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Muhammad Hamidullah and Islamic Constitutional Law a Thesis Muhammad Hamidullah and Islamic Constitutional Law A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofMaster ofArts and Humanities By Nadira Mustapha The Institute ofIslamic Studies Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research McGill University Montreal June 2002 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 canada canada The author bas granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conselVe la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts frOID it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pemnSSlOn. autorisation. 0-612-79023-1 Canada Abstract Author: Nadira Mustapha Title: Muhammad Hamidullah and Islamic Constitutional Law Department: The Institute ofIslamic Studies, McGill University Degree: Master in Arts and Humanities The socio-political tranquility ofHyderabad-Deccan preceding 1948 facilitated much educational and cultural advancement. This rapidly developing environment provided Hamidullah with the ideal opportunity for educational growth, having eamed five degrees related to the field oflaw by the age of28 in 1936. He began writing at age 18, and thereafter he dedicated his life to literary pursuits. Today, he has written over 100 books and 900 articles; he speaks over 20 languages and writes in over 10 languages. Along with one ofhis major areas offocus, Islamic constitutionallaw, he has written on a variety ofother subject areas, ranging from Islamic theology to Islamic history, from Qur'anic exegesis to Orientalism. This thesis attempts to study five books in the field ofIslamic constitutionallaw by Dr. Muhammad Hamidullah in order to provide a sample to judge and analyze his scholarship. Against the background ofHamidullah's historical and political context coupled with his high level ofreligiosity, the thesis will examine his utilization ofthe scientific approach throughout his writings. This thesis furthermore looks at the potential reasons he chose the path ofstudy that he did, dedicating his entire life to the literary sphere and to a lesser degree the political sphere. It focuses on Hamidullah's 11 thought and methodology as they emerged from his social and political background and as he expressed them in his literary achievements. This thesis, therefore, sets out to develop a critical analysis ofHamidullah's works, his philosophical perspective, and his contribution to contemporary scholarship. Hamidullah has contributed to Islamic scholarship by making available Islamic literature to mixed audiences since he follows the scientific approach, writes in a variety oflanguages, and covers a wide range ofunique topics. Indeed Dr. Muhammad Hamidullah is a well-esteemed scholar offormidable status and prestige in numerous fields ofIslamic history. 111 Résumé Auteur: Nadira Mustapha Titre: Muhammad Hamidullah et la loi constitutionnelle islamique Département: L'Institut des études islamiques - L'Université McGill Licence: Maîtrise en lettres et sciences humaines La tranquillité socio-politique d'Hyderabad-Deccan avant 1948 a facilité beaucoup d'avancement culturel et éducatif. Cet environnement qui se développe rapidement a donné à Muhammad Hamidullah l'opportunité idéale pour une croissance éducative, dans la mesure où il a mérité les cinq diplômes universitaires qu'il a reçus jusqu'à l'âge de 28 ans, en 1936, dans des domaines connexes au droit. Hamidullah a commencé à écrire à l'âge de 18 ans et dès ce moment il s'est dévoué aux travaux littéraires. Il a écrit jusqu'à date plus de 100 livres et 900 articles. Il sait parler plus de 20 langues et il peut écrire en IOde ces langues. En outre de sa matière principale, la loi constitutionnelle islamique, il a écrit dans de différents domaines, qui touchaient non seulement la théologie islamique mais aussi l'histoire islamique de l'exégèse Coran à l'Orientalisme. Dans cette dissertation, on étudiera cinq livres de la loi constitutionnelle islamique écrits par Docteur Muhammad Hamidullah afin de fournir un échantillon pour analyser et juger son érudition. Au fond du contexte historique et politique d'Hamidullah, avec son niveau élevé de sainteté, on examinera l'utilisation de son approche scientifique dans toutes ses écritures. De plus, on étudiera les raisons potentielles qui l'ont poussées à iv suivre ses études, en se dévouant au domaine littéraire at au moindre degré au domaine politique. On met au clair, dans cette dissertation, les pensées et la méthodologie de Muhammad Hamidullah exprimées dans ses œuvres littéraires qui émergent de son milieu socüll et politique. Donc, on propose de développer une analyse critique de ses œuvres, d'examiner son perspective philosophique et sa contribution à l'érudition contemporaine. Muhammad Hamidullah a contribué à l'érudition islamique en mettant la littérature islamique à la disposition d'un grand public parce qu'il suivait l'approche scientifique, il a écrivait en utilisant une variété de langues et il a embrassaint un grand choix de sujets uniques. En effet, Docteur Muhammad Hamidullah est un homme de lettres vénérable, d'un statut préstigieux dans plusieurs domaines connexes à l'histoire islamique. v Acknowledgments This thesis is the product ofa fruitful period ofstudy at McGill University during the years 2000-2001. 1wish to acknowledge and express my gratitude to all who assisted, in one way or the other, in the preparation ofthis thesis. First and foremost, 1 wish to thank Dr. Muhammad Hamidullah and his niece, Sadida Athaullah, for their permission to write this thesis. 1 am grateful to the entire staffofthe Institute ofIslamic Studies, professors, library and administrative staff, and fellow students alike. 1 am thankful to Professor A. Uner Turgay, my supervisor, for his guidance and constructive intellectual criticisms; Professors Donald P. Little and Wael B. Hallaq who offered me valuable suggestions during the formative stages ofthe thesis; Ms Salwa Ferahian and Wayne St. Thomas who exemplified continuous cooperation enabling me to easily obtain materials from the Institute ofIslamic Studies Library at McGill University as well as libraries across the continent. 1 am especially indebted to Dr. YusefKavachi who introduced me to Muhammad Hamidullah as "the unsurpassed Muslim scholar ofthe twentieth century." Without this thought-provoking comment, 1may not have focused on Hamidullah for my research. 1 am also indebted to Dr. Omar Khalidi, Abdul Wahid Hamid, Dr. Sodiq y oshi, Omer Bin Abdullah, and Muhammad Tahir (Librarian ofthe American Studies Research Center at Osmania University) for their instantaneous and valuable suggestions. Special thanks are due to the Islamic Society ofNorth America (ISNA) for assisting me in various areas ofresearch and directing me to sources ofinterest. VI I would like to acknowledge the many people who have inspired me in a number ofways throughout the writing ofthis thesis. Among them are my colleagues, Fauzia AbdaIla, Shaema Imam, and Carl SharifEltobgui from Montreal, Canada, in addition to Maryam Johnson who I met during my studies and research in the Middle East. I would like to thank my entire family for their patience and valuable suggestions, especially my brother Gamal Mustapha for his computer-related advice. Last, but most importantly, this thesis is dedicated to my parents, Zolaikha and Waheed Mustapha, for their love, continuous support and encouragement - aIl ofwhich made this thesis possible. vii Transliteration The system ofArabic transliteration used in this thesis is that ofthe Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. Common names such as Hyderabad will be written according to the conventional English spellings. The short vowels fàt1}.a, kasra, and ç/amma are respectively translated as "a," "i," and "u." The long vowels, alifand aHf maqsüra, ya and waw are respectively rendered as "a," ''l,'' and "ü." The harnza at the end ofa word is represented by an apostrophe. The ta' marbüta is transliterated as "a" in the pause form, and "at" in construct form. t :::: a oD= 4 ";-'= b ..b = J ü =t ~ = ?: .. , ..... = d t = = jh =ah t ë. ~ C = ~ ...s = f G: = kh c3 =q oS - d c!J =k :,. - dh J = 1 J = r f" = m ) = z ,j = n 0"" =S ,J = w cP- =sh .A = h (.,)A = ~ v: = y Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Résumé iv Acknowledgements vi Transliteration viii Table ofContents '" ix Introduction 1 1. Formation ofthe Problem '" 1 2. The Purpose ofthis Study 7 3. Procedure ofthe Investigation 8 Chapter One: Muhammad Hamidullah: His Historical and Political Environment 12 1. Hyderabad: Home ofHamidullah 13 2. Education Years in the West 17 3. The 1948 Operation Polo Milieu '" 19 4. Exilein France 22 5. Glimpses ofHamidullah's Religiosity 25 6. Why Islamic Constitutional Law? 27 Chapter Two: Muhammad Hamidullah And
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