DOCSLIB.ORG

CPTPP Final National Interest Analysis for 8 March

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership National Interest Analysis March 2018 Table of Contents Table of Contents Frequently Used Acronyms and Terms 1 1 Executive summary 3 2 Nature and timing of proposed treaty action 13 3 Reasons for New Zealand becoming a Party to the Treaty 15 3.1 Enhanced trade and economic linkages 15 3.2 New market access opportunities 16 3.3 Greater coherence of trade rules 17 3.4 Advancement of New Zealand’s strategic interests 18 3.5 Opportunities for new membership 19 3.6 The consequences of New Zealand not joining 19 4 Advantages and disadvantages to New Zealand of the treaty entering into force and not entering into force for New Zealand 21 4.1 Trade in Goods 21 4.2 Rules of Origin 28 4.3 Textiles 30 4.4 Customs 30 4.5 Trade Remedies 31 4.6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures 32 4.7 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) 34 4.8 Investment (including Investor-State Dispute Settlement) 36 4.9 Cross-Border Trade in Services 42 4.10 Financial Services 45 4.11 Temporary Entry 47 4.12 Telecommunications 48 4.13 Electronic-Commerce 50 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) National Interest Analysis Page 1 Table of Contents 4.14 Government Procurement 52 4.15 Competition Policy 55 4.16 State-Owned Enterprises 56 4.17 Intellectual Property 59 4.18 Intellectual Property: UPOV 91 65 4.19 Intellectual Property: Other IP Treaties 68 4.20 Labour 69 4.21 Environment 70 4.22 Cooperation and Capacity Building 72 4.23 Competitiveness and Business Facilitation 73 4.24 Development 74 4.25 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 75 4.26 Regulatory Coherence 76 4.27 Transparency and Anti-corruption 77 4.28 Legal and Institutional Issues 78 5 Legal obligations which would be imposed on New Zealand by the treaty action, the position in respect of reservations to the treaty, and an outline of any dispute settlement mechanisms 82 5.1 Initial Provisions and General Definitions 82 5.2 National Treatment and Market Access for Goods 82 5.3 Rules of Origin and Origin Procedures 89 5.4 Textile and Apparel Goods 93 5.5 Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation 94 5.6 Trade Remedies 95 5.7 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 96 5.8 Technical Barriers to Trade 101 5.9 Investment 111 5.10 Cross-Border Trade in Services 123 5.11 Financial Services 126 5.12 Temporary Entry for Business Persons 133 5.13 Telecommunications 134 5.14 Electronic Commerce 140 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) National Interest Analysis Page 2 Table of Contents 5.15 Government Procurement 142 5.16 Competition Policy 149 5.17 State-Owned Enterprises 150 5.18 Intellectual Property 156 5.19 Labour 178 5.20 Environment 180 5.21 Cooperation & Capacity Building 186 5.22 Competitiveness & Business Facilitation 186 5.23 Development 187 5.24 Small and Medium Enterprises 187 5.25 Regulatory Coherence 187 5.26 Transparency and Anti-corruption 188 5.27 Administrative and Institutional Provisions 191 5.28 Dispute Settlement 192 5.29 Exceptions 193 5.30 Final Provisions 196 5.31 Side Instruments to CPTPP 197 6 Measures which the Government could or should adopt to implement the treaty action, including specific reference to implementing legislation 200 6.1 Changes Required 200 6.2 CPTPP Bill 203 7 Economic, social, cultural and environmental costs and effects of the treaty action 205 7.1 Economic effects 207 7.2 Social effects 213 7.3 Effects on Māori 216 7.4 Cultural effects 219 7.5 Environmental effects 220 8 The costs to New Zealand of compliance with the treaty 223 8.1 Tariff revenue 223 8.2 Costs to government agencies of implementing and complying with the FTA 224 8.3 Costs to businesses of complying with the FTA 227 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) National Interest Analysis Page 3 Table of Contents 9 Completed or proposed consultation with the community and parties interested in the treaty action 228 9.1 Engagement overview 228 9.2 Engagement with Māori 229 9.3 Public engagement sessions 230 9.4 Other stakeholder engagement 230 9.5 Previous TPP consultation 230 9.6 Summary of issues raised 231 9.7 Addressing concerns 232 9.8 Inter-departmental consultation 234 10 Subsequent protocols and/or amendments to the treaty and their likely effects 235 11 Withdrawal or denunciation provision in the treaty 236 12 Agency Disclosure Statement 237 Guide to CPTPP Chapters 238 Overview of the suspensions 241 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) National Interest Analysis Page 4 Frequently Used Acronyms and Terms Frequently Used Acronyms and Terms ANZCERTA The Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement. AANZFTA The ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area. ANZTEC The Economic Cooperation Agreement between New Zealand and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Cooperation. ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations. AVE Ad-valorem equivalent, a method of quantifying a barrier to trade by determining an equivalent barrier expressed in terms of a percentage of price (the ad valorem equivalent). The Berne Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as revised at Paris, July 24, 1971. Convention The Budapest Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Treaty Patent Procedure (1977), as amended on September 26, 1980. CER New Zealand-Australia Closer Economic Relations, a comprehensive set of trade and economic arrangements including the Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement which entered into force on 1 January 1983. CGE Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models, used by economists to capture the effects of changing trade barriers on GDP, trade flows, national welfare and other variables. CPTPP The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Customs The New Zealand Customs Service. FDI Foreign Direct Investment. FTA Free Trade Agreement. GATS Global Agreement on Trade in Services. (The WTO Agreement covering trade in services.) GATT Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. (The WTO Agreement covering trade in goods.) GDP Gross Domestic Product. GI Geographical indications, a sign or name used in relation to goods that have a specific geographical origin and qualities essentially attributable to that origin, for example Champagne. GPA WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. HS The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, HS), a near-universal method for classifying international trade. ICT Information and communication technology. ILO International Labour Organization. IP Intellectual Property. IPONZ Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand, the government agency responsible for the granting and registration of intellectual property rights. ISDS Investor-State dispute settlement. Medsafe New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. Responsible for the regulation of medicines and medical devices in New Zealand, and ensuring that medicines and medical devices are acceptably safe. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) National Interest Analysis Page 1 Frequently Used Acronyms and Terms MBIE The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. MFAT The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. MPI The Ministry for Primary Industries. MFN Most-favoured-nation, a requirement that preferential treatment extended to one country (the “most favoured”) be extended to others (e.g. to other TPP Parties). MNZFTA Malaysia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement. National A requirement that the same level of treatment extended to domestic entities be extended to others (e.g. to Treatment other TPP Parties). NIA National Interest Analysis. NTM Non-tariff measure. NZTE New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. ODI Outward Foreign Direct Investment OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. PHARMAC Pharmaceutical Management Agency. The New Zealand government agency that decides which pharmaceuticals to publicly fund in New Zealand. PVR Plant variety rights, which provide the breeders of new varieties of plants with limited rights to control the commercial exploitation of their new varieties. SDR International Monetary Fund Special Drawing Rights, a unit of account used by the International Monetary Fund and based on a basket of international currencies. SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises. SOE State-Owned Enterprise. SPAM Unsolicited commercial electronic messages. SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary. (WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (Agreement) Measures.) TBT Technical Barriers to Trade. (WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.) (Agreement) TNF Trade Negotiations Fund. A New Zealand government inter-agency fund for the negotiation of Free Trade Agreements and to maximize the scope for New Zealand to enter and to gain from these agreements. TPP The Trans-Pacific Partnership. TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UPOV The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plant. WCT WIPO Copyright Treaty, done at Geneva, December 20, 1996. WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization. WPPT WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, done at Geneva, December 20, 1996. WTO World Trade Organization. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Recommended publications
  • Kosovo Commercial Guide

    Kosovo Commercial Guide

    Kosovo Table of Contents Doing Business in Kosovo ____________________________ 6 Market Overview ___________________________________ 6 Market Challenges __________________________________ 7 Market Opportunities ________________________________ 8 Market Entry Strategy ________________________________ 9 Political and Economic Environment ____________________ 11 Selling US Products & Services ________________________ 11 Using an Agent to Sell US Products and Services _________________ 11 Establishing an Office ________________________________ 11 Franchising ______________________________________ 11 Direct Marketing ___________________________________ 12 Joint Ventures/Licensing ______________________________ 12 Selling to the Government ______________________________ 12 Distribution & Sales Channels____________________________ 13 Express Delivery ___________________________________ 13 Selling Factors & Techniques ____________________________ 13 eCommerce ______________________________________ 14 Overview ____________________________________________ 14 Current Market Trends ___________________________________ 14 Domestic eCommerce (B2C) ________________________________ 14 Cross-Border eCommerce __________________________________ 14 Online Payment________________________________________ 15 Major Buying Holidays ___________________________________ 15 Social Media __________________________________________ 15 Trade Promotion & Advertising ___________________________ 15 Pricing _________________________________________ 19 Sales Service/Customer
  • The Comparative Politics of E-Cigarette Regulation in Australia, Canada and New Zealand by Alex C

    The Comparative Politics of E-Cigarette Regulation in Australia, Canada and New Zealand by Alex C

    Formulating a Regulatory Stance: The Comparative Politics of E-Cigarette Regulation in Australia, Canada and New Zealand by Alex C. Liber A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Health Services Organizations and Policy) in The University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Scott Greer, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Holly Jarman, Co-Chair Professor Daniel Béland, McGill University Professor Paula Lantz Alex C. Liber [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7863-3906 © Alex C. Liber 2020 Dedication For Lindsey and Sophia. I love you both to the ends of the earth and am eternally grateful for your tolerance of this project. ii Acknowledgments To my family – Lindsey, you made the greatest sacrifices that allowed this project to come to fruition. You moved away from your family to Michigan. You allowed me to conduct two months of fieldwork when you were pregnant with our daughter. You helped drafts come together and were a constant sounding board and confidant throughout the long process of writing. This would not have been possible without you. Sophia, Poe, and Jo served as motivation for this project and a distraction from it when each was necessary. Mom, Dad, Chad, Max, Julian, and Olivia, as well as Papa Ernie and Grandma Audrey all, helped build the road that I was able to safely walk down in the pursuit of this doctorate. You served as role models, supports, and friends that I could lean on as I grew into my career and adulthood. Lisa, Tony, and Jessica Suarez stepped up to aid Lindsey and me with childcare amid a move, a career transition, and a pandemic.
  • Politician Overboard: Jumping the Party Ship

    Politician Overboard: Jumping the Party Ship

    INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND ADVICE FOR THE PARLIAMENT INFORMATION AND RESEARCH SERVICES Research Paper No. 4 2002–03 Politician Overboard: Jumping the Party Ship DEPARTMENT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY ISSN 1328-7478 Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 2003 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written consent of the Department of the Parliamentary Library, other than by Senators and Members of the Australian Parliament in the course of their official duties. This paper has been prepared for general distribution to Senators and Members of the Australian Parliament. While great care is taken to ensure that the paper is accurate and balanced, the paper is written using information publicly available at the time of production. The views expressed are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Information and Research Services (IRS). Advice on legislation or legal policy issues contained in this paper is provided for use in parliamentary debate and for related parliamentary purposes. This paper is not professional legal opinion. Readers are reminded that the paper is not an official parliamentary or Australian government document. IRS staff are available to discuss the paper's contents with Senators and Members and their staff but not with members of the public. Published by the Department of the Parliamentary Library, 2003 I NFORMATION AND R ESEARCH S ERVICES Research Paper No. 4 2002–03 Politician Overboard: Jumping the Party Ship Sarah Miskin Politics and Public Administration Group 24 March 2003 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Martin Lumb and Janet Wilson for their help with the research into party defections in Australia and Cathy Madden, Scott Bennett, David Farrell and Ben Miskin for reading and commenting on early drafts.
  • Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Designating New Zealand Marine Reserves

    Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Designating New Zealand Marine Reserves

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington Stakeholder engagement strategies for designating New Zealand marine reserves: A case study of the designation of the Auckland Islands (Motu Maha) Marine Reserve and marine reserves designated under the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Development Studies at Victoria University of Wellington By James Mize Victoria University of Wellington 2007 "The use of sea and air is common to all; neither can a title to the ocean belong to any people or private persons, forasmuch as neither nature nor public use and custom permit any possession thereof." -Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) "It is a curious situation that the sea, from which life first arose should now be threatened by the activities of one form of that life. But the sea, though changed in a sinister way, will continue to exist; the threat is rather to life itself." - Rachel Carson , (1907-1964) The Sea Around Us , 1951 ii Abstract In recent years, marine reserves (areas of the sea where no fishing is allowed) have enjoyed increased popularity with scientists and agencies charged with management of ocean and coastal resources. Much scientific literature documents the ecological and biological rationale for marine reserves, but scholars note the most important consideration for successful establishment reserves is adequate involvement of the relevant stakeholders in their designation. Current guidance for proponents of marine reserves suggests that to be successful, reserves should be designated using “bottom-up” processes favouring cooperative management by resource-dependent stakeholders, as opposed to “top-down” approaches led by management agencies and international conservation organizations.
  • NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE Juhlisgtb by ~Ttt~Orit!F

    NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE Juhlisgtb by ~Ttt~Orit!F

    :llumb. 64 9.47 THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE Juhlisgtb by ~ttt~orit!f WELLINGTON, THURSDAY, AUGUST 5, 1943 - Land proclaimed as Road, Road closed, and Land taken in Blocks III and IV, Matakohe Survey District, Otamatea County [L.S.] C. L. N. NEWALL, Governor-General A PROCLAMATION N pursuance and exercise of the powers conferred by section twelve of the Land Act, 1924, I, Cyril Louis Norton Newall, I the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand, do hereby proclaim as road the land described in the First Schedule hereto; and I do hereby proclaim as closed the road described in the Second Schedule hereto; and I do also hereby take the land described in the Third Schedule hereto for the purposes of subsection ten ·of the said section twelve. · FIRST SCHEDULE LAND PROCLAIMED AS ROAD Approximate Areas of the Pieee1 of Land Being Sltuatetl in Coloured on proclaimed as Block Plan Road. A. R. P. 2 1 21 Part Allotment 232 III Yellow. 2 2 14 Part Allotment 232 III and IV (S.O. 32257.) (Mareretu Parish) (Auckland R.D.). SECOND SCHEDULE ROAD CLOSED Approximate Areas of the Adjoining or passing through Situated in Coloured on Pieces of Road Block Plan closed. A. R, P. 1 2 34 Allotment 232 and part Allotment 233 .. .. .. .. III Green. 2 3 15 Allotment 232 and part Allotment 233 .. .. .. .. III and IV ,, 1 2 36 Allotment 232 and part Allotment 233 .. .. .. .. .. III and IV (S.O. 32257.) " (Mareretu Parish) (Auckland R.D.). I A THE NEW ~EALAND ,GAZETTE THIRD SCHEDULE LAND TAKEN Approximate Areas of the Situated in Coloured on Pieces of Land Being Block _Plan taken.
  • Innovation in New Zealand Statute Law

    Innovation in New Zealand Statute Law

    WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT NEW ZEALAND LAW AND THE NEW ZEALAND WAY OF DOING LAW - INNOVATION IN NEW ZEALAND STATUTE LAW Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey Palmer President, Law Commission Paper delivered to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Law Commission, Legislative Council Chamber, Parliament Buildings, Wellington, 25 August 2006 What is this paper about? 1 The threshold question is to define what this paper is about.1 Tests as to what is innovative tend to be subjective. What is meant by “innovative” in the first place? The Oxford English Dictionary makes it plain that innovation is the action of innovating; the introduction of novelties; the alteration of what is established by the introduction of new elements or forms. In one sense, every statute is an innovation. The term is also susceptible to a distinction between those statutes that are innovative as to form and those that are innovative as to policy. Some statutes are known for the novelty and boldness of their policy. Others for the use of intricate and novel legislative techniques, for example the claw back provisions of the Treaty of Waitangi (State Enterprises) Act 1988.2 Some lawyers may admire particular legislative techniques that have no great impact except to implement faithfully the policy of the Act. And that policy may be of no great significance. On the other hand, statutes that are simple in drafting terms may raise enormous controversy leading to a difficult and long parliamentary passage. 2 Contemplating the difficulty of selection, I informally surveyed the Law Commission lawyers as to what they considered to be the three top innovative pieces of legislation in New Zealand.
  • Workingpaper

    Workingpaper

    working paper The Evolution of New Zealand as a Nation: Significant events and legislation 1770–2010 May 2010 Sustainable Future Institute Working Paper 2010/03 Authors Wendy McGuinness, Miriam White and Perrine Gilkison Working papers to Report 7: Exploring Shared M āori Goals: Working towards a National Sustainable Development Strategy and Report 8: Effective M āori Representation in Parliament: Working towards a National Sustainable Development Strategy Prepared by The Sustainable Future Institute, as part of Project 2058 Disclaimer The Sustainable Future Institute has used reasonable care in collecting and presenting the information provided in this publication. However, the Institute makes no representation or endorsement that this resource will be relevant or appropriate for its readers’ purposes and does not guarantee the accuracy of the information at any particular time for any particular purpose. The Institute is not liable for any adverse consequences, whether they be direct or indirect, arising from reliance on the content of this publication. Where this publication contains links to any website or other source, such links are provided solely for information purposes and the Institute is not liable for the content of such website or other source. Published Copyright © Sustainable Future Institute Limited, May 2010 ISBN 978-1-877473-55-5 (PDF) About the Authors Wendy McGuinness is the founder and chief executive of the Sustainable Future Institute. Originally from the King Country, Wendy completed her secondary schooling at Hamilton Girls’ High School and Edgewater College. She then went on to study at Manukau Technical Institute (gaining an NZCC), Auckland University (BCom) and Otago University (MBA), as well as completing additional environmental papers at Massey University.
  • Transformation of the Welfare State in New Zealand with Special Reference

    Transformation of the Welfare State in New Zealand with Special Reference

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Transformation of the Welfare State in New Zealand with special reference to Employment A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of the Doctor of Philosophy in Economics at Massey University Anne Marguerite de Bruin 1997 Acknowledgements I am grateful to Professor Rolf D. Cremer, who as Head of the Economics Department, had high expectations for career development of staff of the Department. This provided the initial stimulus for my undertaking PhD study. I sincerely thank my supervisors, Professors Rolf D. Cremer and Ian F. Shirley for their invaluable guidance and assistance. I also thank them for their understanding which made the whole process easier, yet challenging. My sincere thanks also to my friend and colleague, Ann Dupuis, for her advice and constant encouragement. I am particularly thankful to her for always providing a listening ear during my ups and downs and for introducing me to Bourdieu and Gramsci. I wish to thank Massey University for the financial support I received through the Research Award for Academic Women. This made possible a freeing up of some of my time from teaching duties early in 1997, enabling the completion of this thesis. I am indebted to Enterprise Otara and several others in the Otara community who welcomed me into their community, willingly shared their knowledge with me and were also appreciative of what I had to offer to the community.
  • MADE by ORIGIN SHAREHOLDER REVIEW 2014 Strategy Performance Growth

    MADE by ORIGIN SHAREHOLDER REVIEW 2014 Strategy Performance Growth

    MADE BY ORIGIN SHAREHOLDER REVIEW 2014 Strategy Performance Growth ENERGY BY ORIGIN In 2014 Origin generated 17,195 gigawatt hours of electricity... WASHED BY ALEX ...enough energy to power around 16 billion (1) loads of washing. PERFORMANCE Statutory Profi t ($m) Statutory Earnings Per Share (¢) Dividends Per Share (¢) (2) HIGHLIGHTS $530m 48.1¢ 50¢ 2014 530 2014 48.1 2014 50 2013 378 2013 34.6 2013 50 A reconciliation between Statutory and 2012 980 2012 90.6 2012 50 Underlying profi t measures can be found 2011 186 2011 19.6 2011 50 in note 2 of the Origin Consolidated Financial Statements. 2010 612 2010 67.7 2010 50 Underlying EBITDA ($m) Underlying Profi t ($m) Underlying Earnings Per Share (¢) Free Cash Flow ($m) $2,139m $713m 64.8¢ $1,599m 2014 2,139 2014 713 2014 64.8 2014 1,599 2013 2,181 2013 760 2013 69.5 2013 1,188 2012 2,257 2012 893 2012 82.6 2012 1,415 2011 1,782 2011 673 2011 71.0 2011 1,316 2010 1,346 2010 585 2010 64.8 2010 800 01 ...............PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS 02 ...............MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR 03 ...............FINANCIAL CALENDAR 2014/2015 03 ...............KEY MILESTONES IN 2014 03 ...............OUR COMPASS 04...............ENERGY MARKETS 04............... CONTACT ENERGY 05 ...............EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION 05 ...............LNG 06 .............. BOARD OF DIRECTORS 06 ..............EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT TEAM 07 ...............FIVE YEAR FINANCIAL HISTORY 07 ...............GLOSSARY 08 ..............BUSINESS STRATEGY 08 ..............MAP OF ASSETS & OPERATIONS MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR During the period, we announced the acquisition starting to deliver results, as refl ected in the Fellow shareholder, of a 40 per cent interest in the Poseidon improvement in margins in the second half.
  • The Effects of Proportional Representation on Election

    The Effects of Proportional Representation on Election

    THE EFFECTS OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ON ELECTION LAWMAKING IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND by Joshua Ferrer A Thesis Submitted to the Politics Programme University of Otago in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts January 2020 ii iii ABSTRACT It is widely recognized that most politicians are self-interested and desire election rules beneficial to their reelection. Although partisanship in electoral system reform is well- understood, the factors that encourage or constrain partisan manipulation of the other democratic “rules of the game”—including election administration, franchise laws, campaign finance, boundary drawing, and electoral governance—has received little scholarly attention to date. Aotearoa New Zealand remains the only established democracy to switch from a non-proportional to a proportional electoral system and thus presents a natural experiment to test the effects of electoral system change on the politics of election lawmaking. Using a longitudinal comparative case study analysis, this thesis examines partisan and demobilizing election reforms passed between 1970 and 1993 under first-past- the-post and between 1997 and 2018 under mixed-member proportional representation (MMP). Although partisan election reforms have not diminished under MMP, demobilizing reforms have become less common. Regression analysis uncovers evidence that partisan election lawmaking is more likely when the effective number of parties in parliament is lower, when non-voters have more leverage, and when reforms are pursued that diminish electoral participation. iv To Arthur Klatsky, with all my love v PREFACE This thesis would not be what it is without the generosity, time, and aroha of countless people. For the sake of the Otago Politics Department’s printing budget, I will attempt to be brief.
  • Māori Representation in a Shrunken Parliament

    Māori Representation in a Shrunken Parliament

    New Zealand Journal of History, 52, 2 (2018) Māori Representation in a Shrunken Parliament IN A REFERENDUM held in conjunction with New Zealand’s 2011 general election, Māori overwhelmingly supported the retention of the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system introduced in 1996. Māori support for MMP was significantly less equivocal than that of the general population.1 The extent of support is understandable. MMP brought many benefits for Māori voters, most obviously a large increase in Māori representation in Parliament.2 The bulk of Māori votes were no longer tied up in just four electorates where they could often be safely ignored. With all votes being equal, political parties had a heightened motivation to pay heed to Māori aspirations and to put forward Māori candidates. The benefits of MMP for Māori were increased through the retention of seats reserved for voters of Māori descent, along with the innovation of linking the number of such seats directly with the numbers enrolled to vote in them. In 1996 the number of Māori seats increased to five under the new rules, and further increased to seven in 2002.3 Previously the number of reserved Māori seats was fixed at four, and had been since 1867.4 New Zealand adopted MMP following a binding referendum held in 1993. In 1990 Ranginui Walker summarized some of the faults with the electoral system then in place, pointing to both historical and ongoing discrimination. Whereas the secret ballot applied in European electorates from 1870, it did not apply in Māori electorates until 1937.5 There were no Māori electoral rolls until 1949 and compulsory voter registration was not introduced for Māori until 1956.
  • We Help Jess Harness the Sun's Energy to Power Her

    We Help Jess Harness the Sun's Energy to Power Her

    WE HELP JESS HARNESS THE SUN’S ENERGY TO POWER HER HOME ENERGY MADE FRESH DAILY SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2015 CONTENTS 02 .................. MANAGING DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE 04 ..................OUR COMPASS 05 ..................WHERE WE OPERATE 06.................. OUR YEAR AT A GLANCE 08.................. BUSINESS STRATEGY 09 ..................OUR PERFORMANCE 10 ..................GLOBAL TRENDS 12 .................. APPROACH TO MATERIALITY 14 .................. ENGAGING WITH OUR STAKEHOLDERS 17 ................... ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS 32 .................. DELIVERING ENERGY 40 .................. MANAGING OUR BUSINESS 60 .................. FUTURE ENERGY SOLUTIONS 64 .................. PHILANTHROPY 67 ................... RATINGS AND BENCHMARKS 68 ..................GLOSSARY DISCOVER MORE ONLINE IMPORTANT INFORMATION Origin has been reporting its sustainability The following Report includes an assessment performance since 2002 via an annual of upstream activities by Australia Pacific LNG, Sustainability Report. in which Origin has a 37.5 per cent shareholding Unless otherwise stated, Origin’s Sustainability (consistent with its holding as at 30 June 2014) Report provides a summary of activities, operated and is the Upstream operator. assets and non-financial performance between This Report does not contain information 1 July 2014 and 30 June 2015. Emissions on the sustainability performance of Contact performance is reported on an operated and Energy, in which Origin held a 53.1 per cent equity basis. Significant events occurring after interest at the close of the reporting period. the close of the period may also be referenced. After the close of the period, Origin divested Origin’s Sustainability Report outlines the its entire interest in Contact Energy. Information Company’s performance against a number regarding Contact Energy can be found of Material Aspects. Origin’s approach to at www.contactenergy.co.nz. determining Material Aspects is informed All monetary amounts are in Australian dollars by the Global Reporting Initiative and the unless otherwise stated.