~arles Payne. 18. Washington, D.C.... Ernando Johnson, 19. Poughkeepsie. N.Y.... Sept. 16 Maikou Vag, 16, San Diego. Calif.... Jonathan Bell, 17. Tam- pa, Fla.... Sept..17 Willie McAuthor Carson, 1. Birmingham, Ala..~. Larry E. Thomas, 18, Milwaukee ... Sept. 19 Barrett Modisette, 17, Downers Grove. II1.... Kelly Brian Fagan. 16, Seat- tle ... Sept. 20 Julius Graham, :14. Chicago ... Rodney K. Wakefield Jr., 10. Akron, Ohio ... Charles J. West, 16, Kansas City, Me.... Eddie L. Beal, 18. Kansas City, Me.... Michael J. Hoop-

Ky.... Nov. 5 Edward C, Carney. 1-7, Washington. D.C.... Antjuan L. Wdson. 17, Washington. D.C.... Miguel De Jesus, 18, New Britain, Conn.... Nov. 6 Richard Eugene Smith, 19. Spar- tanhurg, S.C.... Nov. 7 Edward De La Garza Jr.. 6. Houston ... Nov. 8 Keila Morales. 2. Worcester, Mass.... Nov. 9 Lense Greer, 15, Chicago ... Nov. 3.0 Corey Harris, 15, Chicago ... Shaneka Toney, ] 5. Miami ... Nalhan Bernard Jones. 10. Jacksonville. Fla.... William Breeden Bethea. 14. Marion. S.C.... Shawn Beasley, 17. Romayer. Texas ... Nov'. /~ =~.: 11 Yacedra PleasanL. 13, Seattle ... Nov. 12 Jerrnam Jackson, 14. Miami ... Wendy Glover. l-B, Philadelphia ... Jacquin Vanlandingham, 17, Balbmore ... Nov. 3.3 Jan- :' "" hirer Keen, 18, Rochester, N.Y.... Earan Hooter], 14. Zeliwood, Fla.... Shalisha Smith, 1G. Birmingham. Ala.... Melanie Golchert, 18, Fort Worth, Texas ... Channing .* ~' Freelove, 19. Fort Worth. Texas .., Nov. 14 Hart Dinh Chau, 18. Boston ... Nov. 15 Jimmy Rowe. 19, Milwaukee ... Grant Hussey, 15, Eden Prairie, Minn... Nyisha MC- ~- " Donald, 5, Chicago .., IND,,..16 Michael E. Orr. 16. Bowie. Md.... Nov. 17 Bedford M, Jennings, ] 8, Madison, Me.... Nov. 18 Michelle Lynn Baccus, 13. Catoosa. Okla. "~ ., Nov. 19 Jorge Ortega. 15, Miami ... Tschaikows Suarez Robinson, 15. Greenwood, S.C.... Yanaris Porras, 2. Lynn, Mass ... Nov. 20 Bianca Hernandez, 2. Los Angeles , j ... Jeremy D. Mitchell. 35, Overland Park, Ran.... Orlando Young. 17. St. Louis .,. Nov. 2.1 Jason Huffman, 13. Burke County, N.C.... Travis Smith. 19, East Carondelet, MO.... Sita Reading. 9. I~ew Orleans ... Real Parker, 4 rnonths. New Orleans ... Zare Parker, 4 months, New Orleans ... Lydell Jones, 1B. Baltimore ... Nov. 22 Charles M. Brenson, 15, Milwaukee ... Lawrence Miller. 13. Baltimore ... Nov. 23 John D. Lara, 17. Kansas City, Me ... Nov. 24 Hosea Parker. 16, Baltimore ... Nov. 25 Shontel Wright. $8. Concord. N.C.... Susan Van Orden. 16. Marsfiall, Texas .,. Travis Philips, 16, Metaine, La.... Nov. -- 26 Geronimo Maestas. 16. Denver ... Brandon T. Smith, 6, Scranton, Pa.... George Hall. 17, Hartford, Conn.... Michael Olaz. 18. Hartford. Conn. ,.. Brett Keeton, 5, Norwood, Conn.... Nov. 27 Telly Savalas Crawford, 17. Atlanta ... Carlo D. Giarrusso Jr., 19, W. Depllord. N.J. i ... Antonio Nolan, 14, Wichita. Kan.... Johl~ Myers, 17, Washington. D.C.... Austin Simmons, 17, Milwaukee ... Nov. 28 Skeetef Disney. 6. Park Rapids. Minn. Nov. 29 James Owens, 17, Charlotte, N.C. Jeffrey P. O'Hare. 17, Pittsburgh, Pa. Nov. 30 Marcus Heigeson, 9. Ramsey, Minn.... Matthew Helgeson, 12, Ramsey. Minn.... Alec Helgeson, 14, Ramsay. Minn.... Ron Antonio Holder. 16. Washington, B.C.... victor AI. varez. 16. Dallas ... Dec. 2 Deondray Atwood. 15, Fitchburg, Mass.... Johnny B. Jones, 19. Little Rock, Ark.... Jermaine Alexander, 16, Atlanta ... Howard Dale Dalyrymple. 19. East Palatka. Fla.... Dec. 3 Danette Meredith, 19, Houston ... Tracy Hall, 18. Washington, D.C .... Rockford L. Kinnan, 14, Glen Campbell. Ind.... Louis Brown, 16, Boston ... Dec. 4 Shanell Dietrich, 12, Milwaukee ... Dec. S Manith Phompanya. 19. SeaRle ... Jose Martinez, 19, Mia- ..:....-. :.- mi .., Thomas Lee Riley, 17, Houston ,., Jose Martinez. 19, Miami ... Dec. 6 Jamie Weldon, 17, Atlanta ... Michael Marcyes. 17, Seatac. Wash.... Dec. 7 Br) an Gtee~e Ryan Twarkins, 6, East Hartford, Corm, ... Sean Dowdall, 10, Shawnee Mission. Kan.... Dec. 8 Delshon Miller. 18. Philadelphia ... Antoine Hammonds; 12, 16 Dallas ... Dec. 9 Kevin Graham, 16. Philadelphia ... Sunterior Cravens, 1.5. Seattle ... Eric Evans, 18. Milwaukee ... Dec. 10 Richard Washington. 17, High- tstown, N,J .... Damian Slade, 18, New York City .,. Rex Diaz, 17. Yonkers, N.Y .... Zacariah John Spears, 16, Federal Way, Wash .... Dec. l't Verkita J~,ons. L6, Chicago .., David William Schulz, 13. Mechanicsville, Md.... Cornelius Johnson, 18, Mesquite, Texas ,.. Denzell Gist. 1; Chicago ... Rochelle Ebrahimi, 16, Detroit ... Henry An- '~ony Frazier. 17. Ne..v Yor k C~ty ... Brady Beauregard. 19. San Antonio. Texas ... Donnell White, 13, Denver ... Dec. 12 Zavion Bennett, 19. Charlotte. N.C.... Demetrius L. Ewing, 1, restview. Fla... Dec. 1.3 Gerome Allen. 16, Chicago ... Jonus Trultt. 1. Ashford, Ala.... Andre Henderson, 17. Atlantic City, N.J.... Angela Lynn Wagner. 15, Capistrano Beach, Calif .... ;ll Jones. J.8, kansas City. Me.... Dec. 14 Dwight Bell Jr., 1_9. Oakland. Calif.... Steven Fitzgerald. 38, Forest Park. Ohio .. Colleen O'Connor. 17, Aurora. '}lo.... Sylvia Crowell, 19. Aurora, Colo.... Benjamin Grant. 17. Aurora, Colo.... Dec; 15 Michael Sims, 17, LiRle Rock. Ark.... Dec. 3.6 Abby Wheelings, 19, verbrook. Pa.... Donnell [3rooks, 13, Oakland, Calif.... Lativia Johnson. 8. Grand Rapids, Mich.... Dec. 17 Kimberly Broaders, 12. Lake Alfred, Fla.... Dec. B Aody Suryaatmadja, LB, Chatsworth, Calif .... Mark Nguyen. 17, Kansas City. Me .... Eric Matthews, 18, Kansas City. Me .... Dec. 19 Rayshaun '~ve, 17, Lancaster, Calif..., Dec. 20 Wayne Rouzer, 18. Baltimore .,. Louis Brown. 15. Boston ... Dec. 2'1 Nathan Garnett, 15, Burnsville, Minn.... Dec. '-;~ Jarvis Chapm~r~, 9, Atlanta ... Dec. 24 Gustavo Garcia, 15, San Diego, Cald .... Dec. 25 Joe Groze. 17, Warren, Texas ... Dec. 26 Abel Paul Mc- ;imee, 6, Federal Way, V~ash.... Ryan Abel McNamee, 4, Federal Way. WaSh .... Brianna Clark, 1 month, Federal Way. Wash. Dec. 27 Gerry Breserner, 5, Greenhaven, Calif..,. James Christopher Perry, 15. Decatur, Ga .... Dec. 28 Danillo Navarre. 19. Baltimore ... Dec 29 John Levering. 34. Mims, Fla .... :~Shon Hammond, 19. Paterson, N.J .... Dec. 30 Betina Kristal Gentry. 18, Severn, Md .... Dec. 31 Lorenzo Buchanan, 19. Kansas City, Me. "Because of difficulties accessing some state records, this list names on- ly some of the thousands of children who died last year. If you know of a child whose name Is not on the list, let us know, Write to: Year of Tears, FaMIL~'CmcL£, 110 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10011. 'I : tL tile tragedy to come. Townsl)eople say that Michael, a was dead. ';It was one of the most Each time farm boy big for his age, had a history of bullying kids. Tile difficult things I have ever had to morning he die d, Roxie KLdl) says, Michael was seen do as a principal," she recalls. At Rafael and bt|rning holes in somebody's boat tarp with cigarettes. first the 10-year-olds just sat They say he carried a switchblade, and they considered there quietly, too numb to speak. brother pu him fast because he hung out in Philadelphia. Can this be true? Then they start- Jason, on the other band, was quiet and never bothered ed crying, and all the questions t d:itrigg< anybody, friends say. Until May 24, the day he killed came. "What does this mean? Will t e:"#tifll] Michael. Fie pleaded guilty and is now serving 12V, to 25 he be back after summer vacation? years in state prison after a plea bargain with prosecutors. How could this be? Why did this playe;d deal have to happen to Ralph?" just h'ke in'] R afael Saldana was a lively child who liked to sit up With the proliferation of guns, front in class and hell) the teacher erase the particularly the newer, more so- dart0ons. 1 blackboard or collect papers, who dreamed phisticated handguns that many. abotlt cars and sp()rts, Sallg in tile school choir people keep on Mnd for protec- ,thou and liked to run up and hug people. He was 10 tion, the nunlber of children killed years old, chubby and bright faced, and he lived in a in their own homes Ms risen rented house in Hot, ston with his mother, stepfather and steadily in recent years. Anesti- ea, a]n., 1,1-year-old brother. It was there that he died from a mated 700 cMdren 19 and under single gunshot wound--on Mother's Day. died in shooting accidents in 1992, pomt,blanl I,~afael'and his brother, who has not been named by the up from 567 ill 1989. About 350 of authorities because of his age, had been playing with their those accidents occurred in the at-..:Rafael's i stepfather's 10-millimeter semiautomatic pistol. "l'be boys home, according to the National '. .... ) - :] were pretending to shoot each .other. The gun was un- Safety Council. A 1988 analysis 0 f ig,~' /':."7[:.:'!!" ' :',;1 loaded on that hot, mttggy morning, and each time they 266 accidental mndgun shooting head:i{ pt|lled the trigger, the "victitn" played dead, just like in the deaths of children found that in almost a third of the cases, "l'V cartoons. Later that evening in the living room, tile the shooter and victim were related. brothers picked up the gun again while their mother and So it was with Rafael and his brother. Their stepfather, stepfather were in another room. This time the gun was Juan Castillo Cedeno, was charged with violating a recent- loaded, but the boys didn't know it. The older brother ly enacted Houston gun-safety ordinance that seeks to fired as he always had, the gun aimed point-blank at Ra- prosect, te parents who do not properly secure their guns. fael's head. /"Scerv de n' a child dies llJI (l handgtt,t-.s'hootin~, It isa misdemeanw charge punishable by a fine of up to ¢lccicl¢ul[. $500 and six months m jail. Cedends trial, the first under The next nlorning, Karen l lolt, the prhlcip;fl at South tile new law0 was scheduled to bcgiu this month in ROLLS- l louston [:'h.,inentary Scllool, had to b.rcak the news to t(m municipal court. R,ffael's br{~ther was released to his classmates that tile fourth gracler everybody called Ralph mother's custody. ((.'oltltHlttgd ¢111 pa,l.~e 9()) FROM THE FRONTLINES: KIDS TALKABOUT GUNS Twelve-year-old Lucy Childress avoids public phones through 12 found that in the face of rampant guns and on the street. It's not a phobia but a tactic for survival in violence, young people are truly scared. "1 don't think her New York City neighborhood. Ever since a man was anyplace is totally safe," says one Hunter student, Mer- shot at a pay phone three blocks away, she uses one edith Summerville. "Today people wUl kill each other only if it's absolutely necessary. Even then, she says, for their sneakers, clothes or hats." "1 keep it short and always look over my shoulder." Forty percent of those in the study, which was con- Lucy's fears are echoed by some of her schoolmates ducted by the Joyce Foundation with Harvard's School at Hunter College High School in Manhattan. in group of Public Health, said they knew someone who had discussions, students described how gun violence is so been killed or injured by gunfire. About 40 percent also prevalent in their lives that it affects even the route said the threat of violence has "made me change where they take home from school each day. Marcus Mitchell, I go, where I stop on the street, what neighborhoods I 12, saw a teammate get shot while playing baseball in walk in, who I make friends with." Harlem. Fourteen.year-old Joshua Caesar was mugged The Hunter students ticked off precautions they take at gunpoint while riding the subway home from school. to avoid trouble while on the streets: Walk confidently, Philip Legendy, 12, knows of three people who were travel in groups, leave valuables at home. But class- shot at his corner convenience store in Manhattan. mate Ariana Lindermayer thinks it's futile: "1 don't These may be tales from one of the nation's meanest think that the way you look would make a difference if cities, but there are similar stories in tiny towns and they had a gun," she says. "It would be bang, you're quiet suburbs across the country. Last year a nation- dead. Even if you are stronger, bigger, taller--if they wide study of more than 2,000 students in grades six have a gun, you're dead." --Randi Rose

88 Fumily Circle 3'16.9a 4

After Rafael died, his classmates decorated his desk school football team and a member of the student council, with a wreath made out of construction paper, and planted shot himself in his bedroom two days before school started. a baby plum tree in his memory at a special ceremony. Of all the ways a child can die, suicide may be the most The whole school turned out. His mothei" and grandpar- perplexing. Every six hours, someone under 19 commits ents came as well. Everyone held hands as the principal suicide with a firearm. Jasper has certainly had more than said a prayer, thanking God for the brief time they knew its share in the past two years. The sorrowful trilogy of Rafael. Some classmates wrote a poem {o him and were suicides has torn at this rural town of German Catholics, going to read it at his funeral, but there was a mix-up and where everybody knows everyone and people work hard his aunt read i,t, which was O.K. with them. The children and are devoutly religious. Deer and squirrel hunting are took up a collection and bought a book that they placed in seasonal rituals there, and guns were something you al- the library in his memory. They wrote letters to him and ways just took for granted. "]'here is no evidence that put them in a box that they buried in front of the school three suicides in a row were anything but coincidence, but near the hole they dug for the tree. It was a way for them people here are questioning whether they may have been to mourn their friend Ralph, who they now understood too hard on their children, whether they expected too would not be returnilig from summer vacation after all. much or pressed too hard for good grades and perfection, and whether the pressures of a world with AIDS and n a brisk Nlarch afternoon, at the end of spring drugs and violence were just too much to bear. break last year, Charity Metz, a 17-year-old se- It got to the point that JeffJessee, assistant principal at nior at Jasper High School in Harrison County, Jasper High Schuol, began dreading any more news. 'Tin "Indiana, left her father at a friend's house and a little jumpy when my phone rings in the morning," he told him she would see him back at the farm. He says. "I don't know if it's a teacher calling in sick or Onever saw her alive again. She drove home, walked out to another call telling me a student has committed suicide." the barn, knelt down on a blanket and shot herself with a ']'o those who knew Charity Metz, she was a cheerful. .22-caliber rew)lver s;'he got from her father's truck. down-to-earth teenager. She let her light brown hair hang Two months earlier, Kurt Witte, a 15-year-old sopho- down around a pretty face that was rarely made up. She more at Jasper High who liked hunting rabbit and worked talked of becoming a nurse or an anesthesiologist. "She part time on a farm, took his father's pistol and shot was just the greatest person I ever knew," said Rachel himself in the woods behind his family's house. The previ- Wessel, her hest friend. Charity liked romance novels, ous August, Scott Schneider, quarterback of the high historical ones. She liked fishing (Continued on page 92) DEFENDYOURSELF: STRATEGIES FOR SAFETY By Deborah Prothrow-Stith, M.D. press his or her feelings. Even the best-behaved teen- When I was working at Brigham ~ about 16 ager ndght b-y to handle a gun when afraid, angry, years ago, a yo4mg man I had just stitched -,p total me to depeessed or under the ~ of adcohol or drugs. be prepared to do more work, because as soon as he 5. Pass the word. Talk to adults in the homes where left, he was going to beat Ul~ the guy who had cut him. I your chad visits. Urge them to take wecautioe~ realized then that as a heallh, prl~essional with a re- 6. Get involved. Work with your d~d's school to start a sponsilxTrty for treating and prevenUng ~ness, I also violence-prevenUon curriculum and mediation pro- had a responsa)ility to prevenf, vio4ence. gram. Organize or jean a school safety task force. The Violence Prevention Curriculum for Adoles- 7. Show and teg. Inform your ch~dren ~ School cents, which I wrote in 1987, is used in scho~s nation- Crime Stoppers (1-800-474-8477), a hotline that en- wide to teach ymmg people how to tmderstand anger courages students to report information about crime at and settle confficts. Parents of Murdered Ch~h-en, school. Cagers may get rewards for infornudion. Imc., has a newprog~m, Murder Is Not Entertainment 8. Get pord~al. Support local amd state lawmakers who (MINE), wh,ich aims to reduce violence on television take a tough stared on guns. Writo senators, care of the amd in ~ as well as in books, games and toys. U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510;, representa~em, C(mtact Parents of Murdered Ch~lren at 513-721- care of the U.S. House of Rewesenta~es, Washing- 5G83 (100 E. F:Jghlh SL, Cinckmati, OH 45202). ton, DC 20515. 9. Tune out viokmce. Write yota- local TV stations to Other ways to keep kids safe: comptain about v~4emt shows or ads. Tell them you'd 1. Disarm. Don't keep a gun. rather see shows that ~e vk)lenf behave. 2. if you feel you must have a gun, keep it safe. Unload 10. Tune in what's good. Contact KIDSNET, which has it and lock it up. Store bugets in a separate place. informatkm en pos~ve TV and radio programs for chil- 3. Remember, kids wgll be kids. Children are cemious by dren. P.O. Box 56642, Washington, DC 20011. rl~mre and exp4ore thor environmenL Exptam Utat guns are dangerous and Ulat they should never touch Deborah Prothrow-Stith ts assistant dean of Government guns or remain in a house where a gun is aocessible. and Community Programs at the Harvard SchOol of 4. Encourage straight taJk. Get your teenager to ex- Public Health.

~JO Family Circle ~lr, ,~., J ~ ...... _ ..... , .... .

at the little pond, where it was peaceful, and running, and listening to Reba Mc I ntyre. "Poison" was her favorite l)erfume. She worked part time at the Jasper Cinemas box JOIN FORCES,FIGHT BACK Across the country, dozens of support groups and office. "1 usually put pe.I}le in the box office who've got a programs are fighting violence, pushing lawmakers friendly lace," says the theater manager, Debhie Sattler. to enact tougher gun laws and providing mentors, "She always had a smile on her face." training and counseling for young people. What the smile concealed--and what even her closest Here are some of them: friend dkl not know--was that Charity was pregn;mt. She • Ad Hoc Group Against Crime, 3330 Troost Ave., wore haggy pauts and tops, the style for a lot of teen- Kansas City, MO 64109; 816-531-0000 agers, and nobody realized her condition or could have • GRIEF (Gun Responsibility in Every Family), P.O. imagined how far along she was. The baby, which was Box 743, Naugatuck, CT 06770; 203-729-3636 alJl}arently due any day, did not survive. It was a boy. He • SOSAD (Save Our Sons and Daughters), 2441 W. was buried in her arms. Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48208; 313-361-5200 Charity left questions that will never be answered and • Yes! Atlanta, 955 Spring St., Atlanta, GA 30309 swatches of conversation--clues, some believe--that her To find out how to organize an anticrime group, Mends will be deciphering for years. Rachel cannot stop contact the National Crime Prevention Council, thmtdng about the day Charity asked her what she would 1700 K St. NW, 2d Floor, Washington, DC 20006- tit} if she ever got pre.mlant. "I'd probably kill myself," 3817; 202-466.6272. l{adtel said. She never imagined how seriously her words might Ix; taken2 "So woukl I," Charity responded. that week. She had big bright eyes and wore her hair in in i'99(}, the most recent year for which statistics at'e pigtails with little barrettes at tile ends. She would cry and available, 1,47:!. peol)le aged 10 to 19 killed themselves cry when her mother left her at school. Then she woukl with guns. The odds that suicidal adolescents will kill settle down to finger painting like the rest of tile children. themselves double when a gun is kept in the home, Launice's teacher, jacqueline Pogt e, worries that she accl}r(ting to the Cen}ers for Disease Control. may show Lip to work one day ancf another small student For more than a yea, now, there has been a suicide will be hissing "I would be able to understand if it were watch in Jasper. Some families have gotten rid of their just a fluke," Pogue says, "if it were not just Launice. But g,uns. l'areuts are looking for signs of depression--loss of I could come in here tomorn}w and hear it was another appetite, sleeping problems, lethargy--and listening for one of my kids. You calft promise them safety." talk of death. There were counseling sesskms at the In 1985, 862 black children under 19 were killed by sch{}{}l, where ;ill the prohlems and fears came out. "Some gunfire. By 1990, the number had more than doubled t{} of the kids feel. 'Where did nay cllilclhood go?' Jessee says. 2,057. Firearm homicide is the leading cause {)f death fl}, "It's kind of like opening the side door of a volcano." young black men, actor(ling to the National Center for Ch,uitv's Mend Rachel still has a hard time understand- Health Statistics. The F.P,.I. says that although blacks ing what went wrong. "At times when I really need her, I made up 12 percent of the U.S. population ill 1992, the3 gut ,~ngry because she's not here." were nearly half of those murde,ed that year. More than most homicides, Launice's death attracted a L aunice Smith did not live long enough to learn to deep soul-searching in a city worn down hy gun violence. write her name or go to k.indergarten or i)lant Launice became a kind of poster cMd for campaigns l)umpl

c')3_ Family Circle : *¢, ~:.1 r'

Their Crimes ,,oo,, Make Them Adults

acqueline Ross has handled up- Last year alone, the Colorado. Utah and Florid~ tion asked the courts to try this eighth grader ats an Leglshtures passed hv.~ making it easier to try certain adult. The court ptychologist. Nancy Fey*. testified ward of 3,000 cases in her five youth offenders as •duhs. A number of other states that Pauletta, who lived on welf~e with her mother, years as a public defender, all in are considering similar leglshtion. Senator Carol had "serious ~oblems with depression" and func- Moseley-Braun. the freshman Illinois Democrat. has tioned "like a small child" with wide mood swings, Chicago's imposing Criminal introduced a measure calling for the automatic trans- including suicidal impulses. Pauletta had told the Courts building. She represents fer of juveniles as young as 13 who are accused of psychologist. "I just don't like the world," •ccording Federal crimes. tO COU~ docurt'lents. Jmostly .young men, many of whom The juvenilecourts were founded on the premise Feys urged-that P•utetta be placed in • long-term that they could be more flexible in working with residential treatment center; both she and P•uletta's have been in prison before. But one children; there the accused would be defined less by probation officer recommended that Paulett• re- case still haunts her -- that of Pauletta their offenses than by their youth and their need for main inthe juvenile system. The judge, though, sent • duh guidance and care. In juvenile court, the judge -- her to •dult court where, hst summer, she was 1L, who, at the age of 14, was charged in consultation with probation officers, psychologists found not guilty of murder, but guilty of armed with first-degree murder. Pauletta and and social workers -- has great leeway robbery. She received • slx-year sen- as to what kind of treatment and :" ,, ." tence that insured she would spend three girlfriends schemed to lure a punishment to impose. Children, be- Desl~itc her formasive teen-age years behind man into an alley for sex where an- cause their personalities are still in the bars. process of formation, are thought to The crackdown on children has other companion, a man in his 20's, be more open to rehabilitation than II,trd~ /.,ul, lic gone well beyond those accused of waited with a handgun. The robbery adults. The "'waiving" of juveniles into violent crimes. In Florid& for exam- • dult courts protects neither the pub- ple. between October 1990 and]une went sour and ~he young man shot the lic nor the children. Consider Panlet- 1991, 3,248 children were transferred intended robbery victim. ta'S c~e. to •duh court for offenses as serious On the night of July 27, 1991, as murder and as trivial as possession ~" During the trial, Ross recalls. Pauletta'would sit at P•uletta drove around the streets of • of alcohol. And Flbrida is,not alone. the defense table, her head buried in her hands, her tough neighborhood on the North In November, I met Brian H. •nd thumb in her mouth• At other times, during particu- Side of Chicago with three girlfriends his f•ther, Leon, a supervisor at 'an hrly tense moments, she would rock in her chair, and a young man named Michael electrical company, in Courtroom childlike. Brand0n. They stopped to chat with a 301 of the same Criminal Courts "She had very little idea what was going on," Ross neighborhood gang leader whom P•u- building where P•uletta's case was recalls. "She should have been tried in juvenile court." lett•'s sister owed SlO0. He told Pau- heard. Brian. dressed in • gray suit Pauletta is one ©! thousands of children who, leer• that if she didn't come up with and tasseled brown loafers, sat erect accused of violent --and in recent years nonviolent -- the moneya he'd hurt her. P•ulena and on the bench, nervously clenching crimes are transferred to adult court, where retribu- her friends, one of whom was also in his hands as he awaited the judge's tion rather than rehabilitation is the result, if not the debt to the gang leader, then drew up a arrival. His father leaned over to obje~i,le. This, according to • recent USA Today/ • phn. They'd pose as prostitutes and straighten his tie. • CNN/G•llup Poll. is what the public w'ants. Three- rob a customer• Brian is 15. He had been arrested quarters of those polled said children who commit • In the early hours of the next day, and charged with possessing 1.9 grams violent crime should be treated as •dults. the four girls primped and posed on of cocaine with the intent to deliver. As more and more iuveniles are •rrested for • street corner when • young man This would be" Brian's first offense, murder, rape and armed robbery -- arrests for approached them for sex. They told but because he wan •ccused of selling violent crimes went up 27 percent in the decade him he could have his pick. He chose drugs on the sidewalk n~r a loc.,l between 1980 and 1990 -- politicians, partly out of Pauletta's friend, Robin, also 14. Robin and her prey elementary school, he will be tried in the aduk courts. desperation, partly out of fear (for their jobs), are walked into • ne•rby alley where Brandon lurked in Under Illinois hw, any child charged with dealing cracking down on kids• It is a frenzy that child the shadows with a pistol', h struggle ensued, and narcotics within 1,000 feet of a school or' public advocates have labeled the "aduhification" of children. Brandon shot once, killing his victim. Pauletta heard housing property is automatically transferred into the the gunshot as she walked toward • friend's house. adult system• Alex Kotlo~ir7 is ~e ~tl~r of "There Are No Children Within hours, the police arrested Pauletta -- as well "What does • kid know at IS?" asks his father. Here: The Stor,/ o[ T~o Boys Growing Up in the Other as the Iour others. All five were charged with first- "How can you hold a kid at that age responsible for America'" 4nd • d,ti~g~sbed v, iLor at Lbe John D. and degree murder• adulthood? There's got to be another way." ~ne 7". M~cAnt,~r Found~ion in Chicago. Given the serious nature of the crime, the prosecu- Children like Pauletta and Brian live in neighbor- rpr-~

hoods that don't allow much I The debate over treating juve- room for adolescent mistakes. nile offenders as adults is more They experience more than they than a debate over youth crime; it should. This past summer, for I gets to the fundamental question instance, Brian saw a friend shot of what it means to be a child, in the !orearm; another school- particularly in an increasingly vi- mate was killed in a gang shaot- olent world. Children need help out. Pa~letta came lrom a family navigating through what can. be a shattered by alcohol and domestic treacherous adolescent maze. violence. Still, despite the wreck- That is why children can't marry age caused by.astronomical unem- without permission of their par- ployment, daily gunfire and inade- ents, why children can't buy liq- quate schools, they are just chil- uor -- and why society created dren. They bunt for snakes, ride juvenile courts. hikes, play video games and go on "What's so disturbing," says dates. They are also impulsive and Fehon Earls, a professor at the silly. They often make wronghead- School of Public Health at Har- ed decisions. They'ee easily swayed vard University, "is to see a by peers. legal process that's lowering the Treating adolescents as adults ig- age of aduhhood rather than nores the fact that they are develop- seeing this as a failure of social mentally different. "We can't rewire steuctures and policy towards them," says Dr. Katherine Kaufer our children." Christoffal, a pediatrician and direc- When 1 met Brian and his fa- tor of the Violent Injury Prevention ther at court~ their case was con- Center at Children's Memorial Medical Center in tinued to another date. In the Chicago. "It seems like we're saying, 'Don't be a child t I ++ hallway, they huddled: with their in the wrong phce.'" lawyer. Dr. Christoffel argues that preventing youth crime "Is it very serious?" Brian requires changing the child's environment. She cites - '~ ~ ~:" ~_,..~ " ~asked, his hands buried deep i~ studies indicating that the greatest impact on dimin- his pants pockets, his eyes rivet- ishing drunken driving among teen-agers comes from the police, according to his parents, said they ed on his tasseled shoes. changes like curlews, alcohol-free proms and raising couldn't do an~hing untlj Brian got into trouble. "'It doesn't get much more serious than this," his the driving age'to 17. "We wanted to frighten him," Brian's mother says. attorney told him. Dr. Christoffel is concerned about what she per- ''We wanted him to get back on track. I was under the Because of mandatory-minlmum sentehclng, .if ceives as a backlash toward children. "To the extent impression that as a parent if you were willing to work found guilty, Brian -- tried as an aduh -- will receive a that parents and community fail, society has to back within the system you could get help." sentence of at least six years. Moreover, he will carry them up," she says. What has society done to back up Children need to face consequences, particularly if for life the stamp of a convicted felon, making it urban children and their parents? Not much. they're involved in criminal activity. They cannot be difficult to find employment. Brian's situation is illustrative. When he first absolved of responsibility. Moreover, the palnfulAll'~'th 'Tm scared to go back," Brian told me. (He spent showed signs of trouble --'coming home late, failing is that some children need io be locked u~¢ for"a long three weeks in a detention facility for juveniles.) "I got. classes, being suspended for flstfights at school and time, if for no other reason than to assure public safety. plans to do with my llfe." He says he wants to be an wearing expensive jewelry -- his parents sought But a blanket policy of sending children like Pauletra electrical engineer, just like his dad. help. The assistance Brian could receive at his school and Bria~ imo the adult courts is a grievously misguid- • As for Pauletta..she~s due to be released from the is limited; there's only' one full-time social worker ed pollcy~Thls law-and-order approach assumes that Illinois Youth Center at Warrenville this July. at and one part-time psychologist for 1,700 students. /trying,klds as grown-ups will deter crime. But longer which time she'll be a month away from turfiing lg. His parents called the juvenile detention center to sentences haven't necessarily reduced adult crime. She will re-enter society without a high-school ask if Brian could visit the facility. They hoped that Worse, these transfer laws often have an unintended diploma and without the kind of intense counseling might shake him up. Officials there don't give tours consequence. The criminal courts'are already so over- the court psychologist said she needed. and had no suggestions for referral. His father then burdened that some aduh-court judges have shown a Pauletta and Brian made mistakes. Were they called the local police station to ask if an officer propensity to give children lighter sentences than they big enough 'that society should snatch away their "- ;e to talk with Brian. But might receive in juvenile court. childhoods? •

DSFI[LD ~rH[ Nr.w YORK TIMI[.S MAGAZ|NI[ ~ F£11RUARY I 11. |gg4 4] 41p

, WEDNESDAY,SEPTEMBER 28, 1994

.

COVER STORY Public angry over level of violence By Patricia Edmonds Some critics and Sam Vincent Meddis wantto get USA TODAY The crimes mount while the tough, others ages fall: A 15-year-old fatally want more stabs two neighbors to steal money for a school dance. A emphasis on 13-year-old shoots his mother in her sleep. An l 1-year-old rehabilitation beats a widow with her cane, then slashes her threat. With every brutal crime committed by a child, a troubled nation demands longer jail sentences, tougher treatment, even the death penalty -- anything to stop the violence. This angry crackdown rejects the original premise of the juvenile justice system: that kids can be rehabilitated and deserve a second chance. But lie system's founders didn't foresee spending $20 bil- lion a year to arrest and jail kids, and then watch as many as 70% commit crimes again. Nor did they envision an 11- year-old Chicago killer nicknamed Yummy, or 12-year-olds who'd shoot a man to death for throwing rocks. Meanwhile, outrage grows at a juvenile justice system critics call overburdened and out-of-date, a second-class criminal court that fails to rehabilitate or protect. "They let these kids off lenient because they say they don't know what they're doinp~" fum~ .;canna Deines, a retired Portland, Ore., homemaker whose frustration speaks for many. "Don't tell me they don't know .... Our young people are way out of hand."

Please see COVER STORY next page • A separate U~. court system-for juveniles was founded ill 2A. WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1994" USA TODAY 1899 with the aim of giving kids the early correction and reha- bliRation that might turn their lives around. Today, that system has evolved into one that many young COVER STORY criminals consider almost a joke. "Juveniles have learned a confrontation with the system is nothing to be feared whatsoever," says Paul McNulty of the First Freedom Coalition, which advocates stiff punishment. 'People are.., fed up, "Wesee the same people over and over again," says Judith Scheindiin, head judge of New York City's Family Court. "If Continued from 1A the name is different, the scenario is the same." Once kids are sentenced, many go to facilities where staff- The problem, say the statistics and critics, is that get-tough ers are overworked; drug treatment, counseling and job train- programs don't work. They keep kids locked up for a while --, ing are meager, and violenceis endemic. Even the JusticeDe- but send them hack more vicious,pmlicient criminals. partment, in a new study, found about three-quarters of the And relmbilitatlonprograms -- though some out-perform USA's juvenile facilities lacking. - others I seem expensive and don1 fulfill the public's passion "We're creath~ monsters by putting (juveniles)into some of to do somef~ng now about a problem spiraling out of controL these tl~" says Marion Matflngiy,who is conducting a Jns- What remains is a hodgepodge of treatment and incarcera- rice Department review of juvenile services in Washington, tion that sattsfles neither camp as the share of violent crimes D.C "I was in Russia looldngat theirjuvenile justice program, by kids under 18continues to rise, with murders alone up 125% and I saw nothing worse than in the District of Columbia." over 10 years. Chronic offenders may rattle through a series of ineffectual "placements" unRl they commit a bad enough crime to be 'They're going to let me off kicked up to adult criminal court. The most chillingtestimony to the failuresof courts,deten- Penn State professor Thomas Bernard calls it a Russian rou- tion and treatment can be heard from kids like PauL lette system: "Five times out of six, you get away scot free. One At 15, the Silver Sprin~ Md., native already had a string of tlme out of six,you got your brains blown ouL" convictions, from car theft to burglary, when he returned m States grasping for solutionshave seized upon tran~ers to court to be sentenced for an assault adult court as a cure, with waivers of cases from juvenile to The judge's decision:probation. criminal court up 78% between 1985-89. Paul's response: "I kinda laughed at him in my head. It was As politically popular as transfersare, '"me adult court sys- like, 'So many times, and they're going to let me o~.',, ~i tem does not offer juveniles the kinds of treatment and reha. Fueled by perceptions that Paul's kind are legion,the "do~ bUitationthey need, nor does itnecessarily protect the public," something" demands come says a 1993 working paper of the American Bar Amcx:lation. from all quarters: While transfers may "give the public the appearance that • A new USA TO- something is being done.., that appearance is not even skin DAY/CNN/GalIup Poll deep," the paper says. The kids frequently get lesser penalties shows that 60% say a teen because they look like small fry among adults. Or, ff they get convicted of murder should hefty sentences, they may go to adult jails, where most don't get the death penalty. get rehabilitation, but dogot a "higher education" in crime. • A National Law Jour- nal 13o11 found 40% of juve- Failure means a ~reign of violent crime' nile judges Say kids as What doesn't work is much clearer than what does. The the- young as 14 should be tried ! ories are many, and conflicting. for murder as adults. A smart plan for dealing with young criminals, says Mark • At least 19 states are Soler of the Youth Law Center, "would take the most violent planning get-tough changes in juvenile codes; many others i juveniles, lock them up for the protection of the community, from Californiato Florida already have toughened laws. and put lots of resources into working to rehabilitate them." "People are getting more and more fed up with kids,"says Mark Lipsey, who studied more than 400 programs nation- Cleveland State University law professorVictor Streib,a juve- wide that intervene with delinquent juveniles in a variety of nile death penalty expert. "Only when you get down to the ll- ways, says some programs improve kids' chances of smytog year-old in Chicago do people say, 'He's'realiyjust a kid.'" clean -- but others do more harm than good. The programs that focused on modifying violent behavior 'We see the same people over and over again' with training,counseling and education produced a 40% drop When borrific cases grab headlines,they expose flaws in the in recidivism rates, says Lipsey, director of the Center for system that leave citizens outraged: Crime and Justice Policy at Vanderblit University. • When Craig Price was 13, he stabbed a neighbor 58 times; So-cailed"scared straight"or boot camp programs, he says, when he was 15, he murdered three more. But because he was actually produced a 10-12% increase in repeat offenders. convicted of the killings as a juvenile, he's due to be released "If we're using treatment methods that make kids worse from prison on Oct. II, when be turns 21. when they get out," he says, "we're just setllngourselves up." i "When this guy gets out, he'll have no criminal record what- But boot camp proponents say they have great su~ by soever," says Kevin Collins, a Warwick, R.L police captain cru- adding rigorous classwork and treatment to their psuedo-mili- sading against Price's release. "He can get a job at a day-care fary regimens. Commandant Lee Valiler,who runs the nation's center or drivinga school bus. He'll even be able to buy a gun." first boot camp for hard-core juvenile offenders in Manatee • After Robert 'Tummy" Sandffer killed a 14-year@Id County, Fla., says his camp graduated 93 youths in 18 months' neighbor-- and then was murdered himself ~ Chicago court operation ~ and only I0 have re.offended. records showed that he had been arrested on 23 previous While the criminals get crueler younger, the advocates of charges. After one arraignment, Yummy hit the streetsagain harsh penalties and the advocates of rigorous rehabilitation and in ~ve months ran up 14 more criminal charges. each claim that their course will stem the bloodshed. He never received long-term detention or treatment. Unless rehabilitation is offered, says federal juvenile justice • In a bungled robbery a year ago, four boys killed a British chief John Wilson, the notion can't claim "the children have touristat a Florida highway reststop. All four -- now ages 14, had an opportunity and they have failed." 15 and two 17-year-oldsm have been charged as adults.One Rather, he says, the nation will have to consider whether i boy had a record of 56 arrests. "we have failed them." What to do with these kids? For nearly a century,the nation Unless tough action is taken, says former Bush administra- has searched for an answer. tion officialMcNulty, run-emok youths willproduce a "reign of ! violent crime unprecedented in U,S. history." Contributing: John Larrabee, Brian O'ConnelI COVER -STORY Disparities suggest the answer is yes By Sam Vincent Meddis USA TODAY

If you are bla~k in the USA, you are four times as likely to be arrested on drug charges as a white person. If you live in Minneapolis, you are 22 times as likely. In Columbus, Ohio, 18 times; in Seattle, 13 times. Although law enforcement officials say blacks and whites use drugs at nearly the same Steve Jennings, Picture Group rate, a USA TODAY computer BUST: Police in Newton analysis of 1991 drug arrests County, Mo., seek drugs found that the war on drugs has, in many places, been fought mainly against blacks. In every part of the country -- from densely packed ur- ban neighborhoods to sprawling new suburbs, amid racial turmoil and racial calm -- blacks are arrested at rates sometimes wildly disproportionate to those of whites. At the same time, critics charge, the decade-old war against drugs -- the largest and costliest mobilization against crime in U.S. history -- routinely has not paid as much attention to drug use and dealing where it happens most: among whites. "It's just astonishing," says Allen Webster, president of the National Bar Association, the USA's largest black legal group. "Basically, it's a war against minorities."

Please see COVER STORY next page /t COVER STORY Drug policy change planned Continued from IA Instead, they say blacks are arrested more frequently be- "It just shows how deep racism is institutionalized in Ameri- cause drug use often is easier to spot in the black community, with dealing on urban street comers and in open-air markets can criminal justice," says Jesse Jackson, Washington, D.C.'s rather than behind dosed doors. shadow senator, upon seeing USA TODAY's analysis. And, the police officials say, it's cheaper to target in the "It'sracist, that's the bottom line,"says Pep. Charles RangeL D-N.Y., head of the House narcotics abuse caucus. black community. "We don't have whites on corners selling drugs .... They're Former attorney general Edwin Meese, a leading architect in houses and offices,"says police chief John Dale of Albany, of the drug war under President Reagan, insistsracism is not N.Y., where blacks are eight Rmes as likely as whites to be the cause, as do many police officials. But lle acknowledges the figures are troubling.'q'he dispari- arrested for drugs. A typical conspiracy investigation against upper- or middle ty is something nobody likes to see," says Meese, now with the class whites may last six months and yield fewer than six ar- Heritage Foundation, a conservative policy organization. rests, says Dale, a 34-year department veteran who is black. USA TODAY ~ studied the issue four years ago and found Police say they're so deluged with complaints about drugs in blacks, about 12% of the population, made up almost 40% of black neighborhoods that they can't get to them fast enough. those arrested on drug clmrges in 1988, up from 30% in 1984. "You've got to try to deal with the problems that are most The new analysis, which uses city-by-cityracial breakdowns immediate," says Ed Dennis, former criminal division chief at from the 1990 Census and arrest data from police agencies that the Justice Department "You've got to make those arrests." report to the F'BI, found that by 1991 the proportion of blacks The DEA's Bonner also says the in~ in black arrests arrested for drugs increased to 42%. "directly tracks" the spread of crack cocaine and the violence Among other key Endings in the new analysis: it brought to urban neighborhoods in the mid-1980s. "There's • In at least 30 major cities, from Little Rock to Yonkers, never been any targeting of blacks because they're blacks." N.Y., from Peoria, Ill.,to Lubbock, Texas, blacks are at least 10 But many blacks say skin color alone makes them automatic times as likely to be arrested for drugs as whites. In many of suspects for police m whether they're guilty or noL those cities, the disparities are much greater. The result? An us v~ them mentality and what critics say • In the Midwest, blacks are eight times as likely to be ar- are overly aggressive police tactics with the black community rested on drug charges, compared with four l~nes as likely in in urban areas nationwide. the Northeast and West, and five times as likely in the South "I guarantee you I can get arrested this weekend driving in • In the suburbs, blacks are most at risk of arrest on drug certain neighborhoods in this city at certain times of the day," charges -- six Rmes as likely as whites. That falls to four times as likely, in central cities; three times as likely in rural towns. says black civil ri~ts lawyer Steven Belton of Minneapolis, m • In 67 of the nation's 195 largest cities, from Hartford, a comment echoed by many other blacks. "They're not stop- ping expensive foreign cars with wh/te male drivers over 40." Conn., to San Diego, the likelihood of blacks being arrested on Lee Brown, new director of the White House Office of Na- drug chnxges, thou@ still greater than that of whites, falls be- tional Drug Control Policy, says it's time for a change.in drug low the aational average. policy -- an issue that will be taken up by Congress tim fall.He Attorney General Janet Reno, a former prosecutor whose wants the fOCus to sldR more to treatment and prevention. appointment was applauded by supporters of drug policy re- "Our approach would be to get at the underlying causes," form, says the racial disparity is a "very great concern." says Brown, former New York City police commissioner. "Our But she cautions against blaming police or generalizing children's future.., will be at stake if we can't do that." about the causes. Reno says the disparity could be due to such Pertmps no one will welcome that shift more than some po- factors as different levels of drug use, more complaints to po- lice offiei~)~ who have grown critical of the drug war. lice, or economic factors. "It's far beyond the resources of any department to solve "You'd have to understand the whole picture, community by this problem," says Minneapolis police chief John Laux. community, to understand the figures," slie says. "Obviously we can't lock up the problem," says Dale. "That's You also have to understand the drug war and the antiMrug what we thought previously. But we're lOCking up kids who are fervor of the 1980s that spawned it, with get-tou@ politicians scrambling for crumbs, not the people who make big money." daring each other to take urine tests and pushing through laws mandating prison sentences for drugs that rivaled the punish- ment for rape and murder. Federal anti-drug spending soared from about $1.2 billion in 1981 to nearly $12 billion by 1992 -- with one.third for treat- ": -i. ment and prevention. Tens of thousands of arrests -- mostly in the inner-city -- resulted from dragnets with paramilitary names. Operation Pressure Point in New York City. Operation Thunderbolt in Memphis. in Los Angeles. But largely lost in law enforcements anti-drug fervor, critics say, is the fact mat most drug users are white. The 1992 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse found nearly 8.7 million whites had used an illicitdrug within the past month, compared with 1.6 million blacks. And while no statisticsanalyze drug dealers by race before they're arrested, Drug Enforcement Administration chief Rob- ert Bonner says it's "probably safe to say whites themselves would be in the majority of traffickers." Yet between 1986 and 1991, the number of non-Hispanic whites in state prisons on drug charges grew more than 16,000, to almost 30,000, while the number of blacks grew more than 65,000, to almost 80,000.

Most police ofMcials -- black and white w say the reason • blacks became the targets of the drug war isn't racism, thou@ many are disillusioned with the drug war's results. f Ginger Rutland Sacramento Bee Sacramento, CA Trying 14-year-olds as adults? elivering on a campaign promise to get surrounding them vary widely. Specifically, D tough on juvenile crime, Sacramento the law directs prosecutors and judges to County District Attorney JanScully says consider such factors as the gravity of the she is determined to try as an adult anyone crime, the accused juveniles degree of crimi- aged 14 or older charged with using a gun in nal soph/stication and previous delinquent ~e commission of a serious crime. history and chances for rehabilitation before •£.That wish is understandable, and m some deciding r~ send a teenager to adult court. cases justified.Young people are killingeach Why give up that ability?. other - and adults as well - at record levels Even from a strictly prosecutorial stance, a and should be held accountable for their blanket policy may be counterproductive. acts. But not all 14-years-olds, even if they Adult trials are more expensive and provide use a gun, sometimes in pan/c, are hardened no guarantee that teenage criminals will be criminals, which is why the law gives .dis- treated more sternly than in the juvenile trict attorneys discretion. Scully ought to courts. Juries, which play no part in juvenile use that discretion - and not dodge the ac- proceedings, are likely to be more sympa- companying obligation to make a reasoned .thetic than an experienced judge to a baby- iudgment in every case. faced 14-year-old. And except for those con- , Last year, when the Legislature passed victedof murder, suspects tried in juvenile .: the law lowering the age at which a juvenile courts tend to serve more time than adults • co~d be charged as an adult, itrecegnized convict~-~lof the same ~-imes. A blanket poli- that teenagers mature at different ages. The cy may be neither wise nor compassionate crimes they commit and the cizcmnstances nor, in the end, even tough. Crack in. black and white ~[ T nder federal law, a drug dealer caught e.~t, the ei~ct of the current policy is to ira- K,2 with five grams of crack cocaine will •pose far more severe punishment on minor/- draw a five-year mandatory prison term. If ties and poor people. Thousands of young ~'d been convicted for possession of the : black men.and women are going to prison for . same amount of cocaine in the powd.ered possessing tiny amounts of crack, while fqnm,.he would be eligible for probation. To whites who are caught with a hundred times draw the same five years in federal prison as more of the same drug in powdered form are t]ae crack dealer, a drug traffzcker would getting probation. have tobe caught with at least 500 grams of l~wdered cocaine. The unfairness is further compounded by ~here are differences between the two the" inflexible mandates that Congress has forms Of cocaine that may justify harsher imposed on the courts, making it impossible nalties for crack dealers, as the U.S. Sen- for judges to make rational decisions based ~ nctng Commission pointed out. There's a upon the circumstances of a particular of. higher correlation between crack and vio- fense. Should judges really be required to l.ence, and because crack is cheaper and sentence a defendant with a clean record m0repotent, it is a far more 'virulentthreat, who has a.minor role in a drug distribution particularly to children. • chain to fi,eeyears hard time? Should the -Btfil, the commission concludes correctly .'taxpayers really• be forced to •shell out that the 100-to-I disparity between penal- $t00,000-plus to incarcerate every person ties for the differentforms of cocaine can't be convicted of a minor drug law indiscretion? justified. And because crack is the drug of Foranyone concerned about fairness in the choice for poor blacks while powdered is law, there are serious inequities here that Used more often among whites and the affiu- badly need fixing. :: Ginger Rutland, Sacramento Bee kcbr,t)

\ ) iAnother.voice for prevention 'j uvenile justice is uneven in Calfforn~ A ment agencies. Now the system works i~ youngster who commits a petty theft in against that. The state, for example, charges '.Kern. County can be sent to the California counties just $25 a month to place a young- ',Youth Authority, the juvenile equivalent of ster at CYA, as opposed to the several thou- ',prison, while in Alameda County a young- sand dollars that they must pay to keep the :ster committing the same offense wotfld same person in a more appropriate treal> i probably get probatiom The result, accord- merit facility near home. Those incentives ; ing to a recent Little Hoover Comm/ss/on re- need to be re~mmine& :port, is that a lot of unsophisticated young- ,,stem"from rural California counties who've onfidentiality laws that keep crucial in- : never been a.~res~ed or committed any other C formation secret fzom schools, social :crime before are being locked up with ex- • workers and others in a position to help be- '. trcmely dangerous and violent kids from big fore a troubled child turns violen~ also need :cities. to be re-examined. ', '.Wh~t happens to these kids when they're ', locked up- rape, assault, suicide - is fright- And, as the report also points out, while the ~pivotal plzye~ in juvenile crime preven- :erilng. They.often leave CYA hardened and t/on is supposed, to be'the probation officer, !m .dan rous. budgets for county probation departments • But uneven justice is jus~ one problem have been decimated in recent years in favor !hi~hlighted in the eomm~.'ssion's seven- of incarceratiom Ths~ too, works against ~month stud~.~Phe Juvenile Crime ChaL :lehgei ~ Prevention a Priority." The the ult~Jnate goal of public safety. ;cornn~ission acknowledges the public's grow- There is littlenew in the Hoover study. It ',in~ and legitimate fear of violent young repeats what many police, ju~es and prose: :criminals, but it warns against abandoning cutors have been saying about juvenile jus- :th~ traditionaI~ ofjuven£1e justin: .re- .rice for years: Government spends so much ;Mbilitation. " :. on incarceration, when it'soften already too i F the publicis'to be protected, the report late, that there's not enough left to intervene

:st~'~.early inte..,'yention and prevention . in the lives- of troubled. youngsters ..while . . :pr'o.-gr?~ns must be a priority of all g~,~a- • theres stiU•..h0.pe. :...... :.~ .... ,...... i ~: " "" ":". . " • ? :. . " .. - .. . ",. - . .'~. . • k ~'.?.": ..... " ": ; ..... :.'" " " . ._" .... . ) .~:~-,. :JuVenile lockup changes new arrest policy in Sa~amento that guidance to arresting ot~cers and probation •Aallo.ws juveniles caught with illegal officials on whom to keep and whom to re. to be cited and released rather than lease. That's not a go-soft sppreach to juve- ~ tomatically booked in Juvenile Hall nile crime. Public safety remains the top pri- -~rorries some street offmexs and community ority. Under the new criteria, all. kids ~ctivists. And understandably so. They say charged with violent or sex crimes will'be "~Jc .will undermine their efforts to halt di"ug detained. So will youngsters whose offenses .involved firearms, high speed chases, es- " Still the new juvenile detention rules, de- cape, robbery or possession of drugs for sale. -~oped jointly by officials f~m probation, ~he Police .Department, and the sheriffs of. he criteria were developed under a ~fide should be given a chance to work. They T grant from the AJTnie E. Casey Foun- -reflect months of careful planning and study dation. That grant is also being used to fund ~f'the severely overcrowded conctitions at more county juvenile hearing off~.rs so'that "Juvenile Hall. Sacramento's juvenile deten- delinquents who are cited m~d released will .J~.c~ facility can. safely hold 270 youngsters ]nave their cases heard exped/tiously. Under ~ut routinely holds over 300. Votershave re- the new rules, a teenager ticketed for drug "~used to approve measures to expand Juve- possession will appear before a hearing o~- 'nile HaIL " cer with his parents or guardian within 72 ,'-'Probation olY~ials say that under the cur- hours to have his case ad~d/cated and his ~nt detention'system, many juveniles are sentence or terms of probation imposed. -.r~eased who shouldn~ be; others, who are .. Studies have shown that for young crimi- -~k.ept locked up for months, could ~ served nals, it'sno~ so much the severity of punish- -n~bre appropriately in the community.. Both. meat as the swif~ess that deters future ~Zault from subject/ve dec/sions that depend Crime. In the past, juvenile delinquents have .~gely on which ofr~er made the arrest and often waited months to have their cases ~.~o was in charge at Juvenile Hall on any heard, by which time the impact of the sen- ~y.e~ day.A lot of patrol 'time is wasted tence imposed is eroded. The new policy. ,l~oQking into Juvenile Hall kids who are re- should speed juvenile ~ and make it .;leased hours later. . more rational. If it doesn't, it will be = The new detention criteria give uniform -..~" .~. , ,. ~ , m r~- i i i Two Policemen Get 2½-Year Jail Terms Harsh Judgment On U.S. Charges in Case Many Well-Off Blacks the hours Immediately following the See Injustice at Work f.,n~_m,,~T,~v~ A. HnT.nr.s judge's ruling, which had been seen as one And Far~ica Rust. of a number of pressure points in the Slaff l~¢~orlers of TH~ ~,~ALI.STIllgET JOURNAL racially charged case of Mr. King's beat- In King, Denny.Gases- h b LOS ANGELES - Two Los Angeles po- ing and the riots that grew out of it. lice officers, convicted of assault-related charges in the closely watched Rodney Some Blacks Are Shocked Personal Gains Don't Dispel King beatingcase, were each sentenced to Blacks at a preplanned prayer vigil two and a bali years in jail plus two years were shocked by the sentences, said the Lack of Faith in System probation, a far shorter term than many Roy. Cecil "Chip" Murray, minister of the legal scholars had predicted, politically influential First A:M.E. church In Two Los Angeles Trials Federal prosecutors appeared stunned on the edge of South Central Los Angeles. as U.S. District Judge John G. Davies He said the 2.50 people who attended the .pronounced the sentences on Police Sgt. vigil at first "were aghast." Soon, "there Why Dr. Meilleur Pulls Over Stacey C. Keen and Officer Laurence M. were tears, and there was silence," he Powell following lengthy debate about the said, adding that "this is about symbols; A application of controversial federal sen- and this [sentence] presents a rather un- tencing guidelines. Legal experts had been happy symbol." Staff Repot . ~ . . JOURNAL predicting sentences of about four to six Legal experts saw a different symbol- Now that we've seen the sentencing in years, lsm. "The sentence reflects widespread this case, we'll have to see how those young Judge Davies's decision, markedly judicial disenchantment with the sentenc- men in the Denny trial are treated. - The Rev. Cecil "Chip" Murrsy, First Afrlcsn lower than called for by the guidelines, ing guidelines," said former federal Judge Methocllst EDIscoI~I Church of LOS AnOeles could prompt a high-profile federal appeal Layn R. Phillips, who said he expects the that might set a powerful precedent for sentences to be appealed by prosecutors. LOS ANGELES - What in the world do sentencing at least in the nine western "I like the government's chances in such they have to do with each other? stat~s that make up the Ninth Judicial an appeal," he added. Mr. Phillips said Two white Los Angeles policemen who Circuil, legal experts said. that, since the 1987 advent of federal •beat black motorist Rodney King were Mitigating Factors sentencing guidelines, there have been 27 sentenced to 2% years in federal prison appeals by federal prosecutors of sentenc- last week. Meanwhile, jury selection con- The jtldge, reeling in federal court here, ing of noncooperating defendants .within tinues in the case of two young black men turned aside prosecutors" calls for prison the Ninth Circuit. In 14 of those cases, accused of beating white trucker Reginald terms of as much as 10 years for Sgt. Keen sentences were stiffened, Mr. Phillips Denny during the rioting that followed an and nine years for Officer Powell. Judge said. initial acquittal of the police. Davies cited se~'eral m.~tigating factors in applying sentencing guidelines: Mr. Officers Keen and Powell were con- They are very different cases with very King's behavior at his arrest on the night victed April 17. A federal Jury in Los i different facts and very different defen- of l~larch 3, 1991: the expected police Angeles found that Officer Powell, who dants. But in the minds of a large number : of black people, the cases give substance to department bearing that is certain to re- struck most of the blows on Mr. King, was sult in dismissal of the two officers, and guilty of violating Mr. King's constitu- a widely held belief: that the criminal prospecti've jail abuse by fellow pris- tional right to be free from an arrest made i justice system is much tougher on blacks oners, with "unreasonable force" and that Sgt. i'~ than whites• And because of that, they feel, Judge Davies also rejected prosecutors' Keen, the officer in charge at the scene, : the King and Denny cases have everything in common. calls for fines and rest!~utinn to Mr. King. was guilty of permitting the civil-rights tie ordered the officers to surrender to violations to lake place. These are people who were outraged by prison atJthorities Sept. 27, choosing a Two other police officers, Theodore the sentences given the police officers;-- middle path between immediate incarcera- Briseno and Timothy Wtnd, were innocent but not surprised. Such an opinion has a lion and calls for the two men to be at of violating Mr. King's civil rights. All four remarkable breadth in the black commu- liberly nntil completion of expected ap- police officers are white. Mr. King Is nity. including among doctors, lawyers peals of their conviction. With time off for black. and other successful, middle-class goad behavior, the officers could serve ,as During more than four hours of pro- blacks - many of whom vividly recall their little as lwo years and 45 days. ceedings, Judge Davies denied motions by own past brushes with what they see as racist law enforcement. The videotaped police beating of Mr. the officers' lawyers that the police actions King following his arrest, and the subse- be viewed as a minor assault, which would Threat to the Peace quenl finding of innocence on state have reduced sentences to the range of 10 Now many in thlsclty fear that convic- chartres against officers Keen, Powell and to 18 months. The judge ruled Instead that tions and long sentences in the Denny two ntherLos Angeles policemen, sparked the officers' actions constituted aggra- beating case might tear asunder a fragile the most damaging U.S. urban riots of this voted assault, which calls for far longer truce that has kept Los Angeles quiet since cenlury, with 53 deaths and destruction of prison terms, approaching 10 years. the worst urban rioting of the century nearly $1 billion in pr~perly. Thereafter, however, Judge Davies held erupted 15 months ago. While no one In advance of the sentencing, Los Ange- that several factors supported deviation expects the black middle class to take • le.,;police were put on tactical alert yester- from the sentencing guidelines and sub- to the streets, it also is doubtful many will day morning.. The city appeared calm in seen/tally lessened the terms. try to temper the outrage that they them- selves share. Take John W. Patton, a 40-year-old senior litigation counsel with Litton Indus- tries Inc., the big defense and technology company. A ltoward University graduate, he lives in the exclusive, racially mixed Lade re Heights area of Los Angeles and Is widely respected for his restrained views on social issues.• Yet when asked about justice forpeople who, like him. are black.

r he says: "The criminal justice system just [" dg 'nald Denny, says Mr. Ziegler, who has an i doesn'twokwhenwe'reinvoiv ,uniess i:Harsh Ju ment: -engineering degree from Tufts University • it's justice on our heads." ' j and an M.B.A. from the University of The be.,pc,acled, lanky, +-foot-+ Mr. ' Blacks See In ustice California at Berkeley, is "suffering the Patton hasn't any great love for the defen- + • consequences of the frustration that has dants in the Denny case. "The guys lsaw ) In King,Denny Cases built up in the black community." on that videotape were basically hood- ' ' Like many blacks in Ins Angeles, Mr. lures," he says. "But if they were white, : Continued Prom l~irst Page Ziegler has a mental list of high-profile they wouldrt'f be charged with half of what - 'sir.' So now you're asking that man or his cases of unpunished they're facing." kids to trust this system?" asks Mr. Pat- against fellow blacks. The message of the 'Hands on the Wheel' .ton, Denny and King cases, he says, is that On the other hand, Mr. Patton believes Most of Mr. Patton's white friends and "if a group of black men beats a white guy, ' the repulsion reflected in the white public's the law will be enforced to the fullest associates, he acknowledges, don't think of view of the Denny defendants -Damian the Denny and King cases as related. extent, but it a group of uniformed white , "Football" Williams and Henry Keith Wet- "They don't see the police as their en- officers beat a black guy, there will be son - is a product of cultural separation. emy," he says. "They start off from a mitiga ting circumstances." "It's easy for me to see the human beings premise thal police officers have a tough Initially, the local district attorney re- ,involved," he says,"'but others may have a job, and the), only occasionally step out of turned a 39-count indictment against the : tough time seeing the human beings here. line." In short, their reasoning resembles defendants, including allegations of tor- They could be related to me. They are that of the Simi Valley jurors who, in April ture, and gang membership-charges that • constantly harassed by police, and they 1992, acquitted Sgt. Stacey Keen, Officer have since been dropped. But the remain- live in neighborhoods where there are Laurence Powell and two other Los Ange- ing attempted premeditated murder I no jobs, no banks; they sit and wait in line les policemen on state charges of beating charge could result in a life sentence for at check-cashing places - people lined up Mr. King - the acquittal sparked three :Mr. Watson. And Mr. Williams, who is around the block. These are dehumaniz- days of deadly rioting here. faced with the murder count plus aggra- ing episodes, and these people live like this vated mayhem, could get two concurrent Mr. Patron's view of the law, despite his ..-every day of their lives." . _ current success, may forever be colored by life terms. It is thus a virtual certainty the. To whites, this point of view is gener- an experience he had in Cleveland about 18 if convicted, the Denny defendants wil! I: ally hard to understand. John E. Preston, years ago, when he and a friend were . receive far stiffer sentences than Judge a white, 51-year-old Litton associate gen- stopped by three police cars as the two men . Davies gave to Sgt. Keen and Officer eral counsel who describes Mr. Patton as drove down lhe street in an older auto. The Powell. "very even, very calm," is surprised to officers leapod out, guns drawn and bark- learn that his colleague sees racial bias in No one defends the beating of Mr. ing instructions: "Driver, put your hands Judge Davies's light sentencing of the po- Denny. But many blacks see the treatment on the wheel," said one. "You! Put your lice officers. "I really felt the judge was of Messrs. Williams and Watson going bands out the window," another snapped trying to deal fairly with the individuals beyond normal bounds. Then-Police Chief at Mr. Pattov. The pair was then ordered who were in front of him," Mr. Preston personally arrested Mr. Wil- out of the car and told to "assume the says. liams, who along with Mr. Watson faces a position." Enforcement statistics illustrate some bevy of charges, including attempted mur- "When we asked why they'd done justification for the sensitivity of blacks. In der. And the district attorney's office, in this," he recalls, "they said it was because 1990, for example, 15% of all drug users one motion to increase bail to $1 million tit one of us was sitting in the back seat and were black, but blacks made up 37% of all now stands at $580,0O0 for each defendant), that made us look like we were about to drug arrests, according to Mark Mauer, informally added a political charge: that commit a robbery." assistant director of the Sentencing Proj- the defendants "were a major force in the 'Any Black Male' ect, a Washington-based research group. A ignition of the disturbance which has come Even now, years later, Mr. Patton report bY the Federal Judicial Center, a to be known as the 'L.A. Riots of 1992.' " believes that most police officers see the research arm of the federal courts, finds "Blaming these guys for the riots is so profile of a potential criminal as "any that blacks get 4~ longer sentences for ridiculous it's laughable," says Nancy J: black male." There is "nothing to prevent equivalent drug offenses than do whites. Taylor, associate director Of business and that from happening to me now," he says, And federal sentencing guidelines, like • legal affairs for the MCA Records unit of adding: "Yo~J can't even imagine all the many state statutes, suggest punishments Matsushiia Electric Industrial Co. ' ways a black man can be killed where a for crack possession that are much more Ms. Taylor, 32, believes both white and white man would not even be at risk." sevbre than penalties related to powdered black Americans "are socialized to believe Mr. Patton has argued on behalf of cocaine-a drug of choice among middle- that white life in a criminal case is worth clients in the co~wtroom of Judge John G. class whites. But while the large majority tmore than black life, whether the White Davies, th~ tJ.S. district judge who sen- of crack prosecutions involve African- person is the defendant or the victim." The tenced Sgt. Keen and Officer Powell to jail Americans, only Minnesota courts have light sentence for Sgt. Keen and Officer terms considerably shorter than those out- found the sentencing disparity unconstitu- Powell "makes me afraid," says Ms. Tay- lined by federal sentencing guidelines. The tional. lor. A woman with a normally sunny judge said his primary reason for depart- "I don't think there is a conspiracy," personality, Ms. Taylor expects to marry ing from the guidelines was that Mr. says Mr. Mauer, who is white, "but if there and have children. Like other black King's conduct caused the beating. were a conspiracy the results would be women, though, she has amassed scraps of The Litton attorney is outraged by that very similar to what we see now." a kind of police etiquette to teach to the notion, btfl ~lso isincredukms that whites, Many blacks feel that bias in the crimi- male children in her life - including, some given the racism in America's history, nal justice system begins with the cop on day soon, her five-year-old godson. Among would think lhal blacks of any economic the beat. Police "are not there to serve the bits of advice: "Don't look to the police stripe would expect fairness from the you, but to control you," says Jerry as your protector and your friend, because justice system. "My father's from Tupelo, Ziegler, a 30-year-old venture capitalist they may be your adversary." She longs, Miss., a place you'd have a IS-year-old Who works on economic-development proj- she says, for "a world in which I won't white boy c,~lling a 70-year-old black man ects in the Los Angeles black community.• have to teach my sons to fear the police." 'boy,' and the man calling the boy 'Mr.' or It is difficult, he says, to separate the Denny and King cases. The Denny defen- Among the white entertainment execu- Ple~e 7)lrn to Poffe A5. Column ! dants weren't thinking, "I hate Denny and tives at" MCA, many shared her out- I'm going to beat him," Mr. Zlegier says. rage about the police sentences. But few of "It was, 'I hate the white man, and these co-workers, she says, are able to I hate the system, and I'm going to take out appreciate her view that the Denny defen- my rage on the first thing that comes by dants are being treated more harshly than here representing that system.' " Regi- they would if they were white. Vernon E. McGhee, 48, a Beverly Hills ,t elll(q t;tlnlllelit lawyer, who is black, doesn't believe there is a "conspiracy per se" against blacks in the criminal justice system. "but when I look at the statistics and the way the penalties are handed out unfairly, I'd have to agree with the Prosecutors Open Their Case in Beating brothers from the 'hood that maybe there is a national policy, or understanding, among the powers that be to wink and look Of Trucker During Los Angeles Riots the other way." Denny, which came a few hours after thb: Mr. McGhee, who pursued law to King verdict was announced, was a "major escape poverty and a tough Detroit neigh- StaffRep.orter oj "rxE wag., ~)THIEIE, T JUURNAL. force in the ignition" of the riots. They borhood, says opportunities were available LOS ANGELBS - Prosecutors began have now taken a less inflammatory ap- to him that many in the inner city now their case against two black men accused preach, under a new district attorney with.~ lack. "! understand their rage," he says of of beating white trucker Reginald Denny a more conciliatory style. the Denny defendants. "l understand the by declaring: "We are not here to try the feeling of helplessness that consumes them l.os Angeles riots." During his opening statement, As- when society has more or less said, 'You The case, which has In|tamed ra- sistant District Attorney Larry Morrison don't count, and you're not fit for anything cial passions In the nation's second-largest. pointed a red laser beam at images of men but abuse.' '" city, ultimately bolls down to legal ques- he said were the defendants, focusing on tions of Identity and Intent, they Said. clothing and characterstics that he said Keeping one's perspective, or "remem- left little doubt of their identity. bering where you came from" is a constant Defendants' attorneys have complained burden for the black middle class. Viewed Ihat their clients are being blamed for .the But Mr. Williams said in a televised'. as sellouts by many in the inner city, somo dots. Interview this week that he is not the man • black professionals see inequities in the Armed with three amateur videotapes, shown throwing a brick at Mr. Danny's Denny and King cases as a sign that their one television hews station's tape and head in a well-publicized Videotape. Judge l advancement in sociely may be illusory. many photogTaphs, prosecutors hope {o John W. Ouderkirk scolded Mr. Williams's And they also are reminded of how hard it win convictions of Damian Monroe Wil- lawyer for attempting to try the case in the is, even with success, In have a personal liams and Henry Keith Watson, accused of media. The lawyer repeated Mr. Wil- impact on the issues they believed caused participation in civil unrest last year that liams's claim in court Thursday. the riots: poverty, police oppression, poor was sparked by S state jury's acquittal of Both men are charged with attempted" education and hopelessness. four white police officers who beat black premeditated murder and cmdd face life Christopher Meilleur, a 42year-ohl ob- motorist Rodney King. in prison. Mr. Williams, 20 years old, als0 stetrician-gynecologist who doubles as a After the verdict many blacks took to faces charges of assaolt and robbery department chairman at Centinela llospi-. the streets, including, prosecutors say, against seven other people. Mr. Wat- tal in Inglewood, Calif.. saw in last week's Messrs. Williams and Watson. The two son, 28, is charged with crimes •against two sentencing a chilling reminder of the inno- deny they are the men in the pictures. other people. Mr. Denny has recovered cent verdicts in Ihe first King beating trial. A subsequent• federal trial of the white from the beating but has permanent skull "When things like the Kipg acquittal and police officers resulted in two convictions, damage and facial disfigurement. the sentencing happen, white America has but the relatively light, 2½-year sentences The jury, empaneled late last week, tc know what it's saying to black youth," handed down a few weeks ago angered comprises three men and nine women and he says. "You are saying, 'There is no blacks anew. The trial in a local criminal includes three Hispanics, five whites, i place fr~r you here.' White people should courtroom drew protesters who claimed three blacks and one Filipino. They have know they are creating their own hell." Messrs. Williams and Watson are be- been warned from the beginning of jury It also reminds him of his own reality, ing treated unfairly. selection against taking other factors-like one fr,w whites are likely In understand. Shortly after the high-profile arrests of the Rodney King beating case and poten- "Ever.,,, time a policeman gets in back of the two defendants last year, prosecutors tial unrest from this case - into account as may r)r. Meillenr says. "I look for a in court papers said the beating of Mr. • they weigh the evidence. parking lot nr a store to pull off into. It may come from earlier days, but I do not view the police as allies, i don't know any black men who do." Dr. Meilleur ~ecalls a routine traffic stop one hot summer day 10 years ago in nearby Long Beach. Police,ordered him out of his car and made him stand, legs spread, with his hands on the hood of his car whilr, they checked to see if there were any oulstanding warrants on him. When he lifted his hands slightly to relieve the burning from the sweltering hood. he says one officer barked: "If you don't keep your hands down we're going to beat the s-- out of you." tits voice falls to a near whisper as he confides his belief that "any black man in this city, including me, cmdd have been in Rodney King's place." Says Dr Meilleur of his fellow black professionals: "None of us has J.l). or M.D. tattooed on his fore- head." The Rev. Mr. Murray, of First AME Church, who has for years been a voice of racial t~derance and understanding in l,os Angeles. reflected the views of parishio- ners in a sermon Sunday. "We're going to be watching," he said. "We're going to ask that you ~ive these black boys the same consideration that you gave the white