Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality
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United States Office of Research and EPA/600/R-04/049 Environmental Protection Development Agency Washington DC 20460 Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, Tallinn, Estonia May 12-15, 2003 EPA/600/R-04/049 FISH PHYSIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, AND WATER QUALITY Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, Tallinn, Estonia May 12-15, 2003 Edited By Gretchen Rupp and Michelle D. White Montana Water Center Montana State University Bozeman, Montana 59717 Published by Ecosystems Research Division Athens, Georgia 30605 National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 NOTICE The views expressed in these Proceedings are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Scientists in EPA’s Office of Research and Development have authored or coauthored papers presented herein; these papers have been reviewed in accordance with EPA’s peer and administrative review policies and approved for presentation and publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by EPA. ii FOREWORD Joint ecological research involving scientists and environmental managers from every country in the world is essential if global environmental problems are to be solved. Recognition of this international aspect of environmental protection is reflected in the joint activities undertaken under Annex 3, Item 4 of the United States of America-People’s Republic of China Protocol for Environmental Protection. This component of the protocol provides for cooperative research on the effects of pollution on freshwater organisms, environmental processes, soils, surface water and groundwater, and on the application of pollutant transport and transformation models. Activities include seminars, workshops, joint symposia, training programs, joint research, and publications exchange. This Symposium focuses on the result of international cooperation in environmental research dealing with such complex issues as: land use and euthrophication; euthrophication and hypoxia/anoxia; effect of hypoxia/ anoxia on fish physiology, behavior, and toxicology; and modeling biogeochemical processes to predict water quality. This is the seventh international symposium to bring together researchers from the U.S., China, Russia, and other countries to report on and exchange information in the area of fish physiology, toxicology, and water quality. The seventh symposium was held in Tallinn, Estonia, May 12-15, 2003. Scientists from 16 countries presented 23 papers at the symposium sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Estonian Agricultural University, and Montana State University. The six previous symposia were held in Guangzhou, China, September 14-16, 1988; in Sacramento, California, USA, September 18-19, 1990; in Nanjing, China, November 3-5, 1992; in Bozeman, Montana USA, September 19-21, 1995; in Hong Kong, China, November 10-13, 1998 and in La Paz, B.C.S. Mexico, January 22-26, 2001. Symposia are effective means of fostering cooperation among scientists from different countries as environmental organizations seek to gain the information necessary to predict the effects of pollutants on ecosystems and apply the results on a global scale. The symposia provide a forum through which distinguished scientists from laboratories and institutions from several countries can exchange scientific knowledge on environmental problems of concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the international environmental community. Rosemarie C. Russo, Ph.D. Director Ecosystems Research Division Athens, Georgia iii ABSTRACT Sixty-five scientists from sixteen countries convened in Tallinn, Estonia, May 12-15, 2003, for the Seventh International Symposium on Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality. These Proceedings include 23 papers presented in sessions that took place over three days. Relative to their ecological threat, papers addressed the global spread of the phenomenon of hypoxia and anoxia, trends in specific large water bodies, and the land use practices that drive the phenomenon. Toxicological papers focused on possible computational approaches, the effects of hypoxia and metals on fish survival, and effects of ammonia toxicity on fish organ systems and biochemistry. Papers that addressed fish physiology and behavior spanned a very wide range of subjects, ranging from the oceanic distribution of cod as a function of temperature, through behavior of reef fishes during diurnal cycles of oxygen depletion, to blood hemoglobin regulation in hypoxic fish and the inhibition of fish reproduction as a function of hypoxia and other factors. Papers dealing with biogeochemistry and water quality covered the water quality conditions of the Gulf of Finland and Lakes Peipsi and Võrtsjärv in Estonia, the modeling of metal binding on humic substances, and a large-scale ecological modeling approach for predicting estuarine water quality conditions. iv CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ………………………………………………………………………………… iii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………… iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ….………………………………………………………………… vii ECOLOGY AND LAND USE A global perspective on the effects of eutrophication and hypoxia on aquatic biota. Robert J. Diaz, Janet Nestlerode, and Minnie L. Diaz ……………………………… 1 Estuarine eutrophication, hypoxia and anoxia dynamics: Causes, consequences and controls. Hans W. Paerl ……………………………………………………… 35 Perspectives for coastal marine hypoxia in a warmer world. Dubravko Justić, R. Eugene Turner, and Nancy N. Rabalais ……………………… 57 Sediment quality assessment studies in Nemunas River Delta and Curonian Lagoon, Lithuania. A. Četkauskaitė, J. Beržinskienė, A. Sødergren, and R.V. Thurston …… 73 Sustainable agricultural development policy in the Baltic Sea region. Marek J. Gromiec ………………………………………………………………… 93 TOXICOLOGY Can we predict joint effects of hypoxia and metals on fish survival? Michael C. Newman ………………………………………………………………… 99 How biological responses to hypoxia and eutrophication modify the exposure and toxicity to fish of metals and other trace pollutants. Charles H. Jagoe …………………… 109 How might hypoxia affect metal speciation, accumulation and toxicity – some speculation. Peter G.C. Campbell ………………………………………………………………… 125 The fish olfactory system: its role in normal biology and in toxicological research. Kjell B. Døving ……………………………………………………………………… 149 Toxic effects of ammonia to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in all stages of development. M.Z. Vosylienė, G. Svecevičius, N. Kazlauskienė …………………………… 159 v PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR The effect of temperature on the distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Maria Faldborg Petersen ………………………………………………………… 171 Chronic non-lethal levels of hypoxia limit distribution and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Denis Chabot …………………… 183 Running the unseen, lowland gauntlet: compounding effects of temperature, hypoxia and exercise for diadromous fishes. Henry James Bannon and Nicholas Ling ……….…… 207 Hypoxia on coral reefs and hypoxia tolerance in coral reef fish. Göran E. Nilsson and Sara Östlund-Nilsson ……………………………………… 219 Hypoxia and petroleum: extreme challenges for fish of the Amazon. Adalberto Luís Val, Vera Maria Fonseca de Almeida e Val, and Adriana Regina Chippari-Gomes …………………………………………………………………… 227 Regulation of blood hemoglobin concentration in hypoxic fish. Mikko Nikinmaa and Virpi Tervonen ……………………………………………… 243 The role of hypoxia, starvation, β-naphthoflavone and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator in the inhibition of reproduction in fish. David Randall and Huiping Yang ………………………………………………… 253 Composition and rate of release of chemical substances into water by dead fish. Alexander Kasumyan and Arvo Tuvikene ………………………………………… 263 Depression of lipolysis in fishes: a possible hypoxia protection mechanism. Guido van den Thillart and Gerjanne Vianen …………………………………… 277 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND WATER QUALITY Water quality conditions of Neva Bay and the eastern Gulf of Finland. B.G. Skakalsky …………………………………………………………………… 285 Modeling of metal binding on humic substances using the NIST database: an a priori functional group approach. Zhen Zhong Zhang and George W. Bailey ……….………… 297 Louisiana environmental modeling system for hypoxia related issues. Robert F. Carousel and Rosemarie C. Russo …………………………………… 325 Consequences of catchment processes and climate changes on the ecosystems of large shallow temperate lakes. Tiina Nõges & Peeter Nõges …………………….………… 341 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Seventh Symposium is largely the legacy of Dr. Robert Vance Thurston of Montana State University, who died in February 2002. Beginning with its origin in 1988, the symposium series relied on his energy and broad scientific knowledge to bring together investigators from many nations to address all aspects of hypoxia, eutrophication and fish health. This particular meeting could not have come together without the work of the steering committee: Dr. George Bailey of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Arvo Tuvikene of the Estonian Agricultural University, Dr. John Steffensen of Copenhagen University, and Dr. Dave Randall of the University of British Columbia and the City University of Hong Kong. Funding for the symposium was provided by these sponsoring organizations: the U.S. Environmental