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Seed and Vegetation Dynamics in Undamaged and Degraded Coastal Habitats of the Hudson Bay Lowlands

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Seed and Vegetation Dynamics in Undamaged and Degraded Coastal Habitats of the Hudson Bay Lowlands SEED AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN UNDAMAGED AND DEGRADED COASTAL HABITATS OF THE HUDSON BAY LOWLANDS Esther R. Chang A thesis subrnitted in conformity with the requirernents for the Degree of Master of Science, Graduate Department of Botany, University of Toronto O Copyright by Esther Chang, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue WeMhglm OnawaOfU K1AW Ottawa ON K1AW canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence ailowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in rnicroform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. SEED AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN UM)AMAGED AND DEGRADED COASTAL HABITATS OF THE HUDSON BAY LOWLANDS Esther R. Chang Degree of Master of Science Graduate Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 2000 Abstract Grubbing and grazing by increasing numbers of lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) have led to loss of vegetation and soil degradation in salt marshes and on beach ridges. These changes have had a deleterious effect on the soil seed bank by reducing density of seeds and shifting the composition from species present prior to the disturbance to invasive species. In the salt marsh, more recently degraded plots had greater revegetation potential from the remaining seed bank than plots where loss of vegetation was of long standing. Seed banks in beach-ridge soils were less affected by degradation due to the greater proportion of weedy species present in the original vegetation. Studies of the seed and vegetation dynamics in the supratidal marsh indicated that while there were no systematic differences between the seed rain in undamaged and degraded sites, degradation processes constrain recruitment at the entrapment, germination and establishment stages. This work of fact, not fiction, was made possible with the heip of numerous people. institutions and agencies from the stages of conception to the incipient birth. 1 wish to thank rny mentors at the Hudson Bay Project, R.F. Rockwell, K.F. Abraham and R.L. Jefferies for starting me down this "garden path" five years ago when 1 amived at La Pérouse Bay, an über-urbanite with raingear that self-destntcted within two hours of Wear, a trunk full of clothes that 1 didn't end up wearing and a copy of Finnegm 's Wake to amuse me during my ''free time." Thank you for showing me what collaboration between acadernic, private and govemment agencies cm accomplish, for sharing expertise and for introducing me to the landscape that has become a permanent fixture in my inner geography. 1 am endlessly indebted to those who helped to gather, record and sort data (almost thankless tasks). Thank you, Derek Cattani, Théo Charette, Lesley Gold, Elizabeth Gold, Chris Witte, Deb Tarn, Sanora Park, Anisa Myuniswalla Dawn Davidson and Cathy Chan for keeping me Company in purgatory. The scientific work wouldn't have been possible without the support, both logistic and emotional, fiom many people at La Pérouse Bay. Thank you Paul Matulo~s,Curt Vacek, Asha Mellor and Barbara Pezzanite in addition to those I mention elsewhere. Many people have helped and encouraged me during my studies at the University of Toronto. Dr. ThDickinson was my CO-authorin the second chapter and provided crucial help with the development of the seed key. Dr. Temy Carleton patiently answered my many questions about multivariate statistics. Between the two of thern, I have fiddled iii with more quirky DOS-based programs than 1 care to rernember. Dr. Peter Kotanen and Linley Jesson kindl y answered my numerous and various questions about statistics. 1 am especially gratefùl to my lab-mates, Tanya Handa, Brian Milakovic and Hugh Henry, for sharing space with a self-confessed neat fieak, much laughter and helping me through those times that we had to close the door. I'm also thankfùl to Andrea Case, Bill Draper, Richard Joos, Tomau Gradowski, Eliot McIntire, Christina Heidom, Tara Negwani, Darlene Lim and Nadia Talent for sharing their time, kwwledge and fkiendship with me. Esther Lévesque and Dr. Richard Staniforth kindly provided rnany seed bank referenccs at the beginning of this project. To my parents, Hwal Chun and Grace, 1owe too much to be expressed for years of love and encouragement. 1 thank my siblings, Angela, Cathy and Alex, for put~gup with stress and impatience these last few months and giving up their Thanksgiving (for al1 intents and purposes) when the computer at school crashed the weekend before the thesis was due. 1 thank my family for bearing my idiosyncracies, learning my idiolect and listening to my dreams, both waking and sleeping, for a11 these years. Funding was provided by a University of Toronto Open Fellowship and the Department of Northem and Indian Wairs. Finally, 1 am fervently grateful to my supervisor, Dr. RL. Jefferies. Bob, thank you for listening to a "prov~cative~~girl who said, "1 want to go up north, Dr. Jefferies." You have been an exemplary mode1 on the rewards of good time management (8 to 6, 10 to bed), enthusiasm, discipline, dipiomacy, strategic understatement and generosity in both the public and private spheres. Now, if only 1 find something that I'm as passionate about as you are about goose poop. Thank you. Abstract ii Acknow ledgements iii Table of contents v List of tables ix List of figures xi List of appendices xv Chapter One: Introduction 1. i Opening Statement 1.2 Formation of soil seed banks in relation to gradients of disturbance and stress 1.2.1 What is the effect of disturbance on the soi1 seed bank? 1.2.2 What is the effect of stress on the soi1 seed bank? 1.3 Vegetation loss and soil degradation processes at La Pérouse Bay in relation to seed bank dynamics 1.3.1 Site and vegetation description 1.3.2 Effect of lesser snow geese on the vegetation and on edaphic conditions in coastal marshes 1.4 Seed and vegetation dynamics: availability of diaspores vs. "de sites" 1.5 Seed bank dynamics and revegetation at La Pérouse Bay Chapter Two: Seed flom of La Pénnw Bay, Manitoba, Canada; a DELTA database of morphologid and ecoIogid characters 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.2.1 Data and specimen collection 2.2.2 Database and key development 2.2.3 Taxa 2.2.4 Characters 2.2.5 Multivariate data anaiysis 2.2.6 Illustrations 2.3 ResuIts 2.3.1 Taxa 2.3.2 Characters 2.3.3 Multivariate data anaiysis 2.3.4 Illustrations 2.3.5 Availability of database 2.4 Discussion Chapter Three: Effcet of degradation on the vegetation and dbank in coastnl salt-mmh and beach-ridge habitats 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Materials and methods 3.2.1 Collection of seed bank and vegetation data 3.2.2 Collection of environmental data 3.2.3 Data analyses 3 -3 Results 3 -3.1 Vegetabon 3 -3-2 Soi1 seed bank 3.3-3 Vegetation ordination wnstrained by seed bank 3.3.4 Seed bank ordination wnstrained by vegetation 3.4 Discussion Chapter Four: Chapter Four: Eff'of degradation on sud min, seed genniaatioa and trrly seedling establishment in tbe supmtidal marsh 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Site description 4.2.2 Collection of seed min data 4.2.3 Effect of salinity on seed germination 4.2.4 Effecî of salinity on early establishment 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Seed rain 4.3.2Germination and salinity 4.3 -3 Salinity and early seedling establishment 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Seed rain 4.4.2 Seed germination 4.4.3 Establishment vii Chapter Fivc: Cenerd discussion 5.1 Responses of vegetaîion and soi1 seed bank to disnirbance adstress as a fùnction of the Me history of plants 5.2 Constraints imposed by disturbance and stress on the seed bank dynarnics 5.3 Applications of statisticd rnethods to studies of seed banks 5.4 The potential role of seed sources in revegetation at La Pérouse Bay List of Tables Table 1. Three hypothetical combinations of life-cycle traits repmmted by groups A to C. Each combination represents one corner of the aiangular diagram of Fig. 1, by reading this diagram counter-clockwise. As the value of one of three traits is determined by the way the diagram is read, these vaîues are placed between brackets (modified from van Groenendael et al. 1998). Table 2. Processes involved in the successful invasion of a gap by a given 21 plam species and charactas of the gaps that may be important. Modified fiom Gmbb (1 977). Table 3. Preliminary flowering plant species checklist for La Pérouse Bay. Frequency of species was assessed subjectively and includes five classes (dominant, abundant, frequent, occasional, rare) with qualifying prefix "locally" as described in Kershaw & Looney (1985). Identification (LD.) numbn were assigned for species containeci in the database. Arctostqhyhs spp.. Hi+s spp.. Salix spp. & SfeIkàrïa spp. were uhimately collapsed into genera in the database.
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