A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO LOUCO E DA LOUCURA NAS IMAGENS DE QUATRO FOTÓGRAFOS BRASILEIROS DO SÉCULO XX: Alice Brill, Leonid Streliaev, Cláudio Edinger, Claudia Martins

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A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO LOUCO E DA LOUCURA NAS IMAGENS DE QUATRO FOTÓGRAFOS BRASILEIROS DO SÉCULO XX: Alice Brill, Leonid Streliaev, Cláudio Edinger, Claudia Martins TATIANA FECCHIO DA CUNHA GONÇALVES A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO LOUCO E DA LOUCURA NAS IMAGENS DE QUATRO FOTÓGRAFOS BRASILEIROS DO SÉCULO XX: Alice Brill, Leonid Streliaev, Cláudio Edinger, Claudia Martins Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Artes, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, para obtenção do Titulo de Doutor em Artes. Orientador: Profª Dra Claudia Valladão de Mattos Co- orientação: Profª. Dra. Lucia Helena Reily CAMPINAS 2010 iii iv v à Tainá vii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente minha filha Tainá que acompanhou todas as etapas de elaboração deste trabalho, sempre presente e inspiradora, enfrentando corajosamente os percalços na nossa estadia em Londres. Aos meus pais cujas formações e interesses me apresentaram, desde a meninice, à possibilidade do diverso e permitiram a possibilidade de compreender a loucura de forma amplificada, contribuindo seguramente para que esta se configurasse rica, ampla e potencial, entre as minhas questões significativas; As minhas orientadoras profa. Dra. Claudia Valladão de Mattos e Profa. Dra. Lucia Helena Reily pela generosidade, apoio e suporte durante este percurso. A elas agradeço antes de tudo o exemplo, a paciência e as pontuações corretas e essenciais à lapidação, muitas vezes árdua, desta pesquisadora. Agradeço aos fotógrafos e a suas famílias, que me receberam em entrevistas e se mostraram sempre generosos em contribuir com o desenvolvimento das discussões elaboradas. Entre estes, Claudia Martins; Cláudio Edinger e a querida Ana Edinger, Alice Brill, Julian Czapski e Silvia Czapski; e Leonid Streliaev. Aos professores cujas contribuições e falas, muitas vezes pontuais, outras vezes em longos e abertos diálogos, reverberaram na forma com a qual pude me posicionar frente a este objeto de estudo. A partir deles, academicamente e afetuosamente, foi se formando um lastro, se evidenciando as implicações e embates frente ao que está implícito nas formas de ver, conceber, aproximar e compreender. Entre estes, Boris Kossoy, Ana Angélica Albano, Lucia Fonseca, Lygia Eluf, Jorge Coli, Antonio Muniz de Resende, Michael Neve e Floriano César. Agradeço também as pessoas que trabalham em alguns dos acervos consultados, que não mediram esforços na investigação às informações buscadas; entre estes Virginia Maria Albertini e Cidio Martins Neto do Instituto Moreira Salles; Iêda Marques Brito da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo; Tuani Lopes, estagiária do Estúdio Leonid; João Portinari sempre muito atencioso e gentil frente ao Instituto Portinari e Sally Brag junto a Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine/ UCL. Agradeço também três pessoas que estiveram envolvidas no processo de viabilização da bolsa sanduíche pela Unicamp, Denise Barbosa Amadio da Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação, Jayme de Souza Filho, Assistente Técnico de Direção da CPG do Instituto de Artes e a Profa. Dra. Verônica Frabrini, Coordenadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes. Agradeço também aqueles que contribuíram em algumas traduções; entre estes, Paolo Di Maio e Cris Motta Boulnois. Por fim agradeço à FAPESP, que financiou parte do tempo de estudos deste doutoramento, à Capes, pela possibilidade de desenvolvimento de dez meses de pesquisa em Londres, e à Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine/UCL, que me forneceu excelente ambiente de trabalho. ix Procura da poesia Não faças versos sobre acontecimentos. Não há criação nem morte perante a poesia. Diante dela, a vida é um sol estático, não aquece num ilumina. As afinidades, os aniversários, os incidentes pessoais não contam. Não faças poesia com o corpo, esse excelente, completo e confortável corpo, tão infenso à efusão lírica. Tua gota de bile, tua careta de gozo ou de cor no escuro são indiferentes. Nem me reveles teus sentimentos, que se prevalecem do equívoco e tentam a longa viagem. O que pensas e sentes, isso ainda não é poesia. Não cantes tua cidade, deixa-a em paz. O canto não é o movimento das máquinas nem o segredo das casas. Não é música ouvida de passagem: rumor do mar nas ruas junto à linha de espuma. O canto não é a natureza nem os homens em sociedade. Para ele, chuva e noite, fadiga e esperança nada significam. A poesia (não tires poesia das coisas) elide sujeito e objeto. Não dramatizes, não invoques, não indagues. Não percas tempo em mentir. Não te aborreças. Teu iate de marfim, teu sapato de diamante, vossas mazurcas e abusões, vossos esqueletos de família desaparecem na curva do tempo, é algo imprestável. Não recomponhas tua sepultada e merencória infância. Não osciles entre o espelho e a memória em dissipação. Que se dissipou, não era poesia. Que se partiu, cristal não era. Penetra surdamente no reino das palavras. Lá estão os poemas que esperam ser escritos. Estão paralisados, mas não há desespero, há calma e frescura na superfície intata. Ei-los sós e mudos, em estado de dicionário. Convive com teus poemas, antes de escrevê-los. Tem paciência, se obscuros. Calma, se te provocam. Espera que cada um se realize e consuma com seu poder de palavra e seu poder de silêncio. Não forces o poema a desprender-se do limbo. Não colhas no chão o poema que se perdeu. Não adules o poema. Aceita-o como ele aceitará sua forma definitiva e concentrada no espaço. Chega mais perto e contempla as palavras. Cada uma tem mil faces secretas sob a face neutra e te pergunta, sem interesse pela resposta pobre ou terrível, que lhe deres: Trouxeste a chave? Repara: ermas de melodia e conceito, elas se refugiaram na noite, as palavras. Ainda úmidas e impregnadas de sono, rolam num rio difícil e se transformam em desprezo. Carlos Drummond de Andrade (A Rosa do Povo. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1945) xi RESUMO Esta tese discute a forma com a qual a representação do “louco” e da loucura foi construída nas imagens de quatro fotógrafos que realizaram ensaios fotográficos em Hospitais Psiquiátricos brasileiros no século XX – Alice Brill (1950), Leonid Streliaev (1971), Claudio Edinger (1989-90) e Claudia Martins (1997) – com o objetivo de explicitar a concepção de loucura subjacente às imagens, bem como pontuar elementos naturalizados nestas construções. Partindo da análise de conteúdo e iconográfica, da pesquisa sobre a tradição de representação do “louco” e da loucura na produção cultural imagética do ocidente, do estudo das implicações que a técnica fotográfica por si suscita, da análise história de veiculação e recepção das imagens, bem como de seus contextos culturais de produção; foi possível pontuar conceitos e pressupostos subjacentes à construção formal da representação do “louco” e da loucura nas imagens de cada um dos fotógrafos estudados. Este estudo permitiu identificar que elementos tradicionais de representação foram acessados pelos fotógrafos estudados, num movimento de perpetuação de formas tipificadas de compreender o diverso. Por outro lado, foi possível verificar que novos elementos compositivos surgiram relacionados com contextos específicos. Assim, este estudo, contribuindo para o desvelamento de formas tipificadas de representação do “louco” e da loucura, almeja representar um esforço no sentido de ampliar as possibilidades de crítica às construções imagéticas que circulam na sociedade, bem como para o questionamento de formas naturalizadas de apreensão destes sujeitos. Palavras-chave: Fotografia, Loucura, Hospitais Psiquiátricos, Estudos Culturais xiii ABSTRACT This thesis discusses ways in which the representation of madmen and madness was built on images taken by four photographers who created photographic essays in Brazilian psychiatric hospitals during the twentieth-century - Alice Brill (1950), Leonid Streliaev (1971), Claudio Edinger (1989 -90) and Claudia Marshall (1997) - in order to unveil underlying social concepts about madness, while also highlighting specific elements that were naturalized in these constructions. The method was based on content analysis and iconographic research, We studied the traditional ways Western culture represents the insane in visual productions, and the implications raised by photographic techniques. We examined the history of transmission and reception of the images and the cultural contexts in which they emerged, so as to understand concepts and assumptions underlying the formal construction of the representation of the mad in the images of the photographers that were selected for this study. The results showed that traditional elements were accessed by the photographers, as a means of perpetuating characteristic modes of understanding diversity. Nevertheless, we observed that new compositional elements emerged, related to specific contexts. By questioning the naturalized ways that society has come to apprehend madness, by critically discussing the construction of images of madmen that circulate in society, our aim was to contribute to the unveiling of typified forms of representation of the mad and madness. Key Words: Photography, Madness, Psychiatric Hospitals, Cultural Studies xv SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO E MÉTODO 1 1. ORIGENS: HISTÓRIA DA REPRESENTAÇÃO DO LOUCO E DA LOUCURA 1.1 A representação iconográfica do “louco” em produções visuais do ocidente 18 1.1.1 Maneiras de compreender a loucura 1.1.2 Maneiras de representar a loucura e seus ícones 1.1.3 O internamento em seu caráter moralizador e de exclusão 1.1.4 Questões relacionadas à representação da loucura no século XX 1.2 A Representação do “louco” na ilustração médica europeia e sua influência 73 em publicações médicas brasileiras 1.2.1 A Representação do “louco” na ilustração médica europeia 1.2.2 A Fotografia e o registro cientifico no contexto psiquiátrico 1.2.3 A influência da ilustração médica europeia em publicações médicas Brasileiras 1.3 A instituição psiquiátrica brasileira e a reforma psiquiátrica 107 1.3.1 A Instituição Psiquiátrica Brasileira 1.3.2 O Contexto Ocidental da Reforma Psiquiátrica 1.3.3 A Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira 2. A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO LOUCO E DA LOUCURA NAS IMAGENS DE QUATRO FOTÓGRAFOS BRASILEIROS DO SÉCULO XX 2.1.Alice Brill 140 2.1.1. A realização e a história das imagens 2.1.2. O contexto de produção da série sobre o Juquery 2.1.3. Para além do Juquery 2.1.4.
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