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ASSESSING the RISKS of MIGRATION ALONG the CENTRAL and EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTES: Iraq and Nigeria As Case Study Countries

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ASSESSING the RISKS of MIGRATION ALONG the CENTRAL and EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTES: Iraq and Nigeria As Case Study Countries ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MIGRATION ALONG THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTES: Iraq and Nigeria as Case Study Countries. IOM’s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre YEARS GMDAC International Organization for Migration IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. The opinions expressed in the book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the book do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. This material has been funded by UK Aid from the Government of the United Kingdom; however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies. _______________ Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 717 91 11 Fax: + 41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iom.int _______________ © 2016 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MIGRATION ALONG THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTES: Iraq and Nigeria as Case Study Countries. November 2016 IOM’s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre YEARS GMDAC International Organization for Migration ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MIGRATION ALONG THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTES: ii Iraq and Nigeria as Case Study Countries. Acknowledgements This report was prepared, researched and written by Arezo Malakooti. Assistance was provided by Viani Gonzalez, Annina Kull, Marzia Rango, Jerome Veyret, Iason Athanasiadis, Abdullah Saleh and Mohammed Zangana. All photos by Iason Athanasiadis. IOM’s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre In response to growing calls for better data on migration, and better use and presentation of migration data, IOM has created a Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC). Located in the heart of Berlin, Germany, the Centre aims to provide authoritative and timely analysis of data on global migration issues as a global hub for data and statistics on migration. iii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AVR Assisted Voluntary Return AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration BAMF German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DTM IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix FSA Free Syrian Army GMDAC Global Migration Data Analysis Centre IOM International Organization for Migration ISIL Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant KII Key informant interview KRI Kurdistan Region of Iraq LAF The Regional Office for Refugee Affairs (Berlin, Germany) NGN Nigerian Naira SIA Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Afghanistan UAM Unaccompanied minor UNHCR the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Please note: In the sections of this report where a mixed migratory movement is being referred to, the word migrant is used broadly to refer to all people on the move. This includes refugees, asylum seekers, irregular migrants and involuntary migrants, unless a distinction is otherwise made. ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MIGRATION ALONG THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTES: iv Iraq and Nigeria as Case Study Countries. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................3 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................7 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................11 1. Objectives ..........................................................................................................................12 2. Approach ...........................................................................................................................12 3. Fieldwork ...........................................................................................................................13 3.1 In-depth interviews with migrants ..............................................................................13 3.2 Key informant interviews ............................................................................................16 3.3 Interview guidelines ....................................................................................................16 Iraq ..................................................................................................................................................17 1. The risks related to migration to Europe ............................................................................19 1.1 Main risks during the departure from Iraq .................................................................20 1.2 Main risks during the journey .....................................................................................24 1.3 Smuggling....................................................................................................................32 1.4 Main risks at destination .............................................................................................37 2. The risks related to return ..................................................................................................42 2.1 General patterns of return ..........................................................................................42 2.2 Drivers of return ..........................................................................................................43 Nigeria ..............................................................................................................................................45 1. The risks related to migration to Europe ............................................................................47 1.1 The main risks during the departure from Nigeria .....................................................48 1.2 Main risks during the journey .....................................................................................51 1.3 Smuggling....................................................................................................................59 1.4 Main risks at destination .............................................................................................61 2. The risks related to return ..................................................................................................65 2.1 General patterns of return ..........................................................................................65 2.2 Return from Libya .......................................................................................................66 2.3 Return from Europe ....................................................................................................67 Perceptions of regular migration ......................................................................................................71 1. Nigerians ............................................................................................................................72 1.1 Regular versus irregular migration ..............................................................................72 1.2 Choosing an irregular migration .................................................................................73 1.3 Expectations of a regular migration ...........................................................................73 2. Iraqis...................................................................................................................................74 2.1 Resettlement ...............................................................................................................74 2.2 Family reunification ....................................................................................................75 Key findings and perspectives ..........................................................................................................77 Recommendations............................................................................................................................81 Iraqis along the Eastern Mediterranean route ..........................................................................82 Nigerians along the Central Mediterranean route ....................................................................83 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................85 Annex 1: List of visual contents .................................................................................................86
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