Index — VOLUMES I & II

Al Bakri (geographer), 344 failure of traditional system, 601 in People’s Republic of China, 700 al Manar magazine, 669 German loss of holdings, 656 percentage of population engaged in, 751 Abbasid Caliphate, 243–45, 278, 289 immunities of inhabitants, 424 Physiocrats’ concept of production, 459, 463 Abdallahi, Khalifa (rebel in Sudan), 614 introduction of foreign plants, 443 plantation system, 398 Abduh, Mohammed (leader of Modernist iron manufacturing, 73–74 in Prussia, 746 Movement), 592 Islam, 233, 341–352, 585, 586, 596 reclaiming of salinated soils, 162 Abdul, Mohammed (Mufti of Egypt), 668 land exposed following Ice Age, 189 revolution in England, 389–391, 394, 401 al-Abidine Ben Ali, Zine (ruler of Tunisia), 716 marriage practices, 443 in Roman Empire, 179 Abraham (father of Hebrews), 47, 48, 51, 236 Marx’s view of, 507 in Russia, 536 absolute monarchy. See royal absolutism Portuguese exploration and trade, 421, 422 selective breeding, 389–390, 478 absolute property, 409 pre-Islamic times, 52–74 in Spain, 387, 401 Abu Bakr (successor to Mohammed), 241 religion, 340–41, 343, 344, 585 in sub-Saharan Africa, 442 Abu Hureyra region, 9 responses to imperialism, 585 three-field system, 389–390 Abu Talib (Mohammed’s uncle), 234 revolutions, 608 in U.S., 516, 643, 644, 646, 746 Abu-al-Abbas (Muslim rebel leader), 243 role of women, 339 See also cultivation; plants; plow; symbiosis of Abuyyids, 244 slavery and slave trade, 342, 346–48, 398, 416, agriculture Achaemenid Dynasty, 123–24, 150, 160 435–39, 440–41, 516 Ahmed, Mohammed (rebel in Sudan), 594, 614 Act of Supremacy, 337, 406 state formation, 340–41, 344 Ahmed Shah (liberator of Afghanistan), 603 Act of Uniformity, 406 trade, 341–352 Ahmose (pharaoh of Egypt), 115 Actium, 147, 148 trade settlements, 339, 371 Ahreman/Ahriman (prince of darkness/evil), Adages (Erasmus), 336 tribal warfare, 589 124, 166 adela (imperceptibles), 156 See also Egypt; Nilotic Civilization; sub- Ahura Mazda (Zoroastrian deity), 124, 165 adobe (sun-baked brick), 198 Saharan Africa; and specific area or country AIDS, 718, 721, 757 Adrian IV (pope), 328 African Americans Ainu people, 267 Adriatic Sea, 129 civil rights movement, 751–773 Aisin Gioro (Manchu leader), 568 Adulis, Ethiopia, 69 conditions after emancipation, 643 Akbar (emperor of Mogul Empire), 558, 559 aediles (Roman city managers), 174 enslavement, 516, 522, 523, 524 Akhenaton (pharaoh of Egypt), 63 Aegean area, 123, 129. See also specific country segregation, 515, 523–25, 547, 643–44, 751–52 Akkadia, 43, 44, 59 Aeneid (Virgil), 177 African military societies, 589–590 Alam Shah (sultan in India), 290 Aeolian Greek (language), 150 African National Congress (ANC), 720 Alammani, 226 Aeropagus (Aeschylus), 144 Africans, 424, 674. See also slavery/slaves Alauddin Khalji (shah in India), 290 Aeschylus (Greek tragedian) Afrikaners, 442, 589, 590, 591, 616, 720 Albania, 694 Aeropagus, 144 Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 144 Aleppo, 316 Agamemnon, 144 Age of Discovery, 372, 566–68 Alexander II (czar of Russia), 490, 546, 548 Choephoroe, 144 Age of the Shoguns, 272–74 Alexander II (pope), 310 Eumenides, 144 Aghilabi Emirate, 244 Alexander III (pope), 328 Aetius (Roman general), 226 Agni (Aryan god), 79 Alexander IV (Alexander the Great’s son), 149 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din (Muslim leader), 668, Agoge (military training), 133 Alexander the Great (Macedonian king) 669 agriculture charisma, 152 Afghanistan alfalfa cultivation, 162, 163, 227, 390 cities built, 149–150 Alexander’s conquest, 148 in Argentina, 746 conquests, 81, 83, 137–38, 147–48, 160, 214 British invasion, 562 Babcock butterfat test, 643 Epicurus’ view of, 156 development of cultivation, 112 breeding of warhorses, 162 troops, 153 independence for Islamic rule, 602–3 in China, 250, 255–56, 259–260, 564, 569, 699 Alexander VI (pope), 421, 433 independence from Persian rule, 603 in contemporary world, 758 Alexandria, 149, 150, 179, 316, 322 Islamist movement, 754–55 crop rotation, 389, 390, 478 Alexis Romanov (czar of Russia), 542 Muslim stronghold, 286, 289, 599 COPYRIGHTEDof Cuba, 735, 736 MATERIALAlexius I (Byzantine emperor), 313 nomadic invasions, 278 effect on environment, 1–2, 33, 37, 43–44, 54, alfalfa, 162, 163, 227, 390 peasant rebellions, 758 71, 77, 91–92, 255–56, 426 Algeria Persian conquest, 47 in Egypt, 181, 588, 716 civil war, 717 Soviet invasion, 727, 744–45, 755 enclosure of fields, 389–390, 409, 478, 517 French invasion and occupation, 588, 592, 602 Sunni revolt, 602 in England, 389–391, 394, 401, 478–79 independence from France, 608, 715, 717, 722 Taliban regime, 754–55 equal-field system, 247 modernization, 587 U.S. invasion, 756 in Europe, 371 peasant rebellions, 758 Africa fertilizer, 33, 256, 390, 478, 725, 758 piracy, 587 agriculture, 15, 18, 71, 72–73, 758 global warming’s effects, 759 Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), 715 areas of African control, 591 in India, 712 Algonquians, 201, 369 changes in middle years, 229 intensive vs. extensive, 11, 26–27, 123, 126, Ali, Mohammed Ali (Ottoman mercenary), 588 Christian missionaries, 595–96 275. See also nomads Ali ibn Husain (Imam of Islam), 242, 598 climatic effects on development, 66 in Japan, 268, 272, 531, 649, 706, 707 Ali ibn-abi Talib (Caliph of Islam), 241 consequences of foreign domination, 595–96 in Korea, 263 Aliens. See foreigners decolonization, 696, 714–722 land tenure system, 272 Allah (Muslim deity), 231, 233, 235–37, 239, 245 domestication of animals, 18 in Late Middle Ages, 319, 320 Allenby, Edmund Henry (British general), 667 effects of slave trade, 442–46 Marx’s theory concerning, 505 Alliance for Progress, 731 European colonization, 397, 439–441, 590–96 in Mexico, 733 Allied powers (World War I), 618–623, 634, 666

INDEX | I1 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Allies (World War II), 679, 683–86, 693, 708 Inca culture, 192, 363–66, 432–33 European epidemics, 433 allodial title, 409 in middle years, 231 exports, 671 Almoravids, 344 Spanish control, 386–87, 396, 422, 432–33, 550 financial crisis, 737 alpaca, 23, 364, 370 Andronovo people, 77 liberation through revolution, 553 Alvar (devotee of Vishnu), 288 Angles, 226 MERCOSUR, 733 Alvarado, Pedro de (Spanish soldier), 431 Anglican Church, 337, 392, 406–7, 408, 410–11 modernization, 729 “Amazing Grace” (Newton), 441 Anglo-Japanese Treaty, 649 nation formation, 670 American Holocaust, 427 Angola, 441, 720, 721 nomadic peoples, 193, 200–201 American Occupation Authority, 706–9 animals peasant rebellions, 758 American Revolution, 405, 473, 520, 552 consequences of domestication, 2, 5, 9–12, Spanish control, 434, 551, 670–71 Americas 28–31 war with Brazil, 673 anti-slavery sentiments, 586 diffusion of varieties, 189, 377–78 aristocracy arrival of Europeans, 373 diseases of in Africa, 23, 71 in British colonies in America, 516, 518 arrival of humans, 189, 423 domestication, 10–11, 20–25, 27, 43, 72, of China, 575–76 colonization, 415–16 112–13, 191, 192, 194, 435 in England, 390, 392, 397, 404 development of cities, 192–94 factors affecting domestication, 10–12, 20 erosion, 754 development of cultivation, 14–15, 16–18, 22, lack of domesticated species in Americas, 191, in France, 403, 404, 405, 410, 474 189–190 192, 355, 356, 370 of Poland, Germany, Spain, 404–5 domestication of animals, 23, 192, 426 migration of Asian species into Africa, 23, of Russia, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544–45 English colonies, 388–89, 396–97 72–73 Aristotle (Greek philosopher) exploration and conquest, 382, 430–34 omega animals, 1, 2, 10–11, 66, 194 concept of god, 159 geographic isolation, 22–23, 189–190, 191, selective breeding, 162–63, 227, 389, 390, 478 concept of Monads, 159 355–56, 370, 371, 377, 423, 427, 428, 497 source of disease, 23, 28–30, 71, 192, 205, 209, response to decline of Greece, 138, 182, 214 metallurgy, 191 210, 301, 320–22, 401, 427, 429, 721 revival of his philosophy, 331, 499 in middle years, 355–370 See also horses theory of causation, 142–43, 157, 187 migrations into, 746 animism, 340–41, 343, 344, 586–87 theory of Prime Mover, 159, 187 plants and fish transported to Europe, 377–380 Annals of the Spring and Autumn (Kong Zi), 99 view of human reality, 159 separation from Spain, 489 Anschluss (union), the, 640 view of soul, 158, 159 slave rebellions, 441 Anshi, Wang (prime minister of China), 258–59 vision of logos, 139 slavery, 439, 440, 443 Antigon (Greek king), 138 Arius (theologian), 186–87 Spanish colonies, 396, 516 Antigone (Sophocles), 144, 145 Ark of the Covenant, 350 See also Latin America; Mesoamerica; North Antigonid Dynasty, 138, 149–150 Arkwright, Richard (inventor), 479 America; South America; and specific Antigonus Gonatas (Alexander’s general), 148, Armenia/Armenians, 665, 666, 727 country 149 arms race Amorites, 38, 40–41 Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Macedonian king), in Europe, 511–14, 614 Amos (Hebrew prophet), 50 149 following World War II, 690, 704 Amritsar Massacre, 712 Antioch, 150, 313 SALT treaties, 744 Amun of Karnak (Egyptian god), 62, 63, 64, 137 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 700 Arnold, Benedict (American general), 520 Amunhotep III (pharaoh of Egypt), 63 anti-Semitism, 115, 121, 638–39, 723, 724 Arouet, Francois Marie. See Voltaire (philosophe) Amunhotep IV (pharaoh of Egypt), 63–64 Antoine plague, 209–12 Arsacids, 161 An Lushang (Turkic general), 253 Anyang, China, 94, 116 arta mortis (dreadful death). See bubonic plague Anahita (Persian deity), 125 apartheid, 720 Artabanus VI (Parthian ruler), 164 Analects (Kong Zi), 99 apatheia (apathy), 158, 182, 214 Arteshtaran (warriors), 166 analogy, 40 apeiron (the boundless), 139 artificial selection, 1, 7–9, 10–11, 16–25 Anasazi culture, 367 Aphrodite (Greek goddess), 159 artillery. See cannon Anastasius I (Byzantine emperor), 307 apocatastasis (universalism), 186 artisans, 34, 35, 44. See also skilled occupations Anatolia Apostles, 184 arts arrival of Ottoman Turks, 244–45 Arab League, 717, 722 of Africa, 348–49 Crusades, 313 Arab Spring, 717 of ancient Egypt, 59, 62 diffusion of Sumerian culture into, 112 Arabia, 243, 341, 599. See also Middle East; and of Cahokia peoples, 368 Greek attacks, 117–18 specific Arab nation in China, 246 Hittite control, 114, 119, 127 Arabic language, 239–240, 242, 243, 351, 452 of Egypt, 54–55, 57 introduction of iron manufacturing, 65, 73 Arab-Israeli peace process, 756 of Mesoamerica, 194 introduction of wheel, 112 Arab-Israeli War, 723 of Mochica culture, 198 Kemal’s expulsion of Greeks, 666 Arabs of Nazca, 199 Ottoman base, 597, 598 antipathy toward Israel, 723–25, 748 origins, 19 Persian conquest, 47, 124 Islamic unification, 239, 245 of Renaissance, 329–330 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (Greek philosopher), lifestyle, 233–34 of South Americans, 200 140, 159 origins of tribes, 236–37 Aryans, 77–80, 83, 84–85, 115–16 Anaximander (Greek philosopher), 139–140 trade in Africa, 351 Asante, 595 Anaximenes (Greek philosopher), 139–140 Yom Kippur War, 724, 725 asceticism, 88, 89 ancestor worship, 94, 268, 269, 341, 343, 365 Arafat, Yasir (PLO leader), 756 Ashanti Kingdom, 587 Andean Plateau Aramaeans, 122 Ashikaga Period, 272–73 development of cities, 192, 193, 198–200 archaic development stage, 193 Ashikaga Takauji (Japanese ruler), 273 development of cultivation, 15, 16, 17 arche (central principle), 159 Ashoka (king of India), 82, 83 domestication of animals, 18, 23, 25 architecture, 76–77, 284, 352 Asia domestication of plants, 190–91 Ardashir I (Persian king), 164–65 agriculture, 758 emergence of civilization, 229 Argentina AIDS, 721 epidemics, 432 agriculture, 746 bubonic plague in, 319

I-2 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II domestication of animals in, 25 Austria Bahram I (Sassanian ruler), 207 famine in, 113 Anschluss (union), the, 640 Bai Juyi (Chinese poet), 251, 253 impact of Islam, 233, 243 Austro-Prussian War, 491, 493, 513, 514 Bajaret I (Ottoman ruler), 597 trade with Europe, 316 conquest of Hungary, 602 bakufu (Japanese military government), 272–73 See also specific country or region demoralization, 624 Baldwin I of Jerusalem (Crusader), 313 Asia Minor invasion of Serbia, 620 Balfour Declaration, 723 Byzantine Empire, 241, 306 Napoleon’s conquest, 477, 484 Balkans, 415, 597, 600–601, 602, 680 Hittite migration into, 114, 115, 117 neutrality in cold war, 739 bananas, 18–19, 73, 443 resistance to Muslims, 301 resistance to nation-state formation, 471, 488, Bangladesh, 711, 713 use of horses, 123 489–490 banking Asornan (Zoroastrian priests), 165 Seven Years’ War, 561 British restrictions, 519 aspis (shield), 130, 153 suppression of revolutions, 489 in India, 713–14 Assad Regime, 717 Thirty Years War, 380, 386, 401, 408, 488 international system in U.S., 645 Assembly of Nobility (Russia), 544 war against Denmark, 492 in Japan, 531, 532, 709 Assyria, 112 war with Italy, 490 stock market crash, 646 Assyrian Empire Austria-Hungary, 605, 614, 618–19, 635 See also credit conquest of Egypt, 66, 68, 121 Austro-Prussian War, 491, 493, 513, 514 al Banna, Hasan (Muslim leader), 669 religion, 43 autarky, 681 Bantu migration, 18, 23–24, 73–74, 352–53 rise and fall, 44, 45–47, 276 authority, 11. See also differential of power; Bao Dai (emperor of Vietnam), 742 Scythian invasion, 123, 276 government; totalitarianism barbarians, 27, 93, 126. See also nomads Astarte (Mesopotamian goddess), 159 autocracy Barbary pirates, 587 astrolabe, 418 in Germany, 624 barley Aswan High Dam, 716 in Ghana, 718 climate shift in middle years affecting, 379 Atahualpa (ruler of Incas), 365–66, 432–33 in Japan, 515, 677 domestication of, 7, 8, 9, 16, 18, 53 ataraxia (ideal state), 156, 158, 182, 214 of Russian czars, 539–540, 542, 545 Batista, Fulgencio (ruler of Cuba), 736 Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal), 666 in Soviet Union, 624 Batu Khan (Mongol leader), 278, 289, 320, 537, Athanasius (theologian), 187 in U.S., 515 538 Atharva Veda (oral tradition of Aryan people), See also totalitarianism Baudricourt, Robert de (military governor of 78, 85 Avesta (sacred text of Zoroastrianism), 125, 165 Vaucouleurs), 325 Athens Axis Powers, 680–85 Bavaria, 299, 629 as centerplace city, 171 Axum Bay of Argium, 420 drama developed, 143–45 Christian kingdom in Muslim world, 69–70 Bay of Pigs incident, 737, 741 government, 131–33 Christianity and Judaism in, 349–350 beans Macedonian conquest of, 136–38, 162 cultivation, 66 cultivation in Americas, 198, 360, 367, 368, military, 130–31 independence from Egypt, 74 369 origins of written history, 143–45 participation in slave trade, 439 domestication, 17, 18, 190, 193 Peloponnesian Wars, 135–36, 141, 145, 158, site and situation, 72 introduction to Europe, 378 160, 181, 182 slave trade, 347 Beccaria, Marchese di (philosopher) philosophers, 141–43, 157–58 ayatollahs (religious experts), 599–600, 603, 604, Essay on Crimes and Punishments, 545 role of coins, 131–32 667, 725 Bedouins, 233, 667 society, 133–35 azadan (Iranian nobility), 165 Beer Hall Putsch, 636 story of founding, 333 Azarmigdukht (Sassanian ruler), 166 Behistun inscription, 124 Atlantic trade routes Azcapotzalco people, 359–360 Beijing, 564, 567, 579–583, 648, 661 impact in Americas, 377 Azerbaijan, 727 Belarus, 757 impact in Europe, 377 Aztecs, 195, 357, 359–363, 422, 423, 430–32 Belgium map, 374 Aztlán, 359 areas of control between world wars, 610 reconfiguration of European society, 375 Brussels, Treaty of, 694 ship and navigation technology opening, Ba’al (Canaanite deity), 49, 50, 159 colonies in Africa, 591, 592, 718 416–422 Babcock butterfat test, 643 German invasion, 679 Spanish control, 387 Baber the Tiger (Mongol warlord), 278, 292–93, trade, 317 trade made possible, 398–99, 416 558, 586, 596 World War I, 618–623 travel made possible, 415 Babylon, 112, 148, 327–28 Belgium Congo, 718 atomic bomb, 608, 676, 686, 692–93, 706 Babylonia Bengal, 561 atomic theory, 140, 155, 182 Chaldaean occupation of, 122 Benin, 346, 348–49, 718 Aton (Egyptian god), 63–64 death of Alexander the Great, 148 Benso, Camillo, Count di Cavour (unifier of Attalids, 149 Kassite conquest, 114 Italy), 489–491 Attila (leader of Huns), 226 Persian conquest, 123–24 Berbers, 73, 341–42, 344 Atum (Egyptian god), 55 rebellion against Assyria, 276 Bering Straits, 189, 423 audiencia (judges), 551 religion, 43 Berlin, 494, 694, 741, 744 Augustin of Canterbury (Catholic abbot), 296 rise and fall, 44 Berlin Airlift, 694 Augustine, Saint (theologian) Babylonian Captivity, 327–28 Berlin West African Conference, 591 City of God, 183, 187–88, 302, 318, 330, 335 Bacon, Roger (monk), 254 Bessemer process, 498, 513, 642 Confessions, 318 Bacon, Sir Francis (philosopher), 452, 611 Beta II (ruler in India), 284 philosophy, 187, 449 Bactria, 148, 282 bhakti Hinduism, 287–88 Augustus (great and holy one), 176 Badami Chalukyas, 283 Bi Juyi (Chinese poet), 251 Augustus Caesar (emperor of Rome), 176–77, Badr, battle of, 235 Bi Shen (inventor of moveable type), 255 178–79, 184, 214 Bagdad, 276, 598 Biafra, Republic of, 719 Aurangzeb (emperor of Mogul Empire), 558, 560 Bahaduh Shah (emperor of India), 563 Bible, translations, 336 Australia, 189, 507, 613 Bahrain, 722 big men (leaders in Africa), 348

INDEX | I3 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Biko, Steven (African civil rights leader), 720 Bouazizi, Muhammad (Tunisian vegetable seller), epidemics in England and Spain, 401–2 Bill of Rights (English), 411 716 epidemics in middle years, 319, 320–23 Bill of Rights (U.S.), 520, 521 Bourbon Dynasty, 550, 552 immunity, 30, 321 Bin (emperor of China), 225 bourgeoisie (capitalist middle class), 627 means of transmission, 30, 321 bin Laden, Osama (terrorist leader), 755, 756 Boxer Rebellion, 582 recovery following, 380 biological weapons, 693 boyars (Russian aristocrats), 539, 540, 541, 542 survivors, 326 biology of civilization Boyne River, Battle of, 412 Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), 87, 88–89, 219 development of ancient urban areas, 1–2, Brahe, Tycho, 450 Buddhism 24–26 Brahma (Hindu deity), 85–87, 223, 561 change with exposure to other religions, 206 disease history. See disease; epidemics Brahman priests, 79–80, 82, 85–86, 87–88, 90 in China, 219–221, 225, 247, 250–52, 262, 569 isolation of sub-Saharan Africa, 70 Brahmanas, 86 clash with Confucianism and Daoism, 220, 252 natural consequences of human interaction Brahmanism, 77–78, 80, 84–87, 89, 116, 206 concepts consistent with Hinduism and with, 1–3, 37–39, 80 Brahmins (priests), 288, 290 Christianity, 89 role in world history, 1 Brasilia, 734–35 diffusion, 107 settlement of nomads, 5–12 Brazil division, 89 See also agriculture; animals; cultivation; decolonization, 672–73 in India, 80, 82, 87, 88–89, 223, 283, 285–87 parasitism of sedentary life; plants; discovery, 419, 421 Islam’s relationship, 243 symbiosis of agriculture domination of the region, 748 in Japan, 268, 269–270, 529 Birhadratha (king of India), 82 effect of world wars, 729 in Korea, 263, 265 birth rate, 6, 7, 758, 759 gold and silver exports, 550 Luohan monk, 251 birth-control program, 714, 759 government, 734–35 Budha Gupta (king of India), 222 Bishop of Rome, 307 independence from Portugal, 554 Buhlul Lodi (sultan in India), 290 Bismark, Otto von (unifier of Germany), 489, industrialization, 734 Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (communist), 633, 492–95, 591, 634 MERCOSUR, 733 688–89 Black Death. See bubonic plague modernization, 673, 729, 734 Bulgaria, 694 Black Hole of Calcutta, 561 nation building, 670, 672–73, 729, 731, 733–34 Bulge, Battle of, 685 Black Stone, 237 Neolithic peoples, 200 bullionism, 387, 388, 396 Blackshirts, 681 nomadic lifestyle, 193 Bundesrat, 495 blacksmiths, 44, 120 participation in World War II, 730, 734 bureaucracy blitzkrieg (lightening war), 678, 679, 683 population pressures, 735 in African colonies, 715 Bloch, Ivan S. (economist), 617–18, 619, 623 Portuguese colony, 433–34, 550 in China, 103, 110, 247, 258, 261, 697–98 Boccaccio, Giovanni (author) slavery, 440, 444 in European colonies in the Americas, 534 Decameron, 331 trade, 554 as feature of nation-states, 372, 485, 497 Bodhisattva (Buddhist deity), 220 breech-loading rifles, 495, 498, 619 of France, 403, 477 Bodin, Jean (politique thinker), 385 Brest Litovsk, Treaty of, 622 in Ghana, 344 Boer Wars, 590, 615, 616 Britain. See England; Great Britain of Incas, 363 Boers. See Afrikaners British Foreign Office, 562, 563 in Japan, 269–270, 274, 650–51, 654, 706–7 Boethius, Ancius Manlius Severius (Roman Broad Spectrum Revolution, 5 in Korea, 265 philosopher), 318 bronze Muslim’s attempt at construction, 243 Bogue, Treaty of, 574 absence in Americas, 191, 192 of Persia, 604 Bohemond (prince of Antioch), 313 aid in development of trade, 36–37, 111–12 of Prussia, 494 Boleyn, Anne (queen of England), 406 diffusion, 41, 66, 264 of Russia, 543 Boleyn, George (brother of Anne), 406 introduction to Japan, 268 in Soviet Union, 745 Bolívar, Simón, 553–54 raw materials needed, 36, 44 of Spain, 422 Bolsheviks shortages and development of iron supporting features of state, 510 failure, 700, 728, 745 manufacturing, 118, 129 Burgoyne, John (British general), 520 as head of communist Russia, 632–33 use in China, 92, 94, 95, 96 Burgundians, 226 initiation of Russian Revolution, 622 use in Egypt, 60 Burma, 219, 278, 711 leadership of communist party, 628 use in West Africa, 73 burqa (Islamic woman’s garment), 755 opposition in Europe, 630 Bronze Age Bush, George W. (president of United States), recruitment, 628 armies, 45, 46 755, 756 support of communists throughout Europe, in China, 94–97 bushido (samuri code), 272, 705 630 development of legal code, 40–41 Bushmen, 352, 353 See also Communist International Committee development of writing, 39–40 Buyids, 244 for World Revolution; educators (Marxism); in Greece, 129 Byzantine Empire Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (leader of Soviet Hebrews, 47–48, 121 collapse, 597 Union); Soviet Union; Stalin, Josef in Korea, 264 government, 294 Vissarionovich (Soviet dictator) nomadic migrations during, 112–18 military, 307 Bonaparte, Joseph (king of Spain), 553 Brown, Jonathan C. (historian), 433 Muslim invasions, 69, 240, 241, 244, 294, Bonaparte, Napoleon (emperor of France). See Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 752 300–303, 597 Napoleon I (emperor of France) Bruni, Leonardo (Florentine scholar), 330, 331, split from papacy, 307 Bonesara, Cesare (philosopher), 545 335 trade with Russia, 535 Boniface, Saint (Archbishop of Mainz), 297, 299 Brussels, Treaty of, 694 war with Sassanian Empire, 169 Boniface VIII (pope), 327 Bu Hongzhong (Chinese artist), 215 Book of Kings, The (Iranian history), 168 buboes (plague sores), 321, 322 Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de (explorer), 419, 421, 433 Bopp, Franz (philologist), 468, 486, 487 bubonic plague Cadamosto, Alvise da (explorer), 420 Borneo, 189 in Africa, 594 Caesar, Augustus (Roman emperor), 147 Bornu, 347, 439 diffusion during famines, 301 Caesar, Gaius Julius (emperor of Rome), 122, 175, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 618 diffusion from India to China and Rome, 223 177

I-4 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Caesar, Gaius Octavius (emperor of Rome), 148, Caracalla (emperor of Rome), 181 Test Act, 411, 453 175, 176–77 Cárdenas, Lazaro (Mexican leader), 732 See also papacy; and specific pope CAFTA, 733 Caribbean Islands caudillos (political strongmen), 670, 671, 674 Cahokia culture, 368 ancient communities, 201 causation, theory of, 142–43, 157, 460 Cai Lunan (Qin Empire official), 254 domestic plants and animals, 16, 355 cavalry Cairo, Egypt, 322, 341 epidemics, 426–27 of African armies, 345, 346 calendars financing of commercial and industrial in Boer War, 616 development, 1, 2, 11, 34–35 revolution, 445 of Byzantine Empire, 301 Mesoamerican use, 194, 196 French and British colonies, 445, 551 of feudal Europe, 304, 309 Stonehenge, 28 gustatorial cannibalism, 356 of Hellenistic cities, 153 use of in Egypt, 56 Marx’s view of, 507. See also Cuba; Haiti; of Holy Roman Empire, 299–300 California, 522, 523 Hispaniola; Santo Domingo of Medes and Persians, 160 Caligula (emperor of Rome), 178 migrations to U.S., 759 of Mongols, 277 Caliphate of Cordoba, 244 population growth, 193 neutralization, 227, 278, 538 Caliphs (successors to Mohammed), 241–45, 666 slavery for plantations, 441, 443, 444 nomads’ use, 123–26, 227 Calles, Plutarco E. (Mexican leader), 732 Spanish control, 422, 433, 434 of Parthian Persia, 162 Calvin, John (theologian) Spanish exploration, 368, 423, 432 Celts, 122, 296 influence, 458 trade with colonies in North America, 518 Censors (Roman Empire), 174 The Institutions of the Christian Religion, 383 as tributary of Aztecs, 360 centerplace cities teachings of, 383–84, 421, 448, 451 Caribs, 356 Athens, 171 Calvinists, 405, 406, 407, 411, 458 Carloman (co-mayor of Frankland), 299 Berlin, 494 Cambodia, 219, 742–44, 750, 758 Carolingian monarchy, 297, 298–300, 303, 307 breakdown of loyalty, 203 Cameroon, 718 Carter, Jimmy (president of United States), 704, charter towns, 317, 323 Camyses (emperor of Persia), 124 725, 744 definition, 37 Canaan, 48, 49, 64, 121 Carthage, 73, 172, 181, 204 Kiev, 536 Canada, 516, 519, 613, 670, 733 Cartier, Jacques, 378 London, 470 canals, 2, 33, 43, 60 Cassander (Macedonian king), 149 Moscow, 535 Candide (Voltaire), 472–73 cassava, 18, 190, 378 prerequisites, 65 cannibalism, 192, 356–57 caste system Rome, 171, 176, 179, 209 cannon of ancient and medieval times, 751 Central Africa, 346–49, 718–720. See also specific British use, 573, 604 erosion, 751, 754 country change in nature of warfare, 386, 514 in Iberian colonies, 551–52 Central Asia, 231. See also specific country Chinese development and production, 254, in India, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84–87, 223, 288, 559 Central Cultural Revolutionary Group, 703, 704 260 in Latin America, 551–52, 555–56, 670, 671 Central Europe, 470–71, 484–495. See also Constantinople’s defense crushed, 301, 327, of Sassanian Empire, 165–66 specific country 597 Castro, Fidel (dictator of Cuba), 736, 741–42 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 731, 737, manufacturing improvements, 512–14 Castro, Raúl (dictator of Cuba), 737 741–42 Mongol use, 278, 293 cataphracts (knights), 161–62, 163, 169 Central powers, 618–623 Muslim use, 597, 598 Catherine of Aragon (queen of England), 336, centralization, 316, 317, 318, 395, 540 neutralization of cavalry, 227, 278, 538 391, 406 ceremonies of passage, 341 Prussian use, 495 Catherine the Great (czarina of Russia), 543–44, Ceylon, 714 Russian use, 538 602 Chad, 717 on ships, 395, 417, 419, 498, 573, 621 Catholic Church Chaeronea, battle of, 136, 137 Spanish use in Mesoamerica, 429, 431, 433 in Africa, 595–96 Chaitanya (Indian religious leader), 288, 559 use against knights, 380 alliance with kings, 299, 307, 309 Chaldaeans, 122 use in Africa, 590–91 Byzantine Empire’s split from, 302–3, 314 Chalukyas, 282–83, 284, 287 use in World War I, 617, 620 in China, 570–71 Chamberlain, Neville (English prime minister), Canton System, 572, 573 Counter-Reformation, 396, 401, 541 640 Canute (king of Norway), 308 Crusades, 312–15 Chamoun, Camille (Lebanese president), 741 Cão, Diogo (explorer), 421 Declaration of Indulgences, 453 Chan Chan (Chimor), 199, 363 Cao Cao (Chinese emperor), 221–22 in England, 406, 407, 411 chance personalities, 627 Cape Colony, 589 in France, 403 Chandra Gupta I (king of India), 83, 222 Cape Coloureds, 442 Great Schism, 327, 328 Chandra Gupta II (king of India), 222 Cape Liberalism, 589 Henry VIII’s break with, 336–37, 391–92 Chandragupta Maurya (king of India), 81–82, Cape of Good Hope, 416, 421 independence from kings, 302, 307, 309–12 83, 138 Capet Dynasty, 308, 309, 474 in Ireland, 412 Chang’an, 104, 249, 251, 253 capitalism Latin as sacred language, 318–19, 452 chariots in China, 704 members barred from rule in England, 411 Assyrian use, 46 communism in opposition to, 608–9 Pepin’s reforms, 299 Chinese use, 116–18 in Egypt, 716 philosophes’ view of, 458 diffusion, 126 Hitler’s view of, 638 Reformation’s impact, 375, 380, 381–84, 421, Hittite use, 44n1, 119, 121 in Japan, 526 452, 469 Hyksos introduction to Egypt, 62, 114–15 Lenin’s dilemma, 625, 626, 628 relationship to Volk, 296 invention, 113–14, 126 Marxist theory of development, 506, 510 religious wars, 375, 380–81, 384–86, 387, 397, Kassite development, 123 as model for modernity, 581 401, 407 Mycenaean use, 118–19, 129 shift from communism to, 631 Renaissance, 318, 327, 335–37 nomads use, 77–78, 79, 83, 115 survival of world wars, 630 sacraments, 381–82, 384 Phoenicians use, 121 in U.S.S.R., 631 separation from Greek Orthodox Church, 294 Zhou use, 97 in Zimbabwe, 720 in Spanish colonies, 551 charisma (divine gift), 35, 37, 42, 44, 58, 152

INDEX | I5 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Charlemagne (emperor of Holy Roman Empire), foreign influence, 569–572, 579–580, 583, 656, Shang Dynasty, 94–97, 110, 116–17 226, 299 659, 661 sinicization, 246–47, 252, 262–279 Charles Frederick (Duke of Holstein-Gottorp), form of capitalism adopted, 631 Sino-Japanese Wars, 579–580, 647, 648, 662, 544 formation of trans-Asian trade system, 204 663, 677–78 Charles I (king of England), 406–7, 453 Golden Age, 98–102, 230 Sino-Soviet split, 703–4, 744, 749 Charles II (king of England), 409, 410, 453 government, 116, 215–17, 657–58, 659, Sino-Soviet War, 579–580 Charles III (king of Spain), 552 696–701 Song Dynasty, 254–59, 564, 569 Charles IV (king of France), 323 Great Leap Forward, 700–701, 703 Southern Song Dynasty, 257–58 Charles Martel (leader of Frankish army), 242, Han Dynasty, 81, 93, 102–3, 104–10, 203, 204, Spring and Autumn period, 97, 98–100 298–99, 304, 314 214–222, 224–25, 246 Sui Dynasty, 225, 247–48, 265 Charles the Bald (king of West Francia), 300 Hundred Flower policy, 659 support of North Vietnam, 742 Charles the Simple (king of West Francia), 308 Imperial Hundred Day Reform, 581 Taiping Rebellion, 575–78 Charles V (king of Spain and Holy Roman influence in Latin America, 729 Tang Dynasty, 218–19, 225, 242, 248–254, 255, emperor), 391–92, 396, 422, 488 influence on Japan, 229, 250, 258, 262, 263, 265–66, 268–69, 564, 583, 647 Charles VIII (king of France), 325, 332, 385, 268–270, 274–75, 526 Three Principles of the People, 606, 657, 402 influence on Korean culture, 262 661–62 charter city, 380 influence on Mongols, 275–78 ties with Nazi Germany, 662 Charter Oath, 528 intellectual freedom, 651, 659 trade, 81, 89, 204–7, 398, 572, 573, 613 Charter of the Nobility (Russia), 544 internal coherence, 656 Twenty-One Demands, 659 charter towns, 317 invasion by nomads, 78, 104, 109, 125–26, 218, unification, 103 Chavin, 198, 199 221, 224–27, 275 use of chariots, 116 checks and balances, 520–21 invasion of Korea, 264 Versailles, Treaty of, 659 Cheka, 629 inventions, 254–55, 304, 418 Vietnam War, 750 Chen Duxiu (Chinese communist), 660 involvement in Korean War, 698, 699, 703 Warring States period, 22, 97, 98, 102, 659 Chengzu (emperor of China), 566 involvement in Vietnam War, 704, 743, 744 Wei Dynasty, 221–22, 225 Chiang Kaishek (Chinese nationalist), 653, in Iron Age, 97–98 Western encroachment, 557 660–62, 696–97, 749 isolationism, 749 World War II, 676, 677–78, 697 Chichén Itzá, 196, 197 Japanese imperialism, 529, 642, 647, 648, 651, worldview, 93 Chichimecs (barbarians), 358–59 652, 654, 662, 677, 680 written language, 92–93, 95 chiefs of Volk, 295–96, 307 Jin Dynasty, 246–47 Xia Dynasty, 94, 97, 110, 116 Childeric (Merovingian king), 299 Korean War, 698 Yuan Dynasty, 254, 259–261 Children’s Crusade, 313, 314 Marx’s view of, 507 Zhou Dynasty, 94, 97, 98, 110, 116–17 Chile, 553, 670, 729, 733, 758 May Fourth Movement, 659–660 See also China, Republic of; People’s Republic chili peppers, 17, 18, 19, 190, 194 military, 657, 660–61, 662 of China; Silk Road Chimor, 199 Ming Dynasty, 254, 564–68, 647 China, Republic of (ROC), 653, 657, 660, 661, 697 Chimú culture, 198, 199, 363 models of reform, 580–83 China Merchant Steam Navigation Company, 579 China modernization, 580–83 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 610, 656, Age of Discovery, 566–68 Muslim invasion, 242 660–63, 696–97, 749 agriculture, 15, 16, 91–92, 93, 98 mythology, 93–94 Chinese Nationalist Party (GMD), 657, 660–62, alliance with Soviet Union, 660, 703, 749–750 Nanjing Decade, 661 677–78, 696–97 attacks on Korea, 265 Nationalist Party, 660–62, 677 Choe Chung-han (Korean general), 266 birth-control program, 759 nation-state formation, 607 Choephoroe (Aeschylus), 144 bombing of Quemoy and Matsu, 741 New Culture Movement, 659–660 Cholas dynasty, 284, 287 Boxer Rebellion, 582 New Life Movement, 662 cholera, 223, 594, 757 in Bronze Age, 94–97 nomadic invasions, 253, 257, 277, 280, 281 Cholulan, 431 bubonic plague epidemics, 319, 322 nomadic regimes, 246–47, 278, 289 Chosen People. See Hebrews; Jews centers of power beyond Han Empire, 107–10 Northern Expedition, 653, 661, 663 Choson Dynasty, 264 Chiang’s republic. See Republic of China Northern Wei Dynasty, 246–47 Christianity/Christians civil war, 697 Opium Wars, 573–75 in Africa, 595–96 civilization developed, 91 peasant rebellions, 218, 758 in Axum, 69 climate, 61 Period of Disunity, 222, 246–47, 264 children kidnapped by Ottomans, 289, 291, collapse, 203, 214–221, 373 philosophy, 98–102, 258 327, 558, 597–98, 600–601 commercial links to India, 81 protection of Korea, 647, 648 in China, 570–71, 575 communism, 624, 660–61, 662, 663, 677, Qin Dynasty, 93, 102–4, 247 concepts consistent with Hinduism and 696–705, 710–11 Qing Dynasty, 415, 557, 564, 568–583, 647, Buddhism, 89 Confucianism, 104–10, 216, 217, 219, 225, 247, 648, 657–58, 697 eastward movement on Silk Road, 107 250–51, 261, 262, 568, 575, 583, 659–660 Red Terror, 702 emergence from Judaism, 89, 160, 206–7 cultural expansion, 229 relations with Japan, 658, 662–63 Greek philosophical underpinning, 47, 143 Cultural Revolution, 701–3, 704 relations with Latin American countries, 735 Hong Xiou-quan’s interpretation, 575–78 currency system, 572 relations with Soviet Union, 656 influence on Islam, 233, 239 decolonization, 656–663, 696–705 relations with U.S., 704–5, 743, 744, 750–51 in Japan, 529 development of cities, 26 religion, 89, 93–95, 96, 225, 250–51, 568, 569, liberation of science from, 447–49 dictatorship, 662 570–71, 575, 583 missionaries in India, 558 domestication of animals, 22, 25 resistance to colonization, 415, 564 Mohammed’s treatment, 237, 239, 597 epidemics, 81, 206, 218, 223, 427 restriction of trade, 415 in Nubia and Axum, 349–350 Era of the Warring States, 22 revolution, 608, 657–58 participation in slave trade, 350 failure of traditional system, 601 Russian expansion in, 648–49 persecution, 313 farmer-soldiers, 44, 45 seclusion policy, 566 philosophes’ view of, 458 Five Dynasties and Ten States period, 253 Self-Strengthening Movement, 578–79, 580 role of Son, 160

I-6 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II in Rome, 176, 181, 183–88, 213–14, 220, 262 in ancient Egypt, 59 natural consequences of human interaction status in Islamic lands, 69, 237–38, 239, 241, Arab Spring, 717 with, 1 243, 285, 291 in China, 697 role in nomadic migrations, 113, 118, 119, 120, See also Catholic Church; Greek Orthodox in East Africa, 719–720 122, 127 Church; Protestantism/Protestants; in Egypt, 717 of Russia, 534, 535–36 Reformation; Russian Orthodox Church in England, 389, 401, 408 weather zones of Americas, 356 Chrysippus of Cilicia (Hellenistic philosopher), in France, 386, 401 climate of civilization, 1, 2–3, 5–8, 12–14, 70–71 157–58 in Ghana, 344 climate shifts Chumash culture, 201, 368–69 in Greece, 693 effect on agriculture, 5–6, 8–9, 401 Church of England. See Anglican Church in Japan, 273, 526 end of Ice Age, 5, 6, 12–14, 22, 42, 89, 534–35 Churchill, Winston (British prime minister), 693 in Mexico, 671 impact on Toltecs, 357 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) within Muslim Umma, 241–42 mini-ice ages, 319, 320, 379, 401 Cicero (author), 336 in Rome, 174–75 possibility of new Ice Age, 759 cities, 194–200, 358 in Syria, 717 role in nomadic migrations, 122 in Africa, 714 in U.S., 516, 523–24, 563, 642 Clive, Robert (adventurer), 561 in ancient Greece, 117, 128–136, 147 in Vietnam, 742–44 cloistered politics, 270 centerplace cities, 37, 171, 176, 179, 203, 209, in West Francia, 308 Clovis (king of Franks), 296–97 232, 317, 470, 494, 535, 536 Civil War Congress, 643 Clunaic reform movement, 309–10 commercial zones of in Middle Ages, 315–18 civilization cocao, 534, 592, 673 conflict with nomads, 2 in the Americas, 191 cod, 378, 398 creation for English industry, 479, 480 artificial existence, 1–3 Code of 1649 (Russia), 542 development in Americas, 191–200, 356, 358 in China, 91, 110 coffee, 443, 613, 729, 734 development in ancient world, 2, 9, 14, 19, climatic effects, 12–14 Coffin Texts, 60 24–26, 33–34, 39, 43 definition, 230 cohorts (Roman military units), 153 development in Russia, 536, 537 development of agriculture, 19 coins, 131–32, 165, 166, 174, 572–73, 574. See development in sub-Saharan Africa, 52, 71, diffusion through trade, 111–12 also currency 73–74, 435 general matrix, 41 Colbert, Jean Baptiste (French Minister of disease history association, 28–31 geographic influences, 14–24 Finance), 561 Greek cities in East, 149–150 growth of first cities, 9, 14, 19, 24–26 cold war growth of in China, 95, 98 interdependency, 746 complexity of diplomacy, 749 of Harappan civilization, 76–77 in Japan, 267–68 crisis periods, 739, 741–45, 755 relationship with nomads, 27, 126 map of centers circa 1500 CE, 354 Cuban role, 736 in Russia, 534, 536–37 nomads’ threat, 114 decolonization during, 607, 609, 676, 686, See also city-states; urban hierarchies; urban in Russia, 536–38 696–737 skills; and specific city in sub-Saharan Africa, 52 effect on WHO, 757 citizenship symbiosis of human and pathogens, 30. See Eisenhower Doctrine, 741 in ancient Greece, 130, 131, 134, 136, 141, 147, also parasitism of sedentary life; symbiosis end, 744–45 154, 158, 181, 214 of agriculture events leading to, 690–95 as feature of nation-states, 497 See also cities; culture; society fight for China, 697 French concept, 372, 497 Cixi (empress dowager of China), 581, 582 hot spots, 740 modern concept, 409–10 class ideologies involved, 608–9, 690–91 in Roman Empire, 176, 178, 181, 213–14, 262 conflict in Russia, 629 impact on global stability, 748 in Roman Republic, 170–71 in Japan, 274, 525–26, 649 India’s position, 712–13, 714 in U.S., 523, 524–25 Marxist theory, 504–7, 626–27, 691–92, 750 Israel’s role, 724 citizen-soldiers, 498 Ricardo’s view of, 502 Khrushchev’s expansion of influence, 741 City of God (St. Augustine), 183, 187–88, 302, in Roman Empire, 179–180 reevaluation of status and equality during, 318, 330, 335 Smith’s theory, 465–66 751–55 city-states Stalin’s purges, 689–690 Soviet allies, 696–704 on East coast of Africa, 351 World War II, 686–87 Suez crisis, 716, 739 in Greece, 118, 127, 129, 130–35, 147, 171 Zhu Xi’s class system, 258 U.S. allies, 704–5 in Hausa, 347–48 See also caste system; feudalism; status U.S.-Latin American relations, 730–31, of Mayans, 195 classic period (in Mesoameria), 194–98 736–37 in Mexico, 358, 360 Claudius (emperor of Rome), 178 College of Cardinals, 310, 312, 327, 328 cives Romani (Roman citizens), 171 Claudius, Avidius (Roman commander), 209 Colleges. See universities civic virtue Cleanthes of Assos (Hellenistic philosopher), coloniae Romani (Roman colonists), 171 Greek concept, 130–31, 136, 154, 214 157–58 colonialism Roman concept, 170, 172 Clemenceaú, George (French premier), 625, 634, in Africa, 439–441 in Roman Empire, 176, 178, 181–82, 213–14 659 American Revolution, 473 Civil Rights Act (1875), 524 Clement of Alexandria (theologian), 186 in Americas, 422–434 Civil Rights Act (1964), 752 Clement VII (pope), 328, 391–92 differential of power enabling, 395–99, 497 civil rights movement, 751–53 Cleopatra (Egyptian queen), 147, 148, 175 European justification, 504, 607 civil service examination system Clermont (steamboat), 498 rule of colonies, 592 in China, 106, 216–17, 250–51, 258, 564, 582 climate See also decolonization; imperialism; and in Japan, 269, 650 effect on agriculture, 5–8, 18, 61, 66 specific colonizing and colonized country in Korea, 266 effect on personality, 462 Columba, Saint (missionary in Scotland), 296 civil war effect on population, 380 Columbian Exchange, 191, 356, 370, 374, 735 in Africa, 715, 717 effect on Sumerian culture, 38 Columbus, Christopher (explorer) in Algeria, 717 elements of, 12–14 Atlantic trade routes opened by, 347, 356, 371, among Incas, 432 global warming, 5–6, 12, 759 375, 377, 416

INDEX | I7 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) effects of his discovery, 426 among U.S. newspapers, 615 consubstantiation, 187 Portugal’s refusal to hire, 421 between Christians and Muslims in East consuls (Roman civic and military leaders), 174 voyages, 419, 422–23, 439, 566, 747 Africa, 350 consumerism, 710 Comintern, 630, 660, 694, 749 effect on price of goods, 131 containment policy, 693, 698, 730–31, 742 commerce effect on production in India, 613 contemporary world, 745–751 along Nile River, 56–57, 60 between England and France in North continentality, 535 in China, 98, 256–57, 260–61, 565, 567 America, 369 Cooper, Lord Anthony Ashley (politician), 453 Commercial Revolution, 372, 386–401 for food among Toltecs, 357 cooperation (as social concept, Smith), 464 control of in new states of Europe, 381 for global markets, 514, 532, 614, 709, 729, 746 Copernicus, Nicholas (astronomer), 449–450 Crusades’ reintroduction, 315 Japan’s struggle with, 531–32 Coptic heresy, 302 of England, 386 means of protecting trade from, 522, 643 Coptic script, 59 global network, 398 mercantilism eliminating, 465 cordon sanitaire (buffer zone around U.S.S.R.), globalization, 498 Smith’s concept, 464 635 in Japan, 274 Social Darwinists’ theory concerning, 507–9 corn in Korea, 266 between superpowers for influence in cultivation in Andean Plateau, 364 nomads’ role, 28, 36 decolonizing regions, 676 cultivation in China, 569 in pre-Columbian North America, 367 tensions among competing nations, 613–623 cultivation in Mesoamerica, 198, 360 in Roman Empire, 179 between tribes in Africa, 589, 594 cultivation in North America, 367, 368, 369, Smith’s view of, 463 violence among nomads, 2, 37, 113, 126, 370 of sub-Saharan Africa, 67 273–77 diffusion in Americas, 190–91 See also trade World War II’s effect, 658–59 diffusion to Africa, 443 commercial capitalism, 478 Compton, Samuel (inventor), 479–480 domestication, 16–17, 19, 190 commercial revolution concentration camps, 590, 616, 617, 687–88 as food source, 193 agricultural changes, 399–401 Concord, Massachusetts, 520 global diffusion, 378–79 change in differential of power, 372, 380, Confessions (Saint Augustine), 318 as trade product of North America, 398, 399 386–401, 415 Confucianism Cornwallis, Charles (British general), 520 colonialism fueling, 373, 397–99 as Chinese state ideology, 104–10, 216, 217, corporate cities, 318 development of cottage industries, 393–94 219, 225, 247, 250–51, 261, 262, 568, 575, corporate lineage, 340–41, 344, 714, 715, 720, effects of Atlantic trade routes, 386–401 583, 659–660, 662 747. See also family groups English participation, 386–401 clash with Buddhism, 220, 252 corporations as foundation for Industrial Revolution, 447 clash with Daoism, 221 definition, 380 loss of traditional life, 517 founder and beliefs, 89, 98–100, 101, 102 in England, 390, 404 mercantilism, 395–99 in Japan, 268, 272, 274, 526, 531 in English colonies, 397–98, 519 shift of trade from Middle East, 601 in Korea, 265 in Medieval Europe, 316–17, 506 Spanish participation, 386–88 in People’s Republic of China, 700 Cortés, Hernán (explorer) stimulation of Reformation, 539 Qin Shihuangdi’s treatment of scholars, 103–4 admiration of Tenochtitlán, 360 commercial zones, 328–29 reinterpretation, 258 arrival in Mexico, 363 Committee of Public Safety, 475, 476 revival in China, 662 discovery of Aztecs, 423 Commodus (emperor of Rome), 178, 208 Confucius (Chinese philosopher), 98–100, 102 exploration and conquest of Mesoamerica, commons (open grazing land), 389 Congo, 591, 592, 593, 718, 720 422, 429–432 commonwealth, 398, 410 Congo River, 421 Native American allies, 361 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 745 conquistadores (Spanish conquerors), 550–51 wealth gained in colonies, 550 communal council (Russia), 546–48 Constance, Treaty of, 328–29 Cossacks, 541 communications, 124, 749 Constantine (emperor of Rome), 186, 187, 300 cottage industries, 393–94, 478, 532, 548–49, 565 communism Constantinople cotton in Cambodia, 744 bubonic plague deaths, 322 cultivated in Egypt, 613 capitalism in opposition, 608–9 defenses, 301, 597 cultivation in Americas, 198, 398, 522 in China, 660–61, 662, 663, 677, 696–705, fall in Second Crusade, 301, 313–14 cultivation in Brazil, 734 710–11, 749–750 Muslim threat, 294 cultivation in Egypt, 588, 592 in Cuba, 736–37 Ottoman conquest, 245n1, 327, 597 cultivation in India, 563, 613 essential conditions, 625, 632–33 theocratic government, 301–2 cultivation/manufacturing in China, 565–66 Hitler’s view of, 638–39 trade routes to, 316, 535, 536 manufacturing in Japan, 531 in Japan, 709 See also Istanbul Council of Clermont, 313 in Korea, 698 constitutional monarchy, 411–13, 453, 554–55 Council of Five Hundred (Athens), 132 Marxist theory, 504–7 constitutions Council of Mutual Assistance (COMECON), 694 as model for modernity, 581 of Brazil, 554 Council of Nicaea, 187 Russian experiment, 608, 622, 625–634, of Cuba, 736 Council of Ten, 332 749–750 of Egypt, 716 Council of the Indies, 422 in Vietnam, 742–44 of England, 411 counts, 303, 304, 305 See also cold war; Marxism; People’s Republic of France, 474 coup d’etat of China; Soviet Union of Germany, 495 in Brazil, 735 Communist International Committee for World of Great Britain, 411–13, 472 in Egypt, 715 Revolution, 630, 660, 694, 749 of Greek city-states, 130 in France, 476, 490 community, 296–97, 299–300, 302 of Japan, 269, 529–530, 707 in Ghana, 718–19 compass, 254, 418 of Mexico, 554, 671 in Iran, 667 competition of Persia, 605 in Italy, 681 advances in technology, 514 of Roman Republic, 173–74 in Japan, 527 among Greek city-states, 158 in Spain, 553 in Libya, 717 among Indian dynasties, 280 of U.S., 520–21, 754 in Nigeria, 719

I-8 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II in Portuguese colonies, 721 impact of iron tools, 44–45, 65–66, 80 See also civilization; society Crassus, Marcus Lucinius (Roman patrician), 175 of Incas, 364 culture heroes, 93–94 creation myths, 42–44, 50–51, 55, 85, 93–94, 360 of Mayans, 196 cuneiform, 39–40, 112, 124 creative energy of culture, 371 in Mesopotamia, 33 Curia, 312 credit natural consequences of human interaction currency for domestic spending in U.S., 645 with, 80 checks, 124 for modernization projects, 671 nomads’ shift to, 27–28 of China, 257, 261, 565–66, 572 for trade goods, 555, 613, 670, 671, 747 original sites, 4 in Germany, 636 for war supplies, 398, 623, 625, 645 origins of war and, 2–3 gold, 344 Creeks, 201 Parthian modifications, 162–63 Greek use of coins, 131–32 Creoles, 552, 553, 554, 674 in Russia, 536, 537 in Japan, 273, 274, 706 Crete, 118, 129 sedentary life associated with, 5–6 reestablishment of use in Middle Ages, 315 Crimean War, 490, 493, 513, 514, 602 slash-and-burn method, 33, 196, 197, 369 Roman use of coins, 174 Crisis of 1873, 526–29 in sub-Saharan Africa, 52, 71, 72 of Sassanian Empire, 165, 166 critical thinking. See urban skills See also agriculture; irrigation; plow; sedentary in Sparta, 134 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 499–500 life; symbiosis of agriculture custom. See tradition Croats, 598 cultural hearths Cuza, Alexander John (prince of Moldavia and Cromer, Lord (financial advisor), 592 emergence of, 39 Wallachia), 602 Cromwell, Oliver (lord protector of England), gene pools and parasitism in, 425–26 Cuzco, 363 406, 408–9, 453 of Islam, 243, 294 Cyprian plague, 212 crossbow, 227, 316, 318, 380 Mesoamerica, 192–98 Cyprus, 112, 120, 127 Crusades, 244, 294, 312–15, 329, 597 in middle years, 229, 243 Cyprus (bishop of Carthage), 212 Cuba of North Americans, 368–370 Cyrus the Great (founder of Persian Empire), 51, agriculture, 735, 736 of South America, 198–200 123–24, 135 Bay of Pigs incident, 737, 741 See also Andean Plateau; China; Egypt; Czechoslovakia Cuban Missile Crisis, 737, 741, 742 Eurasia; Fertile Crescent; India; as buffer state against communist proliferation, discovery, 423 Mesopotamia 635 epidemics, 735 Cultural Revolution (China), 701–3, 704 creation, 623 form of capitalism adopted, 631 culture German takeover, 640 government, 735, 736–37, 741 of ancient Greece, 138–146 Marshall Plan, 694 independence from colonial powers, 729 attributes, 229–230 rebellion, 745 peasant rebellions, 758 of Aztecs, 359–361 Soviet takeover, 694, 742 relations with U.S., 735–37 of Bantu people, 352–53 Warsaw Pact, 694 revolution, 608, 729, 736 of Byzantine Empire, 302 Czechs, 639 slavery, 673, 735 of Cahokia peoples, 368 as Spanish colony, 735 of Chumash, 368–69 daga (plaster), 352 Spanish-American War, 615–16, 643, 729–730, concept, 371, 459–463, 466, 469, 485–87 Dahae Confederation, 161 736 connection to language and ethnicity, 486–87 Dahomey, 440, 443 war of independence, 729–730, 736 definition, 230, 375 daimyo (Japanese local lord), 270–71, 272, 525, See also Caribbean Islands dichotomy in U.S., 645 528, 529 Cuban Missile Crisis, 737, 741, 742 diffusion of Sumerian culture, 35–37, 38–39, dakhma (enclosures for disposal of bodies), 167 Culloden Moor, Battle of, 412 52–53, 111–12 Damascus, 243 cultivation diffusion through migrations, 746–47 dams, 2, 33, 54 of alfalfa, 162, 163 diffusion through trade, 111–12, 204–5 dan Fodio, Usuman (Islamist), 587 in the Americas, 189–191, 198, 370, 426 effects of modernization, 375 Danes, 226 in Americas, 194 ethnic diversity of U.S., 515 Danube River Basin, 112 in ancient Egypt, 53–54, 57, 59–60, 68, 179 exchange between east and west, 147, 150, danwei (work units), 700 in ancient Greece, 129 155, 157 Daoism (Chinese philosophy), 98, 100–101, 105 in ancient India, 76, 80, 222 exchange between Muslim and Catholic Daoism (religion), 106, 220, 221, 247, 252, 262 in ancient Rome, 172–73, 179 worlds, 294 Darius III (Persian king), 137, 148 ancient urban areas developing from, 1, 2, 9, food production and development, 14 Darius the Great (emperor of Persia), 124, 135, 24–26 foundation for concept, 459–463 160 artificial selection, 16–25 Hegel’s view of, 500–501 Dar-ul-Islam (abode of Islam), 285 in China, 91–92, 93, 95–96, 98 Hellenistic mix, 138, 147–160 Darwin, Charles (scientist) climatic effects on, 2–3, 9, 12–14 of Incas, 365 Origin of Species, 507, 508 competition with livestock, 11, 26–27, 123, 126 integration in Late Middle Ages, 319 theory of evolution of species, 499, 507, 637 consequences, 1–2, 28–31, 33, 37, 43–44, 54, intercultural contact, 749 Theory of Natural Selection, 637 71, 91–92, 255–56, 400–401, 426 of Iroquois Confederation, 369 Das, Sur (Hindu poet), 559 development, 1–2, 5–12 of Japan, 270 Das, Tusi (Hindu poet), 559 development in Eurasia, 189–190 Korean exportation, 263–66 Davenant, Charles (political arithmetician) diffusion of plants, 14–15, 16, 17–19, 129, learned, 229 Essay Upon the Probable Method of Making 189–190 in middle years, 230 a People Gainers in the Balance of Trade, domestication of plants and animals, 1–2, 5, post-modern view, 611 412–13 7–12, 15–25, 27, 72 revival of Greco-Roman culture, 294, 302, 313, David (king of the Hebrews), 48, 49, 236 founder plants, 7, 9, 15–19 318–19 Dawes Plan, 636 geographic effect, 2, 14–20 role in nation-state formation, 485 de Beers Diamond Company, 590, 593 history of disease associated with, 28–31, 192, of sub-Saharan Africa, 52, 339 de Gaulle, Charles (president of France), 715, 718 205–6 Swahili, 351–52 de Klerk, F. W. (president of South Africa), 720 of Hittites, 119–120 of Toltecs, 358–59 de’ Medici family, 327, 330, 331, 332

INDEX | I9 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) De officis (Cicero), 336 Dharmapala (ruler in India), 283 in India, 80–81, 206, 222–23, 287, 427 death rate, 612 dhimmis (protected people), 285, 289, 290–93 influenza, 426–27, 594, 608, 624, 686 debt dhows (Arab ships), 351 isolation of Americas, 377 accrued by Latin American countries, 515, 656, Diadochi (Alexander’s successors), 148 leischmaniasis, 426 670, 671, 674, 696, 735 dialectic reasoning, 141–42 leprosy, 340 accrued by primary-goods suppliers, 556, 613, dialogue, 500 malaria, 71, 209, 210, 340, 427–28, 498, 757 747 diamonds, 590, 592 measles, 212, 223, 427, 757 British control, 613, 671, 674 Dias, Bartholomew (explorer), 421 nomads and, 226, 227 creating debt-peonage, 547–48 Dias, Dinis (explorer), 420 in Roman Empire, 208–12 foreign influence of creditors, 747 Díaz, Porfirio (president of Mexico), 671, 731 sleeping sickness, 340, 594 sharecroppers trapped by, 524, 547, 643 Diderot, Denis (philosophe) smallpox, 209–12, 218–19, 223, 340, 407, 427, for wartime loans, 625 Encyclopedie, 473 430, 432, 552, 757 debt-peonage, 547–48 philosophy, 459, 473 as source of decay of empires, 203, 208–12, Decameron (Boccaccio), 331 die-off era (Late Middles Ages), 319–327 218–19 Decartes, René (philosopher), 452 Diet (Japan’s legislature), 649–650, 677, 707, 709 Spanish flu, 624, 686 decentralization of power, 316, 404–5, 541, 658. dietary changes, 378 syphilis, 426, 427 See also government differential of power, 373 typhus, 427, 477 Declaration of Independence, 473, 520 definition, 371 World Health Organization work against, 757 Declaration of Indulgences, 453 effectiveness of colonization based on, 415. See See also epidemics; germ theory; medicine; decolonization also imperialism parasitism of sedentary life in Africa, 714–722 effects in Americas, 497 doctrine of the heart, 568 after World War II, 607, 608, 609, 676, 695, effects on Africa, 497 dogma (Catholic doctrine), 319 696–737 end justifies the means mentality, 611 doldrums, 419 beginning of process after World War I, 635 European superiority in Africa, 585, 586, 590 Domaine, 317 in China, 656–663, 696–705 European superiority in Middle East, 585, domestication of plants and animals. See animals: factors determining path, 696 601–5 domestication of; plants: domestication of in India, 663–65, 711–14 following World War II, 668 Dominican Republic, 555 in Japan, 705–11 impact on decolonization, 696 Dominicans, 571 in Latin America, 552–56, 670–74, 728–737 imperialism fueled by, 395, 497, 514 Domitian (emperor of Rome), 178 in Middle East, 665–670, 722–28 in Middle East, 601–2 Donation of Constantine, The (Papal document), as outcome of world wars, 635, 696 modernization causing shifts, 416 335 role in Cold War, 609 relationship to globalization, 372, 373 Donatists, 186 shift in differential of power precipitating, 656 role of industry, 511 Dong Zho (Chinese warlord), 221 defense in depth, 620–21 role of ship technology in shift, 416 Dong Zhongshu (Confucian scholar), 105, 258 deflation, 612–13, 646, 674 shift after World War I, 373, 622–23, 625, 656 Dorgon (regent of China), 568 deforestation, 33, 77 shift after World War II, 690 Dorian dialect, 150 Deganawidah (Iroquois peacemaker), 369 shift in Far East, 647 Dorian migrations, 120–21, 127, 129, 150 Dehkanan (Sassanian nobles), 168 Diktat, 639 Dowla, Suraja (ruler of Bengal), 561 Delhi, 292, 293 Dimitri (son of Ivan IV), 541 doxa (errors), 156 Delhi Sultanate, 289–293, 558, 586, 596 Diocletian (emperor of Rome), 176, 208, 212 drafsh (Parthian army unit), 163 Demetrius (Macedonian king), 149 Diocletian Reforms, 208, 212, 300 Drake, Sir Francis (privateer), 397, 398 democracy direct rule of colonies, 592 drama, 143–45 of Athens, 131, 132–34 disarmament, 635. See also détenté Dravidians, 79, 80, 85, 89, 115, 116 in China, 657, 659, 661–62 disease Drug (the Lie), 165 conditions for in Western Europe, 471 in Africa, 71, 340, 440, 594 drug cartels, 733 in Czechoslovakia, 742 AIDS, 718, 721, 757 Du Fu (Chinese poet), 251 German hostility, 691 in the Americas, 191, 192, 356, 370, 371, Dubcek, Alexander (Czech ruler), 742 in Germany, 634, 639 423–26, 433, 516, 550, 735 Duce, Il. See Mussolini, Benito Hitler’s propaganda about, 638 among Napoleon’s troops, 477 Duchy of Muscovy, 538 in Japan, 653–54, 706 in ancient Egypt, 57 Duke of Normandy, 308 in Russia, 622 in ancient world, 2, 3 dukes, 303, 304, 305, 306 in U.S., 515 as barrier to animal migration into Africa, Dunhuang, 107 Démocratique Sénégalais, 718 23–24, 71 Duo Ba Turks, 225 Democritus (Greek philosopher), 140, 155, 182 as barrier to invasion of Africa, 71, 209, 371, Dutch, 369, 442, 589–590 demotic script, 59 373, 416, 424, 429, 435, 590 Dutch Boers. See Afrikaners denari (Roman coin), 297 in Brazil, 434 Dutch Cape Colony, 589 Deng Xiaoping (Chinese communist), 701, 704 bubonic plague, 30, 223, 301, 319, 320–23, 326, Dutch theory of value, 396 dengue fever, 71, 192, 427 380, 401–2, 594 Dutch Wars, 399 Denmark, 223, 492, 679 in China, 218 Dyer, Reginald (British general), 712 dervish communities, 599 cholera, 223, 594, 757 dynameis (power), 159 Desert Storm, 756 contribution to fall of Han China, 81, 206, 207 dynastic cycle, 94, 110, 214, 252–53, 373, 569 desiccation, 33, 70, 72 contribution to fall of Rome, 81, 206, 207 despotism, 472, 473 development of medicines and vaccines, 498 Early Middle Ages, 295–300 détente, 744 diffusion through colonization, 423, 426–29 East Africa deuteros theos (second divinity), 159–160, 183, diffusion through trade, 69, 81, 89, 204, 205, British colonies, 592 185 206, 374, 377, 427 changes in middle years, 229 Devapala (ruler in India), 283 European resistance to, 371 decolonization, 719 Devi (Hindu deity), 89, 287 history of, 28–31, 192, 205–6, 424–25, 428–29, Islam, 341, 349 dharma (universal truth), 87 721 Portuguese quest for gold, 441

I-10 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II trade with Europeans, 589 First Intermediate Period, 58–60 Hundred Years War, 323–24, 402 East Francia, 300, 305–7 god-king concept, 152 Industrial Revolution, 375, 470 East Germany, 694 government, 57–65 Interregnum, 389, 408–9 East India Company, 397–98, 561–62 as granary of Roman Empire, 179, 181 joint-stock companies, 397 Eastern Chalukyas, 283 Greek attacks, 118 Magna Carta, 311, 312 Eastern Europe. See specific country Hebrews in, 48, 64, 115, 121 mercantilism, 395–99 Eastern Han Dynasty, 215–222, 224–27 Hittites’ relationship with, 114, 119, 120 military, 411 Eastern Roman Empire. See Byzantine Empire independence from European control, 715, 722 navy, 403, 404 ecocide, 37, 57, 77, 387–88 independence from Ottoman rule, 602 papal authority in, 312 economic revolution, 375, 392–95 invasion by nomads, 78, 114–15 peasant rebellions, 323, 324–25, 326 Economic Table (Quesnay), 473 Iron Age, 65–66 plague deaths, 401 economics Islam, 66, 74, 241, 243, 244, 302, 341, 599 population increase during Reformation, 378, creation of field of study, 463 Kushite invasion, 121 381, 386, 388–89, 400–401 development of national economy, 393 as mandated territory, 668 privateering, 397 Dutch theory of value, 396 Middle Kingdom, 59–60, 114 proto-industry development, 392–95 national economies, 510-11, 531, 707-8 modernization, 588, 592 relationship with France, 309 Physiocrats’ concept, 459, 463 New Kingdom, 60, 62–65, 67, 114, 115, 121 religious wars, 401 profit-inflation spiral, 394 nomadic invasions, 121 response to inflation, 386, 388 Ricardo’s theory, 501–4 Old Kingdom, 57–59 Restoration era, 409 sinking fund, 410 Ottoman control, 588 Seven Years’ War, 399 Smith’s concept, 463–66 peace treaty with Israel, 716 slave trade, 439 See also inflation; recession Ptolemaic Dynasty, 147, 148, 153 Spanish Armada, 386 Edo (Tokyo, Japan), 273, 525–26 Pyramid Age, 57–58 trade with Native Americans, 516 education Ramses III, 118 Viking conquest, 308 in African colonies, 596 rebellion against Assyria, 276 War of the Roses, 391 in ancient Egypt, 59 religion, 55 war with Spain, 407 in Aztec culture, 360 revolt against European control, 595 See also Great Britain in China, 106, 250–51, 582 Second Intermediate Period, 60 English Common Law, 315, 317, 409 colleges and universities. See universities success-failure cycle, 58 Enlightenment Confucian view of, 100 Suez War, 716, 739 abolition of English slave trade, 586 in Egypt, 588, 596 trade, 129, 209, 613 application of ideals in Africa, 595–96 in Europe compared to traditional societies, Yom Kippur War, 716, 724 creation of new epistemologies, 469 612 Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 667 creation of public opinion, 410, 413 Hume’s view of, 460 eidola (images of matter), 155, 157 formation of nation-states, 372, 375, 381 in Inca culture, 365 Eightfold Path to Enlightenment, 88–89, 219 humanitarian ideas, 585 in Japan, 269, 274, 530–31, 532, 707, 709 Eisenhower, Dwight David (president of United Hume’s contribution, 459–463 in Korea, 265 States), 741, 743, 752 ideals of freedom and equality, 751 in Latin America, 555, 674 Eisenhower Doctrine, 741 impact on tradition, 447 Legalist view of, 102 el Niño, 13, 61, 199 Kant’s contribution, 466–69 in North Italy, 329–330 El Salvador, 758 Locke’s role, 452–58 in Ottoman Empire, 599 elephants, 153 modern worldview created, 469 in People’s Republic of China, 699–700, 702 Elizabeth (Empress of Austria), 544 philosophes, 458–59 in Persian Empire, 125 Elizabeth I (queen of England), 392, 397, 404, 405, physiocracy, 459 in Prussia, 494 406–7 response to redefinition of universe, 375 in Sparta, 133 Empedocles of Akraga (Greek philosopher), 140, role in abolishing slave trade, 442 Edward III (king of England), 323 159 Smith’s contribution, 459, 463–66 Edward the Confessor (king of England), 308 empires, 203–4. See also specific empire as step in modernization, 447, 458–469 Edward VI (king of England), 392 empiricism, 354, 460 Enlil (Marduk, Babylonian deity), 43 E-fang Palace, 104 encomiendas (land grants), 550, 551 Entente Cordiale (1904), 614 Egypt Encyclopedie (Diderot), 473 entrepreneurs adoption of iron technology, 65–66 England in Africa, 590 agriculture, 53–54, 57–59, 68, 72, 179, 181 agricultural revolution, 389–391, 401 in British colonies in America, 519 Arab Spring, 716 Catholicism, 296 in England, 393–95, 478 Arab-Israeli War, 723 civil war, 308–9, 389, 401, 408 in Japan, 531 Archaic Period, 57 colonies in North America, 396, 442 Smith’s view of, 465 assaults by Sea People, 118, 121, 127 Commercial Revolution, 386, 388–401 environment British hold, 614 consolidation, 308 deforestation, 33, 77, 255 bubonic plague, 322 constitution, 411 desiccation, 33, 70, 72, 77 civil war, 59 definition of sovereignty, 398, 404–13 effects of cultivation, 1–2, 33, 37, 43–44, 54, climate, 61 Dutch Wars, 399 71, 91–92, 255–56, 426 collapse of state structure, 59 exploitation of inter-tribal warfare in North global warming, 5–6 color symbolism, 54–55 America, 369 reclaiming of salinated soils, 162 conquerors, 46, 66, 67–68, 110, 121, 124, 148 feudalism, 306–7, 309 salination of soil, 77, 426 control of Kush, 66, 67 fiscal policy, 396 Epicureanism, 155–56, 158, 182, 214 cultural development, 39, 41, 52–57 global commercial outposts, 395, 396–97 Epicurus (Hellenistic philosopher), 155–56, 182 development of writing, 39 Glorious Revolution, 395, 411–12, 453, 485, epidemics education, 596 519 AIDS, 718, 721 European interference, 588, 592 government, 404–13 in Americas, 191, 377, 424, 426–29, 432 fall, 69 Great Migration to colonies, 388–89, 408 in ancient India, 80–81, 206, 222–23

INDEX | I11 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) association with war and famine, 301, 624 domestication of plants, 7–9 justification of imperialism, 372, 373, 510, 607, bubonic plague, 30, 301, 319, 320–23, 380 epidemics, 428 611 in China, 81, 206, 218, 223 fall of civilizations, 203–4 sense of superiority, 371, 373, 499, 501, 504, in Cuba, 735 iron manufacturing, 73, 118 507, 509–10, 511, 570, 591, 607, 611 effect on civilizations, 2, 28–29 land exposed follow Ice Age, 189 spheres of influence in China, 569–572, 580 in Europe, 426–27 Mongol control, 278 trade with East Africa, 589 evolution, 2, 28–31, 205–6 See also specific areas and civilizations World War I, 618–623 introduction through trade routes, 205, 374 Euripides (Greek tragedian) evolution, 507–10, 637 introduction to Americas, 191, 550 The Trojan Women, 145 Ewuare (king of Benin), 349 in Roman Empire, 81, 206, 208–10 Medea, 145 Ex Illa Die, 571 Spanish flu, 624, 686 revival of works, 336 exclusion policy, 525, 527 World Health Organization work against, 757 Europe Exodus (book of the Bible), 48–49, 64, 121, 447 See also disease agriculture, 255–56 exploration epikleros (Athenian woman), 133 AIDS, 721 of Americas, 382, 430–34 epistemology, 139, 452, 453–55, 460 arms race, 511 by Chinese, 566 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 754 birth-control programs, 759 of Columbus and de Gama, 347, 356, 371, 375, equal-field system, 247 bubonic plague, 319, 320–23 377, 416, 419, 421, 422–23, 426, 439, 566, equality colonization of Africa, 439–441, 656 747 Enlightenment ideal, 751 Commercial Revolution, 386–401 for Portugal, 419–420, 421, 422, 433, 438, 444 erosion of caste and aristocracy, 754 control of global markets, 746–47 shipbuilding and navigational technologies Islamism’s concept, 755 dietary changes, 377–380 enabling, 416–422 Marxist theory, 691–92, 751 in Early Middle Ages, 295–300 for Spain, 360, 361, 363, 366, 368, 422, 423, in U.S., 643–44, 691, 751–774. See also effects of World War I, 607–8, 622–23, 625, 429–433, 550 segregation; slavery/slaves: in United States 656 extermination camps, 687–88 worldwide redefinition, 751 effects of World War II, 373 extraterritoriality, 574, 579 equant point, 449, 450 Enlightenment, 458–469 Ezekiel (Hebrew prophet), 50 Equiano, Olauduh, 437 establishment of differential of power, 497–99 Erasmus, Desiderius (intellectual) exploration and conquest in Americas, 430–34 Fabius Maximus (Roman ruler), 172 The Praise of Folly, 336 fall from power, 745–46 Fair Employment Commission (FEC), 752 Adages, 336 at fall of Rome, 294 family groups in Africa, 74, 339–340, 443. See The Handbook of the Christian Knight, 336 famine, 113 also corporeal lineage work to restore unity to Christendom, 335–36 health of post-modern era, 612 famine Eratosthenes (Greek geographer), 418–19 in High Middle Ages, 303–19 in Africa, 340, 594, 719 Eritrea, 589, 719 illusion of progress, 612–13 as check to overpopulation, 501 Eriya (ruler in India), 284 impact of Atlantic trade routes, 377 in China, 221, 569, 700–701 Esar-Hadden (Assyrian king), 73 impact of Islam, 233 climate shifts causing, 113, 319 Escola, Pedro (explorer), 421 imperialism, 514, 585 in Egypt, 59, 61, 65 Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), importation of Western plants and animals, in Europe, 319, 320, 401 453–54 377–78 in India, 563 Essay Upon the Probable Method of Making a Industrial Revolution, 375 population pressures causing, 757–58 People Gainers in the Balance of Trade interests in Latin America, 729 famine-disease sequence, 209 (Davenant), 412–13 introduction of gunpowder, 254, 278, 316 farmers Essenes, 183 Islam, 243 in Africa, 352 estate system, 162, 227, 304–5 loss of primacy in World War I, 607 in ancient China, 91–92, 96, 109, 217–18 Estates General of France, 323, 325, 327, 403, 474 marriage practices, 436–37 in ancient Greece, 130, 131 Estonia, 635 Marshall Plan, 693–95, 705 bonds with cities, 44–47, 65, 130 ethics, 141–43, 154–58 in middle years, 230, 231 Hittites’ relationship with, 119 Ethiopia modernization, 230, 231, 371–72, 375–413, rebellion in Europe over rents and taxes, 323, agriculture, 72 447–482 324–26 Christian kingdom, 69 Persian conquests, 124 in Rome, 44–45, 172–73, 176, 208 climate, 61 Reformation, 372, 375, 380, 381–84, 386–87, of Sassanian Empire, 166 effect of Western aid, 589 391–92, 396 in Sumer, 35 freedom from foreign domination, 592 Renaissance, 318–19, 327, 328–337, 372 Vastaryushan, 166 under Haile Selassie, 350, 719 Scientific Revolution, 447–452 See also agriculture; horticulture; peasant peasant rebellions, 758 slavery, 347 rebellions; peasants revolt against European control, 595 trade along the Silk Road, 107 farmer-soldiers, 44, 45–46, 130, 172–73 Solomonid kings, 350 travel in, 400 Farouk (king of Egypt), 715 use of plow, 67 World War II, 676–690 Fasci de cambattimento (Italian nationalist war with Italy, 681 See also specific nation organization), 681 ethnic cleansing, 687–88, 719 Europeans fascism, 625, 634, 681–82, 734 ethnicity, 486–87, 759 abolition of slave trade, 442, 586 Fascist Party, 681, 682 Eumenides (Aeschylus), 144 ambitions in Africa, 590–96 Fatima (Mohammed’s daughter), 244 eunuchs, 107–8, 216 arrival in Americas, 356, 370, 423–26 Fatimate (Egyptian caliphate), 313 Euphrates River, 33, 37, 56 colonies in South Africa, 589–590 Fatimid kingdom, 244, 342 Eurasia demoralization, 624 Faubus, Orval (governor of Arkansas), 752 cycles of destruction, 78 imperialism in Africa, 586 Fayum Depression, 60 development of cultivation, 4–12, 14–16, 31, imperialism in Middle East, 601–5 fazendas (sugar plantations), 434 189 in India, 560 federal (form of) government, 516, 555 domestication of animals, 18 isolationism, 640, 644, 660 Federal Reserve System (U.S.), 646

I-12 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 753 Fourteenth Amendment (to U.S. Constitution), Seven Years’ War, 399, 519, 561 feminism, 753–54 524 Sino-French War, 574–75 Ferdinand (grand duke of Austria-Hungary), 618 Fox, Vincente (president of Mexico), 733 slave trade, 439 Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 422–23, 553 France sphere of influence in China, 580 Fertile Crescent alliance linking Britain and Russia in Persia, Suez War, 716, 739 Assyrian conquest, 46 604–5 support of American Revolution, 474, 520 development of cities, 9, 19–20, 24–25 alliance with papacy, 297, 308 Triple Entente, 618 development of cultivation, 7–12, 14, 15–16, areas of control between world wars, 610 Triple Intervention in Eastern relations, 648 19, 72 aristocracy, 403, 404, 405, 410 Valois Dynasty, 402 development of trade, 35–37, 111–12 arms race, 511 Versailles, Treaty of, 634–35, 659 diffusion of culture, 35–37, 38–39, 52–53 Brussels, Treaty of, 694 war debts, 625 domestication of animals, 20–22, 25 bubonic plague in, 322–23 wars with Great Britain, 402 ecocide, 77 Capet Dynasty, 474 World War I, 618–623 invasion by nomads, 114 Celtic culture of, 122 World War II, 679 Muslim invasion, 240 civil war in, 386 Francis I (king of France), 391–92 use of horses, 123 colonies for sugar production, 551, 555 Francis II (king of Sicily and Naples), 491 See also Mesopotamia; Sumer colonies in Africa, 591, 592, 715, 717, 718 Franciscans, 571 fertilizer, 33, 256, 478, 725, 758 colonies in North America, 516, 519, 551 Franco, Francisco (fascist), 682 feudalism consolidation of, 308 Franco-Prussian War, 493, 513, 514, 614 agricultural system, 389–390 control of Algeria and Tunisia and Morocco, Franks, 226, 296–97, 305 in ancient China, 97, 116 591 Frederick Barbarosa (emperor of Holy Roman effect of religious wars, 381, 385–86 control of French Indochina, 742 Empire), 328–29 end of in England, 409 control of Iberian Peninsula, 553, 554 Frederick II (emperor of Holy Roman Empire), establishment of nation-states, 395 Crimean War, 490, 513 310, 313, 329 foundations, 162, 226, 227, 296 Crusade, 313 Frederick the Great (king of Prussia), 544, 634 in Holy Roman Empire, 299–300 definition of sovereignty, 402–4 Fredor I (czar of Russia), 541 in Japan, 272, 273, 525, 528, 529 demoralization, 624 free enterprise, 608–9, 647, 704, 705 in Latin American colonies, 550 effects of World War I, 623, 624 French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War Marx’s theory concerning, 506 Entente Cordiale, 614 French Indochina, 742 in Russia, 539 éntente with British and Russians, 614 French Revolution in Sassanian Empire, 165, 168 exploitation of inter-tribal warfare in North British occupation of India, 562 structure, 303–5 America, 369 conditions producing, 447, 472–74, 561 as system of local defense, 303 feudalism, 303–7 control of Tunisia and Morocco, 588 in Western compared to Central Europe, financing of American Revolution, 474 destruction of feudalism, 506 305–7 formation, 304 differential of power shift, 497 Ficino, Marsilio (Florentine scholar), 331, 332 Franco-Prussian War, 493, 495, 513, 614 effect on Latin American colonies, 552, 553 Filali Dynasty, 587 French Revolution, 470 influence on Germany and Italy, 487 Filmer, Sir Robert (author), 455 global commercial outposts, 395, 561 Louisiana Purchase, 521 Finland, 635 global loans, 612–13 Marx’s study, 627 Firestone Rubber Company, 593 Hundred Years War, 323–24, 402 nation-state formation, 372, 470, 480, 539 First Treatise on Government (Locke), 455 imperialism, 533 peasants’ role, 626 First United Front, 660 interference in Egypt, 588 phases, 470, 474–78, 555 Firuz Shah (sultan in India), 290 invasion and occupation of Mexico, 671 as step in modernization, 381 FIS. See Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) invasion of Holland, 411 threat to European monarchies, 545, 553 Five Bushels League, 221 invasion of Italy, 332, 385, 402 Friedan, Betty (women’s movement leader) Five Dynasties and Ten States period, 253 invasion/occupation of Algeria, 588 The Feminine Mystique, 753 Five Zhou Classics (Kong Zi), 99 justification of imperialism, 510 frontier personality, 578 Flanders, 317, 323, 327, 616 Latin American debt, 670 fuel FLN. See Algerian National Liberation Front medicine developed, 498 coal, 479 Florence, 322, 327, 329–335 military, 495 oil, 709, 717, 722, 724–25, 729, 732, 733, 756 Florentine Codex (Sanhagún), 430 monarchy, 402–4 placement of factory towns near, 479 flying shuttle, 479 Muslim invasion, 242 Führer, Der. See Hitler, Adolf Fontenoy, Battle of, 300 nation-state formation, 539 Fujiwara Culture, 270 food production. See agriculture; cultivation; nomadic tribes, 223 Fujiwara family, 269–271, 272 horticulture papal authority in, 312 Fujiwara Kamatari (ally of Emperor Tenchi), 269 foot binding, 258 peasant rebellions, 323, 324–26 Fujiwara Michinaga (leader in Japan), 270 Ford, Gerald (president of United States), 743, philosophes, 459 Fukuzawa Yukichi (Japanese intellectual), 530 744 Physiocrats, 459, 463 Fulani nomads, 441 Foreign Office (China), 579 politique party, 385 Fulton, Robert (inventor), 480, 498, 512 foreigners production of steamboats, 512 Fuxi Shi, 93–94 in ancient Greece, 133–34 putting out system of manufacturing in, 394 control of China, 579–583 relations with Prussia, 493 Gaddafi, Muammar (ruler of Libya), 717, 756 expulsion from China, 566, 582–83 relationship with England, 309 Gaelic people, 305 in Sassanian Empire, 166 religious civil war, 401 Gaius Marius (Roman), 175 See also colonialism; immigration; imperialism resistance to colonization, 714 Galen (Roman physician), 210 formative era, 193–94 revolution, 372, 474–78, 481 Galen plague, 209–12 fortuna (fortune), 334–35 role in Egypt, 592 Galilei, Galileo, 450 founder plants, 7, 9, 15–19, 53, 66 role in Italian nation-state formation, 490 Gama, Vasco da (explorer), 347, 375, 377, 416, Four Noble Truths, 88–89, 219 Second Opium War, 574–75 421, 439, 566, 747

INDEX | I13 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Gambia, 420, 441, 718 government, 404–5 Atahualpa’s ransom, 432 Gandhara, 282 guild wars, 327 in California, 522, 671 Gandhi, Indira (Indian prime minister), 713–14 Hanseatic League, 317–18 Dutch theory of value, 396 Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Indian leader), 664, 711, Hitler’s view of, 638 early Americans’ work with, 191, 192, 198, 200 752 imperialistic desires, 373, 533 inflation in Europe due to glut on market, 378, Gandhi, Rajiv (son of Idira Gandhi), 714 influence in Latin America, 729 386, 394, 396, 550 Ganges River valley, 80, 81, 222–23 invasion of Poland, 678 Locke’s view of, 456–57 Gao (African warlords of), 345 Japanese alliance, 655 privateering encouraged, 397 Gaodi (emperor of China), 104–5, 108 justification of imperialism, 510 role in commercial revolution, 399 Garden of Eden, 42 Lutheranism founded, 382–83 Smith’s view of, 465 Garibaldi, Giuseppe (revolutionary), 491 nation-state formation, 310, 470–71, 484, Spanish importation from Americas, 360, 378, Gates, Horatio (American general), 520 487–88, 492–95 386, 387, 396, 422, 423, 432, 534, 550, 613, Gaugamela, 137, 148 nomadic tribes, 223 735 Gaul, 122, 175, 226, 296, 305 Non-Aggression Pact, 640, 678–79 Spartan view of, 134 Geb (Egyptian god), 55 papal authority, 312 Gold Coast, 421, 441, 592, 718 Geist (spirit and mind), 487, 500–501 peasant rebellions, 323 gold standard, 612–13, 674, 731, 746 Gelasius I (pope), 307, 310, 312, 327 rise of Hitler, 623, 624, 636–37 Golden Horde, 278, 376, 538. See also Mongols General Staff, 530 Spartacist Movement, 629 Good Neighbor policy, 730 Geneva Conference, 742 sphere of influence in China, 580 goods. See commerce; production; trade Genghis Khan (Mongol warlord) totalitarian leadership, 608, 625, 635–641 Gopala (ruler in India), 283 conquest of Abbasid Dynasty, 289 Tripartite Pact, 655 Gorbachev, Mikhail S. (Soviet leader), 631, 744 control of Korea, 266 Triple Alliance, 614, 618 Gordian knot riddle, 148, 152 Indian resistance, 292, 537 Triple Intervention in Eastern relations, 648 Gordon, Charles George (British general), 592, Mongol Empire formation, 276–78, 320, 537 Versailles, Treaty of, 625, 634–35, 636, 656 594 genocide, 686–690, 723, 743 Weimar Republic, 623, 634–36 Gospels, 184 geographic differentiation, 398 World War I, 618, 619–623 Goulart, João (dictator of Brazil), 735 geography World War II, 608, 640–41, 678–680, 683–690 government of Africa, 435 germs. See disease; epidemics; pathogens in Africa, 340–41, 344 concepts of, 14 Ghana of ancient Egypt, 56–60, 62–65 diffusion of pathogens, 29, 191 AIDS epidemic, 718 appropriate model for nation formation, 749 effect on cultural development, 2 as British colony, 592 of Brazil, 554–55, 673, 734–35 effect on development of agriculture, 1–2, British takeover, 595 of Byzantine Empire, 294 14–23, 189–190 domestication of plants, 66 of Caribbean Islands, 735 effect on development of government, 127 first success kinship group in Central Africa, of China, 94–95, 103–10, 215–17, 247, effect on development of network cities, 74, 342, 344 249–250, 261, 262, 564, 575, 582, 625–633, 128–29 independence from Great Britain, 718–19 657–58, 659 effect on development of sub-Saharan Africa, Islam, 344, 346 city-states in Sumer, 37–38 52, 70, 74 Muslim rule, 587 Confucian concept, 99–100 effect on Islam, 240–45 rebellion, 595 Daoist concept, 101 Egyptian development associated with, 52–57 as sacred kingship, 346 decentralization of power, 404–5 English government, 404 slave trade, 347, 439 of European colonies in Africa, 592 isolation of Americas, 22–23, 189, 191, 355–56, Ghiyas ud din Balban (shah in India), 290 of feudal system, 304 370, 371, 377, 423, 427, 428, 497 Ghiyas ud din Tughlug (shah in India), 290 of France under Louis XIV, 402–4 isolation of sub-Saharan Africa, 52, 70, 71, 435 Ghurid Dynasty, 286, 289 in Germany, 495 of Japan, 266–67 glasnost (openness), 745 of Great Britain, 404–13, 453, 472 linked by national economy, 470 global warming, 5, 759 of Greek city-states, 127, 130, 131–32, 147 natural consequences of human interaction globalization of Han Dynasty in China, 206 with, 1 as characteristic of modern world, 371 of Hellenistic cities, 151–55 role in nomadic migrations, 119–120 in contemporary world, 745–751, 760 Hume’s view of, 461–62 of Russia, 534–35 definition, 372 of India, 79, 80–84, 87–88, 206, 280–82, See also land axis; land bridge; site; situation differential of power leading to, 373 557–58, 711–13 Georgia (nation), 727 diffusion of modernization, 375 of Iroquois Confederation, 369 Gepides, 226 integration of world economy, 609 in Italian network cities, 329 germ theory, 373, 435, 498, 590 Glorious Revolution, 395, 411–12, 453, 485, 519 of Italy, 491 German East Africa, 595 Gnosticism, 160 of Japan, 268–270, 272–74, 515, 525, 528–530, Germanic tribes, 295–96, 506 Gobi Desert, 189 647, 650–55, 677, 707–9 Germans, 294, 296, 300, 302 God of Kingdom of Kongo, 348 Germany Locke’s view of, 456 of Korea, 265, 266 aggression leading to World War II, 640 Nominalist view of, 448, 451–52 Legalist view of, 102 alliance with China, 662 philosophes’ view of, 459 Locke’s view of, 410, 453, 455–56 ambitions in Africa, 591 Realist view of, 448 of Macedonia, 136 arms race, 511 Renaissance image of, 331–32 Machiavelli’s view of, 332–34, 385 Celtic culture, 122 Sikh’s view of, 560 of Mexico, 554, 731–33 commercial zones of in Middle Ages, 317–18 Godfrey of Bouillon (Crusader), 313 of Parthian Persia, 162 demoralization, 624 Godunov, Boris (Russian regent), 541 of People’s Republic of China, 697–98, 704 division of at end of World War II, 694 Gogoseon Dynasty, 264 of Roman Empire, 175, 176, 182, 204, 206 failed revolution, 489 Gojo Dynasty, 264 of Roman Republic, 170–71, 173–74 financial crisis, 636 gold of Russia, 539, 622 global loans, 612–13 in Africa, 342, 344–45, 346, 352, 378, 590, 592 of Sassanian Empire, 165

I-14 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Secondat on, 459, 462 World War II, 640, 679–680, 684–85 Grimm, Jakob Ludwig Karl (philologist), 468, of Soviet Union, 609, 625–633, 690–92 See also England 486, 487 of Spain, 553 Great Commission (of Catherine the Great), Grimm’s law, 487 of Spanish and Portuguese colonies, 550 545 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 671 of U.S., 516, 520–21, 608–9, 690 Great Depression Guamata (usurper of Persian throne), 124 See also kings; and specific ideology collapse of gold standard, 746 Guangxu (emperor of China), 581 Govinda III (ruler in India), 283 effect on Brazil, 673 Guangzhou System, 572, 573 Gracchi, Gaius (founder of populares), 174–75 effect on Germany, 636, 639 Guarani people, 433–34 Gracchi, Tiberius (founder of populares), 174–75 global impact, 575, 747 Guatemala, 731 Grand Canal (China), 247–48, 256 impact on Japan, 654–55, 677 Guerrero, Vincente (Mexican rebel leader), 554 Granicus, 137 in Italy, 681, 682 Guicciardini, Francesco (Florentine intellectual) gravity, 450–51, 452, 463 in Latin American countries, 729 History of Italy, 334–35 Gray, Lady Jane (queen of England), 406 in U.S., 646 lifetime, 332 Great Book of Ming Law (Ming Taizu), 564 Great Eastern (vessel), 512 guild wars, 323, 326–27, 330 Great Book of Tang Law (Tang Taizong), Great Inca, 363, 364–65 guilds, 393, 394 249–250, 564 Great Leap Forward, 700–701, 703 Guinea, 718 Great Britain Great Michael (vessel), 566 Guinea Baga, 441 abolition of slave trade, 442, 586 Great Migration, 388, 408, 478 guinea worms, 57, 340 American Revolution, 473 Great Russia, 537 Guinea-Bissau, 718, 721 Anglo-Japanese Treaty, 649 Great Schism, 327, 328 Guitarrero people, 18 areas of control between world wars, 610 Great Trek (of the Boers), 589 Gulag Archipelago, 689 arms race, 511 Great Wall of China, 104, 247, 567 Gulistan, Treaty of, 604 Balfour Declaration, 723 Great War. See World War I gund (Parthian army unit), 163 Boer Wars, 590, 615, 616 Great Zimbabwe, 352 gunpowder Brussels, Treaty of, 694 Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 680 diffusion, 107, 278, 316, 318, 538, 597 Catholic missionaries, 296 Greco-Roman culture, 294, 302, 313, 318–19, discovery, 254 colonies in Africa, 589–590, 592, 718, 719, 720 328–337 introduction to Africa, 440, 497 colonies in America, 484–85, 516–520, 551 Greece neutralization of cavalry, 227 control of Suez Canal, 592, 715 Athens, 130–34, 135–36 use against knights, 380 control of world shipping, insurance, debt, chariot culture in, 117 gunpowder empires, 373, 585, 587, 596–99, 613, 671, 674 city-state system, 127, 129, 130–36, 171 601–2 Crimean War, 490, 513 civil war, 693 Guomindang (Citizens’ Party). See Chinese defeat of Napoleon, 477 colonies, 122 Nationalist Party (GMD) demoralization, 624, 664 dark age, 121, 127, 129–130 Gupta Dynasty, 82, 84 disconnection from mainland, 189 defeat of Persia, 47, 135 Gupta Empire effects of World War I, 623, 624 dialects spoken, 150 acceptance of Hindu caste system, 82, 84 Entente Cordiale, 614 Dorian migrations, 120–21, 127, 129, 150 agriculture, 80–81 global loans, 612–13 drama, 143–45 fall, 203, 222–24, 227, 280, 281 government, 472 entrance of farmers into urban life, 44–45 formation of trans-Asian trade system, 204 Hitler’s view of, 368, 638 fall of political system, 171, 181, 182 invasion by nomads, 69, 223–24, 227, 275, 280 imperialism, 533 geography, 128 unification of India, 82, 222 Industrial Revolution, 372, 478–482 independence from Turks, 489, 602 Gurjara-Pratiharas, 283 influence in Latin America, 673, 674, 729, 736 introduction of wheel, 112 gurus, 560 interference in Egypt, 588 invasion by nomads, 78 gustatorial cannibalism, 356 invasion of Afghanistan, 562 Macedonian conquest, 136–37, 147 Gutenberg, Johannes (inventor of printing press), justification of imperialism, 510 math and logic, 140–41 255 Latin American debt, 515, 656 military, 130–31, 133–36, 171–72 Guti, 38 mercantilism, 395–99, 519, 563 Mycenaean culture, 117–18, 120–21, 127, 129, Gypsies, 687, 688 nation-state formation, 372, 398, 412–13, 539 150 naval force, 403, 404, 512, 554 network cities, 128–131 Habsburg Dynasty occupation of India, 389, 543, 557, 561–64, Peloponnesian Wars, 136, 137, 138, 141, administration of colonies, 550–52 613, 656, 663–65, 711–12 145–46, 158, 160, 171, 181 Catholic Counter-Reformation, 396, 401 Opium Wars, 573–75 Persian invasion, 160 collapse, 552 penetration of Persia, 603 philosophy, 47, 138–39, 141–43, 182–83, 185, conflict with Valois rulers, 385 population pressures, 478 186 as dominant dynasty in Central Europe, 488 resistance to colonization, 714 physics, 139–140 domination of Flanders, 327 role in Egypt, 592 Sparta, 130, 134–35, 136 invasion of Ottoman Empire, 602 Seven Years’ War, 519, 561 Versailles, Treaty of, 634, 635 struggle for control of Italy, 402 sphere of influence in China, 580 war of liberation, 588 use of gold from Americas, 386–88, 396 splendid isolation policy, 493 World War I, 618 haciendas (plantations), 551 Suez War, 716, 739 Greek fire, 301–2 Hadith (Mohammed’s sayings), 238 trade, 554, 563, 612, 613 Greek Orthodox Church, 294, 302–3, 314, 597 Hadrian (emperor of Rome), 178 Triple Entente, 618 Greeks, 150, 665 Haganah, 723 unity of language, 489 Green Revolution, 758 Hagar (Abraham’s concubine), 236–37 Versailles, Treaty of, 634–35, 659 greenhouse gases, 759 Hagar’s well, 236–37 war debts, 625 Gregory VII (pope), 310–11 Hagia Sophia, 244 War of 1812, 521 Gregory XI (pope), 328 Haiti, 441, 555, 735 wars with France, 402 Gregory I (pope), 296 Haitian Revolution, 555, 735 World War I, 618, 619–623 Gregory IX (pope), 329 hajj (pilgrimage), 236–37, 667

INDEX | I15 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Hama Yuko (Japanese prime minister), 653 Henry IV (emperor of Holy Roman Empire), 310 alliance with Mussolini, 681, 682 Hamaguchi Yuko (Japanese prime minister), 653 Henry of Navarre (king of France), 401 imperialism, 655 Hamas, 724, 756 Henry the Navigator (prince of Portugal), Mein Kampf, 636 Hammurabi’s Code, 40–41, 49 419–420, 421, 438, 444 Non-Aggression Pact, 640, 678–79 Hampton, John (English gentleman), 408 Henry VII (king of England), 391 racial theories, 637–641, 686–690, 723, 751 hamspah (muster of cataphracts), 162 Henry VIII (king of England), 336–37, 391, 405, rise to power, 623, 624, 636 Han Dynasty 406 strategy in World War II, 678–680, 682–85, epidemics during, 218–19, 427 Hephthalites. See White Huns 686, 688 fall, 81, 108–9, 203, 206, 207, 214–222, 224–25, Heraclitus of Ephesus (philosopher), 140 suicide, 685 246 Herakles (Alexander the Great’s son), 149 totalitarian leadership, 623, 624, 690 formation of trans-Asian trade system, 204 Herodotus ( historian) Hittites, 44, 64, 114, 115, 118–120, 127 influence on Korean culture, 264 The Histories, 145 Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese communist), 742 invasion by nomads, 224–27, 275 life of, 145 Hohokam community, 367 Lady Lu, 108–9, 216 naming of nomadic groups, 114, 122, 123 Hojo family, 272–73 rule, 102–3, 104–7, 110, 214–19, 221 on training of Persian youth, 125 Holland as source of Chinese identity, 93 Herzl, Theodore (Zionist), 723 Boer Wars, 590 Han Fei Zi (disciple of Xun Zi), 102 Hesiod (Dorian poet), 160 colonies in Africa, 589–590, 720 Han Gaozu (emperor of China), 105 hetairai (courtesans), 133 colony in Japan, 415 Han Wudi (emperor of China), 105–7 hetairoi (companions), 153 Dutch Wars, 399 Han Xiza (minister in China), 215 Hiawatha (Iroquois peacemaker), 369 French invasion, 411 Han Yu (Chinese essayist), 252 Hidalgo, Father Miguel (Creole priest), 553, 554 global commercial outposts, 395, 551, 610 Han-Chinese regime, 246 Hideyoshi (Japanese ruler), 273 independence, 488 Handbook of the Christian Knight, The (Erasmus), Hideyoshi invasion, 266 putting out system of manufacturing, 394 336 hieratic script, 59 Reformation, 401 Hangzhou, China, 257 hieroglyphs, 59 World War II, 679 Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 172 High Middle Ages Holocaust, 639, 686–88, 723 Hanseatic League, 317–18, 327, 537 Crusades, 312–15 Holy Lands. See Crusades; Israel (nation); Hara Kei (Japanese prime minister), 650, 652 education, 318–19 Jerusalem; Palestine; Palestine-Israel Harappan civilization, 76–77, 78, 115–16 feudalism, 303–7 Holy Roman Empire Hargreaves, James (inventor), 479 political climate, 307–12 alliance with Catholic Church, 307–8, 309–10 Harold (earl of Wessex), 308–9 recovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge, Carolingian Dynasty, 299–300 Harold III (king of Norway), 308–9 294 collapse, 488 Harsha Gupta (king of India), 224, 282 trade, real estate, and incorporeal property, conflict with pope, 328 Hasan (Ali’s son), 241, 242 315–18 Crusade against Frederick II, 313 Hatshepsut (female pharaoh of Egypt), 62, 63, 349 Hillel (rabbi), 760 division of, 300 Hattusas, 119, 120 Himalaya Mountains, 76, 81, 91, 93, 223, 535 effect of Thirty Years War, 488 Hausa, 346, 347–48 Hinayana Buddhism, 89, 206, 219 feudalism, 303–7 Hausaland (Nigeria), 587 Hindenburg, Paul von (German general), 635 global commercial outposts, 395 healthy beggars, 392 Hinduism Italian city-states’ independence, 317, 328–29 Hearst, William Randolph (newspaperman), 615 concepts consistent with Buddhism and relationship with the papacy, 299–303, 306, Heaven, 94, 96, 97, 99, 106 Christianity, 89 307–8 heavy cavalry. See cavalry emergence from Brahmanism, 206 revival, 309, 493 Hebrews, 47–48, 64, 115, 121–22. See also Israel in India, 80, 82, 84–85, 87–90, 115, 223, 283, Homer (author) (nation); Jews 285–88, 292, 558–59, 664–65, 711 Iliad, 118, 128, 129, 133, 156, 160 hedones (pleasure), 156 relationship with Islam, 243, 285–88, 290–93 life of, 127–28 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (philosopher) responses to foreign domination, 747 Odyssey, 118, 128, 129, 133, 160 creation of Social Darwinism, 468, 499 Hindustan, 282, 292 Homestead Act (1862), 643 generation of German conservatism, 509 Hipparchus (Athenian ruler), 132 homoiousios (similarity of God and Jesus), 187 Marx’s criticism of, 504 Hippias (Athenian ruler), 132 homoousios (oneness of God), 187 The Phenomenology of Geist, 500–501, 504 Hiroshima, Japan, 686, 706, 709 Hong Kong, 574, 580, 709 philosophy of Geist, 499–501, 509, 611 Hispaniola, 423, 426, 555. See also Haiti; Santo Hong Xiou-quan (Chinese rebel), 575–77 hegemonikon (directive faculty), 157, 158 Domingo hoplites (soldiers), 130, 172 Hegira (flight to Medina), 235 histoplasmosis, 426 horses Heian, Japan, 270 “Historical Record” (Sima Qian), 107 armored for war, 161 Heian Era, 270–71 Histories, The (Herodotus), 145 breeding of warhorses, 227, 301, 304 Hellenism history, written domestication, 11, 20, 25, 27, 112–13 conquests, 147–49 of Aztecs, 360–61 introduction to Africa, 440, 497 diffusion, 149–151 of China, 92–93, 94–95, 107 introduction to North America, 367 eradication of in Persia, 164 development of agriculture enabling, 1, 4, 11, Mongols reliance on, 277 establishment, 47 14 selective breeding, 162–63 establishment of cities, 149–150 of India, 83 use in warfare, 83, 97, 114, 123–26, 433, 616. language, 152 of Iran, 168 See also cavalry; chariots philosophy, 154–58 of Japan, 268 horticulture, 95–96, 347. See also agriculture; religion, 138, 158–160 of Mayans, 196–97 cultivation; symbiosis of agriculture warfare, 151–54 of Native Americans, 192 Horus (Egyptian god), 55, 56, 152 Hellenistic kings, 150–54 origins of in ancient Greece, 145–46 Hosea (Hebrew prophet), 50 helots (state-owned slaves), 134 origins of in ancient world, 3, 5, 9 House of Commons, 405, 409, 472 Helsinki conference, 744 History of Italy (Guicciardini), 334–35 House of Life, 59 Henry III (emperor of Holy Roman Empire), 310 Hitler, Adolf (German dictator) House of Lords, 405, 408, 409, 472

I-16 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II House of Peers, 529, 650 Ibn Battuta, Abu Abdullah Mohammed (travel conditions of human life, 612 House of Representatives, 521, 529 chronicler), 342, 343, 344 dark age, 78, 115–16 Houston, Sam (American general), 522 Ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz (king of Saudi Arabia), 667 decolonization, 663–65, 696, 711–14 Hoysalas, 284 Ibrahim Lodi (sultan in India), 290, 292 Delhi Sultanate, 289–293, 558–560, 586, 596 Hu Shi (promoter of common Chinese) Ice Age disease, 80–81, 206, 222–23, 427 Mad Man’s Diary, A, 659 arrival of humans in Americas, 89, 423, 428 diversity of language and ethnicity, 79 Huang Chao (leader of Chinese peasant changes following, 5, 6, 12, 14, 22, 42, 89 domination of region, 748 rebellion), 253 effect on Russian terrain at end of, 534–35 East India Company, 397, 561 Huang Di (Chinese culture hero), 94 possibility of new one, 759 European imperialism, 560–64, 586 Huang He. See Yellow River ideological remolding campaign (of Mao failure of traditional system, 601 Huangpu Military Academy, 660, 662 Zedong), 700 fall, 203, 280 Huari, 198, 199 ideology, 469, 608–9, 690. See also capitalism; farmer-soldiers, 44, 45 Huáscar (ruler of Incas), 365–66, 432, 433 communism; democracy; Marxism formation of trans-Asian trade system, 204 Huayna Capac (ruler of Incas), 365, 432 Idris I (king of Libya), 717 geography, 76 Hudson, Rock (actor), 721 Ife, 348 government, 79, 80–84, 110, 557–58, 711–13 Huerta. Victoriano (president of Mexico), 732 Ifriqiya (Africa), 341 Gupta Empire, 63, 80–81, 82, 83, 84, 203, 204, Hugh Capet (king of France), 308 Igbo women, 595 222–27 Hugh of Vermandois (Crusader), 313 Iliad (Homer), 118, 128, 129, 133, 156, 160 Harappan civilization, 76–77, 115 Huichang (emperor of China), 252 Ilkan Empire, 278 independence from colonial powers, 711–14 Huitzilopochtli (Tenochtitlan war god), 359, Iltutmish, Shams ud din (sultan in India), 289 in Iron Age, 80–82 360–61 Imam (head of Ali’s servants), 242 Islam, 243, 281–82, 285–87, 557–562 Hulegu Khan (leader of Mongols), 245, 278, 289, imam (Shiite leader), 598 liberation movement, 608 320, 537 immigration Magadha kingdom, 80 human development, theories of, 454, 459–460, to British colonies, 380, 388–89, 478 Mauryan Empire, 80–82, 83, 138, 222 463, 466–67, 500–510 into U.S., 644, 645 Mogul Empire, 223, 293, 373, 415, 558–563, human rights, 609, 736, 744 immune system (human), 424–25, 428 586, 596, 600 humanities, 335–36 Imperator (conqueror), 176 Muslim invasion, 69, 231, 242 Humayun (emperor of Mogul Empire), 558 Imperial Diet, 529, 530 nation-state formation, 607 Hume, David (philosopher), 410, 459–463, 466, Imperial Hundred Day Reform, 581 nomadic invasions, 78, 223–24, 227, 275, 280, 467, 469, 521 imperialism 281, 282, 558 Hundred Flower period, 659 in Africa, 585, 590–96 opium cultivation, 573 Hundred Flowers policy, 700 British occupation of India, 389, 543, 557, partition, 711 Hundred Years War, 323–24, 325, 327–28, 402 561–64, 613, 656 peasant rebellions, 758 Hungary conditions prompting, 510–11 Persian conquest, 47 Austrian conquest, 602 as consequence of modernization, 373, 533 political climate, 230 Bolshevik-style revolt, 629 consequences, 747–48 political fragmentation and ethnic Marshall Plan, 694 differential of power necessary, 372, 395 regionalization, 280, 281–85, 293, 301 papal authority, 312 establishment of states, 395 post-Gupta changes, 229 protests against Soviet-style regime, 739, 741 European justification, 372, 373, 510, 607, 611 relations with Latin American countries, rebellion, 745 Europeans in Africa, 586–596 735 Soviet seizure, 739 Europeans in the Middle East, 601–5 relations with Pakistan, 713 statehood, 623, 635 German desires, 373, 533 religions, 79–80, 82–90, 115, 206, 280, 285–88, Warsaw Pact, 694 hostility among subordinated societies, 747 292, 558–560, 664, 713 Huns, 104, 106–7, 225–27 of Japan, 264, 266, 273, 642, 647, 651, 652–53 resistance to British rule, 663–65 hunter-gatherers map, 354 revival of Hinduism, 287–88 of Africa, 71–72 in Middle East, 585, 601–5 Sepoy Rebellion, 562–63 in the Americas, 189, 198, 200–201, 366–67 nations in control, 610 slavery, 342 climate change’s effect, 5–9 need for new markets, 514 as source of disease, 206, 209–12, 218 disease-free existence, 29 of Japan, 264, 266, 273, 373, 514, 533, 607, trade, 204–7, 398, 415, 563, 613 in Japan, 267 613–14, 642, 647, 651, 652–53, 654–55 unification, 558 lifestyle, 5–8, 42 population pressures relieved, 380 Vedic (Aryan) civilization, 77–80, 115–16 Marx’s theory concerning, 505 resistance, 373, 607 White Huns invasion, 69 population pressures, 4–5, 8 shift in differential of power, 656 World War II, 680, 711 in Russia, 536 Soviet seizure of Hungary, 739 Indian National Congress, 663–65 settlement in Korea, 263 of U.S., 373, 514, 533, 580, 607, 613–14, 644, Indian Ocean, 72, 89, 204–5, 315 See also nomads 677, 730, 736 indirect rule of colonies, 592 Husain (Ali’s son), 241–42, 598 violence, 613–623 Indissoluble Bond, The (Abdul), 668 Hussein, Saddam (ruler of Iraq), 726–27 See also colonialism; decolonization individual freedom, 691 Hutu, 589 Incas, 191, 192, 198, 199, 357, 363–66, 432–33 individualism, 332, 568 Hutukhshan (scribes), 166 incorporeal property, 304, 315–17, 505, 506 Indo-Europeans, 112–14 Hutus, 719 Index of Forbidden Books, The (Catholic Church), Indus River Valley, 39, 41, 76, 148, 286 hydrogen bomb, 608, 676, 692–93 336 Industrial Revolution Hyksos (shepherd kings), 48, 62–65, 67, 114 India destruction of feudalism, 506 hypostatization (substance of essential nature), agriculture, 76, 80–81 differential of power shift, 497 159 Alexander the Great’s invasion, 81, 83, 137, 147 in England, 381, 478–482 British occupation, 389, 543, 557, 561–64, 613, establishment of world marketplace fueling, Iberian Peninsula, 553, 554. See also Portugal; 656 561 Spain caste system, 79, 80, 81, 85–86 hostility toward slave trade, 586 Ibn Ali, Hussein (king of Saudi Arabia), 667 climate, 61 need for new markets, 511

INDEX | I17 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) preconditions for in England, 372, 390, 392–95, building, 760 development of process, 118 399, 415, 472 in China, 656 diffusion, 97–98, 118, 120, 264 rise of English nation-state, 447, 470, 478–482, concept, 471 impact on agricultural production, 65–66, 82 539 consequences, 511 impact on ancient Egypt, 65–66 role in abolishing slave trade, 442 destruction of in total war, 617 impact on Hebrew history, 48 as step in modernization, 447 failures at production, 534, 555–56 impact on India, 80, 88, 116 in U.S., 522, 642 as feature of nation-states, 498 introduction into Mesopotamia, 44–47 industrialization in France, 372 introduction of in Eurasia, 73, 118 in England, 381 in Germany, 494 in Japan, 268 in Japan, 515, 531–32, 647 Islamism’s disruption, 757 Roman use, 170, 176 in the Middle East, 748 lack of in Africa, 715 spread to sub-Saharan Africa, 73–74 as necessary precursor to communism, 625 lack of in Central Europe, 487–495 iron musket, 254 in Russia, 548–49 lack of in India, 557, 663 Iroquois, 201, 369–370 slave trade as contradiction to goals, 586 lack of in Italy, 491 Iroquois Confederation, 369–370 industry lack of in Latin America, 534, 550, 551–52 irrigation acquisition of foreign markets, 499 lack of in Middle East, 603, 604, 723 in Americas, 196, 198, 199, 200, 367, 370 in Brazil, 734 lack of in Russia, 534, 549–550 conflict over in Sumer, 37 in British colonies in America, 519 power, 510 in contemporary world, 758 contribution to nation-states, 447, 478–482 resistance to colonization based on, 747 in Egypt, 54, 60, 588, 716 development in Great Britain, 478–79 international law, 528, 621 first use, 1, 2, 24–25, 26, 33, 42, 43 in Egypt, 588 International War Crimes Tribunal, 706–7 impact in China, 91–92 first factories in England, 480 Interregnum (era between English kings), 389, of Incas, 364 in India, 712 409 in India, 82 integration in Japan, 515 Intertropical Convergence Zone, 61 in Persia, 162 integration of U.S., 515 Intifada (armed resistance), 724 Isabella (queen of Spain), 422–23 in Japan, 526, 531, 649, 706, 708 Inukai Tsuyoshi (Japanese prime minister), 653 Isabella (royal princess of France), 323 as key to winning World War II, 685 Ionia, 127, 131, 135 Isabella II (queen of Spain), 493 in Latin American countries, 729 Ionian Greek (language), 150 Isaiah (Hebrew prophet), 50 in Mexico, 732 Iqbal, Mohammed (Muslim leader), 669 Ishmael (father of Arab tribes), 236–37 mobilization of public consensus, 510 Iran Isis (Egyptian deity), 55, 56, 159 in People’s Republic of China, 701 decolonization, 666–67 Islam response to inflation in Europe, 386 foundation, 603 Abbasid Caliphate, 243–45, 278, 289 role in nation-state formation, 510–14 interference in Afghanistan, 755 in Africa, 341–352, 435, 586, 596 in Roman Empire, 179 Iran-Iraq War, 726–27, 748 Caliphate of Cordoba, 244 in Russia, 548–49, 630 modernization, 725–26 Caliphs, 240–45 in Sassanian Empire, 165 Parthian revolt, 150 conquest of Syria, 302 in Turkey, 666 Persian conquest, 47, 123–24 Crusades against, 312–15 in U.S., 642, 645 role in oil industry, 725 destruction of Sassanian Empire, 169 infant mortality, 6, 7, 612 Sassanian Empire, 164–69 eastward movement on Silk Road, 107 infeudation, 305 Shiite Muslim control, 598 establishment, 233–39 infinite deterrence, 676 U.S. wars against, 755 expansion, 69–70, 231, 233, 240–45, 285–86, infinity, 450 use of horses, 123 327, 341 inflation view of U.S., 726, 728, 755 factionalism, 240, 241–45 in Europe, 378, 386–401 See also Persia Fatimate, 313 in Germany, 636 Iranians, 77 five pillars, 235–39 in Iran, 725 Iran-Iraq War, 726–27, 748 fundamentalist movement, 754, 755 in Japan, 526, 651–52 Iraq Hinduism’s relationship, 243, 285–88, 290–93 profit-inflation spiral, 394 independence from European influence, 722 in India, 223, 281–82, 285–87, 289–290, influenza, 426–27, 594, 608 invasion of Kuwait, 756 558–59, 596, 663 Spanish flu, 624, 686 Iran-Iraq War, 726–27, 748 intolerance, 586–87 Ingebord of Denmark (queen of France), 312 leftist coup, 741 in Middle East, 596 Innocent III (pope), 312 as mandate territory, 668 nation formation based on, 748 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth U.S. wars against, 756 Ottoman Empire, 596, 597 of Nations, An (Smith), 463, 465, 501, 519 Ireland, 379, 398, 412–13, 488, 489 in Pakistan, 286, 711 institutional paradox Iron Age in Persia, 596 of Latin America, 534, 550 armies of, 45–47 prophecy of Mohammed, 233–35 of Russia, 534, 538–540, 542, 543, 545–46, 549, in China, 97–98 quest for religious and communal purity, 617 Egypt, 65–66, 68 559–560, 585, 725, 754–55 Institutions of the Christian Religion, The (Calvin), Hebrews, 48, 121–22 resistance to European influences, 586 383 impact on ancient Greece, 129–130 responses to foreign domination, 747 intendants (government officials), 403 in India, 80–82 rise, 74, 233–35 intercontinental guided missiles, 693 migration of nomads, 118–122 rise in Egypt, 66, 74, 241, 302 interdependency, 745–47, 749–750, 760 in Rome, 176 rise in West Central Africa, 586–87 interest, concept of, 461 Iron Law of Wages, 503 slavery and slave trade, 346–48, 435–36, 438, Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauduh iron manufacturing 440, 441, 586, 587, 588, 597–98 Equian or Gustavus Vassa, The African absence in Americas, 191, 192, 201, 426 society, 237–38 (Equiano), 437 changes in political order, 45–47, 65–66, Sokoto Caliphate, 587, 589 internal coherence 80–82, 88 umma, 239–240 in Britain, 372 in China, 97–98 Wahabi movement, 667

I-18 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II See also Islamism; Muslims; Shiite Muslims; war with Ethiopia, 595 Meiji Restoration, 528, 579, 647, 648–650, 677 Sunni Muslims World War I, 681 military, 270–71, 272, 529, 530, 617, 650–51, Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 717 World War II, 680–82, 684 653, 654–55, 677 Islamism Ito Hirobumi (Japanese politician), 650 modernization, 274, 579, 647, 705 in Afghanistan, 754–55, 756–57 Iturbide, Agustín de (emperor of Mexico), 554 Mongol attacks, 261, 266, 273, 278 in former Soviet Union, 727 Ivan III (Grand Duke of Moscow), 538, 541 Nara Period, 269, 272, 525 in Iran and Iraq, 725–27 Ivan IV (czar of Russia), 538, 540–41 nationalism, 515, 530, 531, 648, 653, 654–55, in Middle East, 722 Ivan the Terrible (czar of Russia), 540–41 677, 705, 711 in People’s Republic of China, 727 Ivory Coast, 718 nation-state formation, 485, 515–16, 525–533 revival in Africa, 716, 718, 719 Iwakura Mission, 531 as new world power, 625, 642 rise of in West Central Africa, 586–87 Ixiptla (Aztec god-representative), 362 occupation of Manchuria, 649, 654, 662 view of U.S., 726, 755–56 religion, 89, 219, 267–68, 269–270 women’s rights and, 755 Jackson, Andrew (president of United States), 521 resistance to colonization, 415, 525 Islamist movement, 755, 756–57 Jacob (Israel, son of Abraham), 48 Russo-Japanese War, 550, 616–17, 649, 662–63 Ismail, Kendive (ruler of Ottoman Egypt), 592 Jacobites, 412 Satsuma Rebellion, 529 Ismail ibn Ja’far (Imam of Islam), 242 Jacquerie, 325 sense of superiority, 509–10, 511, 607, 613 Ismail of Ghazni (sultan of Afghanistan), 286 Jacques (peasants), 325 Sino-Japanese Wars, 578–580, 647, 648, 662, Ismail Safavi (Shiite leader), 598–99 Ja’far ibn Mohammed (Imam of Islam), 242 663, 677–78 Ismaili Muslims, 242, 600 Jainism, 82, 88, 89, 286, 292 society, 270–71 isolationism, 493, 635, 640, 644, 660, 682, 749 Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (sultan in India), 290 Tokugawa Period, 272–74, 415, 515, 525–28 Israel (nation) Jamaica, 398, 445 trade, 525, 579 Arab antipathy toward, 723–25, 748 James I (king of England) Treaty of Ganghwa, 579 Arab-Israeli War, 723 The True Law of Free Monarchy, 402, 405–6 Tripartite Pact, 655 Assyrian conquest of, 46, 50 view of sovereignty, 402, 405, 411 Twenty-One Demands, 651, 658, 659 creation, 717 James II (king of England), 410–12, 453 U.S. occupation, 705–8 invasion by nomads, 114 janissaries (slave-soldiers) Warring States Era, 273 link to sub-Saharan Africa, 69 capture and training, 289, 597 World War I, 642, 651 Maccabees’ revolt, 150 destruction by Russians, 602 World War II, 676, 680, 683, 685–86, 697, 705 occupation of Palestine, 722 loyalty to masters, 291 Yayoi period, 525, 647 peace talks, 756 role in Ottoman Empire, 327, 558, 600–602 Japanese Socialist Party, 707 peace treaty with Egypt, 716 rule in home regions, 597–98 jatis (community in India), 286 as point of unrest in Middle East, 722 See also mamluks/Mamelukes (slave-soldiers) Java, 189 relations with U.S., 756 Japan Jefferson, Thomas (president of United States), Six Days War (1967), 716 adoption of sedentary lifestyle, 230–31, 262 520 Suez War, 716, 739 Age of the Shoguns, 272 Jeremiah (Hebrew prophet), 50 Yom Kippur War, 716, 724, 725 alliance with Germany, 655 Jeroboam (king of Israel), 49 Israel (son of Isaac), 35, 75, 121 Anglo-Japanese Treaty, 649 Jerusalem, 124, 236, 312–13 Issus, 138, 148 arms race, 511 Jesuits, 551, 570–71 Issus, battle of, 137 Ashikaga Period, 272–73 Jesus Christ (Messiah), 160, 183–84, 185, 236, Istanbul, 490, 666. See also Constantinople Chinese influence, 229, 250, 258, 262, 263, 381–82 Italia, 171 268–270, 274–75 Jews Italy, 379 climate, 61 assassination by Crusaders, 313 agriculture, 172–73 colony in Korea, 264 creation of Israel, 723–24 arms race, 511 Crisis of 1873, 528–29 development of Christianity, 183–84 bubonic plague, 322–23 decolonization, 696, 705–11 Hitler’s view of, 638–39, 686–88 chaos in interwar years, 681–82 economy, 649, 651–52, 654–55, 677, 709–10 Maccabees’ revolt, 150 colonies in Africa, 591, 717 effect of Great Depression, 677 Messiah, 183 fascism, 608, 681–82 emergence of civilization, 229, 266–67 Mohammed’s treatment, 235, 237, 239 feudalism, 306 establishment of differential of power, 497–99 rebuilding of Jerusalem, 124 Frankish invasion, 299, 385, 402 failure of traditional system, 601 status in Islamic lands, 69, 237–38, 239, 241, global commercial outposts, 395 failure to produce internal coherence, 534 243, 285, 291 Hannibal’s invasion, 172 feudal system, 272 See also Hebrews; Israel (nation) imperialistic desires, 373, 533 government, 269–270, 515, 525, 528, 529–530, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), 653, 660–62, introduction of American plant species, 378, 647, 650–55, 677, 707, 708–9 696–97, 749 379 Great Depression, 654–55, 677 Jiang Qing (Madam Mao), 702, 703, 704 justification of imperialism, 510 Heian Era, 270–71, 272 Jiangxi Soviet, 662 Justinian’s conquest, 301 imperialism, 264, 266, 273, 373, 514, 533, 607, jihad (struggle/holy war) nation-state formation, 310, 470–71, 484, 613–14, 642, 647, 651, 652–53, 654–55 in East Africa, 589 487–88, 489–491, 493–94 individualism, 568 gunpowder empires, 585, 587, 596–99 NATO, 694 influence in Latin America, 729 in India, 285–86 nomadic tribes, 223 interclan fighting, 271, 272–73 Iran-Iraq War, 726–27 Renaissance, 328 invasion of China, 579–580, 648 personal aspect of, 237, 239 revolution, 489, 490 invasion of Korea, 266, 273, 647–48, 662 slave raids as, 346, 438 totalitarian leadership, 625 invasion of Manchuria, 648, 662–63, 677 Jim Crow laws, 524 Tripartite Pact, 655 invasion of Taiwan, 529 Jin Dynasty, 246 Triple Alliance, 614, 618 isolationist policies, 373 Jin warriors, 257, 259, 277 Versailles, Treaty of, 634–35 justification of imperialism, 510 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali (advocate of Hindu- war between Valois and Habsburg dynasties, Kamakura Period, 272, 273 Muslim unity), 665, 669, 711 385 Korean influence, 267, 268 jizya (head tax), 237–38, 291

INDEX | I19 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Joan of Arc (French military leader), 324, 325 Kato Komei (Japanese prime minister), 652 kinship groups, 74 João I (king of Portugal), 420 Katsina, 347, 348 kinship system, 295–96 João III (king of Portugal), 434 Kay, James (inventor), 479 Kirov, Sergey (Bolshevik), 688 João VI (king of Portugal), 554, 673 Kazakhstan, 18, 25, 727 Kita Ikki (Japanese nationalist), 654 John (Apostle of Jesus), 184 Kebre Negast (glory of kings), 350 Kitchener, Lord Horatio Herbert (commander of John (king of England), 312, 323 Keen, Benjamin (historian), 433 Anglo-Egyptian forces), 594–95, 614, 616 Johnson, Earvin “Magic” (basketball player), 721 Keita, Sundiata (king of Mali), 344 Kleisthenes (Athenian ruler), 132 Johnson, Lyndon B. (president of United States), Kelvin waves, 61 knights, 161–62, 304–5, 315, 316, 317 743, 752 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 665 knights service, 409 joint-stock companies, 397–98, 516, 561 Kemet (Egypt), 54. See also Egypt Kobad I (Sassanian ruler), 168 Jomon Culture, 267 Kennan, George R. (U.S. Foreign Service Officer), Koguryo kingdom (Korea), 264, 265 Jondishapur, 166 693 Koine Greek, 150, 185 Jordan, 722, 723 Kennedy, John F. (president of United States), koku system, 526 Joseon Dynasty, 264 731, 737, 741–42, 743, 752 kola nuts, 18, 72, 342 Joseph (son of Jacob), 48 kenoma (emptiness), 160 Kong Zi (Confucius), 98–100, 102, 106 Juana (daughter of Ferdinand), 396 Kenya, 351, 592, 719, 720 Kongo, Kingdom of, 346, 348, 440 Juan-Juan, 282 Kenyatla, Jomo (leader of Kikuyu), 719 Kon’ichi Nakaoka (assassin), 652 Juárez, Benito (Mexican reformer), 671 Kepler, Johannes (astronomer), 450, 451 Königgrätz, Battle of, 513 Judah, 49, 50 Kerma, 65 Korea Judaism Khadija (Mohammed’s wife), 234 adoption of sedentary lifestyle, 230–31, 262 in Africa, 349–350 Khaljis Dynasty, 289, 290 armistice, 739 emergence of Christianity, 89, 160, 206 khanates (Mongol kingdoms), 276 attacks on Mimana, 268 history, 47–51 kharaj (land tax), 291 Chinese attacks, 247, 248, 265, 268 influence on Islam, 233, 239 Khartoum, 594 Chinese influence, 229, 250, 258, 262, 263–66 Pico’s study, 331–32 Khmer Rouge, 743, 744 Chinese tributary, 647 judicial review, 521 Khoikhoi people, 442 emergence of civilization, 229, 262 Julius II (pope), 391 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla (ruler of Iran), First Sino-Japanese War, 579 Jupiter (Roman god), 159 725–27, 755 geographic features, 263, 264 jury system, 297 Khrushchev, Nikita (Soviet dictator), 703, 739, influence on Japan, 267, 268 Justinian (emperor of Rome), 226, 300–301 742 Japanese enclave, 264, 647, 648 Justinian Code, 302 Khusro I (Sassanian ruler), 162, 168–69 Japanese invasion, 266, 273, 647–48 Jutes, 226 Khwarazm kingdom, 278 Korean War, 698, 699, 703, 708 Kiev, 536–37, 542 Koryo Dynasty, 266 Kaaba, 234, 236, 240 Kikuyu, 719 Mongol control, 278 Kabir, Mirza Taqi Khan Amir (prime minister of killing fields (of Cambodia), 743 peasant rebellions, 758 Persia), 604 Kilwa, 589 religion, 89, 219 Kadesh, battle of, 64 Kim II Sung (Korean communist), 698 three kingdoms, 265–66 Kaifeng, 254, 256 King, Martin Luther, Jr. (civil rights leader), 751, Treaty of Ganghwa, 579 Kamakura, 272 752–53 Korean War, 698, 699, 703, 708 Kamakura bakufu, 278 Kingdom of Guatemala, 422 Koreans, 710 Kamakura Period, 272, 273 kings Koryo Dynasty, 266 Kamenev, Lev Borisovih (communist), 633, Alexander the Great’s successors, 147, kosmopolite (citizen of world), 155 688–89 148–154 koto (ritual of submission), 572 kamikaze (divine winds), 261, 273 alliance with popes, 299, 307 Krishna (Hindu deity), 559 kamis (spirits), 267–68, 269 in ancient China, 45, 96–97 Krishna II (ruler in India), 283–84 Kanauj, 283 of ancient Egypt, 45, 55, 56–65. See also Krupp, Alfred (inventor), 513 Kanem, 346–47, 438–39 pharaohs Kshatriyas (warriors and kings), 79–80, 87–88 Kanem-Bornu, 346, 347, 438–39 in ancient India, 79, 80–82 Kubitschek, Juscelino (ruler in Brazil), 734–35 Kang Youwei (leader of Hundred Day Reform), ascendance in Late Middle Ages, 319–320, 392 Kublai Khan (Mongol emperor), 259–261, 273, 581 of Assyria, 45–46 278, 289, 320, 537 Kang-xi (emperor of China), 569, 571 emergence in Africa, 344 Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of, 602 Kano, 347, 348, 587 English definition of sovereignty, 398, 404–13 Kumara Gupta (king of India), 222, 227 Kant, Immanuel (philosopher) in feudal system, 304–5, 306 Kun, Bela (Marxist), 629–630 contribution to concept of culture, 459, 469, financing of exploration, 395 Kurds, 665 472, 485, 499 of Hebrews, 48 Kush, 66–69, 72, 74, 347, 439 Critique of Pure Reason, 499–500 incorporation of cities, 318 Kushites, 121 description of human society, 472 of Macedonia, 136 Kuwait, 667, 722, 756 influence, 487, 499 in Mesopotamia, 36–39, 45–46 Kwakiutl, 201 theory of language, 486 of Parthian Persia, 162, 164 Kyrgyzstan, 727 view of power of human reason, 463, 466–69, power in Great Britain, 472 499–500 representatives of, 36 La Gloire (steamboat), 513 Kapp Putsch, 636 role in the Volk, 297 labor Kara-Khirai Empire, 277 role under feudalism, 304 in China, 262–63 karma, 86, 88, 223, 288 of Roman Empire, 175–76 control of wages in England, 391, 392 Kashmir, 713 royal absolutism, 402–4 cottage industries, 393–94, 478, 532, 548–49, Kassites, 114, 123 sovereignty established, 375, 380, 381, 384–86, 565 Katatiya Empire, 283 395, 398, 416, 421, 485, 539 division in agriculture, 2, 9 Katatiya Gundaya (ruler in India), 283–84 of West Africa, 74 division in Americas, 194 Kato Hiroyuki (Social Darwinist), 508–9 See also specific king division in cities, 34, 112, 472

I-20 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II division in nomadic groups, 6 market organizations, 733 Leo I (pope), 226, 296, 307, 310, 314 division in Sassanian Empire, 165–66 modernization, 729 Leo III (pope), 299 Incas tax, 364 nation-building, 534, 552–56, 607, 670–74, Leo IX (pope), 310 in Latin American countries, 729 728–737 Leopold II (king of Belgium), 591, 593 Locke’s view of, 456 participation in World War II, 730 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (social commentator), placement of factory towns, 478–79 relations with China and India, 735 546 reforms in Japan, 649–650 relations with U.S., 656, 729–731 Lesbos, 133 in Roman Empire, 213, 262–63 revolutions, 608, 728–29 Lesotho mountain kingdom, 590 slave trade as remedy for shortages, 439 Spanish and Portuguese colonies, 550–56 Lessups, Ferdinand de (builder of Suez Canal), Smith’s view of, 463, 465 trade, 613, 729 592 specialization of tasks, 11 See also Andean Plateau; Mesoamerica; South Letters Concerning the English (Voltaire), system in Shang China, 97 America; and specific country 472 See also skilled occupations Latin League, 170, 171 Leucippus (Greek philosopher), 140, 182 labor camps, 689–690 Latin War, 170 Levant coast labor unions, 708, 729, 731 latini (allies of Rome), 171 assaults by Sea People, 118, 121, 127 Lady Liang Na (empress of China), 216 Latvia, 635 Crusades, 312, 313, 315 Lady Lu (empress dowager of China), 108, 216 Lausanne Conference, 666 Egyptian invasion, 115 Lady Qi (royal Chinese lady), 108–9 Lawrence, T. E. (British officer), 667 Greek attacks, 117–18 laissez-faire (economic freedom), 473, 508, 645 laws. See legal codes Islam, 240, 243, 244 Lalibela (king of Axum), 350 League of Nations nomadic invasion, 114, 118, 119 land axis condemnation of Japanese aggression, 654 Phoenicians’ migration into, 121 of Africa, 52, 70 control of German holdings, 634 Lexington, Massachusetts, 520 of Americas, 190, 356, 370 control of mandate territories, 668, 723 Li Bai (Chinese poet), 251 development of agriculture and, 14–16, 22, creation, 634, 635, 644, 659 Li Dazhao (Chinese communist), 660 189–190 difficulty of decolonization, 635 Li Hongzhang (Han scholar-official), 577, 578–79 of Eurasia, 14, 189–190 German withdrawal, 640 Li Longji (emperor of China), 252 land bridge Japanese withdrawal, 655 Li Shi-min (emperor of China), 248–250 Bering Straits, 189, 423 Lebanon, 668, 722, 723, 741, 756. See also Levant Li Yuan (emperor of China), 248 diffusion of plants and animals, pathogens, coast Li Zicheng (Chinese rebel), 568 commerce, 29 Lebensraum (living space), 639, 678 Liang Ji (head of Liang clan of China), 216 between Eurasia and Africa, 16, 19, 41, 233, Lech, Battle of, 309 Liao nomads, 257 242, 275, 278, 285, 341 Leclerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel (French Liaodong Peninsula, 579, 580, 616–17, 648 between North and South America, 16, 198, general), 555 Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP), 707, 708 356 legal code Liberia, 592, 593 Land Equalization System, 250 in African colonies, 594 Liberian Kru, 441 Land Freedom Army, 719 of Catholic Church, 312 Libya land grant programs, 550 of China, 249–250, 564 Arab Spring, 716, 717 land management, 9 development in European nations, 497 attacks on Egypt, 121 Land Ordinance of 1785, 521 of France, 477 independence from colonial powers, 715, 717, land tenure system, 272 in Frankish realm, 297–98 722 Landtag, 492 Hammurabi’s Code, 40–41 Italian colony, 591 language Hume’s view of, 462–63 modernization, 587 change from classical to common Chinese, in Japan, 532 piracy, 587 659–660 Justinian Code, 302 presence in Egypt, 67 connection to culture and ethnicity, 486–87 nationalization in nation-states, 372, 485, 497 U.S. air attacks, 756 creation of rivalries, 605 Penal Codes, 412 Liebknecht, Karl (Marxist), 629, 636 Hegel’s view of, 500 philosophes’ views of, 459 life expectancy, 6, 57, 340, 612 Kant’s view of, 468, 486, 500 Poor Laws, 392 Lin Biao (Chinese communist), 701, 703 Koine Greek, 150, 185 in Russia, 543, 545 Lin Zexu (trade commissioner), 573 in Latin America, 555 Salic Law, 315, 323, 473 Lincoln, Abraham (president of United States), Latin as sacred language, 318–19, 452 of Sassanian Empire, 166 523 of Olmecs and Aztecs, 194, 359, 430 Secondat’s view of, 459, 462 Lippershey, Hans (inventor), 450 as political tool, 452 sedentary life necessitating, 38 literacy role in nation-state formation, 470, 471, Shari’a, 238–39, 241 in Americas, 370 485–87, 488 of Tang China, 249–250 in ancient world, 3 in Roman Empire, 262 Ten Commandments, 48, 49 in Byzantine Empire, 302 See also specific language of Turkey, 666 in China, 268 Lao Zi (Chinese philosopher), 100–101 Legalism (Chinese philosophy), 98, 101–2, 103, in Europe compared to traditional societies, Laos, 219, 742–44, 758 104, 110, 250 612 latifundia (Roman estates), 172–73, 179, 181, 213 legion (Roman military unit), 171–72 as feature of nation-states, 497–98 Latin, 318–19, 452 legitimacy, 488–89 in Iran, 725 Latin America Legnano, Battle of, 328 in Islamic world, 343, 353 agriculture, 758 legume, 390. See also alfalfa; beans of Maya, 355 AIDS, 721 Leibknecht, Karl (Marxist), 629 as prerequisite to communism, 626 debt, 515, 656, 670, 671, 674, 696, 735 leischmaniasis, 426 See also urban skills decolonization, 553–54, 670–74, 696, 728–737 Lemkin, Raphael (Polish-Jewish lawyer), 687 literature impact of French control of Iberian Peninsula, Lend-Lease program, 684 of China in the middle years, 246, 251 553 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (Soviet dictator), 608, 622, of Greece, 118, 128, 133, 144, 156, 160 lack of internal coherence, 534 625, 627–633, 690–91 origins, 19

INDEX | I21 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Petrarch’s influence, 330 Lu Buwei (Chinese merchant), 98 in Africa, 71, 340 of Roman Empire, 177 Lu Xun (author), 660 diffusion through trade, 427 Lithuania, 635 Lucian (Greek tragedian), 336 discovery of treatment, 498 Liu Bang (emperor of China), 104–5, 108, 216 Ludendorf, Erich von (German general), 635 epidemics in Rome, 209, 427–28 Liu Bei (Chinese ruler), 222 Luftwaffe (German airforce), 679–680 transmission and symptoms, 210 Liu Ruyi (son of Emperor Gaodi), 109 Lugalzagesi (king of southern cities of Kish), 38 WHO’s fight against, 757 Liu Shaoqi (Chinese communist), 701 Lumumba, Patrice (leader in Belgium Congo), Malaysia, 711 Liu Ying (emperor of China), 108–9 718 Malcolm X (Black Muslim leader), 751–52, 753 Liu Zhi (emperor of China), 216 Lusitania (vessel), 622 Maldives, 284 llama, 23, 364, 370 Luther, Martin (theologian) Mali, 344–45, 346, 439, 587 Lloyd George, David (British prime minister), concept of universal humanity, 452 Malinche (Totonac guide), 430, 431 625, 659 disputes with Catholic Church, 391 Malthus, Thomas Robert (intellectual), 481, Lloyds of London, 556 influence, 421, 458 501–2, 509, 637 localism, 714, 721 theology of salvation, 382–83, 448, 451 Mamluks (slave-soldiers), 289, 291, 558, 588 Locke, John (philosopher) translation of New Testament, 336 Manchukuo, 654, 663 background, 452 Luxembourg, 694 Manchuria Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Luxemburg, Rosa (Marxist), 629, 636 Chinese nationalist control, 653 453–54 Lydia, 131, 135 Choson Dynasty in southern region, 264 First Treatise on Government, 455 Lynching (of African Americans in U.S.), 643 Japanese control, 649, 651, 654, 662–63, 677 on Glorious Revolution, 412 member of Chinese cultural sphere, 266 on government, 410, 453, 455–56, 457–58 ma’at (Egyptian principle), 55, 59, 61 origin of Koreans, 263 influence, 472, 520 Macao, 570 origin of Manchus, 568 model of reason, language, personality, 454–55, MacArthur, Douglas (U.S. general), 698, 706–8 origin of Yayoi people, 267 467 Maccabees, 150 Russian expansion, 648 on Penal Code, 412 Macedonia Manchus, 568–583, 657. See also Qing Dynasty philosophers’ criticism of theories, 459–460, Antigonid Dynasty, 149 Mandate of Heaven, 97 463, 466, 467 conquests, 47, 66, 68, 121, 136, 147, 162 mandate territories, 634, 635, 668–670 on property, 456–57, 461 monarchies, 147–49 Mandela, Nelson (president of South Africa), 720 relationship with Shaftesbury, 453 Persian conquest, 47, 161–62, 169 Mani (founder of Manichaeism), 207 role in creating public opinion, 413, 453 Persian contact, 124 Manichaeism, 176, 206–7 Second Treatise on Government, 412, 456 See also Alexander the Great maniples (Roman military units), 153, 172 Two Treatises on Government, 455 Machiavelli, Niccoló (Florentine intellectual) manorialism, 305, 306 Lodi Dynasty, 289, 290, 292 influence on European leaders, 332, 451, 489, Mansa Musa (Muslim king of Mali), 344–45 loess, 16, 91, 96, 535 491, 493 manufacturing Loess Plateau, 91 political theories, 332–34, 385, 471 cottage industries, 393–94, 478, 532, 548–49, logic, 140–41 The Prince, 332–33, 337, 451, 471, 475 565 logoi (speech), 183 machine gun in India, 613 logoi spermatikoi (seeds of reason), 157–58 Nazi extermination of Jews, 687 origins of, 24, 465 logos (word) use in Franco-Japanese War, 617 See also industry; iron manufacturing Greek concepts of, 138–39, 183, 319, 447 use in imperialistic efforts, 590, 594, 595, 604, manus (husband’s authority), 179–180 incorporation into Christianity, 184–85, 186, 614 Mao, Madame. See Jiang Qing 187 use in World War I, 619–620 Mao Zedong (Chinese revolutionary), 608, 632, Stoic concept of, 157, 158 machinery, 504 660, 662, 697–705, 749–750 Lombard League, 328–29 Mad Man’s Diary, A (Lu), 660 Mao Zedong Thought, 700 Lombards, 226, 299 Madam Mao (Jiang Qing), 702, 703, 704 Marcomanni, 211 Lombardy, 299 Madero, Francisco (Mexican leader), 732 Marcus Aurelius (emperor of Rome), 178, 208 London, 388–89, 401, 470, 478, 480, 680 madrassa (university), 345 Marduk (Enlil, Babylonian deity), 43 London Naval Treaty, 653 Madrid, Treaty of, 398 Marian (emperor of Eastern Roman Empire), 226 London Round Table Conference on India, 664 Magadha, 80 Mark Antony (Roman commander), 147, 148, Long March, 662 Magi (Zoroastrian priests), 125 175, 176 Long Summer, 5–6, 12–14, 189 Maginot Line, 679 market economy, 478 longbow, 227, 318, 324, 380 Magna Carta, 311, 312 market price, 464–65 Longmen Grotto, 247 Magnus, Gnaeus Pompeius (Roman conqueror), market towns, 315–16 looms, 479–480 175 marketplace, 508 Lothari (son of Louis the Pious), 300 Magyars, 303, 309 markets Lotus Sutra (Buddhist text), 220 Mahabharata (Vedic poem), 85–86, 559 British restrictions, 519 Louis II (son of Lothari), 300 Mahayana Buddhism, 89, 206–7, 219–220 colonization of Africa providing, 591 Louis Napoleon III (king of France), 490, 493, 495 Mahdi (guided one), 594 competition for, 514 Louis the German (king of East Francia), 300 Mahendravarman I (ruler in India), 284 European creation of, 372–73, 510–11 Louis the Pious (emperor of Holy Roman Empire), Mahgreb, 715 opening of India, 561 300 Mahmud of Ghazni (sultan of Afghanistan), protection in Japan, 531–32 Louis XIV (king of France), 350, 402–4, 411, 412, 286–87, 289 Marshall, George C. (U.S. Secretary of State), 694 474 Mahrattas, 562 Marshall, John (politician), 521 Louis XV (king of France), 404 mai (Kanem king), 346–47, 438 Marshall, Thurgood (lawyer/judge), 752 Louis XVI (king of France), 404, 474–75, 520 Maine, USS (vessel), 730 Marshall Plan, 693–95, 705 Louis XVIII (king of France), 477 maize. See corn Martenet, Jean (French military inspector), 403 Louisiana Purchase, 521 maji maji rebellion, 595 Martin of Tours (Catholic missionary), 296 L’Ouverture, Toussaint (Haitian rebel), 555 Makeda (queen of Sheba), 349, 350 Marx, Karl (philosopher/revolutionary) Loyang, China, 247 malaria foundation of theory, 466

I-22 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II inspiration of international communism, 509, Medina, 234, 235 Toltecs, 197, 357–59, 360 608 Mediterranean Sea, 129 Zapolecs, 194, 195, 370 teleology, 499, 504–7, 509, 611, 626–27, 629, Meersen, Treaty of, 300 See also Latin America; and specific country 631–32, 750 Meiji (emperor of Japan), 528, 650 Mesopotamia view of religion, 727 Meiji Restoration agriculture, 33 Marxism reforms, 272, 528–29, 647, 677 Assyrian conquest, 46 in China, 660, 749–750 response, 529 collapse of Assyrian Empire, 45–47 in Cuba, 735, 737 successes, 579, 648 conquest, 110 ideological change, 608, 630–32, 688 transition to party politics, 650 design of towns, 43 in Latin America, 656 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 636 development of cultivation, 190 in Soviet Union, 625–634, 690–92, 749–750 Memphis, Egypt, 56 development of legal codes, 39, 40–41 view of imperialism, 510 men of estate development of trade, 35–37, 111–12 See also communism corporate towns’ defense against, 315, 316, 318 development of writing, 39–40 Mary (queen of Scots), 406, 407 definition, 315, 316, 317 diffusion of Sumerian culture, 35–37, 38–39 Mary Tudor (queen of England), 391, 406 in England, 404–5, 408, 481 domestication of plants, 190 Masai, 589 evolution from Carolingian bodyguards, 304 Egypt and Indus River Valley compared, 39, Masaryk, Jan (Czech foreign minister), 694 impact of die-off era, 324 41, 53 mass transportation, 497, 510. See also railroads; Magna Carta’s protection, 311 famine, 113 transportation medieval assemblies in France and England, first cities, 25–26, 31, 34 Massachusetts Bay Company, 408, 517 323 geography, 33, 41 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy peasant rebellions against, 324–26 god-king concept, 152 (Newton), 454 replacement with mercenaries, 324 Greek attacks, 118 mathematics royal absolutism excluding from politics, Hebrew inhabitants, 47–48 development of calculus, 451 403–4 introduction of iron, 44–47 Greek advances, 140–41 See also aristocracy invasion by nomads, 41, 78, 114, 119, 122, 289 importance of in Middle Ages, 318 Mencius (Chinese philosopher), 100, 102 Islam, 243 of Mayans, 197 Mendoza, Antonio de (viceroy of New Spain), matrix of civilization developed, 41 of Nazca, 200 422 Muslim invasion, 240 Mau Mau (Land Freedom Army), 719 Menelik (king of Ethiopia), 350 origins of religion, 34–35, 42–44 Mauryan Empire, 80–82, 83, 138 Menelik II (emperor of Ethiopia), 589, 595 Shiite Muslim control, 598 mausoleum of Qin Shihuangdi, 104, 105 Meng Zi (Mencius), 100, 102 success-failure cycle, 37–39 Mawali (non-Arab Muslims), 238, 243 Menshevik, 628 temple economy, 34–35 Maximilian (emperor of Mexico), 671 Mentuhotep (king of Egypt), 59 use of wheeled carts for transportation, 37 May Fourth Movement (1919), 659–660 mercantilism warring factions, 37–39 Maya (realm of experience/illusion), 561 of Great Britain, 395–99, 519, 563 Messenia, 134 Mayan culture, 195, 196–98, 357, 358, 370, 430 Prussian application, 494 Messiah, 51, 183 Mayapan, 197 Smith’s condemnation, 465 Mesta (Spanish sheep owners), 387–88, 401 Mazdak (Sassanian religious leader), 168 of Spanish and Portuguese, 551 mestizos (racially mixed colonists), 552, 553, 674 Mazdakites, 168 of Sumer, 36–37 metallurgy Mbanza, Kongo, 348 mercenaries, 324, 359–360, 380, 402–3, 409 agriculture enabling development, 73 measles, 212, 223, 427, 757 merchants in Americas, 191, 192, 198, 370 Mecca, 234, 235, 236–37, 238, 667, 753 in British colonies, 518 in ancient Egypt, 60 Medea (Euripides), 145 in China, 567, 572 development, 19 Medes, 123 in Europe, 274 in Japan, 268 media Europeans in China, 570 in Korea, 263–64 censorship in Brazil, 734 in Japan, 274, 526–27 See also bronze; iron manufacturing censorship in Mexico, 731 in Mesopotamia, 36–37 metaphysics, 139, 140–41 Italian control, 682 trade along the Silk Road, 107 Metternich, Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar manipulation of public opinion, 615, 617, 651, MERCOSUR, 733 Fürst von (Austrian diplomat), 488–89 730 Meredith, James (black student), 752 Metz, Battle of, 513 mobilization of public opinion, 510 Merneptah (pharaoh of Egypt), 64, 118 Mexica, 359–363 in People’s Republic of China, 703 Meroë, 68–69 Mexican Americans, 644 totalitarian control, 609, 625, 632 Merovingian Dynasty, 297, 298 Mexican Revolution, 671, 732 in U.S. compared to U.S.S.R., 609 Mesoamerica Mexican Trinity, 17, 194, 367, 369 media events, 615 Aztec culture, 195, 357, 359–363, 430–33 Mexican-American War, 522, 671 Medici, Cosimo de’, 330, 331 classic period, 194–98 Mexico Medici, Piero de’, 332 development of cultivation, 16–18 Aztec culture, 195, 357, 359–363 Medici regime. See de’ Medici family domestication of animals, 23, 25, 356, 370 civil war, 671 medicine domestication of plants, 22–23, 190 debt, 671 advances in Europe, 498 effect of geographic isolation, 190, 191 development of cities, 26, 190, 193, 194–98 of ancient Egypt, 57 emergence of civilization, 229 development of cultivation, 15, 16–17, 23 of ancient Greece, 134 epidemics, 432 Díaz regime, 731–32 effect on death and infant mortality rates, 612, foundations of cities, 192–95 domestication of animals, 23, 25 757 Mayan culture, 195, 196–98, 357, 358, 370, 430 domestication of plants, 190 role in population growth, 757–58 metallurgy, 192 drug cartels, 733 in Sassanian Empire, 166 in middle years, 231 earthquake, 733 treatment of African diseases, 373, 435, 498, Olmec culture, 194 effect of world wars, 729 514, 590, 595 Spanish colonies, 396, 422, 516, 550 financial crisis, 737 medieval period. See Middle Ages Teotihuacán, 195–96 French invasion and occupation, 671

INDEX | I23 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) gold and silver exports, 550 out of eastern Mediterranean, 127 domestication, 18, 19, 72 government, 731–33 step-stage process, 388, 389, 746–47, 759 Mimana, 268–69, 647 independence from colonial powers, 554 of Sumerians, 26 Minamoto samuri clan, 271 Mayan culture, 196–98, 357, 358, 370, 430 into U.S., 644 Minamoto Yoritomo (samuri), 271–72 Mexican-American War, 671 military Minamoto Yoshistune (samuri), 271–72 modernization, 729 advent of armor, 65 Ming Dynasty, 254, 564–68, 647 NAFTA, 733 agricultural support, 22 Ming Taizu (emperor of China), 564–65 nation building, 553, 670, 671–72, 731–33 of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, 62 Minié, Claude Etienne (inventor of rifle), 498 nationalization of oil companies, 732 of ancient Greece, 130–31, 133–36, 171–72 mini-ice ages, 13, 320, 379, 401 Olmec culture, 194 in ancient India, 81–82 Ministry of Education, 531 participation in World War II, 730 of Aztecs, 430–31 Ministry of Industry, 531, 532 peasant rebellions, 758 of Boers, 616 Minoan Crete, 117–18, 129 population pressures, 735 of Bronze age, 45, 46 minority revolution, 628 revolution, 671, 732 of Byzantine Empire, 301–2 Minseito (democratic progressive party), 653 Spanish control, 386–87, 550–51 changes needed for world domination, 512–14 Mirambo (African warlord), 589 Texan independence, 521–22 of China, 98, 105, 108–9, 217, 657, 661–62, Mirandola, Pica della, 331–32 Toltec culture, 357, 359, 360 697 mir-eaters, 546–48 mfecane (crushing and scattering) era, 590 development in ancient urban areas, 19, Mirza Husain Khan (prime minister of Persia), Michelangelo, 329 27–28, 34 604 microevolution, 205, 424 differential of power gained through, 372 missionaries Micronesia, 651 effects of epidemics, 209, 212 in Africa, 595–96 Middle Ages of Egypt, 588 in China, 570 Byzantine Empire, 300–303 of England, 403, 404, 409, 411 eviction from China, 415 Early Middle Ages, 295–300, 307 establishment of sovereignty of kings, 375, Mississippian culture, 368 High Middle Ages, 303–19, 447–48 380, 381 mita (labor tax), 364 Late Middle Ages, 319–328 of Europeans compared to Americans and Mitanni, 77, 114, 115 Renaissance, 328–337 Africans, 371 Mithradates II (Parthian king), 164 Middle East of feudal Europe, 304–5, 324 Mithraism, 160 AIDS, 721 first standing army, 37–39 Mobutu, Joseph (ruler of Belgium Congo), 718 bubonic plague, 319, 322 of France, 402–3, 475–76 Moche, 198 civilization, 229 funding for, 386 Mochica, 198–99 creation of Iran, 666–67 of Germany, 634 Moctezuma II (Aztec emperor), 430–31 creation of Turkey, 665–66 of Great Britain, 573, 616 Modernist Movement, 592 Crusades, 312–13 of Hellenistic cities, 152 modernization decolonization, 665–670, 696, 722–28 of Holy Roman Empire, 299–300 availability of labor enabling, 378 English joint-stock companies, 397 of Iron Age, 45–46 of Brazil, 673, 729, 734 establishment of Saudi Arabia, 666–67 janissaries/mamluks, 289, 291, 327, 558, 588, as challenge to traditions, 747–48 European infiltration, 586 597–98, 600–602 of Chile, 729 gunpowder empires, 373, 585, 587–88, 596 of Japan, 270–71, 272, 529, 530, 617, 650–51, in China, 578–79, 580, 657 industrialization, 748 653, 654–55, 677, 678, 706, 708 definition, 371 Islamic control, 231, 233, 243, 294, 585, 596 of Kanem, 438, 439 effects of cultivation, 375 mandate territories, 635, 668–670 as means of maintaining European empires, in Egypt, 592 nation-state formation, 607 594–95, 614 erosion of caste systems, 751 oil reserves, 724–25 of Mogul Empire, 373, 561 of Europe, 230, 231, 375–413, 447–482 reactions to modernization, 748 of Mongols, 261 foundations, 295 resistance to colonization, 415, 656 nationalization in nation-states, 375, 475, 477, globalization of process, 373 responses to imperialism, 668–670 485, 497, 677 illusion of progress, 611–13 revolutions, 608 new model forged in religious wars, 386 initiating events, 318, 371–72, 375–76, 447 slavery, 346, 440, 497 of Parthian Persia, 160–63, 169 integration of European states, 415 trade with Italy, 317 of People’s Republic of China, 702 in Iran, 725–26 trade with Russia, 535 of Persian Empire, 125 Islamist reforms in opposition, 757 U.S. involvement, 756 of Prussia, 495 in Italy, 489 World War II, 680 Reformation’s impact, 375 in Japan, 274, 525, 526, 528, 530–31, 579, 705 See also specific country reforms in Ottoman Empire, 602 justification of imperialism, 611 Middle Passage, 436–37, 441 of Roman Empire, 153, 171–72, 176 in Latin America, 555 Midway, Battle of, 685 of Russia, 540, 543, 617 of Mexico, 671, 729 migrations of Sassanian Empire, 166 in North African states, 587 to Americas, 22–23, 189, 423 of Sunni Ali Beri, 345 peasant societies response, 608 of Bantus, 18, 23–24, 73–74, 352–53 transformation in Europe, 416 in Persia, 604, 666–67 to cities in England, 388, 478, 480 of U.S., 523, 752 resistance to colonization retarding, 416 diffusion of plants, animals, pathogens, 28–29, use of compass, 254 in Russia, 538–39, 540 30–31 in World War I, 619–621 in Turkey, 666 due to change in international markets, 746–47 See also cavalry; chariots; mercenaries; nation- of Turkish army, 602 into Egypt, 65, 67 in-arms; navy; phalanx; weapons violence, 605 of English peasants, 326 millet See also commercial revolution; geography’s effect on, 14–15 cultivation in Africa, 339–340, 353 Enlightenment; French Revolution; of Greeks into Hellenistic kingdoms, 150 cultivation in China, 16 Industrial Revolution; nation-state; to industrial nations, 759–760 cultivation in Fertile Crescent, 19 Reformation; scientific revolution; of nomads, 2–3, 26–28, 44, 112–126, 308 cultivation in Korea, 263 sovereignty

I-24 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Mogul Empire emergence, 46, 47–51, 121–22. See also introduction of gunpowder, 278 commerce with Europeans, 415 Judaism invasion of Byzantine Empire, 294, 597 founding, 292–93, 586, 596 in Hellenistic world, 158–160 invasion of Spain, 387 internal decay, 373 Sikh, 288 jihad. See jihad (struggle/holy war) rule, 558–561 See also Christianity/Christians; Islam; Malcolm X, 751–52, 753 unification of India, 223, 293 Judaism participation in slave trade, 346–48 Mohammed (founder of Islam), 233–35, 238, 240 Monroe Doctrine, 671, 682, 730 recovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge, Mohammed, Elijah (founder of Nation of Islam), monsoons, 61, 77, 81, 91, 222, 351 294 751 Monte Albán, 194 resistance to modernization of Iran, 725 Mohammed Ali (Ottoman mercenary), 602 Montenegro, 618 revival of trade, 275 Mohammed I (Ottoman ruler), 597 Montesquieu, Baron de (philosophe) slave trade, 346–48, 438, 440, 497 Mohammed ibn Ali (Imam of Islam), 242 call for return to Salic Law, 473 threat of European invasions, 561–62 Mohammed ibn Hassar (Imam of Islam), 242 influence in Russia, 545 view of U.S., 726, 755–56 Mohammed II (Ottoman ruler), 327, 597 influence on American politicians, 520 Wahabi movement, 667 Mohammed Khan (shah of Iran), 667 on personality, 462 See also Islam; Islamism; Ottoman Turks; Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (shah of Iran), 725–26 on political organization, 459, 462 Shiite Muslims; Sunni Muslims Mohammed Shah II (Turkish Shah), 278 Spirit of the Laws, 462, 472, 545 Mussolini, Benito (dictator of Italy), 680–82, 684 Mohammed Touré, Askiya (Muslim ruler), 345 Montezuma II (ruler of Aztecs), 362 al-Mutasim (caliph), 303 Mohammed VI (Ottoman ruler), 666 Moors, 341, 387, 420, 422 Mutual Security Treaty, 708, 709 Mohawks, 369 More, Sir Thomas (Lord Chancellor of England) Mwissikongo clan, 348 Moldavia, 602 theology of, 335, 336–37 Myanmar, 711 Moltke, Count Helmuth von (German Field Utopia, 337 Mycenaean culture, 117–18, 120–21, 129, 150 Marshal), 634–35 Morelos, José María (Creole priest), 554 mysticism, 88, 89 Mombasa, 342, 351, 589 Moroccans, 346 Monad, 159 Morocco NAACP, 752 monarchism, 564. See also kings French hold on, 592, 614 Nadir Shah (Persian shah), 603 money. See coins; currency independence from colonial powers, 715, 722 NAFTA, 733, 735 Mongol Empire, 259–266, 277–78, 537–38, 540. modernization, 587 Nagasaki, 415, 525, 686, 706, 709 See also Mogul Empire piracy, 587 Nagy, Imre (Hungarian minister), 739, 741 Mongolia, 262, 266 Morozov, Boris (instigator of Russian riots), 542 Nahutatl (Olmec/Aztec language), 194, 359, 430 Mongols Morrill Land Grant Act, 643 Naka-no-Oe (prince of Japan), 269 adoption of sedentary lifestyle, 230–31, Moscow, 535, 537–38 names, 99–100, 102 275–78 Moses (leader of Hebrews), 48–49, 51, 121, 236, Namibia, 591 attacks on Japan, 261 448 Nana Sahib (Indian rebel), 563 Batu Khan, 278, 289, 320, 537, 538 Moshoeshoe (king of Zululand), 590 Nanak (founder of Sikh religion), 288, 560 Chinese influence on, 229, 275–78 most favored nation status, 574, 648 Nanjing, 564, 577, 661 command of Central Asia, 263 Mount Geshen (Mountain of Kings), 350 Nanjing, Treaty of, 573–74 conquest of Russia, 376 Mountbatten, Lord Louis (British envoy), 711 Nanjing Decade, 661 control of Korea, 266 Movement to Protect Constitutional Napoleon (steamboat), 513 conversion to Islam, 243 Government, 651 Napoleon I (emperor of France), 476–77, 484, Genghis Khan, 245, 266, 276–78, 289, 292, Mozambique, 591, 720, 721 521, 553, 554, 555 320, 537 Muawija (Caliph of Islam), 241–42 Napoleon III (king of France), 671 Hulegu Khan, 245, 278, 289, 320, 537 Mubarak, Hosni (president of Egypt), 716, 717 Nara, Japan, 269–270 invasion of Abbasid Empire, 245, 289 Mugabe, Robert (president of Zimbabwe), 720 Nara Period, 269, 272, 525 invasion of China, 225, 259–261 Muhammad (Tughlug sultan in India), 290 Narasimhavaraman I (ruler in India), 284 invasion of Japan, 273 Muhammad Ghori (sultan in India), 289 narcotraficantes (drug cartels), 733 invasion of Rome, 225–26 Muhammad of Ghur (ruler in India), 287 Naser ad Din (shah of Persia), 604 invasion of Russia, 537–38 mujtahid (Islamic guides), 603, 604, 667, 725 Nasser, Gamal Abdul (president of Egypt), Kublai Khan, 259–261, 273, 278, 320, 537 mulattoes, 552, 674 715–16, 717, 739, 741 raids in India, 292–93 multicultural global system, 595 Natal, 589 Yuan Dynasty, 259–261 Musa (imam of Islam), 242, 600 Nation of Islam, 751 See also Huns; Mogul Empire; White Huns; Muscovy, 538 National Action Party (PAN), 733 Xiongnu musket, 386, 440, 443, 497, 498, 513 national army monism Muslim Brotherhood, 669 deadly force, 614–15 Brahmanism, 80, 85–86, 206 Muslim League, 663–64 as feature of nation-states, 372, 485, 497 definition, 80, 280–81, 560 Muslim states, 543 in France, 475, 477 detachment encouraged, 281 Muslims in Japan, 528, 677 in India, 285–86 in Afghanistan, 744–45, 754–55 weapons, 498 origin of, 206 attacks on Byzantine Empire, 301 National Assembly, 474, 475 role in political stability, 90 bubonic plague, 322 National Association for the Advancement of tolerance taught, 282, 292, 559 conflict between Shiites and Sunnis, 598–600, Colored People (NAACP), 752 underpinnings of nation formation, 747 602, 725–27 national consensus See also Buddhism; Hinduism defeat in Spain, 422 in France against monarchy, 470, 474 Monk’s Mound, 368 definition, 233 lacking in Central Europe, 471 monolatry, 49, 63 expulsion from Portugal, 420 lacking in Middle East, 723 Monophysitism, 186 gunpowder empires, 373, 585, 587, 596–99 mobilization, 510 monotheism in India, 223, 293, 373, 415, 557–58, 586, 663, nation-state formation, 470 definition, 560 665 in People’s Republic of China, 699–700 effect of trade, 206 intolerance, 557, 559–560, 599–600, 601 in U.S., 609, 691

INDEX | I25 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) See also internal coherence introduction of European pathogens, 377, 380, New Feminism, 753 National Convention, 475 423–26, 432, 497, 550 New Guinea, 189 national economy, 393, 470, 478–481 in Latin America, 552, 553, 674 New Jenne, 343 National Liberation Front (FLN), 717 Marx’s view of, 507 New Life Movement, 662 national market, 478–79 trade with French and British, 516 New Spain, 422–23, 430–33, 551. See also Mexico National Organization of Women (NOW), 753 U.S. expansion into lands, 521, 523, 643 New Testament, 184 nationalism See also specific cultural group New World, 396. See also Americas; in Africa, 714 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Mesoamerica; North America; South areas of control, 610 694, 717 America basis in Europe, 714 Natufin people, 8–9, 25 New Youth (Chinese journal), 659 in China, 582, 653, 657–58, 659–662, 677 natural price, 464–65 Newcomen, Thomas (inventor), 479 competition for Palestine, 723 natural rights theory, 520, 521, 691, 695, 751 newspapers. See media creation of rivalries, 605 natural selection, 507, 508, 636–37 Newton, John (slaver), 441 creation of Turkey, 665 naturalization laws, 523 Newton, Sir Isaac (scientist) in France, 470 nature acceptance of theories, 458 freedom and equality, 751 Darwinist’s view of, 499 influence, 472 imperialism fueled by, 591 Egyptian attitude toward, 54–55, 57 Mathematical Principles of Natural in India, 664–65 European command over, 612 Philosophy, 454 in Italy, 493–94 Hebrews’ view of, 50 view of universe, 413, 450–51, 452 in Japan, 515, 530, 531, 648, 653, 654–55, 677, Hegel’s view of, 500–501 Ngo Dinh Diem (prime minister of South 705, 711 Hume’s view of, 462 Vietnam), 742 in Turkey, 665–66 Kant’s view of, 468 Ngwale, Kinjiktile (Muslim prophet), 595 in U.S., 521 Locke’s view of, 454, 456 Nicaea, 187, 313 in Vietnam, 742 medieval view of, 451 Nicaragua, 608, 729, 730, 758 world wars as product of, 618, 619, 676 Nominalist view of, 448 Nicene Council and Creed, 187 Nationalist Party (China), 741 philosophes’ view of, 459 Nicholas I (czar of Russia), 490 nation-in-arms Sumerian attitude toward, 34, 42–44 Nicholas II (czar of Russia), 550 Boer’s concept, 616 teleological view of, 500–501 Nicholas II (pope), 310 control of Persia, 604, 605 navigation, 418–422 Niger River, 339, 344 creation of rivalries, 605 Navigation Acts, 399, 519 Niger River valley, 15, 18, 72 organizational/technological change, 511–14 navy Nigeria, 73, 587, 592, 595, 718 power of imperialism, 499, 591, 594 ability to conduct global trade, 421, 498 Nile River, 52–57, 61, 70, 72, 181, 435 world wars as product of, 618–620, 676 of China, 648 Nilotic Civilization, 62, 66–70 See also arms race; differential of power of England, 403, 404, 512–13, 554 Nineveh, 46–47, 123, 276 nation-states of France, 512 nirguna deity (universal deity), 288 Austrian opposition to formation, 471, of Japan, 529, 530, 648, 649, 677 nirvana (paradise), 88, 219, 220 488–490 nationalization in nation-states, 375, 485, 497, Nisab (minium alms), 236 Central European experience, 487–495 677 Nixon, Richard M. (president of United States), competition for power, 611 new ship technology, 416–422 704, 744, 750 creation of Saudi Arabia, 666–67 of Russia, 649 Nizip (Ottoman sultan), 588 diffusion of French-British model, 484–495 in Russo-Japanese War, 617 Nkrumah, Kwame (prime minister of Ghana), emergence of Turkey, 665 Spanish-American War, 615–16 718 establishment of differential of power, 433, of U.S., 643 no taxation without representation doctrine, 405 497–99 World War I, 621 nobility. See aristocracy events surrounding creation, 372, 447 World War II, 683, 685 noblesse oblige (responsibility of nobility), 518 factors affecting stability, 751, 757 Nayanar (devotee of Shiva), 288 Nobrega, Manoel da (Jesuit priest), 434 formation of France, 372, 402–13, 470, 472–78 Nazca, 198, 199 Nobusuke Kishi (Japanese prime minister), 709 formation of Germany, 491–95 Nazism, 678, 686–690, 751 Noche Trista (sad night), 431 formation of Great Britain, 372, 402–13, 470, Near East Nok culture, 73 478–482 farmer-soldiers, 44, 45 nomads formation of India, 663–65 introduction of iron, 118 adoption of sedentary lifestyle, 5–12, 36, 41, formation of Iran, 666–67 Muslim invasion, 231 111, 112, 189, 190, 229, 247, 262, 275–76, formation of Italy, 489–491 Persian conquest, 47 278 formation of Japan, 515, 525–533 needle gun, 494, 495, 498, 513 in Americas, 189, 366–67 formation of U.S., 515, 516–525 Nefertiti (wife of Akenaton), 63, 64 Bedouins, 233 foundations, 310 negritude, 717 cavalry attacks on Assyria, 46 institutional paradox, 510–11 Negus Negusti (king of kings), 350 in China, 246–47, 252, 253 justification of imperialism, 510 Nehru, Jawaharlal (president of India), 711–13 conditions prompting invasion, 203–4, 207, Lenin’s plan for destruction, 628 Nelson, Lord Horatio (English navy officer), 477 224–27 mastery over global trade, 497–98 Neo-Confucianism, 258 consequences of success, 203–4 political integration, 372, 485, 497–98 Neo-Platonism, 182–83, 187, 214 conversion to Islam, 243 role of industry, 510–14 Nepal, 287 destruction of Hittite Empire, 44 shift in differential of power, 497 Nero (emperor of Rome), 178, 185 development of chariots, 113 as step in modernization, 470–71 Nerva (emperor of Rome), 178 development of iron tool making, 44 worldwide drive for establishment, 748 Nestorian heresy, 302 development of mining and smelting, 36, 112 See also specific nation-state Netherlands, 386, 399, 439 development of trade, 28, 35, 36–37, 111–12, Native Americans network cities, 128–131, 171, 317, 328–29 203, 204 disease-free existence of, 424 New Culture Movement, 659–660 disease-free existence, 29 government treatment, 643 New Deal, 646 Hebrews, 47–48

I-26 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II invasion of China, 78, 104, 109, 117, 125–26, slavery, 444 open-hearth process, 642 203, 218, 221–22, 224–25, 253, 257, 275, World War II, 680 Opium Wars, 573–75 567 See also Canada; United States optimates (Senatorial Party), 175 invasion of Egypt, 65 North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), Orange Free State, 589 invasion of India, 223–24, 227, 275, 280, 281, 733, 735 organicism, 681 282, 292–93 North Atlantic storm track index, 320 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting invasion of Mali, 345 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). See Countries (OAPEC), 725 invasion of Mesopotamia, 41 NATO Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries invasion of Roman Empire, 176, 179, 183, 188, North German Federation, 493, 495 (OPEC), 725 203, 208, 211–12, 224, 225–26, 275, 300 North Italy, 317, 323, 328 Origen (theologian), 186 migrations, 2–3, 26–28, 44, 112–126, 308 North Korea, 698 Origin of Species (Darwin), 507, 508 participation in trade, 2, 8, 35, 36–37, 111–12, Northern Expedition (1926-1927), 653, 661, 663 Orlando, Vittorio (Italian premier), 634 203, 204–5, 224–27, 275–76 Northern War, 543 Osaka, Japan, 274, 526 population pressures, 2, 5–6 Northern Wei Dynasty, 246 Osiris (Egyptian god), 55, 56, 152 raids in Eastern Europe, 301 Norway, 679 Osman (leader of Ottoman Turks), 245, 285, 327, rebellion in Russia, 541 Notes on the New Testament (Valla), 336 596 relationship with Russia, 534, 536, 537 nos (all-pervasive mind), 140, 159 ostracism, 132 relationship with sedentary cultures, 2–3, 27, Nouvelle force maritime (Paixhans), 512 Ostrogoths, 225, 226, 301 126, 275–76 Novgorod, 537, 538, 540 Otto I (emperor of Holy Roman Empire), 309, 493 strategy for resistance to, 227 Nubia, 65, 66, 67, 73, 349 Otto the Saxon (emperor of Holy Roman threat to Parthians, 162 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 744 Empire), 328 use of chariots, 78 Nun (Egyptian god), 55 Ottoman Empire See also hunter-gatherers; Mongols; and Nuremburg War Crimes Tribunal, 688 collapse, 635, 665, 666, 667–68 specific tribe Nut (Egyptian goddess), 55 conquest of Constantinople, 327 nomarchs, 58, 59, 60, 65 nutrition, 134 control of North Africa, 591, 598–99 nominal income, 503 Nuwo Shi (Chinese culture hero), 93–94 effects of commercial revolution, 601 Nominalists Nyerere, Julius (leader in Tanganyika), 719 European invasions, 602–5 Bacon, 452 expansion, 597, 598–99 Copernicus, 449–450 oath of fealty, 305 janissaries role, 289, 291, 327, 558, 597–98, Decartes, 452 Obama, Barack (president of United States), 756 600–601, 602 Galileo, 450 objectivity, 141–42, 466–69, 499, 500 nation-states emerging from, 665–66 Hume, 410, 459–463, 466, 469, 521 Obregón, Alvaro (Mexican leader), 732 resistance to colonization, 415 Kepler, 450, 451 Ocampo, Melchor (Mexican reformer), 671 rise of in Middle East, 245, 596 Newton, 413, 450–51, 452, 454, 458, 472 ocean barbarians, 569–570, 579–583 slavery, 342 Voltaire, 454–55, 459, 472–73 ocean currents, 12–14, 61, 320, 419 weakness, 600 William of Ockham, 448–49, 451 Octavius Caesar (emperor of Rome), 176, 180 Ottoman Turks Non-Aggression Pact, 640, 678 Oda Nobunaga (Japanese overlord), 273 conquest of Constantinople, 327 Normandy, 308, 684 Odyssey, The (Homer), 118, 128, 129, 133, 160 disease barrier to invasion, 590 North Africa Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles), 144–45 gunpowder empire, 585–86, 587–88, 596–97 development of civilization, 52 Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), 144 invasion of Anatolia, 245 independence from foreign rule, 715–17 Ogé, Vincent (Haitian rebel), 555 Islam, 243, 244, 341 Ogedei (Genghis Khan’s son), 278 Pachacuti Inca (ruler of Incas), 363, 365 Justinian’s conquest, 301 O’Higgins, Bernardo, 553 Paekche kingdom, 264, 265, 268, 647 rise of Islamism, 587 Ohrmazd (Zoroastrian deity), 165 Pahlevi Dynasty, 666–67, 725 trade, 209 oil Paixhans, Henri J. (author) World War II, 684 crisis of 1970s, 729 Nouvelle force maritime, 512 See also Middle East impact on foreign policy, 724–25 Pakistan North America impact on nation formation, 722 climate, 61 American Revolution, 405 Iran’s role, 725 creation, 669, 711 arrival of humans, 189 Japanese reliance on, 709 domestication of water buffalo, 25 Cahokia culture, 368 Mexican production, 732, 733 foundation laid, 603, 663 Chumash culture, 368–69 nationalization in Libya, 717 Hindu control, 290 colonial period, 484–85 U.S. policies concerning, 756 interference in Afghanistan, 755 commercial goods traded, 398 Ojibway, 516 Islamic invasion and control, 69, 286, 289 confederation of American states, 520 Old Guard, 704 peasant rebellions, 758 development of cities, 26, 190 Old Testament, 121 relations with India, 713 development of communities, 201, 366, Oleg (founder of Kiev), 536 religion, 711 367–370 oligarchy, 130, 132, 515, 528, 647, 650–51 Pala Empire, 282, 283 development of cultivation, 190, 366, 367, 369 Olmecs, 194 Palestine English colonies, 396–97, 398–99, 515–19 Olympia (Alexander the Great’s mother), 149 attacks by Sea People, 127 French and Spanish colonies, 516, 519 Olympic Games, 744 creation of Israel, 723 Great Migration from England, 388, 408, 478, Oman (country), 722 Herzl’s plan for Jewish homeland, 723 516 Oman (sultan of Zanzibar), 591 as independent state, 722 independence from colonial powers, 516, 715 Omdurman, battle of, 594, 614 introduction of iron, 73 introduction of horses, 367 omega animals, 1, 2, 10, 53, 66, 194, 275 Muslim control, 599 Iroquois Confederation, 369–370 omega plants, 1, 7–9, 53, 66, 72, 80, 190–91 origin of Christianity, 183, 206 land exposed follow Ice Age, 189 ontology, 139 Pompey’s conquest, 175 nation-state formation, 484 OPEC, 725 Pope’s desire to recover, 314 nomadic peoples, 189, 366–67 open door policy, 580, 652, 656 Ptolemy’s control, 138

INDEX | I27 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Roman conquest, 175 Parmenides (Greek mathematician), 140, 141, Penghu Islands, 579, 648 Selim’s invasion, 599 142, 143, 159 peninsulares (Iberian officers), 552 See also Levant coast Parni, 160–61 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 697–705, 743, Palestine-Israel, 668, 723 Parthian Empire of Persia, 149, 154, 161–64, 169, 750–51. See also China Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 717, 227, 300 people’s war, 744, 748 723–24, 756 Partido Revolutionary Party (PRI), 732–33 Pepi II (king of Egypt), 58–59, 61 Palestinians, 723, 756 passions, theory of, 460–61 Pepin of Héristal (mayor of Frankland), 298 Pallavas dynasty, 284, 287 pater familias (head of household), 179–180 Pepin of Landen (mayor of Austrasia), 298 Panama, 422, 730 pathogens Pepin the Short (co-mayor of Frankland), 299 Panama Canal, 730 absence of in Americas, 191, 192, 356 perestroika (restructuring), 745 pan-Arabism, 716 in Africa, 71 Perganum, 149 pandemics, 2 diffusion, 28–31, 191, 425–26 Period of Disunity, 222, 246–47, 264 Pandiyan, Jatavarman Sundara (ruler in India), evolution, 2 Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (Greek maritime 284 germ theory, 373, 435, 498, 590 record), 349 Pandiyan, Maravman Sundara (ruler in India), in India, 80–81, 206, 222–23, 287 permafrost, 535, 536 284 medical treatment, 57, 134, 166, 373, 435, 498, Perry, Matthew (naval officer), 527, 579 Pandyas dynasty, 284, 287 514, 590, 595, 612, 757–58 Perry, Oliver Hazard (naval officer), 521 Pangu Shi (Chinese culture hero), 93 See also disease; epidemics; and specific Persepolis, 124 pan-Islamism, 669 disease Persia papacy pathos (feeling), 155 Achaemenid Dynasty, 123–24, 150, 160 alliance with kings, 299, 307, 309 Patriarchate, 543 Athenian conquest, 135 Babylonian Captivity, 327–28 patricians (Roman citizens), 173, 174, 175 British and Russian control, 614 conflict over Henry VIII’s divorce, 336–37, Patrick, Saint (missionary to Ireland), 296 as buffer zone between Russia/Egypt, 543 391–92 patrimony, 305, 306, 307, 539 conquests, 47, 66, 68, 110, 121, 123–24 conflict with Holy Roman Empire, 328 Patriotic Front, 719 decay of Safavid rule, 602–3 Crusades, 312–15 patronage, 715 European control, 604–5 effects of plague epidemics, 319 Paul, Saint (apostle of Jesus), 185, 383 Greek conquest, 47 feudalism’s effect, 306–7 Pax Romana (Roman stability), 178–79, 180, 181, gunpowder empire, 585, 586, 596, 598–99 Great Schism, 327, 328 208, 213 introduction of gunpowder, 254, 278 independence from kings, 302, 307, 309–12 Peace Corps, 731 invasion of Greece, 160 infallibility, 382, 391 Peace Preservation Act, 652 Ionian revolt, 135 loss of control over kings, 381, 386, 392, 416 peanuts, 190, 378, 442 Islam, 242, 243, 598–600 Machiavelli’s view of, 334 Pearl Harbor, 683 Macedonian conquest, 137, 147 Petrine Theory, 307 peasant rebellions modernization, 666 power in Middle Ages, 311–12, 318, 382 in African colonies, 594–95 Muslim invasions, 69, 231, 240–41 Reformation, 381 in China, 104, 109, 218, 221, 253, 261, 265, 568, nomadic invasions, 244, 278, 289 Renaissance, 318, 327, 328–337 569, 574, 575–78, 582 as origin of Manichaeism, 207 role in church life, 382 communist revolutions, 608 Parthian Empire, 149, 154, 161–64 Valla’s discovery concerning, 335 in contemporary world, 758 Parthian revolt, 150 See also Catholic Church; specific pope in Japan, 528 Qajar shahs, 603 papermaking, 107, 254–55, 264, 316 in Latin America, 553, 554 religions, 164–65 Paraclete (holy spirit, comforter), 207 in medieval Europe, 323, 324–26 resistance to colonization, 415 Paraguay, 733 in Russia, 549 Russian and British penetration, 603–4 parasites peasants Safavid Dynasty, 558 in Africa, 71 in China, 575–78, 582, 661–62, 697, 699, 700, Sassanian Empire, 162, 164–69, 240–41 development of vaccines, 498 701, 750 Seleucid Dynasty, 150 diffusion, 28–31, 191 in Egypt, 716 struggle with Russia, 543 in Egypt, 57 hostility toward modernization, 758 use of cavalry, 154 evolution of epidemics, 2 in India, 714 See also Iran guinea worms, 57, 340 land grants in Russia, 629, 630 Persian Wars, 47 See also disease; malaria Lenin’s view of, 626 Persians, 107, 160–61 parasitism of sedentary life Marx’s view of, 626 personal freedom, 471, 492, 494, 542, 751 in ancient India, 80–81 in Mexico, 731, 732 personality, 455, 459, 462 balance with symbiosis of agriculture, 28–31, migration due to loss of markets, 746 Peru 80–81, 205–6, 425, 758 in Russia, 750 Chavin culture, 198 effect of trade, 191 See also class; serfs; status Chimú culture, 363 effect on political organization, 81 Pedro I (king of Portugal), 554, 673 exports, 550, 613 Paris, 322 Pedro II (emperor of Brazil), 673 independence, 553 Paris, Treaty of (1857), 604 Peloponnesian Wars Spanish control, 422, 550–51 Parks, Rosa (civil rights advocate), 752 effect on Greek politics, 144 See also Andean Plateau Parliament fall of Greece, 136, 137, 158, 214 Peruz I (Sassanian ruler), 168 abolition of slave trade, 442 over extension of imperialistic goals, 171, 181 Peter (apostle of Jesus), 185 Cromwell’s purge, 408–9, 453 rise of Greek philosophers, 138, 141, 160, 214 Peter III (czar of Russia), 544 Glorious Revolution, 395 Sophocles’ message concerning, 214 Peter the Great (czar of Russia), 542–43 in middle years, 323, 390 Thucydides’ commentary, 145–46 Peter the Hermit (crusader), 313 relationship with kings, 398, 404–6 peltasts (Hellenist soldiers), 153 Petrarch, Francisco (Florentine intellectual), release of Shaftesbury, 453 PEMEX, 732 330–31, 335 reorganization of colonies in Americas, 519 Penal Codes, 412 Petrine Theory, 307 structure, 472 Peng Dehui (Chinese general), 701 Petrovna, Anna (Peter the Great’s daughter), 544

I-28 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II phalangites (professional soldiers), 152–53, 160 domestication, 15–19, 43 political institutions phalanx domestication in Americas, 16–18, 19, 190–91, of ancient Greece, 130, 131–32, 135–36 effectiveness in World War I, 620 356 of ancient India, 206 Greek link between military and citizenship, domestication in China, 93 Assembly of Nobility, 544 130–31, 132 domestication in Eurasia, 7–9, 19 Congress of U.S., 520–21 Hellenistic army, 152 domestication in sub-Saharan Africa, 18, 19, development of code of law, 39, 40–41 Parthian strategy against, 154 72, 435 development of in the ancient world, 27–28 redefinition by Philip the Macedonian, 136–37 founder plants, 7, 9 Diet, 529, 649, 650, 677, 707, 709 Roman formation into legions, 170, 171–72 genetic alterations, 758 differential of power gained through, 372 pharaohs, 60, 62–65, 67 legumes, 390 effect of religious wars, 375 Pharisees, 183, 185 migration of Asian varieties into Africa, 18–19, Estates General of France, 323, 325, 327, 403, Phenomenology of Geist, The (Hegel), 500, 501, 73 474 504 omega plants, 1, 7–9, 53, 66, 72, 80, 190–91 Great Commission, 545 Philip I (king of Austria), 396 selection and breeding, 758 of Han Dynasty in China, 206 Philip II (king of France), 312 Plassey, Battle of, 561, 562 Indian National Congress, 663–65 Philip II (king of Spain), 386–88, 401, 407, 488 Plato (Greek philosopher) Landtag, 492 Philip II (Macedonian leader), 136–37, 153 exploration of realm of existence, 142 paradox in Latin America, 534, 550 Philip III (king of Spain), 401 influence, 337 paradox in Russia, 534, 538–540, 542, 543, Philip IV (king of France), 323, 327 response to decline of Greece, 138, 182, 214 545–46, 549, 617 Philip of Macedon (Macedonian leader), 214 revival of his philosophy, 182–83, 331–32, Parliament, 323, 390, 395, 398, 404–6, 472 Philip VI (king of France), 323 447–48, 499 of Parthian Persia, 162 Philippines, 643 separation of form and matter, 143, 157 Politburo, 632 Philistines, 49, 121 theory of monads, 159 Privy Council, 530, 650–51 philologists, 468, 485–87 theory of universal soul, 158, 159, 187 of Roman Empire, 206 philosophes, 458–59, 470, 472. See also Diderot, view of God, 159 of Roman Republic, 170–71, 173, 174, 175–76 Denis (philosophe); Montesquieu, Baron de; view of good citizens, 156 in totalitarian states, 625 Quesnay, François (physician); Voltaire view of human reality, 158 of U.S. compared to U.S.S. R., 608–9 philosophy Platonic Academy, 331 See also government; specific political of ancient Greeks, 47, 138–39, 213–14, 447 Platt Amendment, 736 institutions and parties of China, 98–102, 246, 258, 262 Plebeian Assembly, 174 political power. See differential of power Christianity’s relationship, 184, 185, 186 plebeians (Roman farmers), 173, 179 political science, 333, 451 of the Enlightenment, 448 plebiscita (power of tribunes), 174 political-party system, 609 of Hellenism, 154–58 plebiscite (affirmation of political decision), 477 politics philosophical revolution, 421 pleroma (fullness), 160 in England, 390, 404–5 revival of in Medieval Europe, 331–32, 447–48 Plessy v. Ferguson, 524 in France, 403–4 of Roman Empire, 181–83, 213–14, 262 PLO. See Palestinian Liberation Organization in High Middle Ages, 307–12 teleology, 499–511, 605, 611 (PLO) impact of public opinion, 447 See also Confucianism; teleology Plotinus (Greek philosopher), 182–83, 187, 331 impact of religious wars, 384–86 Phnom Phet (ruler in Cambodia), 743 plow Reformation’s impact, 375, 380 Phoenicia, 148 absence in Americas, 23, 191, 201, 366, 370, politique personalities, 385, 421, 489, 495, Phoenicians, 73, 121, 122 426 509, 666. See also Hitler, Adolf (German Phrygians, 114, 120, 127 absence in sub-Saharan Africa, 24, 71, 72, 74, dictator); Mao Zedong (Chinese physics, 139–140 371, 435 revolutionary); Mussolini, Benito (dictator physiocracy, 459 arrival in China, 95–96, 98 of Italy); Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich (Soviet Physiocrats, 396, 459, 463, 472, 473 introduction of iron, 44, 65, 98 dictator) physis (nature), 157 invention and diffusion, 21–24, 26, 53, 67 Polo, Marco (Italian merchant), 260, 261, 278, 570 Pico della Mirandola (translator of Plato), 331–32 Plutarch (Roman historian), 81 polygamy, 437, 443 Picts, 296 pneuma (breath), 157, 158 Pompey (Roman conqueror), 175 Pigmies, 352, 353 Po, Fernando (explorer), 421 Pontifex Maximus (high priest), 176 pike, 227, 318, 380 Poland Poor Laws, 392 pilia, 172 as buffer state against communism, 635 poor-relief system, 388, 389, 392. See also social Pillars of Islam, 235–39, 245 communist movement, 629 safety net Pilot, Pontius (Roman governor of Israel), 184 creation, 622 populares (Popular Party), 175 piracy, 118, 397–98, 567, 587 failed revolution, 489 population Pisistratus (Greek general), 132 German invasion, 640, 678 in Belgian Congo, 593 Pitt, William (English prime minister), 561 government, 404–5 of China, 569 Piye (Kushite king), 68 invasion by Red Army, 630 contemporary increases, 758 Pizzaro, Francisco (Spanish explorer), 366, Marshall Plan, 694 decrease in Spain, 387 432–33, 550 protests against Soviet-style regime, 739 devastation of Native Americans, 377, 516, 550 plague of Orosius, 209 response to Catholic Counter-Reformation, die-off era, 319–327 plantations, 398, 516, 736 541 dynamic in contemporary world, 757–760 plants Warsaw Pact, 694 increase in Africa during slave trade, 443–44 consequences of domestication, 2, 5, 9, 11–12, polis (political body) increase in Europe follow Columbian 28–31 citizens participation, 130–32, 134–36 Exchange, 378, 380, 386, 388, 400–401, 478 diffusion of cultivation, 14–15, 17–19, demise, 135–36, 154, 155, 158, 159 in Latin American countries, 729, 735 189–190 See also citizenship; city-states Malthus’s theory, 481, 501–2 diffusion of omega species, 14–15, 16, 17–19, Politburo, 632 relationship to poverty, 501–2 129, 189 polite (citizen), 154–55 Ricardo’s theory concerning, 501–4 diffusion through trade, 377–78 political economy, 502 of sub-Saharan Africa, 435

INDEX | I29 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) population pressures primary goods proto-industry, 392–95, 548–49. See also cottage Bantu migration as result, 73–74 African suppliers, 442 industries in contemporary world, 757–760 debt accrued by suppliers, 556, 613, 747 proto-science, 19 development of agriculture, 5–12, 80 definition, 442, 613 provinciales (free subjects of Rome), 171 development of cities, 9 imported from Spanish colonies, 550 provincialism, 714 development of urban hierarchies, 26 provided by Vastaryushan in India, 166 Prussia in Greece, 129 Prime Mover, 159, 187 agriculture, 746 as justification for imperialism, 380 primitive communism, 505 alliance with Italy, 491 in Latin America, 735 primogeniture, 315 arms race, 511 on nomadic tribes, 5–12, 113, 118, 122, 126, Prince, The (Machiavelli), 332–34, 337, 451, 471, Austro-Prussian War, 491, 493, 513 203–4, 224, 275 475 battles with Austria, 490 as source of decay of empires, 203 Princep (first citizen of Rome), 176 Franco-Prussian War, 493, 495, 513, 614 in Sumer, 37 Princep, Gavril (assassin), 618 industrial development, 494–95 populus Romanus (original Romans), 173 principate, 175, 182, 204, 207–8, 213, 214 military, 498, 513 pork-barrel politics, 650, 653 Principles of Political Economy (Ricardo), 501, Napoleonic wars, 477 Portugal 504 Seven Years’ War, 561 areas of control between world wars, 610 printing, 107, 254, 255, 264, 266, 316 suppression of revolutions, 489 colonies in Africa, 591, 592, 721 private property See also Germany colony in Brazil, 433–34, 534, 550, 672 American view of, 608–9 Psamtik I (Scythian king), 68 East India Company’s war, 398 Hume’s concept, 461 Psamtik II (Scythian king), 68 entrance into World War I, 618 in Japan, 707 psychology, 454–55, 460–61 exploration, 201, 396, 419–420, 433–34 Locke’s definition, 456–57, 461 Ptolemaic Dynasty, 138, 147, 148, 149, 153 expulsion of Muslims, 420 Marxist theory, 504–7, 691, 750 Ptolemy (Alexander’s general), 68, 138, 148 feudalism, 306–7 in People’s Republic of China, 699, 700, 704 Ptolemy (Greek geographer), 417, 419, 449 global commercial outposts, 395, 566, 570 Sun Yatsen’s view of, 657 Ptolemy Ceraunus (contender for Macedonian quest for gold, 441 privateering ventures, 397–98 throne), 149 Reconquista, 314 Privy Council, 530, 650–51 Ptolemy XIV (Macedonian pharaoh), 175 slave trade, 439, 440, 441–42 Procopius (historian), 301 Pu Yi (emperor of China), 654, 657 Treaty of Tordesillas, 421–22, 433 production public opinion Portuguese, 352–53, 419 in Great Britain, 389–394, 396, 399, 400–402, abolition of slave trade prompted by, 442 Porus (Indian king), 148 478–480 in British colonies in America, 519, 520 postal system, 124, 532 impact of inflation, 386–88 consensus of in nation-state formation, 470, postmodern era, 373, 607. See also Marxist theory, 504–7 471, 474, 510, 515 decolonization; Great Depression; World need for new markets, 510–11, 514 demand for freedom and equality, 757 War I; World War II Physiocrats’ concept, 459, 463, 473 Enlightenment creating, 375, 410, 447, 452 potatoes Quesnay’s theory, 459, 473 focus on ideology, 469 cultivation in Andean Plateau, 364, 370 Ricardo’s theory, 501–4 in France, 470, 473, 477–78 cultivation in China, 569 Smith’s theory, 396, 463, 466 in French West Africa, 718 cultivation in Ireland, 379, 412 profit, 465, 502, 503–4 generation of Industrial Revolution, 472 diffusion to Africa, 443 profit-inflation spiral, 394, 395 in Germany, 494 domestication, 18, 19, 190–91 progress, 372, 501, 611–13, 649. See also government manipulation in Central Europe, as food source, 190–91, 193 modernization 471 global diffusion, 378, 379 Prola II (ruler in India), 284 Hume’s view of, 461–62, 463 Potsdam Conference, 693 proletarians/proletariat, 506, 510, 626, 628, in Iberian colonies, 552–53 poverty 629 impact on political stability, 751 eradication of in More’s Utopia, 337 propaganda, 615 influences on in India, 664–65 impact on personality, 461 property, 456–57, 461, 463. See also gold; Locke’s role in creating, 453, 457–58 Malthus’s theory, 501–2, 509 incorporeal property; real estate manipulation by mass media, 615, 617 Penal Codes creating in Ireland, 412 property rights, 532 Marx’s attempt to capture, 504 Ricardo’s theory, 503–4 prophets, 49–50, 51 May Fourth Movement, 659–660 Spencer’s theory concerning, 508 Proprietas, 317 nation-state formation, 470 Powers, Gary, 741 Protestantism/Protestants as political weapon, 452, 457–58, 651, 652 praetors (Roman officials), 174 Act of Uniformity, 406 in post-modern era, 611 Prague Spring, 742 in Africa, 595–96 production of revolution, 372 Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus), 336 conflict with Catholic Church, 381–84. See question of means of expression, 749 Prataparudra I (ruler in India), 284 also religious wars society as product of, 469 praxis, 505, 626, 691–92 in England, 406 Pueblo cultures, 190, 367 Prescript on Education, 531 leaders of. See Calvin, John (theologian); Puerto Rico, 643 press. See media Luther, Martin (theologian) Pugachev, Emelian (Cossack), 544 Pressburg, Treaty of, 484 Philip II’s opposition, 396, 401 Pugachev Rebellion, 544, 545 Prester John (medieval legend), 350 philosophes’ view, 458 Pulakesin I (ruler in India), 283 price revolution, 378, 396 rebellion in England, 453 Pulakesin II (overlord in India), 282–83 priest-kings, 196, 358, 360 Reformation, 469 Pulitzer, Joseph (newspaperman), 615 priests religious wars, 375, 380–81, 384–86, 387, 397, pulling out system, 393–94. See also cottage of ancient Egypt, 62 401, 407 industries of Aryans, 79–80 Toleration Act in England, 411 pulmonary plague, 427 of Sumer, 34–35, 42 See also Calvinists; Puritans Punic Wars, 172, 181 of Teotihuacán culture, 195 Protocol of 1900, 582 Punjab, 148, 282, 286–87, 288, 292 of Zoroastrianism, 125, 165 proto-Hinduism, 77–78, 83–86, 87 Puran (Sassanian ruler), 166

I-30 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II purges in Africa, 592, 594, 595, 596 modern worldview created, 469 in China by Mao, 701 in China, 578, 580, 581, 654 philosophes’ view, 458 of College of Cardinals, 328 in Egypt, 592 religious wars, 375, 380–81, 384–87, 397, 401, of Parliament by Cromwell, 408–9 in England, 480 458 in Russia, 542 in Germany, 493, 494 role in formation of nation-states, 380–86 in Soviet Union, 629, 633, 688–690 in India, 563–64 Treaty of Westphalia, 380, 386, 401, 402 Puritans, 407, 408, 516–17, 518, 519 invention, 480, 512 regional fairs, 315–16 Pym, John (English noble), 408 in Iran (Persia), 604, 667 regional specialization, 746 Pyramid Texts, 60 in Japan, 531, 706 Reichstag, 495 pyramids, 57–58 in Latin America, 671, 673 Reign of Terror, 475, 476 Pythagoras (Greek mathematician), 140, 141, 142, in Prussia, 495 reincarnation, 86, 88, 220, 223, 288 143, 159 Trans-Siberian railroad, 648 relative status, 502, 503, 505 in U.S., 522, 523 religion al-Qadhafi, Muammar (ruler of Libya), 717, 756 use in war, 512, 513, 514 in Africa, 340–41, 344, 585 Al Qaeda, 755 rainfall zones, 35, 39, 111, 112 in ancient Egypt, 55–56, 57, 60, 62, 63–64 Qajar shahs, 603–4 rajas (kings), 224 of ancient Greece, 139 Qatar, 722 Rajput Dynasty, 290 of Aryans, 78–80 Qi (Chinese ancient king), 94 Rama (Hindu deity), 559 of Aztecs, 359–360 Qianlong (emperor of China), 569 Ramadan (fasting), 236, 237 cannibalism associated with, 192, 356–57 Qidan nomads, 257 Ramayana (Vedic poem), 85–86, 559 Catholics vs. Greek Orthodox, 302–3 Qin Dynasty, 93, 102–4, 108, 110, 247 Ramses II (pharaoh of Egypt), 64, 114 of Chimú culture, 199 Qin Shihuangdi (emperor of China), 22, 103–4 Ramses III (pharaoh of Egypt), 64–65, 118, in China, 89, 93–95, 96, 216, 217, 219–221, Qing Dynasty 121 225, 247, 262, 568, 569, 570–71, 575, 583 Boxer Rebellion, 582 Rashtrakuta kingdom, 283–84 collapse in Europe, 380 collapse under European influence, 569–572 rationing, 1 conflict between Catholics and Protestants. corruption, 697 Raymond of Toulouse (count), 313 See Reformation; religious wars defense of Korea, 647, 648 Raziyya (Muslim ruler in India), 289–290 Confucianism, 89, 98–100, 106, 531 European influence, 557 Re (Egyptian god), 55, 56 Daoism, 98, 100–101, 220, 221, 262 Guangzhou System, 572 Reagan, Ronald (president of United States), 725, effects of trade, 205 Hundred Day Reform, 581, 582 731, 743, 744 emergence of monotheism, 46, 47–51, 121–22 Manchu founding and rule, 568–570 real estate fall of empires due to, 206–7 modernization, 580–83 cost in China, 710 freedom of in England, 411 opium trade and wars, 572–75 feudal definition, 304, 315, 317, 506 of Greece, 138 overthrow, 657–58 idea of absolute property, 409 Hellenistic mix, 138, 158–160 resistance to European influence, 415, 564 incorporeal property compared, 315–18 immigration for freedom of worship, 517 Self-Strengthening Movement, 578–79 inheritance laws in Europe, 313 of Incas, 364–65 Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 648 kings’ control over, 317, 318 in India, 79–80, 82–90, 206, 280, 285–88, 292, Sino-Soviet War, 579–580 Magna Carta’s protection, 311, 312 557–560, 664, 713 Taiping Rebellion, 575–78 state and status associated with, 311 Jainism, 82, 88 Quadi, 211 tax exempt status, 403 in Japan, 89, 219, 267–68, 529, 531 quaetors (Roman financial officers), 174 real income, 503 in Korea, 89, 219, 263, 265 Quakers, 517 Realists, 448, 449 of Mayans, 197 Quechua (Incan language), 364 Realpolitik, 489, 493, 713. See also politique in Mesoamerica, 42–44, 194, 195, 356–57, 358 Queen of Sheba, 69, 349, 350 personalities in Middle East, 585 Quesnay, François (physician) Reassemblement Démocratique, 718 of Mochica culture, 199 Economic Table, 473 recession, 380, 542 monism, 80, 85–86, 206, 280–81 theory of production, 459, 473 Reconquista (Reconquest), 314, 387, 422 origins, 2, 11, 19, 24, 34, 42–44 Quetzalcoatl (Toltec deity), 358 Red Army, 630, 743 of Pakistan, 711 quinoa, 18, 190, 193, 364 Red Guards, 702, 703 of Parthians, 164 quipu (accounting system), 364 Red Terror, 701 of Persians, 164–65 Qur’an (text of Islam), 238, 239 Red Turbans, 261, 564 philosophes’ view, 458 Quraysh, 234 redundant people, 504 resistance to colonization based on, 747 Qutbuddin Aibak (Muslim ruler in India), 289 reform in Roman Empire, 176, 177, 179, 183–88, in China, 580–83 213–14, 262 race, 511, 605, 637 in Great Britain, 481 in Russia, 628 racism in Japan, 269 separation of knowledge and faith, 447–49, adjustment to immigrants, 759 in Soviet Union, 744–45 452 in African colonies, 596 See also modernization Shintoism, 529 in British colonies in America, 518 Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884, 481 as source of decay of empires, 213–14, 220–21 Davenant’s attitude toward Irish, 412 Reformation of Sumer, 34–35, 37 erosion in contemporary society, 751–53 changes initiated, 372, 375 See also Buddhism; Catholic Church; in Europe, 723 commercial revolution’s effect, 539 Christianity/Christians; Confucianism; of Hitler, 637–641, 686–88 conflict over Henry VIII’s divorce, 336–37, Hinduism; Islam; Protestantism/ imperialism fueled by, 591 391–92 Protestants; Reformation; Zoroastrianism in Japan, 710 conflict over salvation, 381–84 religious wars in Latin America, 552 conversion of House of Lords, 425 in England, 397 in U.S., 515, 523, 643–44 financing of wars, 375 financing, 375, 387 railroad impact on Catholic Church, 380, 421, 452, 571 impact on Catholic Church, 380–81, 384–86 across North America, 643 loss of traditional life, 517 philosophes’ view of, 458

INDEX | I31 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Spanish support of Catholic Counter- use by European imperialists in Africa, Roosevelt, Franklin D. (president of United Reformation, 401, 407 590–91, 594 States), 646, 682–83, 684, 710, 730 ren (Confucian concept), 99 use in Sudan War, 595 Roosevelt, Theodore (president of United States), Renaissance use in U.S. Civil War, 523 649, 730 events stimulating, 318, 319, 327 use in World War I, 617, 619, 620 Roosevelt Corollary, 730 revival of Greco-Roman thought, 318–19, use of fat-soaked paper cartridges in India, rotation of Earth, 419 328–337, 418–19, 469 562–63 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (philosophe), 459 as step to modernization, 372 Rig Veda (oral tradition of Aryan people), 77, Roxanne (wife of Alexander), 137, 148, 149 rents, 465, 502–4 78, 85 royal absolutism Republic of Florence, 330 Rights of Man, 474 in France, 403–4, 474 Republican Revolution (China), 657–58 riots French Revolution opposing, 447 Restoration, 409 in East Pakistan, 713 Locke’s view, 453, 455–56 Reuter, Baron Julius de (British financier), 604 in India, 711 philosophes’ views, 473 revolution in Japan, 652 resistance to in England, 404–13, 453 in British colonies in America, 520, 552 in Korea, 648 Royal Air Force, 679–680 in Chile, 729 over race in U.S., 645, 753 Royal Army, 372, 381 in China, 583, 608, 657–58 in Russia, 542 royal fifth, 387, 551 communist movements, 608 Rites Controversy, 571 royal incest, 63 in Cuba, 608, 729, 736 roads, 82, 103, 363, 370, 400, 401 rubber, 593, 613 in France, 552 Robert II of Flanders (Crusader), 313 rule of law, 521 in Hispaniola, 555 Robert the Magnificent (Duke of Normandy), 308 Rurik (leader of Russians), 536 ideology of, 472–74 Robespierre, Maximilian (politician), 475, 476 Russia in India, 608 Rocket (train), 480 beginning of civilization, 536 in Iran, 725–26 Roe v. Wade, 754 bubonic plague, 323 in Italy, 490 Rollo (Duke of Normandy), 308 Catherine the Great’s reign, 543–45 in Japan, 528–29 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church communist experiment, 622, 624, 625–634 in Latin America, 553–54, 555, 608 Roman Civil War, 174–75, 176, 182, 208, 214 conquest by Golden Horde, 376 Marx’s theory concerning, 505, 510 Roman Empire control of Liaodong Peninsula, 580, 616, 648 in Mexico, 671, 732 agriculture, 179 Crimean War, 490, 493, 513 in Middle East, 608, 748 battles with Parthians, 164 demoralization, 624 in Nicaragua, 729 battles with Persians, 164, 166, 169 domestication of animals, 18, 25 in Russia, 540, 549–550, 617, 622, 628, 649, 651 Celtic assaults, 122 English joint-stock companies, 397 in Spain, 493 commercial links to India, 81 entente with British and French, 614 in Spanish colonies, 553 conquests, 47, 66, 68, 110, 121, 122 expansion, 543, 648–49 suppression, 489 cultural influence, 262 failure of traditional system, 601 Revolutionary Alliance, 657 Diocletian Reforms, 208, 212, 300 failure to produce internal coherence, 534–550 Revolutions of 1848, 627 emperors, 176–79 geography, 534–35 Reza Khan Pahlevi (shah of Iran), 666, 725 entrance of farmers into urban life, 44–45 industry, 548–49 Rhee, Syngman (Korean nationalist), 698 epidemics, 81, 206, 208–10, 427 institutional paradox, 534, 538–540, 542, 543, Rhodes, Cecil (statesman), 590 fall, 81, 181, 188, 203, 207–14, 225–27, 506 545–46, 549, 617 Rhodesia, 592 formation of trans-Asian trade system, 204 interests in Afghanistan, 562 Ricardo, David (economist) headquarters in Antioch, 150 interference in Egypt, 588 creation of Social Darwinism, 499 labor force, 180–81, 262–63 introduction of gunpowder, 278 as English liberalist, 509 languages, 262 invasion of Ottoman Empire, 602 Marx’s criticism of, 504 Muslim conquest, 294 Ivan the Terrible, 540–41 Principles of Political Economy, 501, 504 nomadic invasions, 176, 179, 183, 188, 203, Lenin’s plan for, 625–28 revision of Smith’s theory, 465, 481 208, 211–12, 224, 225–27, 275, 281, 300 liberation of the serfs, 545–48 theory of production, 501–4, 509, 611, 637 philosophy, 181–83, 262 as Mongol kingdom, 278, 289, 537–38 view of poor, 509 religion, 162, 176, 179 nation-state formation, 607 Ricci, Mateo (Jesuit missionary), 570 role of Christianity, 176, 183–88, 220, 262 Northern War, 543 rice slavery, 172–73, 179, 180–81, 213, 262, 506 peasant rebellions, 758 cultivation in Africa, 18–19 society, 179–181 penetration of Persia, 603–4 cultivation in China, 16, 93, 255–56, 565, 569 style of warfare, 163, 164 Peter III’s reign, 544 cultivation in Egypt, 588 threat to Parthians, 162 revolution, 540, 549–550, 608, 617, 622, 628, cultivation in Fertile Crescent, 19 trade, 68–69, 81, 89, 107, 179, 204–7, 209 649, 651 cultivation in India, 80, 88, 116, 222 warfare, 153 rise of Muscovy, 538 cultivation in North America, 398 Roman Republic, 170–76, 182, 204 role in German state formation, 493 as currency in Japan, 526 Romania (Rumania) Romanovs, 541–43 domestication, 72 Bolsheviks, 629 Russo-Japanese War, 550, 615, 616–17, 649, migration to Africa, 73, 351 creation, 623 662–63 shortages in Japan, 650, 652 foundation, 490 Seven Years’ War, 544, 561 Richard of Normandy (Crusader), 313 participation in World War I, 618 time of troubles, 541 Rida, Mohammed Rashid (Muslim leader), 669 statehood, 602 Trans-Siberian railroad, 648 rifle Versailles treaty provisions, 635 Triple Entente, 618 breech-loading rifles, 494, 495, 498, 513–14, Warsaw Pact, 694 Triple Intervention in Eastern relations, 648 619 Romanov, Michael (czar of Russia), 541 Versailles, Treaty of, 634–35 creation of differential of power, 513, 514, 604 Romanovs, 541–43 war with Napoleon, 477, 484 mass production, 513 Romans, 93, 170–72 World War I, 618–623 Rome, 171, 179, 188, 209 See also Soviet Union

I-32 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Russian Orthodox Church, 538, 541, 542, 543 impact on tradition, 447 Aramaeans, 122 Russian Revolution (1905), 550, 617, 649 modern worldview created, 469 Chaldeans, 40–41, 122 Russian Revolution (1917-1921), 608, 617, 622, Ptolemy’s contribution, 419 Hebrews, 47–48, 64, 115, 121–22. See also 628, 651 redefinition of universe, 372, 413 Jews Russians, 639 separation of knowledge and faith, 447–452 Hyksos, 48, 62–65, 67, 114–15 Russo-Japanese War, 550, 615, 616–17, 649, as step in modernization, 447–49 Sena Dynasty, 283 662–63 Scotland, 296, 398, 408, 412, 489 Senate Rwan-bugiri, Kigeri (Tutsi king), 589 Scotus, John Duns (philosopher), 448 Roman Empire, 173, 174, 175–76 Rwanda, 589, 719 scribes, 34, 39, 165, 166 U.S., 521, 644 Rykov. A. I. (communist), 688–89 Scythians, 68, 123, 126, 276 Senecas, 369 Sea People, 118, 120, 121, 127 Senegal, 718 Sa, Mem de (governor of Brazil), 434 sea-routes Senegal River, 339, 344, 420 Sadat, Anwar (president of Egypt), 716, 724 of ancient Greece, 127 Senenmut (priest of Amun), 62 Safavids, 415, 558, 586, 596, 598–600, 602–3 of the Indian Ocean, 204–7, 315, 601 sense data, 454, 466–68, 469, 499–500 Sahagún, Bernardino (recorder of Florentine of slave trade, 374 Seoul, 266, 579 Codex), 430 transfer of disease, 374 Sepoy Rebellion, 562–63, 627 Sahara Desert, 15, 61, 70, 189, 341–42, 592 Sebük Tigin, Abu Mansu (sultan in Afghanistan), sepoys (Indian mercenaries), 561, 562–63, 627 Sahel region of Africa, 18, 23, 66, 70, 72, 719 286 sepsis (infection in blood), 321 sahrdar (local rulers), 165 secessio (plebeian withdrawal), 173, 174 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 755, 756 Said, Sayyid (sultan of Oman), 589 Second Crusade, 301 Septimus Severus (emperor of Rome), 208 salaf (Islamic ancestors), 669 Second Estate, 474 Serbia, 602, 618, 620 salafiyya movement, 669 Second Treatise on Government (Locke), 412, 456 Serbs, 598 Salat (prayer), 236 Second United Front, 663 serfdom, 539, 540–41, 542, 546–48 Salic Law, 315, 323, 473 Secondat, Charles Louis de (philosophe). See serfs, 305, 506, 539, 544–48 salmonella, 426 Montesquieu, Baron de (philosophe) service nobility, 539, 544 salons, 458 secret police force, 629, 662, 681, 687–88 Seth (Egyptian god), 55 salt, 342 Security Council of United Nations, 704, 717 Settlement Act, 411 “Salt and Iron Debate”, 105 sedentary life Seven Years’ War, 399, 519, 544, 561 SALT Treaties, 744 consequences, 28–31 Seventeen Article Constitution, 269 salutary neglect, 485 cultivation enabling, 5–12 Sevilla, Diogo de (explorer), 420 Salutati, Coluccio (Florentine scholar), 331 cultural development, 3 Sèvres, Treaty of, 666 Sama Veda (oral tradition of Aryan people), 78, development in Japan, 268 Seymour, Jane (queen of England), 406 85 development in Korea, 263 Shaba, 589 Samantasena (leader of Sena in India), 283 development in the Americas, 192–94 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 453 Samnite Wars, 172 disadvantages, 1–2, 33, 43–44, 54, 71, 91–92, Shahada (profession of faith), 235–36, 237 samurai (Japanese warrior), 270–72, 274, 525–26, 255–56, 371, 426. See also ecocide Shah’s Name, The (Iranian history), 168 527, 528 effect on population, 6–7 Shaivite (devotee of Shiva), 288 San Francisco Conference, 693 history of disease associated with, 28–31, 192, Shaka Zulu (king of Zulu), 590 San Martín, José de, 553–54 205–6 shamans, 34–35, 341 San people, 442 necessity of political organization, 27–28 Shandong Peninsula, 651 San Salvador, 423 necessity of trade, 19–20, 111–12 Shang Dynasty, 94–95, 110, 116–17 Sanskrit, 85, 487 nomads’ adoption of, 5–12, 36, 41, 111, 112, Shang Yang (Legalist), 102 Santa Ana, Antonio Lopez de (Mexican general), 189, 190, 229, 247, 262, 275–76, 278 Shanghi, 580, 677, 696 522, 671 rise of religion, 2, 34 Shanghi Workers’ Militia, 661 Santaren, Joãn de (explorer), 421 in Russia, 534, 536–38 Shapur I (Sassanian ruler), 162, 165, 207 Santo Domingo, 555, 735 of Ubaid Culture, 25 sharecroppers, 524, 547, 643 Sappho (Greek woman), 133 See also agriculture; animals: domestication; Shari’a (Islamic law), 238–39, 241, 722 Sarah (Abraham’s wife), 236 cities; cultivation; plants: domestication; shield, 130, 153–54 Sargon the Great (champion of northern cities of symbiosis of agriculture Shiite Muslims Kish), 38, 41, 59, 175–76 Sedre Pushi (Zoroastrian initiation), 165–66 conflict with Sunnis, 598–600, 602, 725–27 sarissa (spear), 153 segregation control of Iran, 725 Sassanian Empire, 162, 164–69, 240–41 in African colonies, 590, 720 Fatimid kingdom, 244 satellites, 749 in U.S., 515, 523, 524–25, 547, 643–44, 691, formation of new Persian Empire, 558, 586 Satsuma Rebellion, 529 751 gunpowder empire, 586, 596, 598–99 satyagraha (passive resistance), 664 seignorial rights, 473 loss of Afghanistan, 602 Saudi Arabia, 25, 666–68, 722, 723 Seiyukai party (Constitutional Government Qajar shahs, 603 Saul of Tarsus (Saint Paul), 185 party), 650–51, 652 rebellion against Omayyads, 243 Savonarola, Girolamo (religious zealot), 332 Selassie, Haile (emperor of Ethiopia), 350, 719 resistance to colonization, 415 Saxons, 226 Seleucid (Asian leader), 138 split from Sunni sect, 242 Saxony, 299 Seleucid Dynasty, 138, 149, 150, 153, 161 Twelvers, 600 Sayyid Dynasty, 289, 290 Seleucus (Alexander’s general), 148 wedge between religious and political Scandinavia, 303, 312 Seleucus I (Syrian king), 150 authority, 599–600 Schlegel, Frederich von (philologist), 468, 486–87 self-determination, 473, 635. See also Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 579–580, 648 scholar-officials of China, 216–17, 254, 261, 577, decolonization Shinong Shi (Chinese culture hero), 94 578–79 Self-Strengthening Movement, 578–79, 580 Shintoism, 267–68, 269, 529 School of Li, 568 Selim I (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 598–99 shipbuilding Schutz Staffel (SS), 687–88 Seljuk Turks, 244, 313 armored steamboats, 512–13 scientific revolution Semitic groups in England, 479 formation of nation-states, 381 Amorites, 38, 40–41 in Japan, 531, 532, 649, 709

INDEX | I33 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) London Naval Treaty, 653 Sino-Japanese Wars, 579–580, 647, 648, 662, 663, transportation over land, 348, 438 new technology in 1500, 416–17 677–78 in U.S., 522, 523, 524, 673, 691 state participation required, 395 Sino-Soviet split, 703–4, 744, 749 See also debt peonage; serfdom in U.S., 616–17 Sino-Soviet War, 529 slave-soldiers Washington Conference Treaties, 652 Sirius (star), 56 in Africa, 435, 589, 597–98, 601 Shiva (Hindu deity), 89, 287, 288, 559–560 Sirius (steamboat), 512 mamluks and janissaries, 289, 291, 327, 558, shogun (general-in-chief), 272–73, 525–26 site, 14–15, 18–20, 470–71, 534–35. See also 589, 597–98, 600–601 short-war phenomenon, 615–18, 643 geography See also Janissaries (slave-soldiers); mamluks Shosheng I (ruler of Egypt), 67 situation, 14–15, 18–20, 190, 404, 470–71, (slave-soldiers) Shosheng III (ruler of Egypt), 67 534–35. See also geography; land axis; land Slavs, 299, 638, 639, 640, 687 Shot-al-Arab region, 24, 25, 33, 35–37 bridge sleeping sickness, 340, 594 Shotoku (prince of Japan), 269 Skanda Gupta (king of India), 222, 227 Slovakia, 629 Showa (emperor of Japan), 653 skilled occupations Slovaks, 639 Shu (Egyptian god), 55 in Chimú culture, 200 smallpox Shu Kingdom, 222 development in ancient urban areas, 11, 19, 25, in Africa, 340 Shu-Dural (Akkadian king), 38 26, 27, 34 Chinese epidemics, 218, 223 Shun (Chinese ancient king), 94 development in Andes region, 198 devastation of Native Americans, 407, 427, Shun-chih (emperor of China), 568 development in Mesoamerica, 194, 195, 197 430, 432, 552 Siberia, 25, 278, 542 diffusion to nomads, 111 Roman epidemics, 209–12 Sicily, 323, 684 effect of great die-off era, 323, 326–27 WHO’s fight against, 757 Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), 87, 88, 219 in England, 389 Smeaton, Mark (Anne Boleyn’s music teacher), Sierra Leone, 718 in India, 563, 613 406 Sikh religion, 288, 292, 560, 714 Mongol regard for, 260 Smith, Adam (economist) Sikhs, 665 of Nazca, 199 contribution to concept of culture, 469, 485 Silanadar (sultan in India), 290 purpose in Sumer, 42–43 contribution to intellectual development, 472 silk in Sassanian Empire, 166 criticism of mercantilism, 519 cocoons of silkworm, 110 of South Americans, 198 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the domestication of silkworms, 22 See also cottage industries; industry Wealth of Nations, 396, 463, 501, 519 importation into Africa, 349 slave rebellions, 441, 551, 735 philosophy, 410, 463–66 production in China, 565–66 Slave Sultans, 289, 342, 558 redefinition of objectivity, 499 production in Japan, 526, 531, 532, 649 slave trade revisions of his theory, 466, 468, 481, 501, 502 as status symbol, 107 in Africa, 342, 346–48, 416 theory of production, 487, 501–2 as trade item in China, 107, 256, 258, 261, 316, consequences, 442–46 smuggling, 519, 567, 573 566, 572, 575 contradiction of European goals, 585 Social Darwinism, 499, 507–10, 637 use for painting and writing in China, 92, 93, end, 442, 446, 586, 589, 751 Social Democratic Party, 625–26 250, 255 to Europe and Americas, 427, 439–441 social safety net Silk Road introduction of disease to Native Americans, in Egypt, 716 effect on Indian religion, 89 427 in India, 712, 714 establishment, 204–5 Middle Passage, 436–37 poor-relief system, 388, 389, 392 exchange of goods, ideas, pathogens, 69, of Portuguese, 420 in U.S., 646, 754 204–5, 206, 219, 249, 315, 320 routes, 374 Social Security, 646, 754 introduction of money into Europe, 315 slave sales, 441–42 Social War, 171 invasions of nomads, 224–27, 280, 281 of transatlantic commercial network, 398, 416, socialism Mongols’ role, 278, 538 439–441 in China, 704 shift of trade to Atlantic, 601 transportation of slaves, 348, 436–37, 438, 441 in India, 713–14 trade, 107, 536 slavery/slaves Islamic form, 716 Silla kingdom (Korea), 264, 265–66, 268–69, 647 in Africa, 342, 346–47, 435–39 in Libya, 717 silver in ancient Greece, 131, 133, 134 of Nasser, 716 Atahualpa’s ransom, 432 in Brazil, 434, 673 in Zimbabwe, 720 Celts’ mining and refining, 22 in Cuba, 673, 735 Socialism in One Country (Stalin), 633 Chinese use as gifts, 257 in Egypt, 588 sociétés des pensées (thinking societies), 473 as currency in China, 261, 572–73, 574 emancipation in South Africa, 589–590 society Dutch theory of value, 397 as first step to conversion to Islam, 435–36, in ancient China, 94, 95 early Americans’ work with, 191, 192, 198, 200 558 in ancient India, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84–87 export of Latin America, 360, 387, 422, 423, Hebrews, 48–49, 115, 121 of Athens, 133–34 432, 550, 613, 735 in Iberian colonies, 550, 551 of Aztecs, 360 inflation in Europe due to glut on market, 378, justification, 518 Confucian concept, 99–100 386, 394, 396, 550 in Korea, 266 Daoist concept, 101 payment for crimes in Germany, 297 in Latin America, 552, 553 definition, 230 privateering encouraged, 397 mamluks and janissaries, 289, 291, 327, 558, effect of scientific revolution, 452 role in commercial revolution, 399 588, 597–98, 600–602 effects of modernization, 375 Roman coins, 174 Marx’s theory concerning, 505–6 in Frankish realm, 297 Spartan view of, 134 Middle Passage, 436–37 Hume’s view, 459–463 Sima Qian (Chinese historian), 107 in North America, 516, 518 of Iberian colonies, 552 simony, 309–10 oriental slavery, 505–6 of Islam, 237–38 Singapore, 709 production, 444–45 of Japan, 268, 270–71, 273, 525–26, 532, 707, sinicization, 246–47, 252, 262–63, 568, 570 in Rome, 172–73, 179, 180–81, 213, 262, 506 710 sinking fund, 410 sale, 441–42 Kant’s view, 472 Sino-French War, 574–75 transportation by sea, 436–37, 441 in Latin America, 551–52, 670, 671, 674

I-34 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Marx’s theory concerning, 505 development of cultivation, 16–18, 198 Spahbeds (Sassanian governors), 168 of Mayans, 196 domestication of animals, 23 Spain of Mongols, 277 exploration and conquest, 432–34 agriculture, 387–88, 400 of Persian Empire, 125 Inca culture, 192, 198, 363–66 alliance with Napoleon, 477 philosophes’ views, 458 land exposed following Ice Age, 189 areas of control between world wars, 610 Physiocrats’ concept, 463 Spanish control, 422, 430–33, 516 Charlegmagne’s conquest, 299 of Roman Empire, 179–181 See also Andean Plateau; Latin America; and colonies in the Americas, 387, 422, 516, 519, in Russia, 547–48 specific country 550–54 of Sassanian Empire, 165–67 South Korea, 698, 709, 729 colonies in the Caribbean, 551, 555, 735 Smith’s view, 463–64, 465–66, 472 Southern Africa, 720 Columbus’s voyages, 421, 422 of Sparta, 133–34 Southern Christian Leadership Conference conquest of Maya, 198 Spencer’s theory of evolution, 507–10 (SCLC), 752 control of trade routes, 387 of Volk, 296 southern oscillation, 13, 61 effect of Commercial Revolution in, 386–87 Zhu Xi’s class system, 258 Southern Rhodesia, 720 fascist government, 682 See also caste system; civilization; culture; Southern Song Dynasty, 257–59 feudalism in, 306–7 feudalism Souza, Tomé de (governor of Brazil), 434 global commercial outposts, 395, 396, 534, socii (Italian allies), 171, 181 sovereignty 550–56 Socrates (Greek philosopher) English definition of, 398, 404–13 government, 405 form of teaching, 141–42, 157 establishment for kings, 375, 380, 381, 384–86, influx of gold from colonies, 387, 550 response to decline of Greece, 138, 182, 214 395, 398, 416, 421, 485, 539 invasion of Netherlands, 386 revival of his philosophy, 499 French definition, 402–4 Muslim invasion, 242, 244 theory of objectivity, 141–42 Soviet Union papal authority, 312 view of human reality, 158 arms race, 704 peasant rebellions, 323, 326 Soga clan, 269 cold war, 608–9, 690–95, 736–37 plague deaths, 401 Sogdiana, 148, 161 collapse, 608, 609, 631, 727, 744 population decrease during Reformation, 387, Soil communism, 609, 630–34, 690–92 400–401 erosion, 71, 77 Cuban Missile Crisis, 737, 741, 742 Reconquista, 314, 387, 422 management, 2, 9, 162, 390 détente, 744 response to inflation, 386–88 salination, 37, 43–44, 77, 162 form of capitalism adopted, 631 revolution, 493 Sokoto Caliphate, 587, 589 under Gorbachev, 744–45 Spanish Armada against Britain, 386 soldiers. See farmer-soldiers; janissaries (slave- government, 609, 690–92 Spanish-American War, 615–16, 643, 729–730, soldiers); mamluks/Mamelukes (slave- Hungarian revolt, 739, 741 736 soldiers); military; phalanx imperialism, 608, 744–45 struggle for control of Italy, 402 Solomon (king of Israel), 49, 69, 350 influence in Cuba, 736–37, 741–42 support of Catholic Counter-Reformation, Solomonid kings, 352 influence in Egypt, 716 396, 401 Solon (Greek magistrate), 131–32 intervention in China, 697 as target of piracy, 397 Somalia, 589, 719, 758 invasion of Afghanistan, 727, 742, 744, 745–46, Thirty Years War, 386, 401 Somaliland, 591 755 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 421–22, 433 Somme, Battle of, 621 isolationism, 749 Visigoths, 226 Song Dynasty, 215, 254–59, 564, 569 under Khrushchev, 703–4, 739, 741 War of Spanish Succession, 488 Song philosophy, 258 Korean War, 698 war with England, 407 Song Shenzong (emperor of China), 258, 259 Marxism, 625–630, 690–92 war with Italy, 681 Song Taizu (emperor of China), 254 Non-Aggression Pact, 678–79 Spanish Songhai, 344, 345–46 partnership with Chinese Communist Party, arrival in North America, 369 Songhai Empire, 439 656 arrival in Peru, 363 Soninke people, 344 position on Arab-Israeli conflict, 724 expeditions to Latin America, 201, 670 Sophocles (Greek tragedian) purges, 629, 633, 688–690 introduction of horses to Americas, 367 Antigone, 144 rejection of Marshall Plan, 694 revolt, 553 awards of, 144 relations with China, 656, 660, 703, 749–750 See also Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de (explorer); Oedipus at Colonus, 144 relations with Cuba, 737 Cortés, Hernán (explorer); Pizzaro, Oedipus Rex, 144 relations with U.S., 745 Francisco (Spanish explorer) sorghum relationship with Turkey, 666 Spanish Armada, 407 cultivation in China, 16, 263 satellite states of, 693, 694 Spanish flu, 624, 686 cultivation in Sahel, 19, 339–340, 353 seizure of Hungary, 739 Spanish-American War, 580, 615–16, 643, domestication of, 18, 72 Sino-Soviet split, 703–4, 744, 749 729–730, 736 South Africa totalitarian leadership, 624, 625–634 Sparta, 130, 134–36, 150, 181 agriculture, 72 U-2 incident, 741 Spartacist Revolution, 629, 636 apartheid, 720–21 Vietnam War, 742–44 speciation, 423–24, 508 arrival of Europeans, 442 Warsaw Pact, 694–95 Spencer, Herbert (philosopher), 499, 507–9, 637 Bantu migration, 23, 352–53 withdrawal from Austria, 739 spinning jenny, 479 Boer Wars, 590, 615, 616 withdrawal from WHO, 757 Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 462, 472, 545 British colonies, 592 as world power, 625, 676, 690–95 Spring and Autumn period, 97, 98 climate, 66, 442 World War II, 680, 683, 684–85, 688 squash Europeans, 442, 589–590 See also Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (leader of Soviet cultivation in Mesoamerica, 193, 194, 198 gold exports, 613 Union); Russia; Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich cultivation in North America, 367, 369 land exposed following Ice Age, 189 (Soviet dictator) domestication, 17, 18, 190 South America space, 460, 466–68, 499 introduction to Europe, 378 Chavin culture, 198 spad (Parthian army), 163 Sri Lanka, 219, 284, 711, 714 development of cities, 198–200 spadpat (Parthian commander), 163 St. Petersburg, 543

INDEX | I35 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich (Soviet dictator) Stuart, Mary (queen of England), 411 as luxury item coveted by privateers, 397 alliance with Mao, 703, 749–750 sub-Saharan Africa price during Great Depression, 729 cold war, 690 agriculture, 71, 72–73, 442 processing in Cuba, 736 collectivization program, 699 arrival of Europeans, 373 role in transatlantic trade, 398, 399 condemnation of, 739 arrival of Islam, 231, 341 slave labor, 440, 443, 444 death, 703, 739 Bantu migrations, 18, 23–24, 73–74, 352–53 as trade of Mexico, 674 failure, 631, 632, 749 changes in middle years, 229 U.S. investments, 730 formation of COMECON, 694 climatic effects on development, 66, 70–71 Sui Dynasty, 225, 247–48, 250 influence on Mao, 608 colonization, 415, 514, 747 Sui Wendi (emperor of China), 247, 265 involvement in Korea, 698 commerce, 67 Sui Yangdi (emperor of China), 247, 249, 265 Marx’s influence, 608 corporate lineage, 340–41, 344, 714, 715, 720, Suiren Shi (Chinese culture hero), 94 Non-Aggression Pact, 640, 678–79 747 Suleiman I (emperor of Ottoman Empire), purges, 629, 633, 686–690 development of cities, 435 598–99, 601, 602 rejection of Marshall Plan, 694 development of civilization, 435 Suleiman the Magnificent (emperor of Ottoman totalitarian leadership, 632, 633, 636, 690, 693 development of cultivation, 15, 18, 22, 24, 371 Empire), 598–99, 601, 602 Warsaw Pact, 694–95 disease barrier to invasion, 71, 209, 371, 373, Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (Roman), 175 World War II, 640, 683–85, 688–89 416, 424, 429, 435, 497, 498, 514 Sumer Stalingrad, Battle of, 684 domestication of animals, 23, 72, 435 collapse, 37–39, 43–44 standard units of measure, 103, 124 domestication of plants, 18, 19, 72, 435 development of legal codes, 38, 40–41 Stanley, Henry (explorer), 591 effects of disease, 71 development of trade, 34, 35–37, 111–12 state and status, 304, 311, 506 effects of slave trade, 347, 442–46 god-king concept, 152 state formation exploration, 420 matrix of civilization developed, 41 in Africa, 340–41 family groups, 74, 339–340, 443 origins of religion, 34–35, 42–44 France, 323–24 Iron Age, 68 overpopulation, 37 See also nation-states isolation, 52, 70, 74 rise of kings and war, 37–39 state of nature, 456 as market for Europeans, 442 temple economy, 34–35 status marriage practices, 437–38 use of wheeled carts, 36 based on income in Athens, 131–32 nation formation, 607, 747–48 Sumerians, 26 in British colonies in America, 518 Nilotic Civilization, 66–70 Sumner, William Graham (Social Darwinist), development of concept, 11 in pre-Islamic times, 70–73 508–9 erosion of ancient- and middle-era barriers, rise of Islamism, 586–87 Sumudra Gupta (king of India), 222 751 slavery and slave trade, 342, 416, 435–441, 497 Sun Yatsen (Chinese revolutionary), 657–58, 660 in feudal society, 304, 506 trade, 209, 243, 316 sunbelt, 14 in Frankish realm, 297 See also specific country or region Sunni Ali Ber (African warlord), 345 Islamic system, 237–38 Sucre, Antonio José de, 553 Sunni Muslims in Japan, 270, 526 Sudan (country) conflict with Shiites, 598–600, 602, 725–27 in Mayan culture, 196 British control, 595 in control of India, 558 in Ottoman Empire, 601 civil war, 720 Ottoman Turks, 585–86, 587, 596–99 Ricardo’s view, 502, 503 Kush, 66, 68, 69 resistance to colonization, 415 in Roman Empire, 180–81 revolt against colonial rule, 594, 717 revolt in Afghanistan, 602 in Roman Republic, 170–71, 173 source of strife, 340 Shiite split from, 242 in Russia, 541 spread of Islam into, 70 Taliban, 754, 755 Smith’s view, 465 Sudan (region of Africa) See also Mogul Empire; Ottoman Empire; in Volk, 296 Axum, 70 Ottoman Turks in Yuan China, 259 British control, 592 Sun-Quan (Chinese ruler), 222 See also caste system; feudalism commercial link to Islamic North Africa, 74 superstition, 458 statute of laborers (England), 326 development of farming, 72 Supreme Court of United States, 521, 524 Steam Navigation Company, 512 disease, 23 sura (chapters of Qur’an), 238 steamboats, 480, 498, 512, 590 drought and famine, 719 Susiana Plain, 24–25 steel industry, 642–43, 649, 701 Egyptian control, 588 Swahili, 351, 442, 589 steles (engraved stone pillars), 196 iron smelting, 73 Swahili Coast, 229 Stephen, Saint (Christian martyr), 185 site and situation, 71 swaraj (Indian reform program), 664 Stephen IX (pope), 310 source of slaves, 346, 438, 588–89 Sweden, 395, 543 Stephen of Croyes (leader of Children’s Crusade), See also Sahel region of Africa Syagrius (Roman general), 297 314 Sudan, Battle of, 513 symbiosis of agriculture Stephenson, George (inventor), 480, 512 Sudanese Belt, 15, 16 balance with parasitism, 28–31, 80–81, 205–6, step-stage migratory process, 388, 389, 478, 759 Sudetenland, 640 425, 758 Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von (Prussian officer), Sudras (artisans and merchants), 79, 80 climatic effects, 2, 8–9, 12–14 520 Suez Canal, 592, 715–16, 724, 739 consequences, 28–31, 77, 91–92, 126, 746 Stoa Poikile (painted colonade), 157, 182 Suez War, 716, 739 development of ancient urban areas, 1, 2, 9, stock market crash of 1929 (U.S.), 645–46 sugar 11–12 Stoicism, 155, 157–58, 159, 182, 214 Caribbean Islands’ production, 551 development of religion, 34, 42–44 Stonehenge, 28 cultivation in Brazil, 434, 444, 673, 729 disease history connection, 28–31, 192, 205–6, Strabo (Greek historian), 125 cultivation in Caribbean, 444, 445, 551, 552, 424–25, 428–29, 721 Strategic Arms Defense Initiative, 744 673, 735, 736 geographic effects, 2, 14–23 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 744 cultivation in Egypt, 588 See also agriculture strikes diffusion into Africa, 73 symposium (after-dinner party), 133 in Italy, 682 financing of commercial and industrial syncretism, 160 in Japan, 649–650 revolution, 445 syphilis, 426, 427

I-36 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II Syria on Catholic Church, 327 Ten Commandments, 48, 49 Ali’s invasion, 588 in Chimú culture, 200 Tenchi (emperor of Japan), 269 Arab Spring, 716, 717 in China, 97, 108–9, 217–18, 221, 247, 248, Tenochtitlán, 359–362, 430–32 Arab-Israeli War, 723 250, 259, 260, 569, 572–73, 574, 658, 700 Teotihuacán, 195–96, 357–58 assaults by Sea People, 127 control of in new states of Europe, 381 terracotta army, 104, 105 Hittite challenge and division, 114, 115 in Egypt, 588 territorial state formation, 372, 381, 416 independence from British rule, 722 in England, 406–7, 408, 409 terrorism introduction of wheel, 112 fall of empires due to, 203, 217–18, 221 Al Qaeda, 755, 756 as mandate territory, 668 on farmers in Mesopotamia, 44 fundamentalist Muslim’s use of, 756 Mitanni kingdom, 114 in France, 403, 474 of Mau Mau, 719 Muslim control, 302, 599 of Incas, 364 of people’s war, 748 nomads’ migration into, 122 in India, 79, 290–91 in Russia, 632 Roman conquest, 175 on India for protectorate administration, 563 U.S. war on, 737, 756 Seleucid Dynasty, 153 Islamic system, 237–38, 243 use in Afghanistan, 744 Seleucus’s control, 148 in Israel, 49 Test Act, 411, 453 See also Levant coast in Japan, 270, 272, 273, 526, 528, 709 Tetisheri (Egyptian matriarch), 63 kings license, 323–24 Teutonic Knights, 537 tabula rasa (blank slate), 454 in Medieval Europe, 316, 317, 318 Texas, Republic of, 521–22 Tagaza, 342 national code in nation-states, 372, 485, 497 Texcoco people, 359, 360 Taharka (Kushite king), 68 in Parthian Persia, 162 textile industry, 329–330, 393–94, 479, 613. See Taika Reforms (Japan), 269 peasant rebellions due to, 104, 109, 221, 253, also cotton; silk taille (tax on farmers), 325 261, 265, 323, 324–26 Thailand, 25, 189, 219, 266 Taiping Rebellion, 575–78 in Persian Empire, 125 Thales (Greek philosopher), 139, 140 Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom), 575 in Roman Empire, 208, 212–13 Thebes, 56, 68, 136, 150, 181 Taira samuri clan, 271 in Russia, 543, 546–47 theocracy, 165, 294, 302, 539, 542, 600 Taisho (emperor of Japan), 650, 651 in Sassanian Empire, 168 theoi (god), 159 Taisho Political Crisis, 651 support of military, 38, 380 theology, 186 Taiwan on trade goods, 376 Theory of Natural Selection (Darwin), 637 Chinese attacks, 741 technology thermohaline circulation, 12–13 industry, 709 for agriculture, 1, 21, 24, 26, 44–47, 65–66, 80, Third Estate, 474 Japanese control, 579, 648 644, 758. See also plow Third Reich, 640, 685 Japanese invasion, 529 armored cavalry, 161–62, 169 Third World, 676.See also specific developing Republic of China established, 697 Bessemer hot-blast furnace, 642 country seat on UN Security Council, 704 in communications, 749 Thirty Years War, 380, 386, 401, 408, 488 Taliban, 754–57 compass, 254 Thrace, 124 Tamerlane (Timur the Lame), 292, 558, 597 determination of killing zone in World War I, Three Ancient Kings, 94, 110 Tanaka Giichi (Japanese prime minister), 652–53 619–620 Three Principles of the People, 657, 660, 661–62 Tancred (prince of Galilee), 313 diffusion, 21–22, 112, 190, 355 Three Years’ War, 671 Tang Dynasty of English Industrial Revolution, 479–480 Thucydides (Greek historian), 145–46 agriculture, 255–56, 265–66, 565 for navigation, 254, 418–422 thureos (shield), 153–54 creativity, 564, 569 papermaking, 254–55 Tiahuanaco, 363 golden age, 225, 248–254 for printing, 107, 254, 255, 264, 266, 316 Tianjin Incident, 575 influence on Japan, 269–270 railroads, 480. See also railroads Tiberius Caesar (emperor of Rome), 177–78 legal code, 564 sailboats, 398–99, 416–422, 479 Tibet, 25, 266, 287 Muslim invasion, 242 steamboats, 480, 498 Tigris River, 33, 37, 56 printing developed, 255 telescope, 450 Tíhuanaco, 198, 199 recovery following plagues, 218–19 wheelbarrow, 316 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar (Hindu nationalist), 664–65 relations with Korea, 265–66, 268–69, 647 See also bronze; Industrial Revolution; iron Tilset, Treaty of, 477 traditional values, 583 manufacturing; manufacturing; plow; Timbuktu, 342, 345, 587 use of gunpowder, 254 weapons; wheel time, 460, 466–68, 499 Tang Taizong (emperor of China), 248–250 Tefnut (Egyptian goddess), 55 Timur the Lame (Mongol warlord), 292, 558, 597 Tang Xuanzong (emperor of China), 252–53 Tehran, 725 Tippoo Sahib (Sultan of Mysore), 562 Tanganyika, 719 teleology Tippu Tip (African warlord), 589 Tangut kingdom, 277, 278 application, 511, 611 Title IX of the Education Amendment Act, 754 Tanzania, 591, 595, 719, 720 basis, 499 Titus (emperor of Rome), 178 Tarascans, 361 creation, 499 Tiye (wife of Amenhotep III), 63 tariff, 522, 563, 613, 643, 645, 736 creation of rivalries, 605 Tlaxcalans, 361 tariff union, 494, 495 of Hegel, 499–501 tobacco tariff war, 646 of Marx, 504–7 British control of in Persia, 604 taro, 18–19, 73 of Ricardo, 501–4 cultivation in North American colonies, 398, Tartars, 537 Social Darwinism, 507–10, 637 399, 551 Tasmania, 189 telescope, 450 export of Mexico, 671 tautology, 637 telos (goal of history) prices during Great Depression, 729 tax farming, 260 European cultures as, 611 production in Caribbean, 443, 551, 730 taxes Hegel’s concept, 500 sacred to Aztecs, 362 in Africa, 348, 350 Marxist communism, 507, 510 secure source of income in American colonies, in African colonies, 592, 593–94, 595 Ricardo’s theory, 504 518 in ancient world, 35 Social Darwinists’ theory, 509 slave laborers, 444 on British colonies in America, 520 Zeno’s definition, 158 trade for slaves in Africa, 436, 440

INDEX | I37 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Togo, 718 global exchange system, 745–751 of food products, 758 Tojo Hideki (Japanese prime minister), 707 global realignment of, 375 of goods by sea, 377–78 Tokolor Empire, 587 globalization, 398, 745–46 of goods overland, 376–77 Tokugawa bakufu, 525–28 of Great Britain, 612, 613 sailboats, 398–99, 416–422, 479 Tokugawa Ieyasu (Japanese ruler), 273–74 of Harappan civilization, 76 steamboats, 480, 498, 512–13, 590 Tokugawa Shogunate, 272–74, 415, 515, 525–28 incorporated and network cities, 316–17, 328 travel, 399–401, 415 Toleration Act, 411 influences on Hinduism, 89 See also railroads Toltecs, 197, 357–59, 360 of Iroquois Confederation, 369 Trans-Siberian railroad, 648 tomato, 378 in Islamic Africa, 341–42 Transvaal, 589 Tong Hak Society, 648 of Japan, 273, 274, 526, 527, 532, 579, 649, travel, 399–401, 415 tool-making, 1, 21–22, 44, 60, 195 709–10 Tres Zapotes, 194 Topac Yupanqui (ruler of Incas), 365 of Kush, 347 Tribal Assembly, 174 Topiltzin-Quetzalcoatl legend, 358, 360, 362, Latin America’s entrance into global market, tribalism, 714, 715, 720, 721 430–31 729 tribunes (guardians of plebeians), 173, 174 Topilzin (Toltec ruler), 358 means of exchange. See coins; currency tribute-trade system, 566–67, 572, 575 Torah, 47, 48 in Mesoamerica, 358 Tripartite Agreement, 680, 683 Toramana (Hephthalite leader), 227 between Mesoamerica and South America, Tripartite Pact, 655 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 421–22, 433 198 Triple Alliance, 614, 618 Tories, 410 in Mesopotamia, 35 Triple Entente, 614, 618 total war with Mongols, 260–61, 275–76 Triple Intervention, 648 World War I, 616, 617, 618–623, 625 NAFTA, 733 trireme (rowed vessel), 130–31, 132 World War II, 676–686 nomads’ participation, 28, 35, 36–37, 111–12, Tristan, Nuno (explorer), 420 totalitarianism 203, 204, 275–76, 278 Trojan Women, The (Euripides), 145 areas of control between world wars, 610 of North American colonies, 517 Trotsky, Leon (communist leader), 628, 630, in China, 697–705 with Persia, 604 633 in Cuba, 736–37 of Phoenicians, 121 Troy, 118, 120 features of, 625 piracy, 118, 397–98, 567, 587 True Law of Free Monarchy, The (James I), 402, in Germany, 636–641, 686–88 of Portuguese, 420, 421 405 in Soviet Union, 625–634, 689–691 role of industry, 510–14 Truman, Harry S. (president of United States), in Turkey, 665 of Roman Empire, 179 693, 697, 698, 710, 743, 752 Totonacs, 430 of Russia, 536, 537 Truman Doctrine, 693 Tours, Battle of, 299, 314 shift from Middle East, 601 tsetse fly, 23–24, 71 Toynbee, Arnold (historian), 282 Smith’s theory, 463, 464–65 Tshombe, Moise (leader in Belgium Congo), 718 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Japanese overlord), 647 spread of Islam, 341–352 Tuareg nobles, 341 trade of sub-Saharan Africa, 68–70, 209 Tudor, Edward (son of Jane Seymour), 406 of Africa, 371, 420, 421, 589 of Teotihuacán culture, 195 Tudor, Mary (queen of England), 392, 406 along Nile River, 56–57, 60 trans-Asian system, 204 Tudor Dynasty, 404–47 of ancient Greece, 127, 128, 131–32, 135–36 transatlantic commercial network, 374, 375, Tughlugs Dynasty, 289, 290 of ancient Rome, 179 377–78 Tula, 358 in ancient sub-Saharan Africa, 74 of U.S., 573, 580, 613, 643, 644, 736 Tunis, 316 of Axum, 347 See also commerce; Silk Road; slave trade Tunisia, 341, 587, 592, 715, 716, 722 of Aztecs, 341–352, 360 trade routes Tupi tribe, 434 of Brazil, 734 of ancient and medieval times, 376–77 Turkey of Cahokia peoples, 368 of ancient Greece, 127 Antigonid’s control, 149–150 causes of, 35–37, 111–12 sea-routes in Indian Ocean, 204–5, 315 creation, 245, 665–66 of Celts, 122 transatlantic route, 374, 375, 377–78 Crimean War, 490 of Chimú, 200 See also Silk Road European infiltration, 586 of China, 415, 565 tradition Greek city-states in, 129, 131, 139, 147 Chinese ban on foreign trade, 566–67, 572 attacks on, 372, 375, 447, 451–52, 469, 473 gunpowder empire, 585–86, 596–98 commercial revolution’s effect, 497 in British colonies, 516, 518 Hittite Empire, 119–120 connection to agricultural development, 112 effect of population pressures, 380 janissaries, 291, 376 Crusades’ revival, 294, 313, 315–17, 328 effect on commerce, 386 Ottoman control, 245 development in ancient urban areas, 28, 34, failures, 601 relationship with Soviet Union, 666 111–12 Hume’s view, 462 removal of U.S. missiles, 742 development of in the Fertile Crescent, 35–37, nation-state formation as challenge, 416, Seleucid’s control, 148, 149 111–12 487–88, 747–48 Shiite Muslim attack, 598 development of wheel for transportation, 36, reproduced in North American colonies, 517 trade in opium, 573 112 resurgence, 760 Versailles, Treaty of, 635 diffusion of culture, 35, 117 Trajan (emperor of Rome), 178 wars over control of Istanbul, 490 diffusion of plants, animals, pathogens, 28–29, trans-Asian trade system, 204 Turkish Nationalist Party, 666 30, 81, 129, 191, 206, 209, 218, 223, 319, 321, transatlantic commercial network, 374, 375, Turkish Republic, 665 351, 377, 435 377–78, 601 Turkmanchay, Treaty of, 604 Dutch theory of value, 396 transcendental, the, 138–39, 159, 281, 447 Turkmenistan, 161, 727 as encouragement to nomadic invasions, 224 transhumance grazing, 120 Turks of English colonies, 396–97 Transjordan, 722 cavalry attacks on China, 125–26 exchange of ideas and technology, 112, 119, translation bureau (China), 252 conversion to Islam, 243 206–7, 219 transportation defeat of Constantinople, 327, 538 of Fertile Crescent, 19–20, 24 development of new technologies, 416–422, introduction of gunpowder, 278 global commercial outposts, 397–99 749 Mongol attacks, 278

I-38 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II push to capture parts of Europe, 323 imperialism, 373, 514, 533, 580, 607, 613–14, United States v. Harris, 524 struggle with Russia, 543 644, 677, 730, 736 Universal Suffrage Act (Japan), 652 See also Ottoman Empire; Ottoman Turks independence, 520 universe, geocentric/heliocentric theories, Tutankhamun (pharaoh of Egypt), 64 Industrial Revolution, 522, 642 449–452, 458, 469 Tuthmoses I (pharaoh of Egypt), 62 industry, 642–43, 645 universities Tuthmoses II (pharaoh of Egypt), 62 interests in Latin America, 729–730, 737 in Africa, 596 Tuthmoses III (pharaoh of Egypt), 62 international loans, 645, 646 development of in High Middle Ages, 318–19 Tutsis, 589, 719 intervention in Middle East, 756 in Iran, 667 Twelvers, 242, 600 involvement in Afghanistan, 755 in Japan, 531, 709 Twenty-One Demands, 651, 658, 659 involvement in Vietnam War, 704, 742 in Latin American colonies, 555 Two Treatises on Government (Locke), 455 Islamists’ view of, 726, 755–56 madrassas, 345 typhus, 427, 477 isolationism, 635, 644, 660, 682, 749 in Ottoman Empire, 599 Tyre, 148, 149 justification of imperialism, 510 in U.S., 643 Korean War, 698 untouchables, 79, 80, 85 U-2 incident, 741 land grant programs, 643 Upanishads, 87, 88, 89, 90 Ubaid Culture, 25 Latin American debt, 515 Ur, 47 U-boats, 621 Latin American relations, 656 Ur III, 38, 41, 48 Uganda, 592, 717, 719 loans to Germany, 636 Urabi (Egyptian colonel), 595 uhuru (freedom), 714 Marshall Plan, 693–95, 705 urban division of labor. See labor uji-no-kami (Japanese patriarch), 267 mass media manipulation of public opinion, urban hierarchy Ukraine, 535, 536, 537, 613, 757 615, 617 agriculture and development, 2, 6, 24–26 Ukrainians, 639 Mexican-American War, 671 of ancient Egypt, 57–58, 116 Ulama (learned), 238–39 migrations to, 746–47 commercial zones of in Middle Ages, 318 Umar (Islamic Caliph), 240–41 NAFTA, 733 development of in Mesopotamia, 24–26, Umayyads, 240, 241–43, 598 nation-state formation, 515, 516–525, 642, 670 33–35 Umma (community of Islam), 239–240, 241 New Deal, 646 in England, 372, 389, 390, 480 Unam Scanctum (Papal Bull), 327 occupation of Japan, 705–8 as feature of nation-states, 497 unequal treaties, 575, 579, 661 open door policy, 580, 652, 656 in Germany, 471 United Arab Emirates, 722 Panama Canal construction, 730 in Great Britain, 470 United Arab Republic, 741 protection of Mexico, 671 in Greece city-states, 130–32, 134–35 United Kingdom. See Great Britain protection of Taiwan, 699 in Italy, 471 United Nations (UN) racial inequality, 643–44 lacking in Italy, 491 creation, 693, 714 relations with China, 697, 704–5, 743, 744, lacking in Middle East, 723 creation of Israel, 723 750–51 of Sumer, 34 independence granted to Libya, 717 relations with Cuba, 580, 615–16, 643, 644, Urban II (pope), 312–13 intervention in East Africa, 719 729–730, 735–37 urban skills involvement in Korean War, 698 relations with Egypt, 716 in Athens, 136 membership, 748 relations with Iran, 725 creation of national awareness, 471 Security Council, 704, 717 relations with Israel, 756 as feature of nation-states, 372, 497–98 World Health Organization, 757 relations with Japan, 525, 527, 532, 579, 709 in Islamic world, 353 United States relations with Latin American countries, 656, in Japan, 531 agriculture, 643, 646, 746 729–731 lacking in Latin America, 555, 674 AIDS, 721 response to Japanese aggression, 651, 655 lacking in Middle East, 723 arms race, 511, 704 revolution, 520 in medieval Europe, 318, 329, 331 assassination of bin Laden, 755 roaring twenties, 645 as prerequisite to communism, 506–7, 626 Bay of Pigs incident, 737, 741 role in Arab-Israeli conflict, 724–25 required for industrialization, 470 Berlin Airlift, 694 sales of Native American lands, 521 of Sumerians, 26 birth-control program, 759 segregation, 515, 523, 524–25, 547, 643–44, Urban VI (pope), 328 civil rights movement, 751–53 691, 751–53 Urban VII (pope), 311–12 Civil War, 523–24, 563, 642 sense of superiority, 499, 509–10, 511, 607, 613 urbanization cold war, 608–9, 690–95, 730–31 slavery, 673 in contemporary world, 746 containment policy, 693, 698, 730–31, 742–44, Spanish-American War, 580, 615–16, 643, 644, in England, 388, 478, 479–480 755 729–730, 736 in Japan, 710 Cuban Missile Crisis, 737 stock market crash (1929), 645–46 in Latin American capitals, 729 cultural dichotomy, 645 Suez War, 716 potential for democracy based on, 471 Declaration of Independence, 473, 520 terrorist attacks, 755, 756 in Russia, 549 détente, 744 trade, 573, 580, 613, 643, 644, 736 Urdu (Persian language), 351 development as a nation-state, 552–53 transcontinental railroad, 643, 644 Uruguay, 733 division between South and North, 522–23 U-2 incident, 741 Uruk period, 26 economy, 645–46 Versailles, Treaty of, 634–35, 644, 659 Urwat al Wuthqa journal, 668 effects of World War I, 624, 642 Vietnam War, 742–44, 750 U.S.S.R.. See Soviet Union establishment of differential of power, 497–99 War of 1812, 521 Uthman (Caliph of Islam), 241 expansion of territory, 521–22 war on terrorism, 756 utopia, 517 failure to produce internal coherence, 534 wars against Iraq, 756 Utopia (More), 337 government, 608–9, 691 women’s movement in, 753–54 Uzbekistan, 161, 286, 598, 727, 755 Great Depression, 636, 645–47 as world power, 625, 644, 676, 690–95 ideology, 690, 691 World War I, 618, 621–23, 642, 644 Vaishnavite (devotee of Vishnu), 288 illusion of progress, 612–13 World War II, 677, 682–86 Vaishyas (herders and farmers), 79, 80 immigration, 644 United States Steel Corporation, 642 Valens (emperor of Eastern Roman Empire), 226

INDEX | I39 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Valerian (Roman emperor), 165 attack on tradition, 459 Marx’s theory concerning, 505–6 Valla, Lorenzo (Italian intellectual) call for expansion of royal absolutism, 473 as means to formation of nation-states, Notes on the New Testament, 336 Candide, 472–73 474–78, 490–91, 492 philosophy, 335 Letters Concerning the English, 472–73 between Mecca and Medina, 235 Valois Dynasty, 385, 402 preparation for acceptance of Locke’s theories, in medieval Europe, 320, 323–24 Vandals, 226 454–55 in Mesoamerica, 357 Vargas, Getulio (ruler of Brazil), 729, 734 view of English government, 472–73 of Mongols, 275–76, 277–78 vaspuhragan (Sassanian clan members), 165 voluntarism, 625, 631, 633, 750 of Muslims, 588 vassals, 305 voting rights of Mycenaeans, 129 Vastaryushan (farmers), 166 in England, 481 in the name of religion, 244, 294, 312–15, 329, Vedantas (writings after the Vedas), 87 in Germany, 495 375, 380–81, 384–86, 397, 407, 588, 596–99, Vedas (Indian oral tradition), 77, 78–80, 84–85, in Italy, 491 711, 713, 714, 726–27, 748. See also jihad 115, 160 in Japan, 650, 652, 707, 710 of Native Americans, 516 Vedic civilization, 77–80, 84–86 in U.S., 524, 644, 752 nature of in modern world, 617–18 Velásquez, Don Diego (governor of Cuba), 429, Voting Rights Act (1965), 752 on nomadic tribes, 46 431 Vulgate (St. Jerome), 336 of nomads, 224–27 Venetia, 299 vuzurgan (Sassanian nobility), 165 origins in ancient world, 2, 27 Venezuela, 553, 670 over control of strategic positions, 399, 603–4, Venus (Roman deity), 177 wage-fund, 503–4 616–17 Verdun, Battle of, 620–21 wages, 502, 503–4 over ideologies, 690, 699, 742–44 Verdun, Treaty of, 300 al-Wahabi, Mohammed ibn-Abd (leader of over succession of rulers, 391, 432, 488, 552 Versailles, 350 Wahabi movement), 667 over territory, 723–24, 727 Versailles, Treaty of Wahabi movement, 667 over tragic events, 756 affirmation of colonialism, 714 Wales, 398 of Parthian Persia, 169 drafting, 634–35, 644, 659, 660 Wallachia, 602 of people’s war, 744, 748 failure, 642, 705 Walpole, Sir Robert (chancellor of the exchequer, of Persia, 47, 160–62, 163–64 German violations of, 640 England), 410 of Roman Empire, 153, 163, 164 Hitler’s view of, 638, 639 Walter the Penniless (Crusader), 313 of Scythians, 123 Japan’s gains, 651, 652, 659 Wang Shouren (Chinese scholar-official), 568 of Sea People, 118 protests against in China, 659 war communism, 629–630 of Shaka Zulu, 590 provisions concerning Germany, 625, 636, 659 war contracts, 174, 175 short-war phenomenon, 615–18 Vespasian (emperor of Rome), 178 War of 1812, 521 against terrorism, 737, 756 Vespucci, Amerigo (explorer), 421 War of Spanish Succession, 488, 552 total war, 616, 617, 618–623, 625, 676–686 viceroyalties, 551 War of the Roses, 391 to unite China, 661 viceroys, 422, 432, 551, 553 warfare during U.S. Civil War, 523–24 Victor Emmanuel II (king of Italy), 491, 681, 682 to acquire land in Americas, 521–22, 643 of U.S. troops, 516 Victoria, Guadalupe (Mexican president), 554 in Africa, 345, 589, 590, 718, 719 use of chariots, 62, 77–78, 83, 97 vicuna, 364, 370 among Korean kingdoms, 265 of Volk, 295–96 Viera, Antonio (Jesuit priest), 434 of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, 60, 62–63, 64, of World War I, 619–621, 678 Viet Cong, 742, 743 65 of World War II, 678 Vietnam association with famine and epidemics, 38 See also civil war; coup d’etat; peasant Chinese influence, 250, 258, 266 of Byzantine Empire, 301–2 rebellions; revolution; weapons; and specific civil war, 742–44 in China, 97, 98, 106, 110, 246 war form of capitalism adopted, 631 for commercial expansion, 561–62, 573–75, warlords French creation of Indochina, 574–75 603–4, 605, 616, 648–49, 655 in Africa, 340, 344, 345, 589, 719 insurrection against French, 699 conflict over water rights in Sumer, 37–39 in China, 97, 98, 221, 658, 659, 660, 661 liberation movement, 608 cost, 617–18 Warring States Era (Japan), 273 Mongol control, 278 demoralization, 625–26 Warring States period (China), 22, 97, 98, 100, religion, 219, 258 for economic stability, 655 102, 659 Vietnam War, 704, 742–44, 750 between factions and clans, 718, 719, 747–48 Warsaw Pact, 694, 739 Vijayalaya (ruler in India), 284, 290 general European war, 475 Washington, George (president of United States), Vijayasena (ruler in India), 283 of Greeks, 118 520 Vikings, 226, 303, 308 guerrilla warfare, 616 Washington Conference Treaties, 652 violence, 613–623. See also civil war; peasant guild wars, 326–27 washt (Parthian army unit), 163 rebellions; revolution; riots; warfare; between Hebrew states, 49–50 water frame, 479 weapons in Hellenistic world, 151–54 water management, 2, 9, 24, 33–37, 54. See also Virgil (author) Hitler’s view of, 636–37 canals; dams; irrigation Aeneid, 177 impact of religious wars, 375, 380–81, 384–86, Watergate scandal, 743, 744 Virginia Joint-Stock Company, 397, 398, 444, 516 458 Waterloo, Battle of, 477, 484, 521 Vishnu (Aryan deity), 89 for independence from foreign domination, Watt, James (inventor), 480 Vishnu (Hindu deity), 287–88, 559–560 594–95. See also decolonization Way, the Visigoths, 188, 225, 242, 300 within India, 280, 281 of Chinese mythology, 94 vita activa (active life), 331 introduction of cavalry, 68, 123–26 of Daoism, 101 vita contemplativa (monastic life), 331 introduction of iron weapons, 65, 68, 81–82, weapons volcanic eruptions, 113, 119, 129 118–122 armored warships, 498, 512 Volk (German tribes), 295–96, 306 of Iroquois Confederation, 369 arms race, 511–14, 614 Volkgeist (spirit of the people), 500–501, 638 Islamism’s redefinition of, 722 atomic bomb, 608, 676, 686, 692–93 Volkgemeinschaft (new order), 687 in Japan, 271–73 biological weapons, 693 Voltaire (philosophe) of Macedonia, 136–37 bow and arrow, 367

I-40 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II breech-loading rifles, 495, 498, 513–14, 619 climate shift in middle years affecting, 320, 379 lesson, 608 chariot, 62, 77–78, 83, 97, 113 diffusion, 53, 131 style of combat, 619–620 composite bow, 161 domestication, 7, 8, 9, 16, 18, 19 World War II compound bow, 114 as trade product of North America, 398, 399, battles, 678–686 crossbow, 227, 316, 318, 380 613 beginning, 640–41, 677–78 for defense against knight, 316, 317, 318, 380 wheel casualties, 608, 684, 685, 686–690, 706 determination of geography of combat, absence in Americas, 23, 191, 201, 366, 370, decolonization following, 607, 609, 686, 619–620, 676–77 426 696–737 of European conquerors in New World, 433 absence in sub-Saharan Africa, 24, 71, 72, 74, effects, 607, 676, 686, 690, 705 Greek fire, 301–2 371, 435 geographic arena, 676–77, 678 gunpowder, 227, 254, 278, 316, 318, 380 development and diffusion, 24, 36, 67, 112–13 German and Japanese empire-building, 608 hydrogen bomb, 608, 676, 692–93 refinements for chariots, 113 India’s involvement, 711 intercontinental guided missiles, 693 wheel of life, 88, 90, 223 Latin American participation, 730, 734 introduction during religious wars, 386 wheelbarrow, 316 lesson, 608 introduction of iron weapons, 65, 68, 81–82 Whig Party, 411, 453 mass murder, 686–690 lance, 161–62 White Huns, 69, 224, 227, 282 weapons of mass destruction, 676, 686 longbow, 227, 318, 324, 380 White Lotus Society, 261, 569 worldview machine gun, 590, 594, 595, 604, 614, 617, white man’s burden, 510 of Buddhists, 87, 89 619–620, 687 white supremacy, 594 of Catholics vs. Greek Orthodox, 302–3 of mass destruction, 676 Wilhelm (kaiser of Germany), 622 change, 206, 451–52 mines, 621 Wilhelm I (king of Germany), 492, 493 of Chinese, 93, 252, 262 musket, 254, 386, 498, 513 Wilhelm II (king of Germany), 634–35 of Egyptians, 51–52, 59 needle gun, 495, 498, 513 William III (king of England), 411–12, 453 in Europe following scientific revolution, onboard ships, 498 William of Normandy (duke of Normandy and 451–52, 453, 469 of people’s war, 744, 748 king of England), 308–9 of Greco-Christian culture, 294, 302, 313, pike, 227, 318, 380 William of Ockham (philosopher), 448, 451 318–19 pilia, 172 William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy and of Greeks, 138–39, 142 power of imperialism, 590 king of England), 308, 323 of Hebrews, 47 proliferation of nuclear weapons, 748 Williams v. Mississippi, 524 of Hellenists, 154–58, 160 rifles, 494, 495, 513, 514, 523, 562–63, 590–91, Wilson, Woodrow (president of the U.S.) of Hindus, 77, 82, 83, 84–85, 561, 562 594, 595, 604, 616, 619, 620 entrance into World War I, 621, 640 of Hitler, 636–37 sarissa, 136, 153 intervention in Latin America, 730 of Locke, 452–58 shift in differential of power, 498, 594 Versailles, Treaty of, 634, 635, 644, 659 of medieval Europe, 294 smokeless gunpowder, 616 view of decolonization, 696 of Mesopotamians, 43 spear, 130 winds, 12–14, 61, 320, 419 resistance to colonization based on, 747 standardization of, 46 Wolf, Eric R. (historian), 546 of Romans, 93, 182, 262 trireme, 130–31, 132 women of Sikhs, 560, 562 U-boats, 621 in Afghanistan, 755 Worship-God Society, 575 used in Africa, 440, 443, 497, 594, 595 in Africa, 339, 340, 342, 349, 440, 595 writing of World War I, 608, 619–620 in ancient Egypt, 62–63 absence in Americas, 201 world wars as product of, 618, 619–620, 676 in China, 107, 108, 215–16, 252, 258 in ancient Greece, 127 See also cannon; gunpowder Islamic fundamentalist repression, 754–55 in ancient India, 76, 79, 84 Wei Dynasty, 225 New Feminism movement, 753–54 Catholic Church’s emphasis on, 297 Wei Kingdom, 221–22 in Persian Empire, 125 in China, 92–93, 95, 103, 110 Wei River valley, 15, 16 religious acknowledgement of, 207 development in the ancient world, 2, 5, 11, 19, Weimar Republic, 623, 629, 634–36 rights in Japan, 707, 710 39–40, 112 welfare programs. See social safety net rights in U.S., 522, 644 in Egypt, 39, 53, 57, 59 Wellesley, Arthur (Duke of Wellington), 562 in Rome, 179–180 of Harappan civilization, 76 Wellesley, Richard Colley (governor of India), 562 in Sassanian Empire, 166–67 impact of Phoenician alphabet, 121 wergild (price of crime), 297 in Sparta, 130, 133–34 importance in Middle Ages, 318 West Africa suffrage in Great Britain, 481 in Japan, 268 arrival of Islam, 342–46 women’s war, 595 in Korea, 264–65 British colonies, 592 world in Mesoamerica, 194, 197 effects of slave trade, 442–46 from 200 BCE to 200 CE, 32, 202 of Native North Americans, 366 emergence of kingdoms, 343–44 civilizations and empires, 354 Wu Kingdom, 222 French colonies, 592 from death of Mohammed, 632-750 CE, 232 Wu Zetian (empress dowager of China), 252 independence movements, 717 papal division of, 421–22 Wynfrith (Saint Boniface), 297 metallurgy, 73 World Health Assembly, 757 Wyoming Territory, 644 nation formation, 344, 714 World Health Organization (WHO), 757 slave trade, 441 World War I X, Malcolm (Black Muslim leader), 751–52, 753 trade, 592 as beginning of postmodern era, 607 xenophobia, 645 West Central Africa, 586–87 casualties, 608, 620–21 Xerxes III (Persian king), 147, 160 West Francia, 300, 305–7, 308 effects, 373, 602, 607–8, 622–23, 624, 625, 644, Xia Dynasty, 94, 110 West Indies, 389, 398, 399, 440. See also 651, 658, 671, 681 Xioa-Xu (emperor of China), 108–9 Caribbean Islands entrance of U.S., 618, 644 Xiongnu (nomadic tribe), 104, 106–7, 125–26, Western Chalukyas, 283 geographic arena, 618–623 224–26. See also Huns; Mongols Western Hemisphere. See Americas initial event, 618 Xu Guangqi (Chinese Christian convert), 570 Westphalia, Treaty of, 385, 401, 402 Italian role, 681 Xuan Zang (Buddhist monk), 251–52 wheat Japanese goals, 642, 651 Xun Zi (Chinese philosopher), 101–2

INDEX | I41 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Yahjur Veda (oral tradition of Aryan people), 78, Youchao Shi (Chinese culture hero), 94 Zeng Guofan (Han scholar-official), 577, 578–79 85 Young Plan, 636 Zeno (Greek mathematician), 140, 141, 142, 143, Yalta Conference, 693 Young Turkey movement, 665 182 Yamato Plain, 268 Younger Dryas, 8–9 Zeno of Citium (Hellenistic philosopher), yams, 18–19, 72, 351 Yu (Chinese ancient king), 94 157–58, 182 Yang Guifei (concubine of Tang Xuanzong), 253 Yuan Dynasty, 254 Zeus (Greek god), 159 Yang Guozhong (minister in Tang China), 253 Yuan Qu (poetic drama), 261 Zhang Daoling (high priest of Five Bushels Yang Jian (emperor of China), 225 Yuan Shikai (president of Republic of China), 582, church), 221 Yangtze River valley, 15, 93, 246, 255, 565–66 583, 658 Zhang Jiao (leader of Yellow Turbans), 221 Yao (Chinese ancient king), 94 Yuanming Yuan, 574 Zhang Qian (Chinese envoy), 107 Yarmuk, battle of, 69 Yugoslavia, 622, 635 Zhang Zeduan (Chinese artist), 256–57 Yasodharman, 282 Yungang Grotto, 247 Zhang Zuolin (Chinese warlord), 653 Yayoi people, 267 Zhao Kuangyin (emperor of China), 254 Yayoi period (Japan), 267–68, 525, 647 Zacharias (pope), 299 Zheng He (Chinese admiral), 566–67 Ye Jiangyi (Chinese marshal), 704 Zagwe Dyasty, 350 Zhou Dynasty, 22, 94, 97, 110, 116–17 yellow fever, 427, 757 Zahir ud din Muhammad Babur (Turkish invader Zhou Enlai (Chinese communist), 661, 701 Yellow River, 16, 91–92 of India), 290 Zhu De (Chinese revolutionary), 662 Yellow River valley, 255 zaibatsu (treasury-rich families), 531, 707–8 Zhu Xi (Chinese philosopher), 258 Yellow Turbans rebellion, 218, 221 Zaire, 719 Zhu Yuanzhang (emperor of China), 261, 564–65 Yelu Chucai (Mongol advisor), 259–260 Zakat (alms giving), 236, 237 ziggurats, 35, 43 Yemen, 722 Zambezi River, 442 Zimbabwe, 720 Yen Di (Chinese culture hero), 94 al-Zanj (black people), 351 Zinoviev, Gregori Yevseyevich (communist), 633, Yersinia pestis. See bubonic plague Zanzibar, 351, 589, 591 688–89 Yi Dynasty, 266 Zapotec communities, 194, 195, 370 Zionism, 723 Yikunno-Amlak (Ethiopian king), 350 Zarayakob (king of Ethiopia), 350 Zollverein (tariff union), 494, 495 Yoga, 87 Zaria, 347–48 Zoroastrianism, 124, 125, 164, 165–66, 167, 206 Yom Kippur War, 716, 724, 725 Zayids, 242 Zulu, 590 Yongzheng (emperor of China), 569 Zealots, 183 Zululand, 590 Yoruba, 346, 348 Zeitgeist, 500 Zuo Zongtang (Han scholar-official), 577, 578–79 Yoshida Shigeru (Japanese prime minister), 708 zemski sobor (Russian advisory), 540, 541, 542

I-42 | WORLD HISTORY: Volume II