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A Narrative Study About the Transformative Visual Cultural A NARRATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATIVE VISUAL CULTURAL DIALOGUE BEYOND WOMEN’S VEILS Fahad Aljebreen, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2016 APPROVED: Joni Acuff, Major Professor Laura Evans, Major Professor Terry Barrett, Committee Member Tyson Lewis, Committee Member Mickey Abel, Chair of the Department of Art Education and Art History Greg Watts, Dean of the College of Visual Arts and Design Victor Prybutok, Vice Provost of the Toulouse Graduate School Aljebreen, Fahad. A Narrative Study about the Transformative Visual Cultural Dialogue beyond Women’s Veils. Doctor of Philosophy (Art Education), August 2016, 339 pp., 8 tables, references, 190 titles. In this narrative study, I explore the transformative visual cultural dialogue behind the sight of the veil or veiled women in Denton, Texas as a Western culture. The narrative is constructed from the experiences of three Western non-Muslim women participants who wore the veil publicly in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, especially Denton, Texas, for about two weeks, in the spring of 2014. The main question for this study is: How do veiled Western women incite transformative visual cultural dialogue and ideas concerning veiled women? To gather rich data to answer the study's question, I utilized qualitative narrative inquiry to explore the transformative dialogue that the veil, as a visual culture object, can incite in non-Muslim Western women's narratives. The study involves three participants who are non-Muslim American women who voluntarily wore the veil in public and recorded their own and other's reactions. The participants' interviews and diaries demonstrated that the veil incited a particular perceptive dialogue and often transferred negative meanings. For example, the sight of the veil suggested the notion of being Muslim, and consequently, the ideas of not belonging. The reactions the participants received were either negative verbal interactions or physical ones, both of which are limited in this study to face gestures or some form of negative body language that is meant to be a message of disliking. In summation, this study shows that the women's veil is a visual culture symbol that transfers negative meaning in the DFW area in Texas. Copyright 2016 By Fahad Aljebreen ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I acknowledge my dissertation committee members who worked with me throughout this journey. First, I offer my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Joni Acuff, the brilliant woman who guided me with her comprehensive understanding to achieve the completion of this research. I will never forget her support and encouragement. I also owe immense thanks to my co-advisor, Dr. Laura Evans, the cheerful woman who pushed me forward with her continued encouragement and support. Without their supervision and assistance, I would not have reached the conclusion of this dissertation. Also, I heartily thank Dr. Terry Barrett, who inspired me to use the narrative inquiry approach and helped me improve with his wise comments. I also thank Dr. Tyson Lewis for all his support, encouragement, and inspiration. Additionally, I give all my appreciations and blessings to the participants of this study, who voluntarily participated and offered me their time and effort to collect the valuable data. Without their contributions, this study would not be possible. I am also grateful to all editors who have edited this paper, especially the final editor, Dr. Amy Barnickel, who helped enhancing my writing. Finally, all my sincere thanks go to my parents, Mohammad and Haya Aljebreen, the most caring and supportive parents. I would not complete this journey without your blessing. I also want to thank my dear wife, Alya Aljebreen, and my children Haya, Mohammed, Laith, and Ghassan. It would not be possible for me to take this journey without your tremendous patience and support. To all of my family members, I cannot thank you enough for all your support, assistance, and passion that empowered me to challenge all of the obstacles I faced in completing my research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xii Chapters 1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .......................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 7 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 10 Significance of the Research ............................................................................... 11 Limitations of the Study ....................................................................................... 13 Definitions of Terms ............................................................................................. 15 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 17 The Veil Historically ............................................................................................. 18 Other Perspectives, Feminists, and the Veil ........................................................ 19 The Islamic Veil: Issue and Thoughts .............................................................. 24 Possession ....................................................................................................... 27 Desire ............................................................................................................... 31 Power ............................................................................................................... 33 Subjugation ...................................................................................................... 35 The Gaze ......................................................................................................... 37 Oppression of Women ..................................................................................... 39 Non-Muslim Experiences with Veiling ................................................................. 41 iv Converted Western Muslims Who Have Chosen to Be Fully Covered ................ 44 The Veil in Art ...................................................................................................... 45 The Veil as a Visual Culture ............................................................................. 50 The Veil in the Media’s Eyes ............................................................................... 54 Hollywood and the Veil Before and After 9/11 ................................................. 58 The Veil and Western Print Media ................................................................... 60 3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 71 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 71 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 72 Why Use Narrative Inquiry? ............................................................................. 75 How Narrative Inquiry Was Used in This Study ............................................... 76 Strengths and Weaknesses of Narrative Inquiry ................................................. 77 Ethical Considerations ..................................................................................... 80 The Population of the Study ............................................................................. 82 Sample Selection of Participants ..................................................................... 82 Instrumentation ................................................................................................ 86 Interviewing ...................................................................................................... 86 Observation ...................................................................................................... 87 Participant Journaling ...................................................................................... 87 Procedures ....................................................................................................... 88 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 91 Summary ............................................................................................................. 92 4. PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS ..................................................... 94 v Introduction ............................................................................................................ 94 Arranging Data Analysis .................................................................................... 95 Validity, Trustworthiness, and Reliability ........................................................... 96 Interview Questions Answered Before the Veil Experience .................................. 96 Question 1: What Comes to Your Mind if I Ask You to Draw a Muslim Woman? ..........................................................................................................................
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