Project A.B.I.S. Annapolis Biodiversity Index Study

The five year observational study initiated by the Artificial Reef Society of BC (ARSBC), and conducted by citizen scientist divers in order to document and catalogue the gradual recruitment of marine life on artificial reef Annapolis.

Prepared by: Doug Pemberton Director of Biological Monitoring ARSBC

Taxons compiled by Donna Gibbs Research Diver/Taxonomist, Ocean Wise

MAY 2021

INDEX

1 – INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………1 Artificial reefs………………………………………………………………………………1 Howe Sound………………………………………………………………………………..1 2 - BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………..3 Artificial Reef Society of BC………………………………………………………………3 Process of reefing…………………………………………………………………………3-4 History of Halkett Bay……………………………………………………………………..4 Site selection and survey requirements…………………………………………………….4 3 – A.B.I.S. PROJECT……………………………………………………………………………..4 Aims and objectives……………………………………………………………………….4 Diving the Annapolis………………………………………………………………………5 Labelled photos of Annapolis……………………………………………………………..5-6 4 – CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………………….6 Observations of marine life growth………………………………………………………..6 Production vs. Attraction debate…………………………………………………………..7 Graph of marine life accumulation 2015-2021……………………………………………7 Halkett Bay east comparison link…………………………………………………………8 5 – TAXON………………………………………………………………………………………..9 List of 177 species to date………………………………………………………………..9-17 6 – A.B.I.S. Pictures………………………………………………………………………………18-28 7 – APPENDIX 1…………………………………………………………………………………30-33 8 – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………...34 References…………………………………………………………………………………34

1 - INTRODUCTION It is a fact that nearly ninety-five percent of all marine life is found in only five percent of the oceans, that thin sliver bordering the coastlines of landmasses down to a depth of about 300 feet. Unfortunately, over the past several decades this crucial and sensitive environment around the world has come under serious stresses that have, in many areas, resulted in detrimental changes to the marine environment including habitat destruction and the depletion of once common fish stocks. One positive step that has shown encouraging results towards rejuvenating a marine environment is the creation of stable and sustaining habitats in the form of human-made reefs that are able to support marine life in otherwise barren, unproductive or impacted areas where there is a lack of adequate and needed stable marine substrate to support an abundance of sea life. Areas such as solid, prominent reefs that rise above a flat, featureless bottom support a far greater amount and variety of marine life than their flat surroundings. Artificial reefs, when correctly employed, constitute an important tool to enhance environmental complexity (Bohnsack 1991). In recent times, the repurposing of properly prepared ships, planes, and other structures has been used successfully to mitigate the effects of environmental abuse and neglect. Several studies have identified that reef size significantly influences the biomass and the total numbers of species and individuals (Campos and Gamboa, 1989; Bohnsack et al 1994; Bombace et al 1994) with the efficiency of artificial reefs as attractors being far greater when formed into structures rather than disaggregated pieces (Moffitt et al, 1989). The size of an artificial reef can vary from a few metres2 (Ocean Wise rockfish project, Porteau Cove 2019) to tens of thousands of metres2. The idea of artificial reefs is not new. They have been used by civilizations around the world for hundreds of years. They have been used as both marine life aggregators in impacted areas as well as fishing inhibitors by being used as anti-trawling devices (Relini et al, 1999 and Wong, 1991). However the idea to deploy completely decontaminated, obsolete ships as marine habitats, research platforms, educational opportunities and recreational destinations is relatively new to human history. The convoluted coastline of British Columbia stretches over 25,000 kilometres and marine life variety and concentrations can vary greatly due to a combination of natural factors such as surrounding geography, tidal exchanges and current flow patterns, exposure to open ocean, fresh water input from rivers streams and seasonal runoff. Anthropogenic factors such as population density and commercial and industrial development also contribute a major impact. You cannot, for example compare the quantity and diversity of marine life around Vancouver with that of the remote northern coast of BC or the west coast of Vancouver Island. Just north of Vancouver, a scenic coastal fjord, Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound cuts 43 kms north into the Coast mountain range. Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound is situated within the unceded territory of the Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw/Squamish Nation and with its steeply sloped mountains, rugged coastline and scattered islands it is a visually stunning area and has become a favoured destination for recreational activities as well as residential development, with over 70,000 people presently residing in communities along the shores of Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound or on islands within the sound. The geography of Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound plays a large part in its ecology. One of the main natural influences on the sound is the Squamish River which flows down from the coastal range of mountains and discharges a large amount of fresh

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water at the north end of Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound. Dozens of creeks and drainages also carry a great deal of seasonal snowmelt runoff from the surrounding mountains into the sound. These factors significantly decrease salinity and increase sediment levels within the sound. Due to its close proximity to Vancouver and easy access by road, rail and water, Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound has also seen a great deal of commercial and industrial activity over the past century. Logging and log boom storage, two pulp mills, a copper mine, a chemical plant and commercial fishing, have all had an influence on the environmental health of Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound and left their detrimental legacy of pollution, habitat degradation and fish stock depletion. Much of the heavy industry has ceased in recent decades but much damage was done. In the case of some fish species, such as Landsat 8 satellite view of Howe Sound lingcod and rockfish, their numbers have been reduced by over 90% and some species of rockfish such as black rockfish Sebastes melanops1and Bocaccio rockfish Sebastes paucispinis have been virtually eliminated from the sound. The problems faced by marine life in Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound, and the rest of the planet for that matter, are now compounded by the more recent affects of global climate change and ocean warming. Today, government led initiatives, work by research institutions and actions by concerned citizen scientist community groups, and First Nations are showing hopeful results in rejuvenating Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound and re- establishing impacted habitat, but it is a very slow process. A century of neglect and impact cannot be solved quickly. Tidal exchanges in Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound result in an average rise or fall of about 4 metres with current speeds rarely exceeding two knots. The large, intricate surfaces of a reef area, whether natural or man-made, interacts with tidal currents, interrupting, dispersing and redirecting them and delivering nutrients necessary for existing life and also transporting myriad planktonic or juvenile forms of marine life preparing to settle in a more permanent habitat. There is an abundance of seed material floating in the air (just ask any hay fever sufferer!) and planktonic material carried by currents in the ocean just looking for suitable habitat, and nature hates a vacuum so if an empty space is created, whether it is deep in the forest or deep in the ocean, nature will do its best to fill it. Unfortunately, there is probably more seed material than there is suitable habitat and not everything grows everywhere but the placement of a large artificial reef structure provides added opportunity for suitable habitat. Like and plants on land, marine plants and animals have specific needs and tolerances as to depth, current interaction and places to hide from prey and predators, and things will not thrive where the conditions are not conducive to their specific needs for survival. It has been suggested in order for artificial reefs to increase production, they need to provide habitat that can improve larval settlement, growth and survival. The high vertical relief of vessel-reefs may increase settlement of juveniles by extending habitat into areas higher in the water column, possibly attracting larval marine life closer to surface waters (Polovina,

1 Restocking efforts of Black rockfish in Howe Sound are showing gradual but promising results.

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1991, Rilov & Beneyahu, 2002). With the wide variety of habitats offered by a large, intricate and convoluted structure such as a ship with its myriad nooks and crannies at a variety of depths, the chances are good that there is a niche for most species.

2 – BACKGROUND The Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia (ARSBC) is a Vancouver based, volunteer driven, non-profit, registered charity formed in 1989. The society’s goal is to create, place and establish environmentally and economically sustainable human made reefs for the protection and enhancement of affected sensitive marine habitats while also providing unique opportunities for qualified SCUBA divers. Over the past 30 years the ARSBC has successfully placed nine artificial reefs in areas along the southern coast of British Columbia and southeast coast of Vancouver Island. These projects include one coastal freighter, five decommissioned Canadian navy destroyer escorts, one WWII Victory ship, a Boeing 737 and one concrete cargo barge. The last of the Canadian navy destroyer escort projects was the former HMCS Annapolis, built in 1965, decommissioned in 1994 and eventually acquired by the ARSBC. After diligent effort by over 1,000 volunteers and support from many industrial suppliers, HMCS Annapolis was sunk by the ARSBC on April 4th, 2015. The Annapolis was sunk on a relatively flat, featureless bottom and provides significant horizontal and vertical physical relief with an overall length of 113 metres, maximum beam of 13 metres and an overall vertical profile of 21 metres. When in service the Annapolis also carried a CH- 124 Sea King helicopter however this did not go down with the ship. The Annapolis was sunk in 32 metres of water which is a low tide measurement as Transport Canada has a minimum low tide clearance requirement between the ship and water surface of 10 metres. Before any ship, plane or structure is sunk as an artificial reef, there is a great deal of work that must be completed. The Annapolis was cleaned to very exacting standards as set out by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) and had to satisfy any legal and regulatory requirements as set out by, federal, provincial and municipal government agencies, First Nations and local stakeholders before sink permits are issued.

Aerial photo on sink day (Globe and Mail)

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Site selection is also a crucial part of any project. Extensive and detailed bottom topographical surveys; biological surveys and bottom sampling of the proposed sink site must be completed. In Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound, finding the right spot was a challenge, as in many areas the underwater topography is much like the surrounding steep sided mountains. Over a dozen areas were scrutinized and surveyed and most areas were too small, too steep, too uneven, too shallow or too deep. Areas that already support populations of marine life are also avoided. The area finally chosen for the sinking of HMCS Annapolis was the west side of Ch’á7elsm/Halkett Bay on Chá7elkwnech/Gambier Island. Halkett Bay was designated as a ‘class A’ Provincial Marine Park in 1988. For several decades Ch’á7elsm/Halkett Bay, and nearly every other bay and cove in Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound, had been used for log boom storage and our biological surveys showed an ocean bottom that was practically devoid of life, smothered with silt and log debris. The small amount of bottom dwelling invertebrate life seen, (anemones, tunicates etc.) was attached to objects that protruded above the bottom sediment such as rocks, a tire, and bottles. An environmental report generated by a survey conducted by the province of British Columbia Ministry of Parks in 1975 entitled Halkett Bay Provincial Park Master Plan confirmed this observation; “There has been a history of industrial and recreational development in Howe Sound. The protected anchorages in the bays of Gambier Island have been long used as storage areas for log booms being transported down the cost to mills in the Lower Mainland. Gambier Island itself has been logged at various times.”“ As well the bark and other litter from the booms accumulate beneath the boom storage area and degrade the quality of the marine environment below. This has a detrimental effect on the quality of diving in the area, as it reduces both the quantity and variety of marine flora and fauna available for viewing” The Annapolis was also prepared for diver safety and made as safe as training, experience and common sense would allow. The ship was cleared of any obvious obstructions, many interior walls were removed, allowing for easier access within parts of the ship, doorways and hatches were either removed or welded open and the ship was extensively ‘Swiss-cheesed’ by cutting nearly four dozen access holes in the hull and superstructure, allowing safer access and egress to and from most parts of the ship.

3 - A.B.I.S. PROJECT Of the hundreds of purposely placed human made reefs and the thousands of ships that have sunk throughout history as a result of war, weather or misfortune, very few have been studied in any detail. It has always been a goal of the ARSBC to conduct an observational study of the gradual recruitment of marine life on our various man-made reefs however, given the distance to the various projects from Vancouver and the complex logistics of the long distance organization of qualified and dedicated people on a regular basis, and funding such an endeavour became prohibitive. With the Annapolis being close to Vancouver and given a large pool of qualified and interested divers and scientists, our task became a little easier. Shortly after the Annapolis was sunk, the ARSBC launched the Annapolis Biodiversity Index Study (A.B.I.S.) in hopes to provide a measure of quantitative data on the recruitment of marine life on artificial reefs. Initially, recreational divers who were planning to dive the Annapolis were asked to voluntarily send in any photo and video submissions to Donna Gibbs, taxonomist and research diver at Ocean Wise, who was willing to compile a taxon of marine species inhabiting the Annapolis. Results were encouraging and within six months we had recorded the presence of some 60 species, but submissions were sporadic and inconsistent.

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In the spring of 2016 the ARSBC applied for and received a BC Parks Enhancement Fund (PEF) grant that allowed us to assemble a dedicated team of citizen scientist divers, underwater photographers and videographers tasked with visiting the Annapolis on a regular basis. The grant was accessed for each of the five subsequent years of the A.B.I.S. project and covered the period from August to the end of March of each year. The number of divers on any given dive varied between four and six depending on boat availability, and weather conditions sometimes cancelled our accessibility to Annapolis as Átl’ka7tsem/Howe Sound can get extremely rough and windy at times. Underwater visibility is also periodically and seasonally variable from 3 metres to 20 metres. Over the five year time frame of the ABIS project we managed to complete 61 dives. It was important that divers were as familiar as possible with the Annapolis as it is a complex and potentially dangerous structure to divers who are unfamiliar with the structure and layout. Three down lines are affixed to the ship, one to the stern deck at 77’, one to the fore deck at 60’ and one leads to the top of the hangar amidships at 48’ and these are all low tide measurements. The fore and aft down lines are affixed with safety stop areas at 15’ which divers can use to make a safe accent from the deeper parts of the ship. It was made very clear to all divers that they were not to exceed their comfort level or training. This is a large ship and if any assigned area was beyond their capability, training or comfort level there was always an alternate area that needed to be monitored and documented. Many of the divers who were involved with the A.B.I.S. project had been involved with the preparation of the ship and were familiar with the layout.

The ship was divided into different areas and a targeted; roving diver technique was employed for this project. Prior to the dives, divers were assigned a specific area of the ship to cover on each dive and given a waterproof slate that showed the basic layout of the ship and in some cases divers were provided with labelled pictures of the ship prior to the dive in order to identify the specific areas that were to be

5 inspected and how they could be accessed. These included exterior, open areas such as the foredeck, the aft deck, antenna deck and flying bridge. Even seemingly open areas contain opportunities for marine life habitation in, on, under and around machinery mounts, cut off pipes, bollards, hatch covers, life raft mounts and railings. There were also overhead enclosed areas such as the hangar, the port and starboard breezeways and the sonar bay on the aft deck. The majority of dives were concentrated in the open areas and the overhead enclosed areas. A few qualified, experienced and properly equipped divers were also sent into interior, confined compartments of the ship such as the engine room, boiler room, operational areas and crew quarters.

Divers were instructed to make careful observations and recordings of walls, floors and ceilings. You will note that depths marked on these photos are in feet instead of metres because most divers’ gauges and dive computers are set in feet for better accuracy. Many of these areas were inspected several times over the course of the project in order to document changes over that time. As has been noted, the Annapolis is a very large ship with intricate and convoluted structure and when all surface areas are taken into account, interior and exterior horizontal and vertical surfaces of cabins, passage ways, offices, machine spaces ladders, railings, hatches and storage areas it is estimated that there is over 20,000m² of surface area for marine life to utilize or attach to. And given that some of the deepest, darkest areas are not easily or safely accessible by divers wearing bulky SCUBA gear, it is therefore understandable that not every inch of the ship was closely examined.

4 - CONCLUSION When an artificial reef is first sunk it is a blank canvas. Within a few weeks, marine life begins to take hold, starting with the formation of a biofilm or plankton mat that coats the structure. This biofilm,

6 resembling a dirty coating, is crucial to the future of the artificial reef. Unfortunately, in the first weeks and months of the Annapolis artificial reef, many divers saw this coating as a palette on which to inscribe their names and other messages, and it was necessary to remind them not to disturb this growth. This biofilm is made up of the larval initial building blocks of the future plant and invertebrate life that will inhabit the ship; algae, snails, tubeworms, tunicates, hydroids and anemones. These will provide the environment and food source for the accumulation of invertebrates such as sea stars, shrimp, , nudibranchs, urchins and scallops. These in turn provide a food source for fish species such as sculpins, rockfish, and lingcod. Shortly after sinking, there were occasional sightings of mature rockfish and ling cod on and around the ship but these didn’t stay long, probably due to the lack of an available food source. It has been suggested that the accumulation of marine life on an artificial reef is simply and solely due to the attraction or relocation of species from nearby reef habitats rather than the production of species on the artificial reef itself. This “production vs. attraction” debate has gone on for years and has resulted in skewed and misguided views of man-made reefs. Some have described them as magical underwater lures, drawing species away from nearby natural reefs while others see them as “the answer” to marine life depletion. Neither one of these views is entirely accurate. Artificial reefs, when properly prepared, are simply tools that can be used as a benefit to the marine environment. They can, and do, help to mitigate the depletion of marine life due to overharvesting or habitat degradation by providing additional potential habitat. Many of the fish species that live in our waters, such as lingcod and rockfish, are quite territorial and don’t usually wander from their home territory and this territorial nature is what has made them an easy target for fishing. However some mature animals may wander and find their way to another location like a man made reef, and decide to stay there, and they do it for the simple reason that conditions are better suited for their survival; a better food source, better shelter and protection from prey and predators and better habitat for depositing their eggs and young. What was recorded on Annapolis for the most part was a gradual growth, and progression over time, of marine flora and fauna from larval and juvenile forms to adults. Once a food source was established on the ship we did see the occasional appearance of mature fish. Three years into the ABIS project we recorded gravid copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus and recorded sightings of juvenile copper and quillback rockfish Sebastes maliger as well as a few juvenile yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus and a juvenile yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus. In recent years we have seen schools of forty or more yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus schooling around the ship. In the final few months of the A.B.I.S. project we recorded two healthy ling cod egg masses being guarded by dutiful males. The ling cod egg laying season lasts from December through March and the eggs are always guarded by the male. We also found a kelp greenling egg mass, the promise of new generations. The Annapolis is now doing what it was designed to do; provide a safe and secure environment for marine life in all stages of development.

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The Annapolis has been down for six years now and has become very popular with both divers and marine life. All phyla of marine flora and fauna, common to waters of the Pacific Northwest are now

represented on the Annapolis. Over the past five years we have seen and documented overwhelming evidence of this gradual recruitment and growth of life taking place. The Annapolis is proving to be a microcosm of the marine life and marine life changes occurring in Howe Sound. The blank canvas is turning into a very promising picture. We had wanted to include a comparison study between the area being studied and a comparable control area nearby. However there are no natural reef structures within Ch’á7elsm/Halkett Bay that compare to the structure of Annapolis but, over a ten year period, many dives were conducted on the wall on the east side of Halkett Bay across from the Annapolis as part of a climate regime shift study by researchers from Ocean Wise and the Vancouver Aquarium, see APPENDIX 1. It is an impressive list of over 130 species and it is hoped that, in the coming years, some of the larval and planktonic life from this population will find their way to Annapolis. The environmental benefits and research opportunities of Annapolis have not yet been fully realized. The past five years is just the beginning. Although the official A.B.I.S. project has come to an end, it is hoped that enough interest has been generated over the past five years within the diving and research community to keep monitoring and studying the ship. The ongoing documentation of the accumulation of marine life to one of BC’s artificial reefs is a unique diving opportunity and a chance to make a real contribution to our overall knowledge of the marine environment. After six years on the bottom, Annapolis is still changing and growing and will continue to do so for many years to come. It is a work in progress. The Annapolis, in addition to becoming a popular dive site and a home for a burgeoning population of marine life, has also become a living laboratory. It is hoped that, in the long term, research will continue and be conducted to investigate various aspects of artificial reef ecosystems; species occurrence and their use of artificial reef habitats, seasonal changes, species dynamics and overall population growth. Over the coming years, we are confident that we will see not only an increase in number of species on the Annapolis, but also how the populations of the presently existing species will

8 grow and transform the overall ecosystem of the ship. Perhaps, in time, Annapolis will go on to become a dispersal site from which larval marine life may help to increase populations in a depleted marine environment.

Anemones on a rock near Annapolis the bow of Annapolis

The Annapolis has definitely provided a net gain in marine life for the Ch’á7elsm/Halkett Bay area. One has to look no further than a comparison between a small area of the bottom of Halkett Bay, and the life that grows in that area, and a similar sized area on Annapolis.

5 - TAXON Over the 61 dives conducted during the A.B.I.S. study, hundreds of still pictures and many hours of video were taken, and scrutinized in order to identify the resulting 177 species for inclusion in the taxon.

ABIS Project

th

65 80

Final dive March 13 , 2021 50

100

- - - - 7 new species found

Annapolis, 65 Annapolis,

Halkett Bay Annapolis, 30 Annapolis, HalkettBay 50 Annapolis, HalkettBay HalkettBay Halkett Bay Annapolis, 80 Annapolis, HalkettBay 61 total dives, 177 species found

Common name Scientific name

Green algae Chlorophyta

9 sea lettuce Ulva fenestrata 1 0 0 0

Brown algae Ochrophyta

sugar wrack kelp Saccharina latissima 1 0 0 0 diatom diatom 0 1 1 1

Red algae Rhodophyta

beautiful leaf seaweed Callophyllis spp. 1 1 0 0 crustose corallines Clathromorphum etc. 1 1 1 1 red eyelet silk Sparlingia pertusa 1 0 0 0 filamentous red algae filamentous red algae 0 1 0 0 blade red seaweed blade red seaweed 1 1 1 0 branching red seaweed branching red seaweed 0 1 1 1

Sponges Porifera

Annapolis sponge Oceanapia sp. C 0 0 1 0 white meandering sponge Haliclona cf. mollis 0 0 0 1

Cnidarians

giant plumose anemone Metridium farcimen 1 1 1 1 snakelock anemone Cribrinopsis fernaldi 0 0 0 1 painted anemone Urticina grebelnyi 0 0 0 1 swimming anemone Stomphia didemon 0 1 1 1 tube-dwelling anemone Pachycerianthus fimbriatus 0 1 1 0 coarse sea fir hydroids Abietinaria spp. 0 0 0 1

10 wine-glass hydroids Obelia spp. 0 1 1 1 spider web hydroid Orthopyxis sp. 0 1 1 1 muff hydroid Lafoea dumosa 0 0 1 0 tunicate siphon hydroid Bythotiara huntsmani 0 0 1 0 hydroid hydroid 0 1 1 1 lion's mane Cyanea ferruginea 1 1 0 0 fried egg jellyfish Phacellophora camtschatica 1 0 0 1 moon jelly Aurelia labiata 1 1 1 0 cross jellyfish Mitrocoma cellularia 0 0 0 1 water jellies Aequorea spp. 1 0 0 1 gregarious jellyfish Clytia gregaria 1 1 0 1 blob-top jelly Neoturris breviconis 0 0 0 1 tiny red sausage jellies Euphysa spp. 0 0 1 0 tailed jelly Nanomia bijuga 0 1 1 1

Ctenophores Ctenophora

sea gooseberry Pleurobrachia bachei 0 1 1 0 lobed sea gooseberry Bolinopsis infundibulum 1 1 0 1 translucent comb jelly Beroe abyssicola 0 1 0 0

Flatworms Platyhelminthes

spotted flatworm Eurylepta leoparda 0 0 1 0

Ribbon worms Nemertea

white-ringed ribbon worm Tubulanus albocinctus 1 0 0 0

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Arrow worms Chaetognatha

arrow worm Sagittoidea 0 1 0 0

Segmented worms Annelida

fragile ruffled scaleworm Arctonoe fragilis 0 0 1 0 giant fleshy scaleworm Hololepida magna 1 0 0 0 scaleworm scaleworm 0 0 1 0 white-crown calcareous Protula pacifica 0 1 1 1 tubeworm red-trumpet calcareous Serpula columbiana 0 1 1 1 tubeworm western calcareous tubeworm Pseudochitinopoma occidentalis 0 0 1 1 yolk-bearer calcareous Crucigera zygophora 0 1 0 1 tubeworm pale calcareous tubeworm Crucigera spp. 0 1 1 1 minute feather-dusters Chone minuta / C. ecaudata 0 0 0 1

Vancouver feather-duster Eudistylia vancouveri 0 0 1 0 slime-tube feather-duster Myxicola sp.B 0 0 1 0 twin-eyed feather duster Bispira sp. 0 0 1 1 curly-head spaghetti-worm Thelepus spp. 0 0 1 1 jointed three-section tubeworm Spiochaetopterus costarum pottsi 0 0 1 0

Bryozoans Bryozoa

kelp-encrusting bryozoan Membranipora villosa 0 1 1 0 coral bryozoans Tubulipora spp. 0 0 0 1

12 orange encrusting bryozoan Schizoporella japonica 1 1 1 1 spiral bryozoan Bugulina californica 0 1 1 1 parasol bryozoan Caulibugula californica 0 1 0 0 gelatinous leather bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum 0 0 1 0

Brachiopods Brachiopoda

snake's head lamp shell Terebratulina unguicula 0 0 1 0

Molluscs Mollusca

giant Pacific chiton Cryptochiton stelleri 0 0 1 0

Pacific blue mussel Mytilus edulis complex 1 1 1 1 spiny pink scallop Chlamys hastata 0 1 1 1 smooth pink scallop Chlamys rubida 0 1 1 1 pink scallop Chlamys sp. 0 1 1 1 green false-jingle Pododesmus macrochisma 1 1 1 1 feathery shipworm Bankia setacea 0 0 1 1 ringed blind limpet Cryptobranchia concentrica 0 0 1 1 hooded puncturella Puncturella cucullata 0 0 1 1 wrinkled dogwinkle Nucella lamellosa 0 1 0 1 wrinkled amphissa Amphissa columbiana 0 1 1 1 blue topsnail Calliostoma ligatum 0 1 1 1

Lewis's moonsnail Neverita lewisii 0 0 1 1

Aleutian moonsnail Cryptonatica aleutica 0 0 1 0 checkered hairysnail Trichotropis cancellata 0 0 1 0 spiral velvet snail Velutina velutina 0 0 1 0

13 winged sea slug Gastropteron pacificum 0 0 0 1 noble sea lemon Peltodoris nobilis 0 0 0 1

Monterey sea lemon Doris montereyensis 0 0 1 0 spotted leopard dorid Diaulula odonoghuei 0 0 1 0

Nanaimo nudibranch Acanthodoris nanaimoensis 0 0 0 1 -eating nudibranch Onchidoris bilamellata 1 1 0 0 giant nudibranch Dendronotus iris 0 0 0 1 red dendronotid Dendronotus rufus 0 0 0 1 frosted nudibranch Dirona albolineata 0 0 1 0 opalescent nudibranch Hermissenda crassicornis 1 1 1 1 red flabellina Himatina trophina 0 0 1 1 red-gilled nudibranch Coryphella verrucosa 0 0 1 0 shag-rug nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa 0 1 1 1 giant Pacific octopus Enteroctopus dofleini 0 0 1 1

Pacific red octopus Octopus rubescens 0 0 0 1 stubby squid Rossia pacifica 0 0 0 1

Arthropods Arthropoda

sea fleas pelagic amphipods 0 0 0 1

Alaskan skeleton shrimp Caprella alaskana 0 0 0 1 shrimp parasitic isopod Bopyroides hippolytes 0 0 1 1 squat lobster parasitic isopods Munidon parvum / Pseudionegalacanthae 0 0 1 0 horned shrimp Paracrangon echinata 0 1 1 0 doll eualid Eualus pusiolus 0 1 1 1 striped eualid Eualus lineatus 0 0 0 1 pygmy eualid Eualus subtilis 0 0 1 0

14 stout shrimp Heptacarpus brevirostris 0 1 1 1

Kincaid's shrimp Heptacarpus kincaidi 0 0 1 0 threespine shrimp Heptacarpus tridens 0 1 1 1 elegant coastal shrimp Heptacarpus decorus 0 0 1 0 cleaner lebbeid mundus 0 0 0 1 spiny lebbeid 0 0 1 1

Dana's blade shrimp Spirontocaris lamellicornis 0 0 1 0 coonstripe shrimp Pandalus danae 1 1 1 1 rough patch shrimp Pandalus stenolepis 0 1 1 1

Pacific prawn Pandalus platyceros 0 1 1 1 black-clawed Lophopanopeus bellus 0 0 1 0 pygmy rock crab Glebocarcinus oregonensis 0 1 1 1 red rock crab Cancer productus 0 0 0 1

Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister 0 1 1 1 graceful decorator crab Oregonia gracilis 0 1 1 1 longhorn decorator crab Chorilia longipes 1 1 1 1 squat lobster or galatheid crab Munida quadrispina 0 1 1 1 common acorn glandula/Balanus crenatus 1 1 1 1

Echinoderms Echinodermata

purple star or ochre star Pisaster ochraceus 1 1 1 1 giant pink star Pisaster brevispinus 0 1 0 1 mottled star Evasterias troschelii 1 1 1 1 rainbow star Orthasterias koehleri 0 1 1 1 velcro star Stylasterias forreri 0 1 1 1 baby seastars baby seastars 0 1 1 1

15 leather star Dermasterias imbricata 0 1 1 1 slime star Pteraster tesselatus 0 1 0 0 sand star Luidia foliolata 0 0 1 0 sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides 1 1 1 1 rose star Crossaster papposus 0 0 1 1 striped sun star Solaster stimpsoni 0 0 0 1 daisy brittle star Ophiopholis kennerlyi 0 0 1 0 gray brittle star Ophiura luetkenii 0 1 1 1 feather star Florometra serratissima 0 1 1 1 red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus 0 0 0 1 green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 1 1 1 1 white sea urchin Strongylocentrotus pallidus 0 0 1 1 giant sea cucumber Apostichopus californicus 0 1 1 1 white-dotted sea cucumber Chiridota albatrossii 0 1 0 0 creeping pedal sea cucumber Psolus chitonoides 0 0 1 0

Tunicates Urochordata

transparent tunicate Corella willmeriana 1 1 1 1 sea vase Ciona savignyi 0 1 1 1 sea blisters Ascidia columbiana / A. callosa 0 1 1 0 tiny white tunicate Bathypera feminalba 0 0 1 1 broadbase tunicate Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis 0 1 1 1

Pacific sea peach Halocynthia aurantium 0 1 1 1 bristly tunicate Halocynthia igaboja 0 1 1 1 brown tunicate Styela gibbsii 1 1 1 1 hairy tunicate Boltenia villosa 1 1 1 1

16 disc-top tunicate Chelyosoma productum 0 1 0 0

Chordates Chordata

Pacific herring Clupea pallasii 0 1 0 0 northern anchovy Engraulis mordax 0 0 1 0 walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus 0 0 0 1

Pacific hake Merluccius productus 0 0 0 1 blackbelly eelpout Lycodes pacificus 0 0 1 0 blackeye goby Rhinogobiops nicholsii 0 1 1 1 northern ronquil Ronquilus jordani 0 0 0 1 longfin gunnel Pholis clemensi 0 0 1 0 pile perch Rhacochilus vacca 0 0 1 1 striped seaperch Embiotoca lateralis 0 0 1 1 shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata 1 1 1 1 copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus 1 1 1 1 quillback rockfish Sebastes maliger 0 1 1 1 yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus 0 1 1 1 yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus 0 0 1 1 kelp greenling Hexagrammos decagrammus 1 1 1 1 lingcod Ophiodon elongatus 1 1 1 1 painted greenling Oxylebius pictus 0 0 1 0 scalyhead sculpin Artedius harringtoni 1 1 1 1 longfin sculpin Jordania zonope 0 1 0 1 spinynose sculpin Radulinus taylori 0 1 0 0 northern sculpin Icelinus borealis 0 0 1 1 roughback sculpin Chitonotus pugetensis 0 1 1 1

17 Rhamphocottus richardsonii 0 0 1 1 sailfin sculpin Nautichthys oculofasciatus 0 0 1 1 plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus 0 0 1 0 speckled sanddab Citharichthys stigmaeus 0 0 1 0 rock sole Lepidopsetta bilineata 0 0 1 1

English sole Parophrys vetulus 0 0 1 1

Dover sole Microstomus pacificus 0 0 1 0

We have made several very promising discoveries over the past five years; witnessed growth and changes in species colonization on Annapolis and population increases within in individual species. We have observed seasonal fluctuations in populations of rockfish that like to ‘hide’ in winter months, the increase and decrease of anemones from summer to winter and a population explosion of green urchins that has impacted all of Howe Sound over the past several years due to the sea star wasting disease that has decimated their main predator, the sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides. What we have seen on Annapolis over the past year is a noticeable decrease in the green urchin population and over a dozen species of sea stars including sunflower stars have been documented growing on the ship. Plumose anemones are now gaining a gradual but substantial foothold on the outside surfaces of the ship. As we have seen on other artificial reefs, dense growths of anemones provide shelter and a secure habitat for many species of fish and invertebrates This promise of new generations and increase in the populations of existing species proves that artificial reef Annapolis is doing exactly what it was designed to do, provide a secure and promising habitat and future for marine life in an area that has suffered industrial impact. However, the success of Annapolis as a home to diverse and growing populations, could in itself pose a problem. As word gets out about the burgeoning marine life on the ship, fishermen are being attracted to the ship. Fishing gear, hooks and lures have already been found tangled in parts of the ship and crab and prawn traps have been removed from the ship. In order to achieve the objective of having these ships, or any protected area for that matter, serve effectively as marine life production sites, it is essential that these artificial reefs are protected as no-take areas. Without this protection combined with sufficient powers under legislation to impose heavy penalties it will be difficult to determine in the years to come whether artificial reefs actually contribute to increased fish stock abundance or just contribute to overfishing (Bohnsack and Sutherland, 1985).

6 - A.B.I.S IMAGES Over the course of the A.B.I.S. project hundreds of images were shot on Annapolis and we include some of them here. All the following pictures were shot on Annapolis between 2015 and 2021.

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#1 #2

#1 – The accumulation of life on Annapolis began with small outcroppings of filamentous red algae, wineglass hydroids Obelia spp that provided a home for this tiny juvenile pacific prawn Pandalus platyceros (look very closely, upper centre). #2 –Several different species of tubeworms have been identified on Annapolis over the past five years and calcareous tubeworms were one of the first recognizable forms of life to inhabit the ship and they cover the ship in great numbers, increasing overall surface area. This little clump of worms Crucigera zygophora also provides shelter for other species such as this tiny sea star.

#3 #4

#3 - Several cut-outs of rock fish and lingcod were made from aluminium panels salvaged from Annapolis and mounted in different areas of the ship. These were quickly covered with an assortment of life such as tunicates, tubeworms and scallops. #4 –Some areas of the ship, such as this wall in the Sonar bay, became covered in dense populations of various species of tubeworms and tunicates.

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#5 #6

#5 – Plumose anemones Metridium farcimen have taken hold of Annapolis and continue to multiply. Anemones provide shelter for many species of juvenile fish and invertebrates. The two tunicates Styela gibbsii in the picture provide a home for tiny hydroids. #6 – These white plumose anemones Metridium farcimen grow on a railing near the bow of Annapolis.

#7 #8

#7 - A snakelock anemone Cribrinopsis fernaldi growing on an interior wall is the first one found on Annapolis. These are often found with candy-stripe shrimp living on them however none of these shrimp have as yet been seen. #8 – A swimming anemone Stomphia didemon. When disturbed or threatened these anemones are able to detach and ‘swim’ away using an undulating motion.

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#9 #10

#9 – A hybrid anemone discovered on the foredeck of Annapolis. This is a cross between a swimming anemone and possibly a snakelock. Hybrids are unusual but have been discovered in several areas along the coast. #10 – A tube-dwelling anemone Pacycerianthus fimbriatus found living in the silt that has built up on Annapolis.

#11 #12

#11 –A pair of longhorn decorator crabs Chorilia longipes preparing to mate. #12 – This pygmy rock crab Cancer oregonensis has found shelter on a machinery mount on Annapolis.

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#13 #14

#13 – A galatheid crab Munida quadrispina or ‘squat lobster’ living among plumose anemones. #14 - This spiny lebbeid shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus has found a home on the safety netting that surrounds the flight deck of Annapolis. The spiny lebbeid is only one of several species of shrimp that have made a home on the ship.

#15 #16

#15 - Many species of nudibranchs have been discovered on Annapolis. This mature shag rug nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa is surrounded by a few juveniles. #16 - The opalescent nudibranch Hermissenda crassicornis is one of the most colourful nudibranchs found in BC waters and a common resident on the ship.

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#17 #18

. #17 -Pink scallops Chlamys hastata are commonly found on many areas of Annapolis. #18 – Life grows on life in many marine environments. This pink scallop hosts a tunicate Styela gibbsii and a couple of tubeworms. Brittle stars Ophiura luetkenii are found in dense populations all over the ship.

#19 #20

#19 - Pink scallops are often found in dense congregations on the ship. #20 -In 2013 sea star wasting disease started affecting sea star populations all along the west coast of North America and they have suffered serious declines. Sunflower stars Pycnopodia helianthoides before 2013 were quite common but have become rare in recent years. Here a sunflower star has found a home behind a hatch. Several have been found on Annapolis.

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#21 #22

#21 - Ochre stars Pisaster ochraceus are often found living closely together. This grouping was found on the aft deck of Annapolis. #22 – A mottled star Evasterias troschelii is home to this commensal worm, a fragile ruffled scaleworm Arctonoe fragilis, which lives on several species of sea star, crawling on and under them in search of food.

#23 #24

#23 - A rose star Crossaster papposus living on an aft deck railing. #24 - The feather star Mesocentrotus franciscanus is one of the more fragile species of sea stars and, if disturbed, can detach and ‘swim’ away by waving their arms.

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#25 #26

#25 - A tiny juvenile Pacific red octopus Octopus rubescens is secure within a cut-off pipe on top of the hangar. #26 - A stubby squid Rossia pacifica takes cover on a corner of the flying bridge.

#27 #28

#27 - This small giant pacific octopus Enteroctopus dofleini found a secure home under the windows in the bridge. #28 - A gravid copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus in one of the forward berthing compartment prepares to release her young. Rockfish give birth to fully formed young.

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#29 #30

#29 –Young rockfish like this juvenile quillback Sebastes maliger found shelter in the many cut off structural supports. #30 - A juvenile yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus patrols inside the hangar.

#31 #32

#31 - This mature Quillback rockfish Sebastes maliger has easy access to shelter through the many open hatches and holes on the ship. #32 - A copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus and a yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus share space on Annapolis.

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#33 #34

#33 - In the last year we noticed an increase in ling cod Ophiodon elongatus sightings. This one is resting on the safety railing around a platform on the port side funnel. #34 – A male lingcod Ophiodon elongatus guards an egg mass under a searchlight platform on top of the hangar. A few egg masses were found on Annapolis over the winter of 2021.

#35 #36

#35 – An adult female kelp greenling Hexagrammos decagrammus patrols the aft deck. #36 - A clump of kelp greenling Hexagrammos decagrammus eggs nearby.

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#37 #38

#37 – A secretive, longfin gunnel Pholis clemensi finds refuge in the silt built up on the stern deck. #38 – The small and intricately patterned grunt sculpin Rhamphocottus richardsonii can swim but spends most of its time crawling over the bottom on its pectoral fins.

#39 #40

#39 – A colourful male scalyhead sculpin Artedius harringtoni protects his territory on the stern deck of Annapolis. #40 – The plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus is usually found partially buried in soft sediments. This one found a home in the ships cafeteria.

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#41

#41 – With the discovery of this sponge Oceanapia sp. C in the hangar, all phyla of marine organisms found in BC waters have now been accounted for on Annapolis.

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APPENDIX 1

This east Halkett wall taxon was completed by the Vancouver Aquarium and Ocean Wise during a 10 year study from 1999-2010 as part of a climate regime shift study.

Taxanomic Serial Lamb/Hanby Common Name Scientific Name Author Number Reference

Seaweed fringed sea colander kelp Agarum fimbriatum Harv. TSN11248 SW063 diatom undetermined none TSN2286 SW064 red rock crust Hildenbrandia spp. Nardo, 1834 TSN12295 SW071 crustose corallines Clathromorphum etc. none none SW086 cup and saucer seaweed Constantinea simplex Setchell, 1901 TSN12707 SW127a sea grapes Botryocladia pseudodichotoma none TSN12817 SW138

Sponges tiny vase sponge Sycon spp. Risso, 1826 TSN47050 PO001 sharp lipped boot sponge Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni (Lambe, 1892) TSN47511 PO009 cloud sponge Aphrocallistes vastus Schulze, 1887 TSN47444 PO011 aggregated nipple sponge Polymastia pachymastia De Laubenfels, 1932 none PO017 yellow boring sponge Cliona californiana Grant, 1826 none PO021 tough yellow branching sponge Syringella amphispicula de Laubenfels, 1961 TSN47539 PO028 orange cratered encrusting sponge Hamigera sp. Gray, 1867 TSN48322 PO044 velvety red sponge Ophlitaspongia pennata (Lambe, 1895) TSN48006 PO051

Cnidarians giant plumose anemone Metridium farcimen (Tilesius, 1809) TSN611773 CN002 painted anemone (Müller, 1776) TSN52571 CN006 stubby rose anemone Urticina coriacea (Cuvier, 1798) none CN009 swimming anemone Stomphia didemon Siebert, 1973 TSN52631 CN011 tube-dwelling anemone Pachycerianthus fimbriatus McMurrich, 1910 TSN51996 CN026 orange zoanthid Epizoanthus scotinus Wood, 1958 TSN52445 CN027 tan cup coral Caryophyllia alaskensis Vaughan, 1941 TSN53541 CN032 coarse sea fir hydroid Abietinaria spp. Kirchenpauer, 1884 TSN49945 CN054 muff hydroid Lafoea dumosa (Fleming, 1820) TSN49682 CN079

Worms spotted flatworm Eurylepta leoparda none TSN54188 PL001 white-ringed ribbon worm Tubulanus albocinctus (Coe, 1904) TSN57421 NE012 bat star commensal worm Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson, 1901) TSN65516 AN028 white-crown calcareous tubeworm Protula pacifica none none AN051 red-trumpet calcareous Serpula columbiana (Serpula tubeworm vermicularis) Johnson, 1901 none AN052 pale calcareous tubeworm Crucigera spp. Benedict, 1887 TSN68236 AN055b

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twin-eyed feather duster Bispira sp. (Sabella crassicornis) none none AN067 jointed three-section tubeworm Spiochaeopterus costarum Blake, 1996e none AN078

Moss Animals kelp-encrusting bryozoan Membranipora serrilamella Osburn, 1950 none BZ001 coral bryozoans Lichenopora spp. Defrance, 1823 TSN155781 BZ002 orange encrusting bryozoan Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston, 1874) TSN156294 BZ007 spiral bryozoan Bugula californica Robertson, 1905 TSN182836 BZ010 fan bryozoan Dendrobeania murrayana (Johnston, 1847) TSN156075 BZ012 transverse lamp shell Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby, 1846) TSN156829 BR001 snake's head lamp shell Terebratulina unguicula (Carpenter, 1864) TSN156802 BR003

Molluscs lined chiton Tonicella lineata (Wood, 1815) TSN78899 MC001 white-line chiton Tonicella insignis (Reeve, 1847) TSN78898 MC004 Swan's mopalia Mopalia swani Carpenter, 1864 TSN78990 MC008 smooth mopalia Mopalia vespertina (Gould, 1852) none MC012 Merten's chiton Lepidozona mertensi (Middendorff, 1847) TSN78911 MC016 Pacific blue mussel Mytilus trossulus Gould,1850 TSN567928 MC031 pink scallop Chlamys sp. Röding, 1798 TSN79612 MC044a giant rock scallop Crassadoma gigantea (J. E. Gray, 1825) TSN567420 MC048 corded white limpet Niveotectura funiculata (Carpenter, 1864) TSN567961 MC150 wrinkled dogwinkle Nucella lamellosa (Gemlin, 1791) TSN73294 MC167 wrinkled amphissa Amphissa columbiana Dall, 1916 TSN73535 MC175 Oregon triton Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) TSN73018 MC257 white nudibranch Doris odhneri (MacFarlane, 1966) TSN78215 MC294 Heath's dorid Geitodoris heathi (MacFarlane, 1905) TSN567623 MC297 yellow-rimmed nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata MacFarlane, 1966 TSN78168 MC299 Hudson's dorid Acanthodoris hudsoni MacFarlane, 1905 TSN78362 MC302 tiny white dorids Adalaria spp. Bergh, 1879 TSN78368 MC309 giant nudibranch Dendronotus iris J. G. Cooper, 1863 TSN78506 MC331 red flabellina Flabellina triophina (Bergh, 1894) TSN567602 MC350 giant Pacific octopus Enteroctopus dofleini (Wülker, 1910) TSN557227 MC371

Arthropods common gray mysid undetermined none none AR031 mysid undetermined none none AR031c krill Euphausia spp. Dana, 1852 -- valid TSN95501 AR036 doll eualid Eualus pusiolus (Krøyer, 1841) TSN96811 AR053a Kincaid's shrimp Heptacarpus kincaidi (M. J. Rathbun, 1902) TSN96836 AR059 cleaner lebbeid Lebbeus mundus Jensen, 2006 none AR070 deep blade shrimp Spirontocaris prionota (Stimpson, 1864) TSN96757 AR073 coonstripe shrimp Pandalus danae Stimpson, 1857 TSN96982 AR077 rough patch shrimp Pandalus stenolepis M. J. Rathbun, 1902 TSN96984 AR078 sparkling shrimp Pandalopsis lucidirimicola Jensen, 1998 TSN660001 AR085 pygmy rock crab Cancer oregonensis (Dana, 1852) TSN98677 AR097 red rock crab Cancer productus J. W. Randall, 1840 TSN98672 AR098 Dungeness crab Cancer magister Dana, 1852 TSN98675 AR101 sharpnose crab Scyra acutifrons Dana, 1851 TSN98450 AR111 graceful decorator crab Oregonia gracilis Dana, 1851 TSN98419 AR113 longhorn decorator crab Chorilia longipes Dana, 1851 TSN98452 AR114 squat lobster or galatheid crab Munida quadrispina J. E. Benedict, 1902 TSN97966 AR126 hairy-spined crab Acantholithodes hispidus (Stimpson, 1860) TSN97921 AR129

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rhinoceros crab Rhinolithodes wosnessenskii Brandt, 1848 TSN97957 AR130 heart crab Phyllolithodes papillosus Brandt, 1848 TSN97933 AR131 Puget Sound Lopholithodes mandtii Brandt, 1848 TSN97950 AR132 greenmark hermit Pagurus caurinus J. F. L. Hart, 1971 TSN97783 AR144 Bering hermit Pagurus beringanus (J. E. Benedict, 1892) TSN97784 AR148 bluespine hermit Pagurus kennerlyi (Stimpson, 1864) TSN97782 AR149 widehand hermit Elassochirus tenuimanus (Dana, 1851) TSN97837 AR154 common acorn barnacle Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854 TSN89609 AR165 giant acorn barnacle Balanus nubilus Darwin, 1854 TSN656266 AR171

Echinoderms giant pink star Pisaster brevispinus (Stimpson, 1857) TSN157252 EC002 rainbow star Orthasterias koehleri (de Loriol, 1897) TSN157270 EC004 velcro star Stylasterias forreri (de Loriol, 1887) TSN157272 EC006 leather star Dermasterias imbricata (Grube, 1857) TSN157139 EC007 vermilion star Mediaster aequalis Stimpson, 1857 TSN157011 EC009 slime star Pteraster tesselatus Ives, 1888 TSN157113 EC016 wrinkled star Pteraster militaris (O. F. Müller, 1776) TSN157109 EC017 blood star Henricia leviuscula leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857) TSN157158 EC018 sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt, 1835) TSN157274 EC028 rose star Crossaster papposus (Linnaeus, 1767) TSN157066 EC029 morning sun star Solaster dawsoni Verrill, 1880 TSN157075 EC030 daisy brittle star Ophiopholis aculeata Linnaeus, 1767 TSN157617 EC034 gray brittle star Ophiura lutkeni Lyman, 1860 TSN157420 EC042 feather star Florometra serratissima A.H. Clark, 1907 TSN158580 EC047 green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) TSN157969 EC050 giant sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857) TSN158344 EC054 red sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata (Brandt, 1835) TSN158204 EC057 stiff-footed sea cucumber Eupentacta quinquesemita (Selenka, 1867) TSN158189 EC060 creeping pedal sea cucumber Psolus chitonoides H.L. Clark TSN158151 EC073 pale creeping pedal sea cucumber Psolidium bidiscum Lambert, 1996 none EC074

Tunicates transparent tunicate Corella willmeriana Herdman, 1898 TSN159157 CH001 sea vase Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 none CH003 broadbase tunicate Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis (Kiaer, 1893) TSN159253 CH007 Pacific sea peach Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas, 1787) TSN159499 CH008 bristly tunicate Halocynthia igaboja Oka, 1906 TSN159505 CH009 warty tunicate Pyura haustor (Stimpson, 1864) TSN159447 CH010 hairy tunicate Boltenia villosa (Stimpson, 1864) TSN159493 CH015 disc-top tunicate Chelyosoma productum Stimpson, 1864 TSN159151 CH016

Vertebrates tubesnout Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill, 1861 TSN166404 FTS01 red brotula Brosmophycis marginata (Ayres, 1854) TSN164809 FBR01 blackeye goby Rhinogobiops nicholsii (Bean, 1882) TSN636877 FGO01 bay goby Lepidogobius lepidus (Girard, 1858) TSN171762 FGO02 longfin gunnel Pholis clemensi Rosenblatt, 1964 TSN171638 FGU06 wolf-eel Anarrhichthys ocellatus Ayres, 1855 TSN171345 FWF01 pile perch Rhacochilus vacca (Girard, 1855) TSN169754 FSP02 striped perch Embiotoca lateralis Agassiz, 1854 TSN169744 FSP05 kelp perch Brachyistius frenatus Gill, 1862 TSN169737 FSP06 shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons, 1854 TSN169739 FSP07

32 copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus Richardson, 1844 TSN166713 FRF01 quillback rockfish Sebastes maliger (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) TSN166726 FRF02 brown rockfish Sebastes auriculatus Girard, 1854 TSN166708 FRF03 Puget Sound rockfish Sebastes emphaeus (Starks, 1911) TSN166718 FRF14 yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus (Cramer, 1895) TSN166740 FRF19 kelp greenling Hexagrammos decagrammus (Pallas, 1810) TSN167110 FGL02 lingcod Ophiodon elongatus Girard, 1854 TSN167116 FGL05 painted greenling Oxylebius pictus Gill, 1862 TSN167118 FGL06 longfin sculpin Jordania zonope Starks, 1895 TSN167384 FSC15 northern sculpin Icelinus borealis Gilbert, 1896 TSN167291 FSC18 rock sole Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres, 1855) TSN172917 FRE08

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7 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

This project would not have been possible without help from the following;

Donna Gibbs - taxonomist, Ocean Wise Joanna Hirner–Conservation Specialist, South Coast Region, BC Parks Jeff Marliave – Senior Research Scientist, Vancouver Aquarium Howie Robins – President and CEO Artificial Reef Society of BC Randy Lewis -Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw/Squamish Nation Deborah Baker -Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw/Squamish Nation Steve MacDonald – DFO Marc Palay - New World Charters Jan and Kevin Breckman - Sea Dragon Charters Glen Dennison - Marine Life Sanctuaries Society Andy Lamb and Bernie Hanby - authors of Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest

DIVERS/ Photographers and videographers Donna Gibbs, Charlie Gibbs, Gary Friesen, Arlene Vaillancourt, Dirk De keersmaecker (diver and computer guru), Alan Wong, Anton North, Heather McAlpine, Lee Newman, Lisa Newman, Neil McDaniel, Doug Swanson, Diane Reid, Eli Wolpin, Rene Gauthier, Gabriel Pineda, Daniel Whittrock, Michel Joseph, Brian Caron, Nikita Sergeenko, Jim Sargent, Chris Straub, Cedric Galere, Deirdre McCracken, Jade Schiller.

REFERENCES:

Bohnsack 1991- Ecology of Artificial reef habitats and fishes. Bohnsack 1994 – Effects of reef size and colonization and assemblage structure of fishes at artificial reefs of south- eastern Florida. Campos and Gamboa 1989 – An artificial tire reef in tropical marine systems; a management tool. Bombace 1994 – Analysis of the efficacy of artificial reefs located in five different areas of the Adriatic Sea. Rilov 1998 – Vertical artificial structures as an alternative habitat for coral reef fishes in disturbed environments.

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