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Human Rights in Mexico HUMAN RIGHTS IN MEXICO A Policy of Impunity June 1990 An Americas Watch Report 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW Third Floor Suite 910 New York, NY 10017-6104 Washington, DC 20005 (212) 972-8400 (202) 371-6592 Fax (212) 972-0905 Fax (202) 371-0124 Email (PeaceNet): Email (PeaceNet): "hrwatchnyc" "hrwatchdc" 10951 West Pico Blvd. Suite 203 Los Angeles, CA 90064 (213) 475-3070 Fax (213) 475-5613 Email (PeaceNet): "hrwatchla" Human Rights in Mexico: A Policy of Impunity Copyright (c) June 1990 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 929692-62-4. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-82958. Cover design by Deborah Thomas. THE AMERICAS WATCH COMMITTEE The Americas Watch Committee was established in 1981 to monitor and promote observance of free expression and other internationally recognized human rights in Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Americas Watch is one of the five regional Committees of Human Rights Watch. The Chairman of Americas Watch is Adrian W. DeWind; Vice Chairmen, Peter Bell and Stephen Kass; Executive Director, Juan E. Méndez. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch is composed of five Watch Committees: Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch and Middle East Watch. Executive Committee: Robert L. Bernstein, Chairman; Adrian W. DeWind, Vice Chairman; Roland Algrant; Lisa Anderson; Peter Bell; Dorothy Cullman; Jonathan Fanton; Jack Greenberg; Alice H. Henkin; Stephen Kass; Marina Kaufman; Jeri Laber; Aryeh Neier; Bruce Rabb; Kenneth Roth; Orville Schell; Sophie C. Silberberg; Gary Sick; Nadine Strossen. Staff: Aryeh Neier, Executive Director; Kenneth Roth, Deputy Director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington, Director; Ellen Lutz, California Director; Susan Osnos, Press Director; Allyson Collins and Joanna Weschler, Research Associates; James Goldston, Orville Schell Intern. Executive Directors Africa Watch Asia Watch Helsinki Watch Middle East Watch Rakiya Omaar Sidney Jones Jeri Laber Andrew Whitley THE AMERICAS WATCH COMMITTEE The Americas Watch Committee was established in 1981 to monitor and promote observance of free expression and other internationally recognized human rights in Central America, South America and the Caribbean. The Chairman of Americas Watch is Adrian W. DeWind; Vice Chairmen, Peter Bell and Stephen Kass; Executive Director, Juan E. Méndez; Research Director, Anne Manuel; Counsel, Jemera Rone; Representative in Santiago, Cynthia Brown; Research Associate, Mary Jane Camejo; Associates, Clifford C. Rohde and Patricia Sinay. Americas Watch, together with Africa Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch and Middle East Watch, comprise Human Rights Watch. For more information about this and other Americas Watch reports, or concerning Human Rights Watch, please contact: HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW Third Floor Suite 910 New York, NY 10017 Washington, DC 20005 (212) 972-8400 (202) 371-6592 Fax (212) 972-0905 Fax (202) 371-0124 Email (PeaceNet): Email (PeaceNet): "hrwatchnyc" "hrwatchdc" ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was written by Ellen L. Lutz, California Director of Human Rights Watch, assisted by Los Angeles-based Human Rights staff member Megan Thomas. Juan E. Méndez, Executive Director, Anne Manuel, Research Director, and Clifford Rohde, Associate, also contributed to the report, which was edited by Human Rights Watch Executive Director Aryeh Neier. All of those involved wish to thank the members of the California Committee for Human Rights Watch for their assistance and support with this endeavor. Americas Watch is especially grateful to Mariclaire Acosta, who formerly directed the Mexican Academy of Human Rights and now heads the non-governmental Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights, for her support in setting up interviews with human rights monitors and government officials in Mexico City, and for facilitating the flow to us of information about human rights conditions in Mexico. In addition we would like to extend our thanks to the many human rights monitors, lawyers, journalists, and particularly victims of human rights abuses in Mexico who helped us to understand events there. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................................................iii I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1 Chapter Notes................................................................................. 8 II. TORTURE AND EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS BY POLICE AND SECURITY FORCES........................................... 9 Federal Judicial Police................................................................. 11 Other Federal Police .................................................................... 16 Armed Forces............................................................................... 17 State Police Forces....................................................................... 19 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 22 III. ABUSES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM......................... 27 Use of the Criminal Justice System as a Means of Political Control...................................... 29 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 32 IV. DISAPPEARANCES.......................................................................... 35 Disappearances During Prior Administrations ........................... 35 Recent Cases of Disappeared and Missing Persons ................... 36 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 39 V. ELECTION-RELATED CONFLICTS................................................ 41 Evictions of Protesters from Municipal Palaces ......................... 42 Violence Between Political Party Activists ................................ 44 Confrontations Between Police and Perredistas During Demonstrations ......................... 47 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 49 VI. RURAL VIOLENCE .......................................................................... 53 Rural Violence in Embocadero, Veracruz .................................. 55 Rural Violence in Chiapas........................................................... 59 i Chapter Notes............................................................................... 63 VII. VIOLENCE AGAINST THE LABOR MOVEMENT .................... 67 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 71 VIII. SILENCING THE PRESS ............................................................... 73 Intimidation in the Context of Police Corruption and Abuse......................................... 74 Intimidation in the Context of Political Conflict ........................ 76 Press Intimidation for Other Reasons.......................................... 77 General Violence ......................................................................... 78 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 80 IX. U.S. - MEXICAN RELATIONS ........................................................ 83 United States Violations of the Human Rights of Mexicans ........................................... 85 Chapter Notes............................................................................... 89 ii I. INTRODUCTION More often than not, Mexico is overlooked when lists of countries that violate internationally recognized human rights are compiled. That this is so is more a testament to the Mexican government's careful cultivation of its pro-human rights image than its care to ensure that individual human rights are respected. This report aims a spotlight at an array of abuses that have become an institutionalized part of Mexican society: killings, torture, and other mistreatment by the police during criminal investigations and, especially, in Mexico's efforts to curb narcotics trafficking; other violations of civil liberties in the criminal justice context; disappearances; election- related violence; violence related to land disputes; abuses directed against independent unions; and violations of freedom of the press. With the notable exception of election-related violence, most of the human rights abuses described here fit into patterns that have been prevalent for years. Torture, for example, commonly was inflicted on political prisoners in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and has become more widespread since then. Violence in land disputes is another long-standing problem; and the methods now used to silence the press and to keep union members in line are consistent with past practices. What is new is the increase in domestic and international attention to human rights conditions in Mexico. Part of the explanation for this opening lies in political changes that have occurred in Mexico in recent years. Since 1929, Mexico's one-party political system has dominated most sectors of Mexican society, including state and local governments, the major public and private enterprises that drive Mexico's economy, organized labor, farm labor, and the news media. The ruling party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or "PRI," and the government are so entangled that distinguishing between them is often difficult. Members of the PRI represent a wide range of political viewpoints and have traditionally debated differences of opinion away from the public
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