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Vincent Cochetel INTERVIEW VOLUME 1 • NUMBER 114 • 1999 Rising from the ashes? 1999 A year of decision in the Balkans UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees THE EDITOR’S DESK Targetting the helpers... ust before Christmas last year, UNHCR staff mem- Why has aid work become so dangerous? Humani- ber Vincent Cochetel was freed after being held tarian organizations such as UNHCR which often hostage for 317 days in Chechnya. We chronicle his worked on the periphery of crises in the past, more and Jordeal elsewhere in this magazine, but the gruesome more now operate in the middle of conflict zones where details of his kidnap serve to underline the increasing there is little law and order. Protagonists are often a threat facing aid workers throughout the world. tricky mix of insurgents, terrorists and irregular forces, 1998 was more dangerous than most. In that period 22 combatants who neither know or care about interna- civilian U.N. workers were killed during the course of tional humanitarian law or the aid workers trying to their work (five officials also died in the crash of Swissair succor victims. flight 111). Eight others were held hostage and subsequent- Ironically, impartiality can be as much of a risk factor ly released. In the last seven years, 160 U.N. civilian per- as perceived partiality. Helping people on one side, no sonnel have been killed. More than 90 percent of those matter how innocent, may make an aid worker an enemy deaths were never adequately investigated and no one was of the other. Humanitarian groups support Criminal brought to trial. Non-governmental aid agencies suffered Tribunals such as the two established to cover the former similar casualties. Yugoslavia and Rwanda, but there can be a downside. People suspected of war crimes may preemptively target the perceived witnesses — humanitarian workers. There are other dangers, too: the problem of working UNHCR staff amidst millions of unexploded land-mines in Kosovo or © S. PAPILLOUD / 24 HEURES undergo security Angola and the impact of instant satellite news on crises training. in even the remotest parts of the globe. Information, opinion, condemnation on a given situation made at a faraway headquarters in Europe or North America can be relayed immediately — and reacted to just as quickly, This situation will continue until either humanitari- by combatants who often see field workers as spies. an workers refuse to go to volatile areas, or influential Humanitarian operations have become a key compo- governments give the problem the attention it deserves. nent of the international response to crises and even a Until now, it has barely registered on the radar screen in substitute for political action. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi government or media offices. Annan said humanitarian involvement is too often a fig Consider: It was not until January 15 of this year that leaf, hiding a lack of political will to address the root caus- the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations es of conflict. At times humanitarians work where gov- and Associated Personnel gained the 22 government ernments consider it too risky to send better trained, bet- ratifications (New Zealand was the 22nd signatory) ter equipped and better protected peacekeepers. needed to enter into force. Only three states have con- Humanitarian action is frequently the lowest com- tributed modest amounts to the Trust Fund established mon denominator on which consensus can be reached. by the U.N. to provide security training for humanitar- But in such a situation, the growing risk of doing good ian personnel. threatens the very foundation of humanitarian work. 2 REFUGEES N°114 - 1999 Editor: Ray Wilkinson French editor: Mounira Skandrani EDITORIAL Contributors: 2 Ariane Quentier, An increasing threat faces aid workers Wendy Rappeport, Andrej Mahecic, around the world. Judith Kumin, Kris Janowski, Maki Shinohara, Jelena Novikov, Paul Stromberg 4 COVER STORY Editorial assistant: UNHCR / A. HOLLMANN Virginia Zekrya Hundreds of thousands of people are Photo department: A UNHCR shelter waiting to go home but time is getting short. Anneliese Hollmann, project near Sarajevo as By Ray Wilkinson. Anne Kellner Bosnia attempted to Design: 4 Srebrenica. rebuild itself following the WB Associés - Paris Dayton Peace Accord. An aid worker returns to the killing fields of Production: Srebrenica. By Louis Gentile. Françoise Peyroux Administration: Chronology. Anne-Marie Le Galliard The breakup of the former Yugoslavia. Distribution: John O’Connor, Frédéric Tissot Mostar. Mostar, yesterday and today. By Kirsten Young. Map: UNHCR - Mapping Unit © P. TURNLEY Women. Making a difference for Bosnia’s women. Refugees is published by the Public Mayor. Information Section of the United Nations High Commissioner for A Serb mayor fights a lonely battle. Refugees. The opinions expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of UNHCR. The designations and 16 CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS maps used do not imply the expression of any opinion or recognition on the Mapping the 1990s in the Balkans. part of UNHCR concerning the legal status of a territory or of its authori- ties. 18 QUOTE UNQUOTE Refugees reserves the right to edit all A DANGEROUS PLACE articles before publication. Articles Exodus of Croatian 19 and photos not covered by copyright © Serbs from the Land-mines and political pitfalls in Bosnia. may be reprinted without prior Krajina area after the permission. Please credit UNHCR and 22 Croatian army launched the photographer. Glossy prints and Operation Storm to recapture CROATIA slide duplicates of photographs not the region. An estimated 20 covered by copyright © may be made 170,000 people fled. Will refugees go home this year? available for professional use only. 22 YUGOSLAVIA English and French editions printed The ‘forgotten’ refugees. By Paula Ghedini. in Switzerland by ATAR SA, Geneva. Circulation: 206,000 in English, KOSOVO French, German, Italian, Japanese, 24 Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Diary of a dirty war. By Fernando del Mundo. Chinese. UNHCR / R. LEMOYNE ISSN 0252-791 X 26 SHORT TAKES Cover: Fire and destruction in the A brief look at world events. Sarajevo suburb of Grbavica in 1996. UNHCR / L. SENIGALLIESI 28 INTERVIEW Insert: Vincent Cochetel arrives in Moscow after his release from An ethnic Albanian A talk with Vincent Cochetel. By Ray Wilkinson kidnap. displaced child in the Urosevac region of ASSOCIATED PRESS/APTN/KEYSTONE 24 Kosovo as unrest continued in 30 PEOPLE AND PLACES UNHCR that province. P.O. Box 2500 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland 31 ARCHIVE www.unhcr.org REFUGEES 3 Reconstruction work gets underway near the disputed town of Brcko in Bosnia-Herzegovina. | COVER STORY | A DECISIVE YEAR Hundreds of thousands of people are still waiting to go home, but time is running out in Bosnia by Ray Wilkinson he bloodstains from the massacre have seeped forever into the cold concrete floors of the farmhouse cellar and stair- T well. Amra points almost distractedly to the telltale signs of death as she remem- bers the Croat attack on the village of Ahmici in cen- tral Bosnia in April, 1993. She ran out of the building and into the nearby woods as the Croat gunmen, some of them neighbors for generations, burst into the hill- top village in the first blush of dawn. More than 100 persons were killed in a one hour massacre by the marauding thugs, elderly, retarded and children alike. The youngest was a three-month- old baby burned alive in an oven. The oldest was 96- years-old. Nine persons were slaughtered and their bodies burned in Amra’s own home. When British sol- diers uncovered the attack and television footage flashed the horror around the world, Ahmici instantly became one of the most infamous atrocities of the con- flict in the former Yugoslavia. Today, Ahmici is again a symbol. An experiment being carried out there and in hundreds of other re- gions which are trying to knit together old communi- ties will eventually determine whether Bosnia and Herzegovina can ever forge a viable and lasting peace among its ethnic groups. The area around Ahmici and the nearest large town of Vitez had been predominantly Muslim, or Bosniak, before the war, with a sizeable Croat minority. As the fighting turned increasingly bitter and many com- munities, Serb, Croat and Bosniak, tried to carve out UNHCR / C. SHIRLEY ethnically pure enclaves, villages such as Ahmici be- Ã 5 | COVER STORY | Ã came killing fields. Today there is a new reality in the Vitez area bearing testimony to the results of those wartime campaigns; the majority of the population is Croat with a minority of Bosniaks. Despite this reversal and the obvious dangers posed if hostilities ever resume, Amra (not her real name) and around 150 other Bosniaks earlier this year put their nightmares aside and returned home af- ter living for five years as virtual nomads. UNHCR and other international agencies helped renovate several dozen village houses, providing new roofs, windows and stoves to facilitate the villagers return. Twelve children have begun attending school in a basement. “I am happy simply to have survived,” the 43-year-old Amra says, eventually breaking into tears as she recalled the ear- lier attack. “You know, my father-in-law was an invalid who could not run away from the attackers. And three young girls were among those killed here. The healing will take time. It will be difficult.” Croat municipal officials were on hand to welcome the Bosniaks home and an elder, Fuad, said the village was further delighted when one Croat was recently extradited to The Hague to face trial for alleged war crimes in connection with the attack. Other Croat neighbors still live at the bottom of the hill, but the two com- munities do not speak to each other.
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