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Index — VOLUMES I & II Al Bakri (geographer), 344 failure of traditional system, 601 in People’s Republic of China, 700 al Manar magazine, 669 German loss of holdings, 656 percentage of population engaged in, 751 Abbasid Caliphate, 243–45, 278, 289 immunities of inhabitants, 424 Physiocrats’ concept of production, 459, 463 Abdallahi, Khalifa (rebel in Sudan), 614 introduction of foreign plants, 443 plantation system, 398 Abduh, Mohammed (leader of Modernist iron manufacturing, 73–74 in Prussia, 746 Movement), 592 Islam, 233, 341–352, 585, 586, 596 reclaiming of salinated soils, 162 Abdul, Mohammed (Mufti of Egypt), 668 land exposed following Ice Age, 189 revolution in England, 389–391, 394, 401 al-Abidine Ben Ali, Zine (ruler of Tunisia), 716 marriage practices, 443 in Roman Empire, 179 Abraham (father of Hebrews), 47, 48, 51, 236 Marx’s view of, 507 in Russia, 536 absolute monarchy. See royal absolutism Portuguese exploration and trade, 421, 422 selective breeding, 389–390, 478 absolute property, 409 pre-Islamic times, 52–74 in Spain, 387, 401 Abu Bakr (successor to Mohammed), 241 religion, 340–41, 343, 344, 585 in sub-Saharan Africa, 442 Abu Hureyra region, 9 responses to imperialism, 585 three-field system, 389–390 Abu Talib (Mohammed’s uncle), 234 revolutions, 608 in U.S., 516, 643, 644, 646, 746 Abu-al-Abbas (Muslim rebel leader), 243 role of women, 339 See also cultivation; plants; plow; symbiosis of Abuyyids, 244 slavery and slave trade, 342, 346–48, 398, 416, agriculture Achaemenid Dynasty, 123–24, 150, 160 435–39, 440–41, 516 Ahmed, Mohammed (rebel in Sudan), 594, 614 Act of Supremacy, 337, 406 state formation, 340–41, 344 Ahmed Shah (liberator of Afghanistan), 603 Act of Uniformity, 406 trade, 341–352 Ahmose (pharaoh of Egypt), 115 Actium, 147, 148 trade settlements, 339, 371 Ahreman/Ahriman (prince of darkness/evil), Adages (Erasmus), 336 tribal warfare, 589 124, 166 adela (imperceptibles), 156 See also Egypt; Nilotic Civilization; sub- Ahura Mazda (Zoroastrian deity), 124, 165 adobe (sun-baked brick), 198 Saharan Africa; and specific area or country AIDS, 718, 721, 757 Adrian IV (pope), 328 African Americans Ainu people, 267 Adriatic Sea, 129 civil rights movement, 751–773 Aisin Gioro (Manchu leader), 568 Adulis, Ethiopia, 69 conditions after emancipation, 643 Akbar (emperor of Mogul Empire), 558, 559 aediles (Roman city managers), 174 enslavement, 516, 522, 523, 524 Akhenaton (pharaoh of Egypt), 63 Aegean area, 123, 129. See also specific country segregation, 515, 523–25, 547, 643–44, 751–52 Akkadia, 43, 44, 59 Aeneid (Virgil), 177 African military societies, 589–590 Alam Shah (sultan in India), 290 Aeolian Greek (language), 150 African National Congress (ANC), 720 Alammani, 226 Aeropagus (Aeschylus), 144 Africans, 424, 674. See also slavery/slaves Alauddin Khalji (shah in India), 290 Aeschylus (Greek tragedian) Afrikaners, 442, 589, 590, 591, 616, 720 Albania, 694 Aeropagus, 144 Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 144 Aleppo, 316 Agamemnon, 144 Age of Discovery, 372, 566–68 Alexander II (czar of Russia), 490, 546, 548 Choephoroe, 144 Age of the Shoguns, 272–74 Alexander II (pope), 310 Eumenides, 144 Aghilabi Emirate, 244 Alexander III (pope), 328 Aetius (Roman general), 226 Agni (Aryan god), 79 Alexander IV (Alexander the Great’s son), 149 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din (Muslim leader), 668, Agoge (military training), 133 Alexander the Great (Macedonian king) 669 agriculture charisma, 152 Afghanistan alfalfa cultivation, 162, 163, 227, 390 cities built, 149–150 Alexander’s conquest, 148 in Argentina, 746 conquests, 81, 83, 137–38, 147–48, 160, 214 British invasion, 562 Babcock butterfat test, 643 Epicurus’ view of, 156 development of cultivation, 112 breeding of warhorses, 162 troops, 153 independence for Islamic rule, 602–3 in China, 250, 255–56, 259–260, 564, 569, 699 Alexander VI (pope), 421, 433 independence from Persian rule, 603 in contemporary world, 758 Alexandria, 149, 150, 179, 316, 322 Islamist movement, 754–55 crop rotation, 389, 390, 478 Alexis Romanov (czar of Russia), 542 Muslim stronghold, 286, 289, 599 COPYRIGHTEDof Cuba, 735, 736 MATERIALAlexius I (Byzantine emperor), 313 nomadic invasions, 278 effect on environment, 1–2, 33, 37, 43–44, 54, alfalfa, 162, 163, 227, 390 peasant rebellions, 758 71, 77, 91–92, 255–56, 426 Algeria Persian conquest, 47 in Egypt, 181, 588, 716 civil war, 717 Soviet invasion, 727, 744–45, 755 enclosure of fields, 389–390, 409, 478, 517 French invasion and occupation, 588, 592, 602 Sunni revolt, 602 in England, 389–391, 394, 401, 478–79 independence from France, 608, 715, 717, 722 Taliban regime, 754–55 equal-field system, 247 modernization, 587 U.S. invasion, 756 in Europe, 371 peasant rebellions, 758 Africa fertilizer, 33, 256, 390, 478, 725, 758 piracy, 587 agriculture, 15, 18, 71, 72–73, 758 global warming’s effects, 759 Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), 715 areas of African control, 591 in India, 712 Algonquians, 201, 369 changes in middle years, 229 intensive vs. extensive, 11, 26–27, 123, 126, Ali, Mohammed Ali (Ottoman mercenary), 588 Christian missionaries, 595–96 275. See also nomads Ali ibn Husain (Imam of Islam), 242, 598 climatic effects on development, 66 in Japan, 268, 272, 531, 649, 706, 707 Ali ibn-abi Talib (Caliph of Islam), 241 consequences of foreign domination, 595–96 in Korea, 263 Aliens. See foreigners decolonization, 696, 714–722 land tenure system, 272 Allah (Muslim deity), 231, 233, 235–37, 239, 245 domestication of animals, 18 in Late Middle Ages, 319, 320 Allenby, Edmund Henry (British general), 667 effects of slave trade, 442–46 Marx’s theory concerning, 505 Alliance for Progress, 731 European colonization, 397, 439–441, 590–96 in Mexico, 733 Allied powers (World War I), 618–623, 634, 666 INDEX | I1 Index— VOLUMES I & II (continued) Allies (World War II), 679, 683–86, 693, 708 Inca culture, 192, 363–66, 432–33 European epidemics, 433 allodial title, 409 in middle years, 231 exports, 671 Almoravids, 344 Spanish control, 386–87, 396, 422, 432–33, 550 financial crisis, 737 alpaca, 23, 364, 370 Andronovo people, 77 liberation through revolution, 553 Alvar (devotee of Vishnu), 288 Angles, 226 MERCOSUR, 733 Alvarado, Pedro de (Spanish soldier), 431 Anglican Church, 337, 392, 406–7, 408, 410–11 modernization, 729 “Amazing Grace” (Newton), 441 Anglo-Japanese Treaty, 649 nation formation, 670 American Holocaust, 427 Angola, 441, 720, 721 nomadic peoples, 193, 200–201 American Occupation Authority, 706–9 animals peasant rebellions, 758 American Revolution, 405, 473, 520, 552 consequences of domestication, 2, 5, 9–12, Spanish control, 434, 551, 670–71 Americas 28–31 war with Brazil, 673 anti-slavery sentiments, 586 diffusion of varieties, 189, 377–78 aristocracy arrival of Europeans, 373 diseases of in Africa, 23, 71 in British colonies in America, 516, 518 arrival of humans, 189, 423 domestication, 10–11, 20–25, 27, 43, 72, of China, 575–76 colonization, 415–16 112–13, 191, 192, 194, 435 in England, 390, 392, 397, 404 development of cities, 192–94 factors affecting domestication, 10–12, 20 erosion, 754 development of cultivation, 14–15, 16–18, 22, lack of domesticated species in Americas, 191, in France, 403, 404, 405, 410, 474 189–190 192, 355, 356, 370 of Poland, Germany, Spain, 404–5 domestication of animals, 23, 192, 426 migration of Asian species into Africa, 23, of Russia, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544–45 English colonies, 388–89, 396–97 72–73 Aristotle (Greek philosopher) exploration and conquest, 382, 430–34 omega animals, 1, 2, 10–11, 66, 194 concept of god, 159 geographic isolation, 22–23, 189–190, 191, selective breeding, 162–63, 227, 389, 390, 478 concept of Monads, 159 355–56, 370, 371, 377, 423, 427, 428, 497 source of disease, 23, 28–30, 71, 192, 205, 209, response to decline of Greece, 138, 182, 214 metallurgy, 191 210, 301, 320–22, 401, 427, 429, 721 revival of his philosophy, 331, 499 in middle years, 355–370 See also horses theory of causation, 142–43, 157, 187 migrations into, 746 animism, 340–41, 343, 344, 586–87 theory of Prime Mover, 159, 187 plants and fish transported to Europe, 377–380 Annals of the Spring and Autumn (Kong Zi), 99 view of human reality, 159 separation from Spain, 489 Anschluss (union), the, 640 view of soul, 158, 159 slave rebellions, 441 Anshi, Wang (prime minister of China), 258–59 vision of logos, 139 slavery, 439, 440, 443 Antigon (Greek king), 138 Arius (theologian), 186–87 Spanish colonies, 396, 516 Antigone (Sophocles), 144, 145 Ark of the Covenant, 350 See also Latin America; Mesoamerica; North Antigonid Dynasty, 138, 149–150 Arkwright, Richard (inventor), 479 America; South America; and specific Antigonus Gonatas (Alexander’s general), 148, Armenia/Armenians, 665, 666, 727 country 149 arms race Amorites, 38, 40–41 Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Macedonian king), in Europe, 511–14, 614 Amos (Hebrew prophet), 50 149 following World War II, 690, 704 Amritsar Massacre, 712 Antioch, 150, 313 SALT treaties, 744 Amun of Karnak (Egyptian god), 62, 63, 64, 137 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 700 Arnold, Benedict (American general), 520 Amunhotep III (pharaoh of Egypt), 63 anti-Semitism, 115, 121, 638–39, 723, 724 Arouet, Francois Marie. See Voltaire (philosophe) Amunhotep IV (pharaoh of Egypt), 63–64 Antoine plague, 209–12 Arsacids, 161 An Lushang (Turkic general), 253 Anyang, China, 94, 116 arta mortis (dreadful death). See bubonic plague Anahita (Persian deity), 125 apartheid, 720 Artabanus VI (Parthian ruler), 164 Analects (Kong Zi), 99 apatheia (apathy), 158, 182, 214 Arteshtaran (warriors), 166 analogy, 40 apeiron (the boundless), 139 artificial selection, 1, 7–9, 10–11, 16–25 Anasazi culture, 367 Aphrodite (Greek goddess), 159 artillery. See cannon Anastasius I (Byzantine emperor), 307 apocatastasis (universalism), 186 artisans, 34, 35, 44.