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Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on Its Fundamentals
International Journal of Philosophy and Theology September 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 93-106 ISSN: 2333-5750 (Print), 2333-5769 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on its Fundamentals Parisa Ghorbannejad1 Abstract Islamic Sufism started in Azerbaijan later than other Islamic regions for some reasons.Early Sufis in this region had been inspired by mysterious beliefs of Zarathustra which played an important role in future path of Sufism in Iran the consequences of which can be seen in illumination theory. This research deals with the reason of the delay in the advent of Sufism in Azerbaijan compared with other regions in a descriptive analytic method. Studies show that the deficiency of conqueror Arabs, loyalty of ethnic people to Iranian religion and the influence of theosophical beliefs such as heart's eye, meeting the right, relation between body and soul and cross evidences in heart had important effects on ideas and thoughts of Azerbaijan's first Sufis such as Ebn-e-Yazdanyar. Investigating Arab victories and conducting case studies on early Sufis' thoughts and ideas, the author attains considerable results via this research. Keywords: Sufism, Azerbaijan, Zarathustra, Ebn-e-Yazdanyar, Islam Introduction Azerbaijan territory2 with its unique geography and history, was the cultural center of Iran for many years in Sasanian era and was very important for Zarathustra religion and Magi class. 1 PhD, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch,WestAzarbayjan, Iran. -
(Dakhma) in Iran (A Case Study of Zoroastrian's Towe
Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (61): 57-70 / Jul. 2018 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2018.63865 Persian translation of this paper entitled: راهبردی نظری برای باززنده سازی دخمه های زرتشتیان در ایران (نمونۀ موردی : دخمۀ زرتشتیان کرمان) is also published in this issue of journal. A Theoretical Approach to Restoration of Zoroastrian’s Tower of Silence (Dakhma) in Iran (A Case study of Zoroastrian’s tower of silence of Kerman) Mansour Khajepour*1, Zeinab Raoufi2 1. M. A. in Restoration of historical buildings & fabrics, Academic staff member, faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. 2. M. A. in Restoration of historical buildings & fabrics, Academic staff member, faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran, Received 2017/10/23 revised 2018/01/23 accepted 2018/02/13 available online 2018/06/22 Abstract The Zoroastrian’s tower of silence (Dakhma) in Kerman, is one of the most valuable religious monuments of Kerman and its history dates back to 1233-1261S.H. Alongside, there is the main and older Dakhma that probably belongs to Sassanians. Since about 1320 S.H. that Zoroastrians burial tradition was changed because of the social and hygienic reasons, it was disused and now, is in undesirable condition. On the base of contemporary theory of conservation, one of the best ways to conservation of architectural heritage is regeneration and rehabilitation and put them into consideration if possible. There is three basic method to conserve an architectural monument based on contemporary and classical theories: the first one is protective preservation with focus on maintenance of physical conditions of monument in present situation and prevents it from changes; the second is restoration in old usage for continuity, and the third one is revitalization and rehabilitation with new usage that is relevance to the authenticity and identity. -
A Linguistic Conversion Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl and the Varieties of Persian (Ca
Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran edited by Stefano Pellò A Linguistic Conversion Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl and the Varieties of Persian (ca. 1790) Stefano Pellò (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Abstract The paper deals with Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl, an important Persian-writing Khatri poet and intellectual active in Lucknow between the end of the 18th and the first two decades of the 19th century, focusing on his ideas regarding the linguistic geography of Persian. Qatīl dealt with the geographical varieties of Persian mainly in two texts, namely the Shajarat al-amānī and the Nahr al- faṣāḥat, but relevant observations are scattered in almost all of his works, including the doxographic Haft tamāshā. The analysis provided here, which is also the first systematic study on a particularly meaningful part of Qatīl’s socio-linguistic thought and one of the very few explorations of Qatīl’s work altogether, not only examines in detail his grammatical and rhetorical treatises, reading them on the vast background of Arabic-Persian philology, but discusses as well the interaction of Qatīl’s early conversion to Shi‘ite Islam with the author’s linguistic ideas, in a philological-historical perspective. Summary 1. Qatīl’s writings and the Persian language question. –2. Defining Persian in and around the Shajarat al-amānī. –3. Layered hegemonies in the Nahr al-faṣāḥat. –4. Qatīl’s conversion and the linguistic idea of Iran. –Primary sources. –Secondary sources. Keywords Indo-Persian. Qatīl. Persian language. Lucknow. Shī‘a. Conversion. Nella storia del linguaggio i confini di spazio e di tempo, e altri, sono tutti pura fantasia (Bartoli 1910, p. -
REIMAGINING INTERFAITH Shayda Sales
With Best Compliments From The Incorportated Trustees Of the Zoroastrian Charity Funds of Hong Kong, Canton & Macao FEZANAJOURNAL www.fezana.org Vol 32 No 3 Fall / Paiz 1387 AY 3756 Z PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA - CONTENT- Editor in Chief Dolly Dastoor, editor(@)fezana.org Graphic & Layout Shahrokh Khanizadeh, www.khanizadeh.info 02 Editorial Dolly Dastoor Technical Assistant Coomie Gazdar Consultant Editor Lylah M. Alphonse, lmalphonse(@)gmail.com 03 Message from the Language Editor Douglas Lange, Deenaz Coachbuilder President Cover Design Feroza Fitch, ffitch(@)lexicongraphics.com 04 FEZANA update Publications Chair Behram Pastakia, bpastakia(@)aol.com Marketing Manager Nawaz Merchant, [email protected] Columnists Shazneen Rabadi Gandhi, rabadis(@)gmail.com Teenaz Javat, teenazjavat(@)hotmail.com Page 7 MahrukhMotafram, mahrukhm83(@)gmail.com Copy Editors Vahishta Canteenwalla Yasmin Pavri Nazneen Khumbatta Subscription Managers Arnavaz Sethna, ahsethna(@)yahoo.com Kershaw Khumbatta, Arnavaz Sethna(@)yahoo.com Mehr- Avan – Adar 1387 AY (Fasli) Ardebehesht – Khordad – Tir 1388 AY (Shenhai) Khordad - Tir – Amordad 1388 AY (Kadimi) Mehrdad Aidun. The ceramic stamped ossuary (a depository of the bones of a deceased) with a removable lid, from the 6 - 7th centuries CE, was discovered in Yumalaktepa, near Shahr-i 11 Archeological Findings Sabz, Uzbekistan, in 2012. In the lower right section of the scene, a priest wearing a padam is shown solemnizing a ritual, while holding in 22 Gatha Study Circle his left hand two narrow, long sticks, identified as barsom. The right half of the scene depicts the heavenly judgment at the Chinwad Bridge. 29 In the News The figure holding scales is Rashne, who weighs the good and evil deeds of the deceased, who is shown as a young boy. -
Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of Anthropology Papers Department of Anthropology 2012 Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies Brian Spooner University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_papers Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, and the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) Spooner, B. (2012). Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies. In H. Schiffman (Ed.), Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice (pp. 89-117). Leiden, Boston: Brill. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_papers/91 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies Abstract Persian is an important language today in a number of countries of west, south and central Asia. But its status in each is different. In Iran its unique status as the only official or national language continueso t be jealously guarded, even though half—probably more—of the population use a different language (mainly Azari/Azeri Turkish) at home, and on the streets, though not in formal public situations, and not in writing. Attempts to broach this exclusive status of Persian in Iran have increased in recent decades, but are still relatively minor. Persian (called tajiki) is also the official language ofajikistan, T but here it shares that status informally with Russian, while in the west of the country Uzbek is also widely used and in the more isolated eastern part of the country other local Iranian languages are now dominant. -
Iran: Zoroastrians
Country Policy and Information Note Iran: Zoroastrians Version 1.0 June 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. -
Abstracts Electronic Edition
Societas Iranologica Europaea Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the State Hermitage Museum Russian Academy of Sciences Abstracts Electronic Edition Saint-Petersburg 2015 http://ecis8.orientalstudies.ru/ Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies. Abstracts CONTENTS 1. Abstracts alphabeticized by author(s) 3 A 3 B 12 C 20 D 26 E 28 F 30 G 33 H 40 I 45 J 48 K 50 L 64 M 68 N 84 O 87 P 89 R 95 S 103 T 115 V 120 W 125 Y 126 Z 130 2. Descriptions of special panels 134 3. Grouping according to timeframe, field, geographical region and special panels 138 Old Iranian 138 Middle Iranian 139 Classical Middle Ages 141 Pre-modern and Modern Periods 144 Contemporary Studies 146 Special panels 147 4. List of participants of the conference 150 2 Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies. Abstracts Javad Abbasi Saint-Petersburg from the Perspective of Iranian Itineraries in 19th century Iran and Russia had critical and challenging relations in 19th century, well known by war, occupation and interfere from Russian side. Meantime 19th century was the era of Iranian’s involvement in European modernism and their curiosity for exploring new world. Consequently many Iranians, as official agents or explorers, traveled to Europe and Russia, including San Petersburg. Writing their itineraries, these travelers left behind a wealthy literature about their observations and considerations. San Petersburg, as the capital city of Russian Empire and also as a desirable station for travelers, was one of the most important destination for these itinerary writers. The focus of present paper is on the descriptions of these travelers about the features of San Petersburg in a comparative perspective. -
How Cultural Differences Beyond Language Affect Dialog Between the US and Iran
The Lens Inverts the Image: How Cultural Differences beyond Language Affect Dialog between the US and Iran. A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Cynthia Suzanne DeKay IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LIBERAL STUDIES May 2012 © Cynthia Suzanne DeKay, 2012 For Adam, my best friend, husband and hamrāh. i CONTENTS Illustrations………………………………………………………………..…...…..…………iii Acknowledgments………………………………………...……………………...…….……iv Pronunciation Guide………………………………………....…………………….....……..v Definitions…………………………………………………...……………………...….…….vi Chapter 1 - First Impressions.....................................................................................................1 2 - A Brief history of US/Iran relations..........................................................................7 3 - Theoretical Framework.........................................................................................12 4 – A Comparison of Iranian and American Cultural Lenses ....................................16 5 - The Need for Corrective Lenses...........................................................................37 6 - Envisioning a Way to Detente...............................................................................40 Works Cited................................................................................................................45 ii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: US Embassy Staff held hostage..............................................................1 Figure 2: -
Unprivileged Power: the Strange Case of Persian (And Urdu) in Nineteenth-Century India
Unprivileged Power: The Strange Case of Persian (and Urdu) in Nineteenth-Century India I T , but it makes no attempt to present a solution. It is rather like a bad detective story where the questions, Who did it? and how? and why? are left unanswered. Perhaps the interest of this paper should lie in the fact that the question that it asks has never before been asked, or its existence even hinted at. Why the question should never have occurred to anyone so far is itself an interesting ques- tion, and an attempt to answer it is likely to tell us something about the way the minds of our historians have worked over the last century-and-a- quarter. I will, however, make no attempt to address this latter question, for my main problem is thorny enough as it is. Simply stated, the problem is: Why is it that sometime in the early nineteenth century, users of (Indian) Persian, and Urdu, lost their self- confidence and began to privilege all Indo-Iranian Persian writers against the other two, and all kinds of Persian and Arabic against Urdu? The lin- guistic totem pole that this situation created can be described as follows: TOP: Iranian Persian, that is, Persian as written by Iranians who never came to India. UPPER MIDDLE: Indo-Iranian Persian, that is, Persian written by Iranian-born writers who lived most or all of their creative life in India. LOWER MIDDLE: Indian Persian, that is, Persian written by Indians, • T A U S or close descendants of Iranians settled in India. -
The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: with Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift
Journal of Jewish Languages 5 (2017) 81–103 brill.com/jjl The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift Shinji Ido* Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan [email protected] Abstract The present article describes the vowel chain shift that occurred in the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish residents in Bukhara. It identifies the chain shift as constituting of an intermediate stage of the Northern Tajik chain shift and accordingly tentatively concludes that in the Northern Tajik chain shift Early New Persian ā shifted before ō did, shedding light on the process whereby the present-day Tajik vowel system was established. The article is divided into three parts. The first provides an explanation of the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish inhabitants of Bukhara. The second section explains the relationship between this particular variety and other varieties that have been used by Jews in Central Asia. The third section deals specifically with the vowel system of the variety and the changes that it has undergone since the late 19th century. Keywords Tajik – New Persian – vowel system – Judeo-Iranian – Bukharan Tajik – Bukharan Jews Introduction This article is concerned with the vowel system of the variety of Tajik spoken by the Jewish residents in Bukhara. It compares the vowel system of this par- ticular variety with that of the same variety reconstructed based on a century- old text. The comparison shows that the variety likely underwent a vowel chain * The author acknowledges financial support for this research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, C #25370490). -
Hamshahri: a Standard Persian Text Collection Abolfazl Aleahmad University of Tehran, Iran
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong in Dubai - Papers University of Wollongong in Dubai 2009 Hamshahri: A standard Persian Text Collection Abolfazl Aleahmad University of Tehran, Iran Hadi Amiri University of Tehran Masoud Rahgozar University of Tehran Farhad Oroumchian University of Wollongong in Dubai, [email protected] Publication Details Aleahmad, A., Amiri, H., Rahgozar, M. & Oroumchian, F. 2009, Hamshahri: A standard Persian Text Collection, Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 382-387. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Hamshahri: A Standard Persian Text Collection Abolfazl AleAhmad a, Hadi Amiri a, Masoud Rahgozar a, Farhad Oroumchian a,b a Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Tehran b University of Wollongong in Dubai {a.aleahmad, h.amiri}@ece.ut.ac.ir, [email protected], [email protected], Abstract. The Persian language is one of the dominant languages in the Middle East, so there are significant amount of Persian documents available on the Web. Due to the special and different nature of the Persian language compared to other languages like English, the design of information retrieval systems in Persian requires special considerations. However, there are relatively few studies on retrieval of Persian documents in the literature and one of the main reasons is lack of a standard test collection. In this paper we introduce a standard Persian text collection, named Hamshahri, which is built from a large number of newspaper articles according to TREC specifications. Furthermore, statistical information about documents, queries and their relevance judgment are presented in this paper. -
Persian Basic Course: Units 1-12. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.; Foreign Service (Dept
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 053 628 FL 002 506 AUTHOR Obolensky, Serge; And Others TITLE Persian Basic Course: Units 1-12. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.; Foreign Service (Dept. of State), Washington, D.C. Foreign Service Inst. PUB DATE May 63 NOTE 397p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 DESCRIPTORS Grammar, *Instructional Materials, *Language Instruction, Language Skills, *Oral Communication, Orthographic Symbols, Pattern Drills (Language), *Persian, Pronunciation, Reading Skills, Sentences, Speaking, Substitution Drills, *Textbooks, Uncommonly Taught Languages, Written Language ABSTRACT This basic course in Persian concentrates on the spoken language, illustrated by conversation based on everyday situations. After a thorough grounding in pronunciation and in basic grammatical features, the student is introduced to the writing system of Persian. Some of the basic differences between spoken and written styles are explained. Imitation of a native speaker is provided, and the course is designed for intelligent and efficient imitation. Each of the 12 units has three parts: new material to be learned (basic sentences), explanation (hints on pronunciation and notes), and drill (grammatical, variation, substitution, narrative, and questions and answers) .(Authors/VM) co reN LC1 C) C=1 U-I Serge Obolensky Kambiz Yazdan Panah Fereidoun Khaje Nouri U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATINGIT. OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT POSITION OR POLICY. persian basiccourse units 1-12 it! Reprinted by the Center for Applied Linguistics 0 of the Modern Language Association of America Washington D C 1963 It is the policy of the Center for Applied Linguistics to make more widely available certain instructional and related materials in the language teaching field which have only limited accessibility.