researchgerman german research 1 / 2018 Magazine of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cover: fotolia / lassedesignen At a loss for words: New imaging and 1 / 2018 neurophysiological techniques con- tinue to contribute to a better under- standing of the possible causes and treatability of stuttering.

Commentary Peter Strohschneider Shaping the Sciences and Humanities in the Digital Age 2 Unpredictable opportunities and enormous challenges

In Focus Digitalisation and Digitality 4 Current initiatives, strategy paper and statements

Humanities and Social Sciences Nicole Deitelhoff, Priska Daphi and Felix Anderl Many Roads to Another World 6 Insights on the changing Global Justice movement

Engineering Sciences Christoph Baer, Ilona Rolfes, Thomas Musch and Jürgen Sachs The War on Landmines 12 Using innovative technologies to detect explosive devices in Colombia

Life Sciences Martin Sommer and Annika Primaßin Poorly Wired 16 How new understanding of the brain leads to novel therapies in stuttering

SERIES: Migration and Refugees – Perspectives from Research / Part 4 21 The Litmus Test of Integration 22 Children of immigrants in Europe – an interview with sociologist Frank Kalter Stuttering: Poorly Wired | Research Policy: Shaping the Sciences and Humanities Selected Topic-Related DFG Projects 26 in the Digital Age | Changing Social Movements: Many Roads to Another World | Innovative Detection: The War on Landmines Series on Migration and Refugees: Natural Sciences | Sabine Kugler, Steffi Deuerling, Daniel Van Opdenbosch, Cordt Zollfrank The Litmus Test of Integration New Material Synthesis: Reaching for the Light | Reaching for the Light 28 Using the sensitivity of microorganisms to create new materials 2 Commentary german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 3

Peter Strohschneider mains of a research “achievement” if thinking begins to be automated? How is it attributed to an individual? What will scientific reputation be based on in the future? Not to mention the legal and financial questions that Shaping the Sciences and arise: Who is responsible for the research? Who is liable for its consequences? How will this be regulated legally? Humanities in the Digital Age And financially and economically? hese and other questions – including those re- Digitalisation and digitality are changing the world – and the sciences and humanities with it. lating to good scientific practice, the publication T system and research ethics – are linked to new This transformation gives rise to unpredictable opportunities for knowledge yet at the same challenges for research policy and research administra- time poses enormous challenges that must be addressed in science-driven research funding. tion, and of course for academically driven research funding. e live in an ever-changing world. Science is ways incomprehensible to us. At the same time we act – To give an indication of just how radical the impli- characterised, among other things, not only amid an excess of information – under the conditions of cations of the digital transformation are, consider that W by its capacity to effect change but also to a serious lack of information and dramatic uncertainty. the entire funding system – not only that of the DFG experience change. It is subject to a constant process of The only thing it seems we can depend on is the prospect – relies on the participation of academic peers. But are transformation. And the process that we are currently that linear extrapolation of what we already know will their powers of judgement irreplaceable? Could funding witnessing is what I refer to as Weltenwandel, or funda- not succeed in predicting the future. It will certainly decisions not also be automated, that is, be taken on the mental and ongoing change brought about by techno- be different from what is promised by the utopias or basis of algorithms that rank the project proposals? In logical advancements but affecting all areas of society. threatened by the dystopias. This is already the case, be- that case we could get by with just a few administrators This Weltenwandel encompasses much more than the cause Weltenwandel through digitality will neither come and an IT support group. However, the incentives to digitality addressed in academic research and politics; to an end in the foreseeable future nor allow itself to optimise project proposals through algorithmic stream- where it is often reduced for convenience’s sake to tech- be objectively limited. It does not have the profile of a lining would be unpredictable, just as the consequences

nical catchphrases or policy questions in the areas of in- “problem” for which definitive “solutions” or even the Illustration: DFG / Ausserhofer for the quality and originality of research would be. But novation, education, law or democracy – such as Indus- one and only solution might be found. above all, would not such automation come at the price try 4.0, broadband roll-out, tablets for primary schools, of research are being superseded, and we can observe of weakened justifiability and transparency of funding artificial intelligence, the Network Enforcement Act, hese constellations of digitality and sociality, of across whole scientific disciplines that new mathematical decisions – and hence a loss of legitimacy? or e-democracy. The opportunities and responsibilities open future, uncertainty and the necessity to act, methods are gaining in importance. This is another area in which the Weltenwandel associated with computerisation, with the digitalisation T also define the sciences and humanities – and From these questions, methods and research prac- brought about by digitality presents an enormous need of texts, images, sounds and things, and with the ubiq- research administration, research funding and research tices, we quickly move on to the transformation of that for careful planning and management. The knowledge uitous networking of all the foregoing on the internet policy are no less concerned with them. which can be understood as research and science from regimes and social orders of science and scholarship, the are a great deal more complex and have a far deeper Research is playing a crucial role in driving this Wel- an epistemological perspective, and that which consti- epistemic, economic, financial, legal and policy aspects and broader impact than this. They concern questions tenwandel – for example, in mathematics, computer sci- tutes the preconditions and circumstances of its practice of this transformation, influence each other in many about individuality and collectivity, about economy and ence, materials sciences and new fields for which we from a sociological point of view. What is “research”, different ways and must be considered within the frame- society, about the state and law, about knowledge and presently use the imprecise term “data sciences”. At “knowledge”, a scientific “argument”, “proof” or “evi- work of these complex and contingent relationships. power. And, of course, questions about the sciences and the same time, the sciences and humanities, just like dence”, if the line between correlation and causality This latter requirement is one in which a particu- humanities too. all other parts of society, are also subject to this Welten- becomes blurred or “algorithms” take the place of “theo- larly prominent attempt to shape the Weltenwandel in This Weltenwandel, as dynamic as it is all-encompass- wandel – with all the unpredictable opportunities for ries”? When, for example, an experiment is replaced by terms of research policy appears to fail. The so-called ing, confronts us with the same experience that Søren knowledge and challenges that follow from this. a digital simulation; when research is dominated by a 3O strategy (Open Science, Open Innovation, Open to Kirkegaard encapsulated at the start of the modern age “Research” is a concept with historical origins and is neo-positivist faith in numbers that can no longer dis- the World), as developed by EU Research Commissioner when he said that although life can only be understood thus susceptible to change. And through digitality, re- criminate between the possible unambiguous nature of Carlos Moedas, is turning the technical level of digitali- backwards, it must be lived forwards. We live in this era search is being transformed in that previously analogue data, the controversial nature of its interpretations and sation currently achieved into a benchmark of research of transformation and, knowingly and unknowingly, data is now available in digital form, allowing it to be the ambivalence of its social consequences of action; policy programme-making. Yet the ideological catch- help shape it, and yet it remains opaque and in many analysed with new methods and research questions. In when the research result is owed to an algorithm which phrase “open” is more likely to obscure the openness the life sciences and physics, for example, data-intensive is, in turn, the result of processes of machine learning? and unpredictability of the Weltenwandel than to address This article is a revised version of an address given by the DFG President at technologies are now making completely new forms of And such epistemological shifts are followed by ques- its conceptualisation seriously and get it moving in the the DFG’s New Year Reception on 15 January 2018 in Berlin. research even possible. Meanwhile, established forms tions from the sociology of science. Because what re- right direction. (continued on page 4) 4 Commentary / In Focus german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 5

Graphic: Shutterstock

Digital Transformation: Time to Take Stock Information Infrastructures of Tomorrow New strategy paper on the orientation of funding for Scientific Library Services Internal DFG project collects information on subject-area cultures and funding activity and Information Systems longer-term project is under- concept phase, initially lasting six institutional and ethical to com- A way at the DFG Head Office months, focussed on gathering mercial and policy dimensions. he DFG has adopted a new and provides a set of guidelines for frastructure facilities, and between in Bonn with the aim of preparing wide-ranging expert knowledge A distinction is also made T strategy paper on the future funding activities in the area of Sci- infrastructure and researchers. The an official position on the digital from within the DFG and analys- between at least three forms of development of scientific informa- entific Library Services and Infor- paper is primarily concerned with transformation in research. The ing past experience in funding digital transformation: a “trans- tion infrastructures in the context mation Systems (LIS). three areas of funding: the index- project follows a resolution by the practice with a view to preparing formative” one, referred to here of digitisation, open access transfor- “As a self-governing organisa- ing and digitisation of information DFG Senate. future activities. as digitisation, an “enabling” one mation and research data manage- tion of the German research com- resources, open access transforma- The goal is to attempt a dis- Evaluations so far have iden- brought about by instrumentation ment. At its meeting in March, the munity and a national research tion, and research data. cipline-based appraisal, analyse tified nine relevant dimensions and new technologies, and a “sub- Senate approved the strategy paper funding organisation, the DFG is “The position paper is an impor- funding activities and identify rel- of the digital transformation in stitutional” one. The project will prepared by the Committee on Sci- playing an active role in shaping tant element in the DFG’s strategy evant areas for policy advice. The research, ranging from practical, be continued in 2018 on this basis. entific Library Services and Infor- the digital transformation in the of systematically participating in the mation Systems (AWBI), “Funding sciences and humanities,” says ubiquitous impacts of the digital of Information Infrastructures for President Prof. Dr. Peter Stroh­ transformation of research, evaluat- s a funding body and as the self-governing or- Research continues to require public sponsorship and Research”. In light of the compre- schneider. The strategy paper out- ing the opportunities and risks and ganisation of science and research in Germany, funding – in the data sciences as well. And these must hensive digital transformation cur- lines current challenges relating to aligning its activities to respond to A the DFG has a responsibility in this area. We are be implemented legitimately in the form of funding deci- rently underway in the sciences and networked, data-intensive research the needs of researchers and univer- resolved to fulfil this responsibility in three ways. Firstly, sions that are based – and will continue to be based – on humanities and the continued rapid and the growing requirements in sities,” Strohschneider said. by initiating forums and supporting subject-specific re- the (non-automatable) human capacity for judgement. pace of change, this paper analy- terms of coordination and coopera- flection on digital transformation in all areas of science Such capacity for judgement is not simply a given; it ses the current situation, identifies tion at multiple levels: within sci- www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/ and the humanities (and what subject-specific means remains a quest. This capacity must be nurtured, and it challenges and priority action areas, entific communities, between in- programmes/infrastructure/lis/publications here will itself change under the conditions of digital- requires the necessary scope for institutional freedom in ity). Secondly, our funding activities and the associated order to develop. Without it, there would be no ability instruments and procedures will need to be further re- to attribute research achievements and no justifiability fined. And, thirdly, the DFG will face new responsibili- of funding decisions, which are central to the DFG. The ties in advising government and society with respect to complex interwovenness of the technological, epistemic Alliance Sets Out Its Position the development of the sciences and humanities in the and social aspects of all things digital cannot simply be Priority initiative – Digital sequence information – European Open Science Cloud digital age. bypassed by digital means. Productive and fascinating In order to do justice to this threefold responsibility, research that justifies the trust placed in it by society igitisation and digitality in the fact that today's research is tional environmental and life we are carrying out a comprehensive project at the DFG requires far more than such an approach could provide. D research have also been a heavily dependent on digital data sciences. However, the organi- Head Office. The DFG Executive Committee will also The research community and we at the DFG should matter of interest to the Alli- and communication. The Alli- sations fundamentally welcome appoint a high-level expert commission to address sci- therefore address the task of shaping the sciences and ance of Science Organisations ance is concerned about efforts to the European Commission’s Eu- ence and academia in the digital era and, through this humanities in the digital era with this firmly in mind. in Germany, which recently ad- make the use of digital sequence ropean Open Science Cloud Ini- and other organisational forms, seek to support the ad- These tasks involve action and insight alike. dressed three separate aspects of information on genetic resources tiative. At the same time, they vancement of the digital transformation of the sciences the topic. The Alliance Digital subject to the provisions of the are calling for an appropriate and humanities. Information Priority Initiative Nagoya Protocol and the Con- balance of scientific and political We are guided in this process by the view that what established in 2008 was recently vention on Biological Diversity, interests.

will still matter in the future is research in the sense reoriented and extended to 2022. which could have far-reaching The Alliance’s priority initiative and state- defined in constitutional law as a specifically profes- Prof. Dr. Peter Strohschneider It now takes greater account of consequences for the interna- ments can also be found at www.dfg.de sionalised form of the free, methodical search for truth. is the President of the DFG. 6 KapitelobertitelHumanities and Social Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 7

Nicole Deitelhoff, Priska Daphi and Felix Anderl Many Roads to Another World

“Another World is Possible”: under this motto, a transnational movement is opposing neoliberal globalisation. While activists share an image of neoliberal globalisation as being unfair and destructive, the forms their protest takes are as varied as their short-term and long-term goals. A comparative perspective reveals how the repertoire of social movements forms and reforms.

Global Justice activist art to coincide with the G8 summit in 2007: during filming of the “dropping knowledge supercamp” commercial, a five-metre- long painted baby doll named Madele floats in the River Spree. She is intend- ed to represent the fate of Africa. Illustration: dpa / Arno Burgi 8 Humanities and Social Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 9

do Supismo (not his real name) mate or illegal acquisition of land. we know we have brothers and donesia. The march led activists E welcomes his guest on his Increasingly, this practice is cost- sisters all over the world on our through various villages to the re- scooter in front of the fish stall at ing farmers the ability to cultivate side.” gional government in Semarang, a small market in central Java. He their fields as many governments At first glance there is little to and later even to the presidential wears a Muslim prayer cap, has are selling agricultural land to distinguish the men sitting here, building in Jakarta, the capital city. flip-flops on his feet and a ciga- transnational companies at low drinking the coffee they them- Jakarta is also home to the head- rette in the corner of his mouth. prices. In addition, farmers with selves have grown, from other quarters of SPI, which coordinates With friendly gestures he invites a debt burden are often forced to Javanese farmers. It’s hard to im- member groups in ten provinces his visitor to hop on. After a ten- sell their own land. agine that they blockaded the fac- – representing an estimated 2 mil- minute journey through the rice “What are you doing about it?” tory belonging to Holcim, a build- lion peasants. fields we reach his small house, asks one of the journalists – and ing materials company. But when Between 2005 and 2013, the where his family, fellow activists Edo launches into a speech that there is no other help available, association La Via Campesina, the and two reporters from the local ranges from global capitalism and says Edo, you have to try other world’s largest movement of peas- daily newspaper are waiting. the resource-intensive develop- forms of protest. ant farmers, was also coordinated Edo is a minor celebrity in the ment model to the international In September 2012, Edo led from Jakarta. With 164 member area. He spearheads a protest cam- “multitude” of movements and a march involving thousands of groups and encompassing – by its paign against transnational com- counterpublics. By way of con- peasant farmers under the banner own account – about 200 million panies and especially the practice clusion, he returns to the local of Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI), agricultural activists, the network of “land grabbing” – the illegiti- level: “We need to act locally, but the biggest peasants’ union in In- won significant influence on world politics. For example, the United Illustration: dpa / Warren Toda Nations formulated much of the “declaration on the rights of peas- Brought down by globalisation: street protest in Toronto in connection with the ants” in line with the movement’s G20 summit in Canada in 2010. proposals. The network’s chairper- son, Henry Saragih, earned such a the millennium, resistance against about processes of radicalisation high profile that the British news- global economic institutions and and deradicalisation is still lim- paper The Guardian named him their neoliberal policies intensi- ited – partly because research one of the “50 people who could fied and became more disruptive. is too often focussed on violent save the planet”. At a WTO Ministerial Conference repertoires and thus loses sight of A personal interview with in 2003, a Korean farmer publicly the processes of other repertoire Saragih reveals how his ideo- stabbed himself in front of a sign changes. If we understand radi- logical viewpoint on and knowl- declaring “WTO kills farmers”. calisation and deradicalisation as edge about the global situation is How was it possible for such dras- developments on a continuum of shaped by La Via Campesina. The tic protest actions to emerge? And possible protest practices and ob- network offers training for mem- how did different groups within jectives, then the use of violence bers and organises various public the movement become radical- may form part of this process but events, whether in the form of ised? In more general terms, under does not necessarily need to do so. professional lobbying at the United what conditions do protest reper- Instead, the key factor is the shift Nations, mass protests as in Seattle toires change? away from or towards the com- in 1999, or demonstrations at the mon rules of political participation UN Climate Change Conferences. ommon assumptions in so- (practices) and ideas of political Particularly around the turn of C cial movement studies sug- order (objectives). gest that the repertoires within In retrospect, the diversity of movements undergo little change. the Global Justice movement is Sarcastic, creative scene by the IF cam- Changes in repertoires like the what makes it stand out, both paign on the “Isle of Shady” against the one mentioned above thus of- geographically and argumenta- backdrop of the City of London: two fer helpful insights into how and tively. The research team is there- businesspeople have lined their pockets under what circumstances reper- fore examining four transnational Illustration: dpa / David Parry with “Africa’s billions”. toires do change. Our knowledge networks with the aim of cover- 10 Humanities and Social Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 11

Left: “Another World is Possible” – anti- included demonstrations, occupa- opponents and allies, and learning ated processes of privatisation and G8 protests in Le Havre in 2011. The tions, civil disobedience and other processes within the movement. commercialisation. Global Justice movement has developed disruptive forms. From an analytical perspective, it The choice of specific forms of many forms of expression and protest. With Reclaim the Streets in the is evident that – contrary to as- protest was made in the light of – Below: Irresponsibly, even fatally, look- UK, the situation is different: the sumptions – the international and shadow of – the local and na- ing away? Activists accuse heads of protest repertoire remained rela- level of the movement plays only tional situation and on the basis of government ahead of the G8 summit tively stable during this period a secondary role in local repertoire tried-and-tested protest traditions. in France in 2011. Right: Against the although the objectives shifted. changes. Transnational networks “What protest actions attract the power and logic of monetary flows – To begin with, actions primarily appear to constitute a resource for broadest public attention?” was a anti-World Bank protests in the Indone- opposed the destruction of public Global Justice activists in order to central question driving the activ- sian capital Jakarta in 2004. spaces and of the local environ- obtain theoretical and practical ists in this context.

Jonathan McIntosh ment in the context of road con- know-how, but the choice of pro- / struction. Later, the focus shifted test forms seems to depend first the transnational network Peoples’ to the capitalist economic system and foremost on local opportunity Global Action). as a whole. Regardless of this structures and learning processes. change at the level of ends, the However, both the Indonesian preliminary finding here protest repertoire remained simi- farmers and the British activists Illustration: Wiki Commons A is that in Indonesia SPI lar. While numbers of participants of Reclaim the Streets considerably changed at the level of both aims grew, the strategy of combining drew on input from the transna- ing the breadth of the “movement changes also significantly differ in and means. In the mid-2000s, road blocks with street parties was tional network in revising their of movements”. In each of these terms of whether and how new sustainable agriculture was more maintained. analysis of the problem and aims. networks, we compare protest forms of action are linked to new strongly linked with anti-capitalist This reveals how multiple fac- In dialogue with activists from forms (repertoires) in two coun- objectives. The varying relation- aims than was the case in the mid- tors interact at the local, national other countries, for example, it tries between the mid-1990s and ship between tactics and goals 1990s. At the same time, the pro- and international levels, includ- became clear that the exploita- the mid-2000s. More specifically, can for example be observed in test repertoire shifted: the group ing opportunity structures (e.g. tion of farmers, environmental we analyse local chapters of La Via the contrary developments of diversified its activities and ad- how easy is it to exert influence destruction and the restriction Campesina and the feminist World the Indonesian farmers described dressees, while actions themselves on institutional politics?), protest of public spaces form part of an March of Women in Indonesia and above and of the UK movement became increasingly disruptive. cycles (e.g. is mobilisation grow- overarching phenomenon: neolib- the Philippines, as well as local Reclaim the Streets (as part of The group’s new protest repertoire ing or declining?), relations with eral globalisation and the associ- chapters of the international debt cancellation campaign and the au- tonomous network Peoples’ Global Action in the UK and Italy. All groups consider themselves part Professor Dr. Nicole Deitelhoff of the Global Justice movement. is Professor of International Relations and Drawing on over 60 interviews Theories of Global Orders at Goethe Uni- versity Frankfurt and Director of the Peace with activists as well as activist Research Institute Frankfurt. documents, we aim to answer the Dr. Priska Daphi question: how do the repertoires is a research assistant at the Institute of Politi- of the groups change over time cal Science at Goethe University Frankfurt. and why? Felix Anderl, M.A. Within the Global Justice is a research assistant at the Chair of Inter-

Guillaume Paumier national Relations and Theories of Global Movement, protest forms are sub- / Orders at Goethe University Frankfurt. ject to dynamic change. There are different paths of change: while Contact: Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Abir Abdullah Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max- some groups choose increasingly Horkheimer-Straße 2, 60629 disruptive and sometimes aggres- Frankfurt/Main, Germany. sive forms of protest, others opt www.goethe-university-frankfurt. Illustration: Wiki Commons for more moderate methods. Such Illustration: dpa / de/44187983/forschung 12 Engineering Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 13

Christoph Baer, Ilona Rolfes, Thomas Musch and Jürgen Sachs awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in To help find a solution to this “Humanitarian Microwave De- December 2016. enormous challenge, in 2012 re- tection of Improvised Explosive Colombia now has the chance searchers from Ruhr-Universität Devices in Colombia – MEDICI”, The War on Landmines to improve its economy, politi- Bochum and Technische Univer- is designed to provide new tech- cal culture and human rights and sität Ilmenau in Germany, Univer- nological approaches to improve perhaps also rehabilitate its murky sidad Nacional de Colombia, and the search for IEDs and acceler- Decades of guerilla warfare in Colombia have left behind a deadly legacy of thousands image abroad. But for the people Universidad de los Andes in Bo- ate mine clearance. The focus of of landmines. Now a German-Colombian partnership is developing new ways of de- of Colombia, everyday life is still gotá joined forces in the German- the research project, which got tecting these often improvised devices. Innovative technologies such as these can help marred by danger. The country Colombian Collaborative Research underway in 2015, is to develop further the incipient peace process. is still peppered with landmines Initiative in Electrical Engineering new hardware concepts and im- from the armed conflict with the (GeCoCo) set up by the DFG. The plement software algorithms. The guerilleros. The statistics are hor- resulting joint research project, chosen approach is to link broad- rifying: over 10,000 people have been injured or killed by land- Left: Display case showing the different ways of planting a mine, installed at Tole- mines in the last 15 years. Accord- maida Air Base in Colombia. Below: Danger! Landmines! After decades of guerilla ing to the international Landmine warfare, the country is alarmingly mine-contaminated. Monitor 2016, this puts Colombia in sixth place in the casualty sta- tistics, and with up to 99 square kilometres of the country being mined, it is still classified as “heav- ily mine-contaminated”. The fore- cast in the ten-year plan drawn up in 2011, that the country would be completely cleared of mines by 2021, is considered “not on track”. The reason for this sober progno- sis has to do with both the type of mines used and the relatively inefficient detection technology employed so far.

nlike purely military conflicts, U in which industrially manu- factured mines are used, Colom- bia’s landmines are improvised from everyday objects. These Im- provised Explosive Devices or IEDs vary so much in their construction and ignition mechanisms that es- tablished detection methods work very poorly or are not effective at all. In addition, the terrain in Co- n what could be a new start for between the government in Bo- ies. Millions of people were also lombia’s interior is sometimes ex- I Colombia, last year the bloody gotá and guerilla group FARC. driven from their homes. Presi- tremely difficult to traverse, pre- civil war which raged intermit- Prior to this, over 220,000 people dent Juan Manuel Santos, who venting the use of conventional, tently for five decades was finally were killed in conflicts between has led the country since 2010, large-scale clearing technologies. brought to an end. A long hoped- state security forces, left-wing re- was a standard-bearer of the Mine clearance remains a time-

for peace agreement was signed bels and right-wing paramilitar- peace process. For this, he was consuming manual job. Illustrations: Baer 14 Engineering Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 15

band and rapid-scanning multi- that international research coop- channel radar technology with erations like the landmine detec- high-resolution radar imaging al- tion project can contribute to this gorithms which create an image of peace process. President Santos is concealed objects just below the not the only one who hopes that ground. the peace process will bring eco- nomic growth and stability to the irst the researchers developed Latin American country. With its F basic hardware components to wealth of resources, Colombia has allow test scans to be carried out enormous potential – but this can at the universities in Colombia. only be achieved with effective The M-sequence wideband ra- peace and a day-to-day existence dar device developed in Ilmenau free of landmines. achieves a scan repetition rate of Illustration: Baer over 1000 measurements per sec- ond. Any of the eight available Special hardware components were also used during test scans in Colombia. Here, transmit and receive channels can a component of the radar device developed at TU Ilmenau can be seen. be selected, allowing a wide range of test scenarios and antenna ar- rithms to rapidly analyse the col- dummy mines are needed. The rangements to be used. Combined lected data and allow the speedy electromagnetic characteristics with a special wideband antenna classification of buried objects. of all the components, for ex- During a scanning campaign in Colombia, German researchers test the equipment developed in Bochum, with a They are using algorithms that al- ample the explosive used, must currently in use by the Colombian military. Below: Simulation of the electromag- low self-reflection which makes low for the propagation effects of be reproduced exactly. Using the netic response of an explosive buried in the ground. The wave fronts emitted by it ideal for ground radar applica- the transmitted electromagnetic measurement data collected by the radar system are visible. tions, additional parameters can waves at the ground surface and their colleagues in South America be added. other ground information. To cre- and the Colombian military, the The test equipment was handed ate accurate ground radar images, German researchers were able to over to the Colombian team in the position of the radar antenna synthesise safe phantom materi- October 2015, when it was put must be determined with extreme als. These substances have the to joint use as part of an initial precision. When scanning is tak- same electrical properties as the Dr.-Ing. Christoph Baer is an academic councillor at the Institute measuring campaign. During this ing place in the open, the scan- explosive used in Colombia. A of Electronic Circuits at Ruhr-Universität campaign the German research- ning platform needs an inertial variety of mine designs and en- Bochum. ers were also able to form an navigation capability that is not vironments were also recreated Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Musch accurate picture of the current only highly accurate, but most in electromagnetic simulators to holds the chair of the Institute of Electronic research and teaching at the part- importantly non-environment- better understand the near-sur- Circuits at Ruhr-Universität Bochum. ner universities. During a visit dependent. So the researchers de- face interaction of the IEDs with Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ilona Rolfes to Tolemaida Air Base, the team cided to combine sensor systems. the electromagnetic waves. holds the chair of the Institute of Micro- wave Systems at Ruhr-Universität Bochum. were also given a demonstration Acceleration sensors, video cam- Peace has been talked about of the standard mine detectors eras and high-precision millimetre for a long time in Colombia. After Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Sachs is a postdoctoral researcher at TU Ilmenau. currently in use and the training wave radar devices are some of the decades of bloody civil war and of mine clearance personnel. To technologies used. the country’s discrediting in the Contact: Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Elektronische Schaltungstech- gain an impression of the diffi- international community, agree- nik, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 cult and hazardous work of the he development of improved ment between the fighting groups Bochum, Germany. demining teams, the researchers T detection and classification seemed almost inconceivable. www.est.rub.de visited a test minefield. These im- algorithms is generally regarded Now, even though the country and Report on the MEDICI project ages will stay in their minds for as the most difficult aspect of some of its representatives are cur- in the RUB research magazine: a long time. landmine detection. To investi- rently dealing with a corruption http://news.rub.de/wissen­ schaft/2016-03-18-bodenradar- The team is currently working gate the radar response of land- scandal, the goal of peace seems to landminen-mit-neuer-technik- Illustrations: Baer on optimised radar imaging algo- mines in the Colombian soil, be within reach. It is to be hoped aufspueren 16 german research 1 / 2018 Life Sciences german research 1 / 2018 17

Martin Sommer and Annika Primaßin Poorly Wired

What happens in your head when the words get stuck? Stuttering can be associated with a high level of psychological strain. New studies, based on modern neurophysiolog- ical and MRI examinations, are helping researchers to understand the causes of this dis- order in the brain, predict its progress more accurately, and improve stuttering therapy.

early everyone can think of a ability of remission of stuttering ing presence of prolongations and N situation when they have re- during childhood: a family history blocks, and below-average devel- acted with surprise, helplessness of stuttering, being male, and the opment of phonological abilities. or discomfiture to someone get- onset of stuttering after the age of Unfortunately, there are currently ting stuck with their words. Stut- 3½. The following factors have also no other predictors that allow the tering is a disruption of the flow been observed: no reduction in the reliable description of a risk popu- of speech which has been known frequency and severity of symp- lation for persistent stuttering. since ancient times and leads to toms a year following onset, longer After puberty, the spontaneous serious communicative impair- core symptoms with the continu- remission rate for stuttering is very ments. Around 5 percent of all children start to stutter between Left: Stuttering often begins in childhood but also affects adults. Below: Scene from the ages of two and six, without the Oscar-winning film “The King’s Speech”, with Colin Firth as the stuttering King any recognisable reason. They ex- George VI and Helena Bonham Carter as his wife Elizabeth. hibit “disfluencies” typical of stut- tering, which are clearly different from the normal disfluencies of language development: repeti- tion of sounds and syllables (e.g. b-b-b-baby), repetition of mono- syllabic words (often with effort and un-rhythmically), prolonga- tion of sounds (ssssssssometimes) and blocks before or within a word (------monkey). These “typical disfluencies” are often associated with increased strain and effort while speaking and are perceived by listeners as disrupting or conspicuous. In around 75 percent of affected chil- dren stuttering disappears sponta- neously, with the result that after puberty only about 1 percent of the total population still experi- ences stuttering. There are known

prognostic factors for a lower prob- Illustration: Wiki Commons / www.lancashire.gov.uk Illustration: fotolia / lassedesignen 18 Life Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 19

shown that in people who stut- ter, the white matter of the brain is poorly wired in the frontal left hemisphere of the brain. This sug- gests that their speech motor con- trol is less resistant to disruption in the high temporal resolution and complexity required for the speech process. Methods involving higher temporal resolution (for exam- ple using transcranial magnetic stimulation) allow examination of the motor cortex controlling the tongue during the speech preparation phase. They revealed that adults who stutter exhibit a disrupted modulation of the left- hand speech motor cortex, which correlated negatively with speech fluency. Indeed, clinical observa- tion shows that stuttering varies in intensity depending on the situation, being more severe in emotionally stressful situations.

Illustration: AG Sommer Stuttering is also not equally dis- tributed across the articulation of New medical imaging techniques have revealed that in people who stutter, the white matter in the left hemisphere of the all words, but tends to occur at Stuttering therapy for children involves games and on-screen feedback. brain is poorly “wired”. the beginning of words and in the words that carry the meaning in low. Stuttering therapies in which stigmatising (as for example in who stutter need a little more a sentence. Imaging studies have patients learn speech techniques the film “A Fish Called Wanda”). time to speak and communicate, also revealed a speech-related to make speech more fluent often Now there are films like “The they are just as intelligent as flu- overactivation in the right hemi- have good, though short-term suc- King’s Speech”, which deal with ent speakers. They also exhibit no sphere of the brain, which may be cess. In the long term there is a the real challenges and difficulties differences in personality traits compensatory. high rate of relapse which often experienced by people who stut- compared with the average indi- The idea of faulty regulation increases the psychological strain ter. However, there are still plenty vidual. Having been ignored for a in the left hemisphere corre- caused by difficulties with speech of negative stereotypes and dis- long time, stuttering is now seen lates with the observation that and communication. This can have paraging prejudices in our society: as an interesting and challenging people who stutter rarely expe- a profound impact on quality of people often associate stuttering field of research with a high level rience problems when singing life and opportunities for personal with lower intelligence, anxiety, of social importance. – an activity involving mostly and career development. In adult- nervousness or social reclusive- right-hemisphere speech mo- hood there are also few predictors ness. Yet these are unjustified he scientific analysis of the tor circuits. With this model, it for long-term response to stutter- assumptions. People who stutter T causes of stuttering has pro- makes sense that speech is prone ing therapy. are raising awareness and taking a gressed enormously in the last 20 to interruptions while singing is The public perception of stut- proactive approach to the problem years through the refinement of unimpeded. tering is changing. In the past, the to try and build a more realistic imaging techniques and electro- There is still much to be un- media portrayal of people with a picture. Experience and research physiological methods in neurol- derstood about the causative, stutter tended to be negative and both prove that, although people ogy. For example, studies have triggering and sustaining factors Illustrations: AG Sommer 20 Life Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 21

of stuttering. To investi- in the brain in stutter- short- and long-term therapy gate the neurological ing adolescents and success. With this in mind, the origins of the disor- adults who took part project incorporates interdisci- der, the Göttingen in intensive ther- plinary collaboration with imag- working group apy. One of the ing specialists on the one hand was set up with methods used was and speech-language patholo- the aim of study- the Kassel stut- gists and phoniatrics experts on Part 4 Part

ing stuttering in tering therapy, the other. Within this interdis- children, adoles- a standardised ciplinary team, we also contrib- cents and adults therapy based on uted to the completion of the as part of long-term “fluency shaping” first S3 guideline on the treat- studies. carried out in sev- ment of stuttering (www.awmf. One recent study fo- eral places in Germany org/leitlinien/detail/ll/049-013. cusses on girls and boys with adolescents and html). This is designed to support aged six to eight with adults experiencing the ongoing scientific evaluation a clinical follow- stuttering difficul- of stuttering diagnosis and ther- up observation ties. Participants in apy in everyday clinical practice phase of about the “4x5” therapy in Germany – and to place it on one year. The were also inte- an improved, evidence-based key question grated in the foundation. is whether study. Par- an in-depth ticipants neuro- in both logical, therapy paedi­ types atric, undergo neuropsy- Graphic: fotolia / Giraphics detailed MRI chological and Still relatively unknown in Germany, but scans be-

imaging inves- symbolically significant – the sea-green fore starting Illustration: dpa / Britta Pedersen tigation makes stuttering awareness ribbon. therapy and it possible to ten to twelve identify better predictors for the months later (at the end of the Thoughtful, focused, perhaps a lit- we now turn our attention to young later progress of stuttering. therapy). The aim is to under- tle mischievous? The expression of second-generation migrants in four stand the longer-term response hat factors suggest that the to stuttering therapy and detect this boy, who has a migration back- European countries. A comparative W problem will later become structural brain changes resulting ground, speaks volumes – and gives study being carried out by sociolo- chronic and what makes remis- from the therapy. At the moment, sion likely? So far it has proved the final scans following comple- Prof. Dr. med. Martin Sommer us an opportunity to round off our gists in Mannheim and elsewhere is a consultant at the Göttingen Clinic for very difficult to recruit partici- tion of therapy are currently be- Clinical Neurophysiology. year-long series exploring research not only provides relevant data, but pants, so parents of stuttering ing carried out. Annika Primaßin, M.Sc. / Refugees and Migration into migration and refugees with a also reveals a great deal about the

children are invited to find out The new imaging and neuro- a speech-language pathologist, more about taking part in the physiological techniques devel- is a research assistant and doc- look into the future. Following on stringent demands of a major em- toral researcher. study (details are available on oped over the last two decades from thought patterns in modern pirical research project and sets re- the group’s website at www.neu- have contributed to a better Contact: Universitätsklinikum – rologie.uni-goettingen.de/studie- understanding of the possible Klinik für Klinische Neurophysi- populism, the human history of mi- alistic standards for the evaluation ologie, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, bildgebung-bei-stotternden- causes and treatability of a dis- 37075 Göttingen, Germany. gration and language acquisition as of much-discussed social dynamics kindern.html). order which for a long time was www.neurologie.uni-goettingen. Another long-term study is in- very poorly understood. This in de/stottern-132.html an incentive or barrier to migration, in European immigration countries. vestigating neuroplastic changes turn may lead to predictors for www.bvss.de Series: 22 Series:Kapitelobertitel Migration and Refugees – Perspectives from Research / Partgerman 4 research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 23

Work in progress: visually arresting “simul- taneous minutes” being taken at a confer- Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey ence of Leading Universities on Migration. in Four European­ Countries (CILS4EU) CILS4EU is a long-term empirical research and data infra- structure project for the collection, compilation and anal- Without NORFACE, we couldn’t ysis of comprehensive data on the lives and attitudes of have implemented a project of this teenagers and young adults with and without a migration background. The pro- scope. Using a longitudinal ap- ject was launched in 2010 as part of the NORFACE Research Programme on proach, we are analysing complex Migration (funded 2009 – 2013), with representative samples of 14-year-olds in data on children of migrants in four Germany, England, the Netherlands and Sweden. The project employs a compara- European countries – Germany, the tive approach. As a primary survey, it is the first fully standardised longitudinal Netherlands, England and Sweden. study on this topic in Europe, using multilevel and longitudinal data with a large sample size (see table on page 24). The German part of the study (CILS4EUDE)­ has Did you have a template or model continued to be funded within the DFG’s long-term programme since 2014. The on which to base your project? intention is to follow up on the interviewees until early adulthood Yes, in the USA there was a (around age 25) and continue the project until 2024. long-term study called the Children www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/en/projects/children-of-immigrants- Elisa Berdica

/ of Immigrants Longitudinal Study. longitudinal-survey-in-four-european-countries-cils4eu This was very influential in migra- tion and integration research. Prof. Dr. Frank Kalter has been Professor of General Sociology at the University of Mannheim since 2009. Be- You examine four European coun- tween 2014 and 2017, he was director of the Mannheim

Illustration: U Mannheim tries, with a focus on central and north- Centre for European Social Research (MZES), one of the ern Europe. Isn’t that a rather narrow largest university-based institutions for social science re- focus? search in Germany.

When you’re designing a piece Born in 1964, Kalter studied mathematics and social sci- Illustration: MZES / N. Hollermeier The Litmus Test of Integration of research, you always have to ences in Cologne. He earned his doctorate in 1996 in Mannheim, where he also limit yourself to what’s feasible. habilitated in 2002. After periods of research abroad, he returned to Germany and Germany, England, Sweden and the Netherlands: what is life like for second-generation First of all, we could only study was professor of sociology at the University of Leipzig until 2009, when he ac- migrants in the Europe of today? What can we say about their lives and attitudes? An countries that belonged to the NOR- cepted a professorship in Mannheim. Sociology of migration and integration re- FACE consortium. That was more interview with Mannheim-based sociologist Frank Kalter, who is leading the German part search are among his key research interests. As an empirical and well-networked of an organisational restriction. integration researcher, he is interested in fundamental questions – and not quick of a major long-term European project. The other was that we needed to (or over-hasty) answers. This is often a lengthy, even laborious process, which is identify countries with a sufficiently reflected in the quality of the data underpinning his research, but can hamper the german research: Research on in- to integration processes. In terms In 2008, a transnational pro- large and diverse second-generation public and media perception of the research findings. tegration, employment and education of methods, MZES represents the gramme called the NORFACE Re- migrant population. This inevitably Following in the footsteps of Mannheim sociologist Prof. Dr. Hartmut Esser, Kalter has been carried out at the Mannheim empirical-analytical paradigm in in- search Programme on Migration took us to more traditional immi- is regarded as a representative of “explanatory sociology”. This branch of sociol- Centre for European Social Research tegration research. In other words, was launched, and this provided gration countries. We also needed ogy relies on critical rationalism and seeks to analyse systems and structures in (MZES) for over 25 years. What is the we study integration processes on the starting point for conducting to make our comparisons as strate- order to understand social dynamics. focus of your integration research? the basis of extensive high-quality comparative projects across Europe. gic as possible within the available However, in this interview with german research, Kalter stressed that “a great Kalter: At MZES, we’re primar- data in a standardised quantitative We’ve been working on education financial framework. For example, deal of research on integration processes has become common knowledge”. He ily concerned with the structural approach, mostly in collaboration and employment integration issues Germany and the Netherlands have comments: “Ten or fifteen years ago, when we reported that the data showed aspects of integration. This doesn’t with international colleagues and using national data records for a what is known as a “stratified” edu- language and education were the key to integration, this was by no means obvi- just relate to the economic environ- with a longer-term perspective. long time, so we had plenty of expe- cation system where decisions about ous or generally accepted. Some people regarded us as a bit odd. Now the con- ment, but has sound empirical and rience in this area. Building on that, a child’s education are made early nection has entered into people’s general awareness. But we still need continual theoretical underpinnings. Struc- Can you tell us about the context of the key question we asked ourselves on, whereas England and Sweden empirical evidence.” RU tural variables, such as occupational the “Children of Immigrants” project (see was what the situation is like for operate comprehensive systems. http://lssw.sowi.uni-mannheim.de/ionas/sowi/lssw/english/People/Prof.%20Dr.%20 status, household income and above box, right) which you are leading with second-generation migrants in Eu- As another example, Sweden and Frank%20Kalter all education, are generally the key your colleague Prof. Dr. Irena Kogan? rope, taking a broad perspective. the Netherlands are generally con- 24 KapitelobertitelSeries: Migration and Refugees – Perspectives from Research / Part 4 german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 25

sidered to be widely multicultural they can be explained. Why does performed an in-depth evaluation gitudinal study makes it easier to in their policies, whereas Germany group X in country Y fare better in of phase one of the project. What identify causalities because you can German Centre for Integration and and England are not. the structural dimension than in is astonishing is how similar inte- see, for instance, whether social con- Migration Research (DeZIM) the cultural dimension? That’s the gration processes are for different tacts with the majority population DeZIM was founded in summer 2017 on the Can you briefly sum up your moti- kind of question that interests us, groups in the various countries. already existed prior to success at initiative of the Federal Ministry for Family Af- vation for doing the study? especially the interactions between That came as quite a surprise. school or rather were a result of it. fairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. At the When we talk about integra- different dimensions. There would appear to be many formal occasion marking the decision to establish DeZIM on 28 June 2017, Dr. tion, we’re talking about a slow, very general processes happen- Although the research isn’t com- Katarina Barley (SPD), Federal Minister for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Wom- gradual process. The evidence from Why does the project use school- ing in the background, as it were: plete yet, what practical lessons can we en and Youth, announced the intention to establish an institute in Berlin and a many studies shows that it occurs based samples and collect data from mechanisms of social inequality, or draw from the study? nationwide network of research institutions – regarded as the two pillars of over generations. Seen in this way, classes, pupils, teachers and parents? the transmission of attitudes within Perhaps the main thing is that DeZIM. the life situation of the second gen- We’re using a very complex de- families. These play an enormous you need realistic measurements Barley set out a clear vision: “The German Centre for Integration and Migration eration is something of a litmus test sign. In 2010, we interviewed a rep- role in determining whether inte- for successful or failed integration, Research will occupy a unique position in the German research landscape. We that provides a good indication as resentative sample of 14-year-old gration occurs relatively rapidly or taking the background processes I will build a long-term research infrastructure, which is needed to fill a gap in to whether integration will be suc- boys and girls and then followed not. Perhaps the role of policy is mentioned into account. There are existing research and actively contribute to integration. We must counter mis- cessful or not. them up over a period of time. So somewhat overestimated overall. some ideas that have little or noth- information and speculation with facts.” many crucial developments occur ing to do with reality. For example, Kalter, who is collaborating on the development of DeZIM on behalf of MZES, What different dimensions of inte- between the ages of 14 and 16 – Is the empirical approach a silent is it reasonable to expect the same commenting from the perspective of a basic researcher in this field, noted when gration do you define in your empirical these are formative years that also muse? proportion of children of migrants speaking to german research: “Migration research in Germany is geographi- work? include transitions at school, for To some extent, certainly. For to sit the Abitur as children of Ger- cally distributed, with different strengths and weaknesses in different areas. In We, as well as other researchers, example from 10th to 11th grade example, there is quite a lot of good man parents? Or is it more real- Mannheim, we mostly carry out basic research with a long-term, empirical-ana- proceed on the basis of a structural, in Germany. We’re especially in- data available on the structural in- istic to compare them to German lytical approach, usually as part of an international network. Other institutes a social, a cultural and a cognitive- terested in the relative influence tegration of adults, but much less children from similar social back- focus more on policy- and practice-based migration and integration research, emotional dimension. Obviously, of fellow pupils, the general school is known about social and cultural grounds? Part of the reason why with a different methodological emphasis. Recent trends in society are just one each of these comprises more de- context and parents. integration and the factors affect- programmes aimed at migrants and reason why it’s time for researchers to emerge from their comfort zone to push tailed aspects. We are currently ing it, especially among teenagers. their children are not always suc- forward dialogue and cooperation.” RU

investigating how these different Can you draw any provisional main Our project is designed to fill this cessful could be that the true rea- www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/aktuelles/alle-meldungen/auftakt-fuer-deutsches-zentrum-fuer- aspects, such as religiosity, mani- conclusions? gap in our knowledge. Through the sons for inequality lie elsewhere. integrations--und-migrationsforschung-/117074 fest in individual migrant groups In collaboration with our Eu- project we’re beginning to see that Above all, we must remember that in different countries and how ropean partners, we have now the long-term success of integra- many processes take time, some- tion is much more dependent on times multiple generations, and to other migration and integration In some regards cultural and social The Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries uses social background and accompany- “integration” cannot be achieved researchers – for example on topics integration are lagging behind some school-based, representative samples. ing cultural processes. Describing by waving a magic wand. Seen like religiosity or xenophobia. people’s expectations. For some these processes is one task, iden- from this perspective, successes migrant groups, even in the second Sample size (response rates as %) in individual countries tifying and demonstrating the ex- that have already been achieved What kind of outlook does your re- generation, certain basic attitudes England Germany Netherlands Sweden Total planatory mechanisms is another. are more visible. search give us? and orientations still vary signifi-

Schools* 107 (14.7/37.4) 144 (52.7/90.4) 100 (34.9/68.8) 129 (76.8/–) 480 Our results show that many as- cantly from the majority, and in some The project team in Mannheim and The primary data you collected is pects of integration are proceeding cases social networks tend to be very Classes 214 (100.0) 271 (99.6) 222 (94.5) 251 (98.8) 958 your colleagues in Oxford, Stockholm, being added to the GESIS research da- well. This is certainly underesti- closed, ethnically speaking. One im- Pupils 4 315 (80.5) 5 013 (80.9) 4 363 (91.1) 5 025 (86.1) 18 716 Tilburg and Utrecht are particularly tabase, which has an open access com- mated, partly because of the nega- portant and largely unresolved ques- of which: with 2 045 2 577 1 481 2 454 8 557 migration background interested in the interactions between mitment. Who has been using the data tive examples and bad news that tion is to what extent such cultural integration processes. This raises the so far? tend to dominate in the public eye and social differences constitute ab- Parents 1 588 (36.8) 3 909 (78.0) 3 248 (74.4) 2 955 (58.8) 11 700 question of cause and effect. How do you The data has quite a lot of users and in the media. Compared with sorbable “horizontal” differentiations, of which: with 594 1 895 827 1 217 4 533 migration background approach the chicken-and-egg problem from various disciplines. We also what we might have expected, the or whether they have longer-term Teachers 182 (85.0) 248 (91.5) 190 (85.6) 216 (86.1) 836 in empirical integration research? regard our project as a major in- findings are by no means a cause “vertical” consequences, whether of which: with The basic strategy is obviously frastructure project, so we are also for pessimism, especially in struc- they are relevant to social cohesion 43 19 31 38 131 migration background the longitudinal design. We’re ob- gathering data on variables that tural terms. But there are also at a macro level or not. *Response rates before first replacement / after second replacement. For more information, please refer to the serving processes that occur over lie outside our immediate area of things that should be examined Technical Report (see CILS4EU 2014a). time, not taking snapshots. A lon- research that could be of interest and analysed in more detail. Interview by Dr. Rembert Unterstell 26 KapitelobertitelSeries: Migration and Refugees – Perspectives from Research / Part 4 german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 27

Moving for the Kids? Newly Arrived in Germany Researchers are looking at how educational ambitions, local schools, cultural capital and neighbourhoods create Focus on recent immigrants: data survey and analysis pull or push factors for small-scale mobility. take account of origin-specific integration trajectories and heterogeneity among origin groups. ociologists at the University of neighbourhoods and schools into S Bremen are endeavouring to account when they decide about urrent intra-European and The researchers plan to “study describe and analyse small-scale their residential location”. The team C refugee migration to Ger- recent migrants’ immigration mobility behaviour among families anticipates that: “Context charac- many” is the focus of an em- and settlement processes and with and without a migration herit- teristics such as high poverty rates pirical sociology research project their integration trajectories in age. Since 2016, as part of the pro- and high concentrations of immi- launched in 2017, with a special the field of their cognitive and ject “Moving for the Kids and the grants in the neighbourhood and focus on “immigration processes structural integration, ethnic Consequences of Residential Seg- the school are perceived as ‘push’ and early integration trajecto- and national identities, and ac- regation”, they have been studying factors. In addition, we assume that ries”. Led by sociologists Prof. Dr. culturation and religiosity” with how the perceived quality of schools families with a migration heritage Claudia Diehl, Konstanz, Prof. the aid of a standardised survey and neighbourhoods contributes to orientate their decision also towards Dr. Matthias Koenig, Göttingen, among recently arrived Poles, Christine Wulf families’ decisions to relocate. Using the opportunity to preserve their / and Prof. Dr. Cornelia Kristen, Turks, Romanians, Italians, Syr- standardised regional data, the team cultural capital, which could pos- Bamberg, the research team will ians and Iraqis in Germany. They led by Prof. Dr. Johannes Huinink sibly countervail the effect of edu- collect two waves of panel data are using a research design that and Prof. Dr. Michael Windzio aims cational motives.” “among different groups of recent enables them to “analyse po-

to test its hypothesis “that young Graphic: Adobe Stock immigrants in order to adequately tential group specific patterns The project in the DFG database GEPRIS: middle-class couples and fami- gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/ describe recent inflows, to answer while taking into account origin lies take context characteristics of 318053447?language=en unsettled questions in immigra- groups’ internal diversity”. tion and integration research and Transnational Mo bility in Europe The project in the DFG database GEPRIS: to provide relevant information gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/ Comparing more than life situations: an empirical research project is for decision makers in the field”. 326921298?language=en High Ambitions, Low(er) Grades comparing mobility patterns in the European Union in connection with Examining ethnic educational inequality: understanding objective and subjective perceptions of social positions. Empirical sociologists often rely on questionnaires. Here is an example of a question- naire from the German part of the CILS4EU project. mechanisms with data from NEPS. ransnational mobility is of- tional social space of the EU”. The lthough immigrant families tional transitions”. The project is part T ten perceived as a key factor research team makes a distinction A often have high educational of the Priority Programme “Educa- in improving individual opportu- between objective and subjective aspirations, migrants and their de- tion as a Lifelong Process”. The team nities, both within the European socioeconomic status. “All these scendants tend to have lower educa- led by sociologist Prof. Dr. Cornelia Union and beyond. However, it is issues will be explored by means tional achievements than their coun- Kristen is describing and analysing also known that not all migrants of a sequential, mixed-methods re- terparts in the majority population. social-structural relationships us- and migrant groups benefit equally search design. Data from the IAB- Sociologists refer to this discrepancy ing data from the German National from the opportunities afforded by SOEP Migration Sample, which as the aspiration-achievement para- Educational Panel Study (NEPS). mobility. Sociological research has consists of migrants in Germany, dox. A project at the University of The large samples used in the NEPS revealed an array of differences and will be analysed to determine Bamberg, which has received DFG will allow them “to draw compari- possible explanations relating to typical mobility trajectories and funding since 2017, is using empiri- sons with the majority population legal status, gender, ethnicity and to study the socioeconomic status cal data to examine the question of but also between different immigrant class. A sociological project led by of mobile people and their level “how high educational aspirations groups and to make distinctions ac- Prof. Dr. Thomas Faist at the Uni- of satisfaction within different life found among immigrant families cording to generation status”. versity of Bielefeld is examining the domains.” shape ethnic inequalities throughout question of “how mobility patterns The project in the DFG database GEPRIS: The project in the DFG database GEPRIS: Illustration: MZES / Nikolaus Hollermeier educational careers, both in terms of gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/ and other heterogeneities influence gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/ educational achievement and educa- 390731161?language=en social positions within the transna- 318291465?language=en 28 Natural Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 29

Sabine Kugler, Steffi Deuerling, Daniel Van Opdenbosch and Cordt Zollfrank Reaching for the Light

In the search for innovative ways of synthesising new materials, researchers are explor- ing a wide array of technologies and approaches – from sugar-producing single-celled organisms to biotemplates and 3D printing. In one novel technique, scientists are ex- ploiting the sensitivity of microorganisms such as red algae and cyanobacteria. Illustration: AG Zollfrank rom kitchens and bathrooms to bind water. Because they are re- Exopolysaccharides produced by F hospitals and food-processing leased (“excreted”) outside the microorganisms are useful for vari- factories, biofilms – as familiar as cell membrane, they are referred ous purposes, for example in the they are hazardous – can form and to as “exopolysaccharides”. As the food industry, where they are used spread quickly. To the human eye, number of individuals in the col- to make substances thick, creamy, Left: an “algae printer” in the centre of a phototaxis lab. Above: A group of microalgae breaks off from a colony in the direction these colonies of single-celled or- ony increases, the film turns red or stable, homogeneous, gel-like or of the light source. The algae prefer to follow the previously formed biofilm. ganisms often look like a gleam- green-blue in colour depending on moist. They give yoghurt, non- ing, film-like slime. A biofilm is the organism. By this time, if not dairy drinks, syrups and sauces the to good use in the energy sector. in prototype manufacturing to a The equipment used is designed made of polysaccharides which before, it’s obvious that cleaning desired consistency. The benefits Sugar-producing algae are culti- universal production routine, used to be compatible with the target the microbes produce in order to is required. of exopolysaccharides are also put vated in reactors with large surfaces in numerous applications. The key materials. Inorganic materials can exposed to the sun. The sugars are areas of research in 3D printing are be manufactured by templating an used as the starting material for the the improvement of surface qual- additively manufactured polymer synthesis of bioethanol, while the ity and the reduction of the size of negative. The cavities of the com- algae themselves can be turned into individual structures. plete printed structure are filled in biodiesel or biogas. and the negative is then removed. In the production of paints, ignificant progress has been A similar procedure has been used cosmetics, oil and pharmaceuti- S achieved in many applica- for natural materials since the late cals, microbial polysaccharides tions in recent years, for example 1960s. are valued for their homogene- in photolithography, which has Manufacturing small three-di- ous long-chain structure as well become a key method in semi- mensional structures from a range as their composition, which can conductor and microsystems en- of materials is the main challenge be genetically influenced to fit gineering for the production of for researchers in biotemplating, requirements, and the associated integrated circuits and other prod- also known as replamineform. properties: solubility in water, bio- ucts. An image is transferred from The principle, at least, is straight- degradability, bioactivity and bio- a photomask to a light-sensitive forward. Natural materials have a compatibility. In future, this list of photoresist by exposing it to light. hierarchical structure, the small- positive attributes might include The exposed areas of the resist are est structural units being no larger benefits such as microstructur- then dissolved, leaving a litho- than 100 nanometres. These, like ing, mould-making or prototype graphic mask which can be further the additively manufactured pol- manufacturing. But we’re getting processed by means of chemical ymers described above, are used ahead of ourselves. and physical methods. Using hard- as the “templates”. In the termi- 3D printing, properly known ened polymers, it was possible to nology of material modelling and as computer-controlled addi- reduce the optical resolution lim- mould-making, this corresponds tive manufacturing, began in the its, and thus produce additively to a “lost form”. The resulting 1980s with the process of hard- manufactured three-dimensional materials are typically ceramics ening plastics. Since then, it has structures with features less than or metals, whose properties are

Illustration: Steffi Deuerling evolved from an important tool 100 nanometres in size. based on the complex structure 30 Natural Sciences german research 1 / 2018 german research 1 / 2018 31

of the template. One example is uid to achieve infiltration of the saccharides. This binds a large carbide ceramics templated from biotemplate. amount of water, making it acces- wood, which can be freely formed sible to dissolved substances – the thanks to the prior processing of esearchers are currently work- ideal biotemplate. the template. R ing to unite these three fields Exopolysaccharides structured Anecdotally, the first artificially – microbial exopolysaccharide by phototaxis make tailor-made produced three-dimensional pho- synthesis, additive material struc- templates. They overcome the tonic crystals – structure-based turing and biotemplating – with limitation to naturally occurring light reflectors with complete band DFG funding through a Reinhart external forms. As an example, it gaps in the visible range – were Koselleck project. The team is ex- is possible to create an end product manufactured with the help of a ploiting a characteristic of many consisting of a network of conduc- biotemplating process. Biological microorganisms that secrete exo­ tive paths by controlling the illumi- reflectors obtained from jewel bee- polysaccharides: their capacity for nation geometry. Microbes meas- tles were then transferred to a ce- phototaxis. A little explanation is ure a matter of micrometres across Illustration: dpa / blickwinkel ramic material using this process. in order. Positive phototaxis re- and thus form thicker biofilms. To Since then, photonic crystals of fers to movement towards a light refine the internal structure of a Light-sensitive red algae (Rhodophyta), photographed in Runde, Norway. this type have also been produced source and negative phototaxis to product, it is therefore necessary with the help of photolithographic movement away from it. to use them as mobile “print heads” this case means rapid, and most allowing light waves to be spa- of human endeavour that stands processes. To maximise photosynthesis, for exopolysaccharides. The strands importantly reproducible, move- tially overlapped while they are to benefit. Another example of materials red algae and cyanobacteria pos- left in the wake of a moving mi- ment with continuous production temporally controlled as with a made with biotemplating are lin- sess a combined light sensor and crobe have a smaller diameter than of polysaccharides. Depending on single spot of light. The potential ear conducting or semiconduct- movement apparatus. When just the microbe itself. the species, microbes have differ- advantage of spatial holographic ing electronic structural elements. one area of the culture medium is The research team is cur- ent preferences as to surrounding illumination is the possibility of These are templated on biological illuminated, the microorganisms rently investigating the ideal way medium, light quality and quan- modulating multiple illuminated structures such as polysaccharide gather in the bright area, where to mobilise individual microbes tity, growth cycles and acclimatisa- areas simultaneously. or protein strands, or even viruses. they surround themselves with a or groups of microbes using dy- tion phases. Technical equipment, Typically, biotemplating uses a liq- mantle of newly formed exopoly­ namic spot illumination. “Ideal” in on the other hand, does not have e are beginning to re-exam- such delicate sensibilities. In the W ine the value and potential Principle of “additive material synthesis”, using the polysaccharides (blue) secreted during phototaxis by algae (green): Light structuring process currently be- uses of microorganisms, especially spots and simultaneous or subsequent secretion of inorganic material (red) from a solution or suspension (left); right: structure ing used, the equipment is already microalgae, for the production of obtained after removal of the algae template. within a cost framework that could fuels and starting materials for well allow the technique to be eco- fine chemicals. Researchers are nomically viable. thus turning their attention to The next step in the refinement a third area, namely the use of of the process is to expand it into microorganisms as structural ele- Sabine Kugler, M.Sc. and three dimensions. While research ments in biotemplating. This will Dipl.-Ing. Steffi Deuerling is currently still limited to the petri allow further advances on the are research assistants at Technische Univer- dish, future work will involve the basis of existing techniques and sität München (TUM). confocal illumination and height methods used in the characterisa- Dr. Daniel Van Opdenbosch adjustment of the medium in the tion of microbes and their polysac- is a research assistant at Technische Univer- sität München (TUM) and leader of the group vertical plane. Spot illumination charide products. In philosophical “Bio-mediated Material Synthesis”. allows the light parameters and terms, the use of single-celled or- Prof. Dr. Cordt Zollfrank geometry to be relatively easily ganisms in an engineering process leads the Department of Biogenic Polymers controlled and enables targeted is a tribute to the enormous com- at Technische Universität München, TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and phototaxis through rastering of plexity and utility of nature, even Sustainability. the beam in the medium. life-forms that are very primitive Contact: Professur für Biogene It is anticipated that holo- when seen from the perspective Polymere, Schulgasse 16, 94315 graphic techniques will signifi- of the whole of Earth’s history. Straubing, Germany. Graphics: AG Zollfrank Foto: Nataliya Koev cantly speed up the process by Material synthesis is just one area www.cs.tum.de/en 32 Impressum german research 1 / 2018

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The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Founda- Research Training Groups are university training programmes established tion) is the central self-governing organisation responsible for promoting for a specific time period to support early career researchers by actively research in Germany. According to its statutes, the DFG serves all branches involving them in research work. This focusses on a coherent, topically of science and the humanities. The DFG supports and coordinates research defined, research and qualification programme. Research­ Training Groups projects in all scientific disciplines, in particular in the areas of basic and are designed to promote the early independence of doctoral research- applied research. Particular attention is paid to promoting early career re- ers and intensify international exchange. They are open to international searchers. Scientists and academics who work at a university or research participants. 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On an international level, the DFG has assumed to provide scientific and technical services. the role of Scientific Representative to international organisations, coordi- Collaborative Research Centres are long-term university research centres in nates and funds the German contribution towards large-scale international which scientists and academics pursue ambitious joint interdisciplinary re- research programmes, and supports international scientific relations. Illustration: NCST Rwanda search undertakings. They are generally established for a period of twelve Another important role of the DFG is to provide policy advice to parlia- years. In addition to the classic Collaborative Research Centres, which are ments and public authorities on scientific issues. A large number of expert concentrated at one location and open to all subject areas, the DFG also of- commissions and committees provide the scientific background for the pass­ Paving the way for scientific excellence in Africa: At the end of March, fers several programme variations. CRC/Transregios allow various locations to ing of new legislation, primarily in the areas of environmental protection the Next Einstein Forum (NEF) took place in the Rwandan capital Kigali. cooperate­ on one topical focus. Humanities Centres for Advanced Studies are de­ and health care. It was an opportunity for decision-makers from academia, politics, in- signed to support the transition in the humanities to an integrated cultural The legal status of the DFG is that of an association under private law. studies paradigm. 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