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México En Sus Revoluciones: Historia, Crítica Y Poéticas De La Emancipación Y La Resistencia En México

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México En Sus Revoluciones: Historia, Crítica Y Poéticas De La Emancipación Y La Resistencia En México México en sus revoluciones: historia, crítica y poéticas de la emancipación y la resistencia en México Berenice Villagómez Alejandro Zamora Esther Raventós-Pons (coordinadores) México en sus revoluciones: historia, crítica y poéticas de la emancipación y la resistencia en México Berenice Villagómez Alejandro Zamora Esther Raventós-Pons (coordinadores) México en sus revoluciones : historia, crítica y poéticas de la emancipación y la resis- tencia en México / Berenice Villagómez, Alejandro Zamora, Esther Reventós-Pons (coordinadores). - - Canadá : Glendon College : Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 2013. 266 p. ISBN 978-607-7771-98-2 1. México – Historia 2. México – Arte y literatura 3. Movimientos sociales – México I. Villagoméz, Berenice, coord. II. Zamora, Alejandro, coord. III. Reventós-Pons, Esther, coord. LCC F1226 DC 972 México en sus revoluciones: historia, crítica y poéticas de la emancipación y la resistencia en México Berenice Villagómez, Alejandro Zamora y Esther Raventós-Pons. (Coordinadores) D.R. ©2013, Berenice Villagómez, Alejandro Zamora, Esther Raventós-Pons Primera edición, 2013. D.R. ©2013, Glendon College D.R. ©2013, Universidad Autónoma 2275 Bayview Avenue de Estado de Morelos Toronto, ON Av. Universidad 1001 M4N3M6 Canada Chamilpa C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México “Rebozo [Man]” first appeared in El Mundo Zurdo Copyright © 2010 by The Society for the Study of Gloria Anzaldúa Reprinted by permission of Aunt Lute Books. www.auntlute.com Coordinación editorial: Ana Silvia Canto Reyes Diseño gráfico y formación: Roberto González Peralta Diseño de portada: Vicente Encarnación ISBN: 978-607-7771-98-2 Se prohíbe la reproducción parcial o total, por cualquier medio conocido o por conocerse, sin el consentimiento por escrito del titular de los derechos. Printed and bound in Canada by York University Printing Services. 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada Impreso en Canada · Printed in Canada Contenido Introducción 8 Berenice Villagómez, Alejandro Zamora y Esther Raventós-Pons Mexican Revolutions in the Works of Octavio Paz and Carlos Monsiváis Markéta Riebová 17 Reminiscencias. Estampas de la Revolución en la música de cámara mexicana del siglo XX Gustavo Martín Márquez 33 Rebozo [Man] in Nepantla: Xican@ Gender & Arts Revolution in San Anto, Tejas Josh T. Franco 45 ¿Deconstruyendo el género? Representaciones del andrógino en dos novelas mexicanas: El donador de almas, de Amado Nervo y La hermana secreta de Angélica María, de Luis Zapata Karen Poe Lang 65 Kahlo, Kristeva y Prado: retratando el “porvenir de la revuelta” poética María L. Figueredo 81 La subjetividad femenina en la narrativa migrante mexicano-canadiense Luis Molina Lora 102 El extensionista: la revolución que no fue Martha Bátiz Zuk 116 Forger la patrie et inventer une population: nationalisme et métissophilie dans le Mexique postrévolutionnaire Mayra Roffe Gutman 135 Revolution, War, Chinese Cooks and Labourers during the Mexican Revolution: First Refugees to the United States Yukari Takai 155 Carlos Madrazo Becerra: ¿un disidente? Principios y realidades de una malograda reforma del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (1964-1965) Raphaële Plu-Jenvrin 175 The Shock Absorbers at the Disposal of the Mexican State to Muffle the Dirty War Daniela Spenser 190 In Search of Deep Mexico: The Crisis of National Culture and the Historiography of Juchitán Colby Ristow 210 La utopía sin utopía: “heterotopías de resistencia” en los Caracoles zapatistas Rodrigo Mier 228 Resúmenes de los artículos contenidos en este volumen 244 Autores 252 Editores 259 Índice analítico 261 INTRODUCCIÓN México en sus revoluciones: historia, crítica y poéticas de la emancipación y la resistencia en México Berenice Villagómez Alejandro Zamora Esther Raventós-Pons (coordinadores) Durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX y la primera del siglo XXI, Mé- xico ha sostenido varios movimientos sociales con el propósito de exigir una mayor democratización del país. Sectores de la población que habían sido marginalizados históricamente o reprimidos de manera enérgica se han dado cita en el espacio público para reclamar un lugar activo en la construcción de la comunidad nacional. Así, grupos feministas, or- ganizaciones indígenas, ligas urbanas, asociaciones gay, sociedades en defensa de los derechos de los animales y agrupaciones ecologistas han inaugurado los debates sobre la necesidad de integrar a todos los actores de la vida comunitaria en la narrativa nacional. Los momentos más seña- lados en los últimos veinte años de movilizaciones en México incluyen el levantamiento armado del Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, el primero de enero de 1994; la victoria electoral del candidato presidencial del Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), Vicente Fox Quesada, el 2 de julio de 2000, y la impugnación de las elecciones federales en 2006 por parte del candidato a la presidencia, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, del Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD). En el momento de escribir estas pági- nas introductorias, todo indica que López Obrador movilizará de nuevo a sus simpatizantes después de las elecciones federales de 2012 para pro- testar contra lo que él ha llamado un “segundo fraude en su contra”. 8 Introducción La participación activa de las comunidades, sin embargo, no se ha li- mitado a políticas identitarias o asuntos electorales nacionales. En años recientes, grandes movimientos sociales se han establecido en varios paí- ses para protestar por la implementación de ciertas políticas económicas y para manifestar una voluntad popular en el cambio de rumbo hacia un desarrollo sustentable. De esta manera, las primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI han sido marcadas por movilizaciones importantes en todo el mundo. Quizá las más dramáticas por el número de ciudadanos muertos y heridos reportados han sido las de la Primavera Árabe, que inició en diciembre de 2010 e influyó en la deposición de líderes en Túnez, Egipto, Libia y Yemen. Europa también ha sido escenario de formidables movilizaciones, entre ellas los disturbios en Grecia, en 2008 y las posteriores marchas contra la austeridad, en mayo de 2010; los disturbios que iniciaron la Revolución Islandesa, en enero de 2009; las protestas estudiantiles en Inglaterra, en noviembre de 2010; las marchas de la Geração à Rasca en Portugal, en mar- zo de 2011, y el movimiento de los indignados, que comenzó en España en mayo de 2011. También cabe mencionar la articulación conocida como Occupy Wall Street, que se lanzó en septiembre de 2011 en Nueva York y se extendió rápidamente por Norteamérica, así como las protestas iniciadas por estudiantes en Chile, Colombia y Puerto Rico. Al mismo tiempo que escribimos estas líneas, observamos la evolución del movimiento mexica- no #YoSoy132, creado por estudiantes universitarios para exigir la demo- cratización de los medios masivos de comunicación frente a las elecciones federales de 2012. Si bien el impacto de dichas movilizaciones a mediano y largo plazo aún está por delimitarse, los comentaristas de noticias no dudan en afirmar que se trata de revoluciones. Sin embargo, ante los ya habituales reportes sobre revoluciones en proceso, cabe preguntar si la palabra revolución se emplea con inusitada generosidad o si, en verdad, la presente confrontación social con las es- tructuras de poder será algo más que una nota al pie de página de un futuro libro de historia del siglo XXI. El diccionario de la Real Academia Española alega que revolución es un “cambio violento en las instituciones políticas, económicas o sociales de una nación”; en otra acepción, insiste que se trata de un “cambio rápido y profundo en cualquier cosa”. En Mé- xico, la pregunta adquiere una relevancia primordial porque la historia del siglo XX ha sido definida alrededor del concepto de revolución que, de 9 Introducción manera ideológica, ha sostenido el dominio del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) y de sus antecesores, el Partido Nacional Revolucio- nario y el Partido de la Revolución Mexicana. Basta con hacer un breve recorrido por la historia de los partidos políticos mexicanos para advertir que las narrativas prevalentes sobre la revolución la han definido, alter- nativamente, como nacional, institucionalizada, del proletariado, para la unificación nacional, popular, socialista, auténticamente mexicana, de los trabajadores, democrática. Este mínimo recuento resulta adecuado para ilustrar el peso que el concepto de revolución ha tenido en el imagi- nario nacional mexicano y cómo, a través de los años, se ha librado una lucha constante por su definición. Las conmemoraciones del bicentenario de la Guerra de Independen- cia y del centenario de la Revolución Mexicana, ambas en 2010, ocurrie- ron en una coyuntura particular: a pesar de que el PRI gobernaba 18 de los 31 estados del país, el presidente de la república provenía de las filas del PAN, por segunda ocasión consecutiva. El peso específico de la Re- volución Mexicana en el discurso nacional había disminuido de manera considerable porque el panismo no alude a este proceso histórico como fuente de legitimización. Así, un espacio discursivo liberado de la carga partidista asignada al término favoreció, sin duda, una perspectiva fres- ca para un nuevo análisis de los discursos en defensa del poder revolu- cionario, los intentos de subvertirlo y las diversas repercusiones de estos esfuerzos dentro de la historia contemporánea de México. En este contexto, organizamos el coloquio internacional México en sus revoluciones, que se llevó a cabo del 31 de septiembre
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