Peumus Boldus Mol.) Rescate De Un Patrimonio Forestal Chileno Manejo Sustentable Y Valorización De Sus Productos

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Peumus Boldus Mol.) Rescate De Un Patrimonio Forestal Chileno Manejo Sustentable Y Valorización De Sus Productos Boldo(Peumus boldus Mol.) Rescate de un Patrimonio Forestal Chileno Manejo Sustentable y Valorización de sus Productos EDITORES Susana Benedetti Ruiz1 Santiago Barros Asenjo2 1 Ingeniera Forestal. Investigadora Sede Metropolitana INFOR. Jefa Proyecto Innovación Silvícola e Industrial del Boldo en la Zona Central de Chile. [email protected] 2 Ingeniero Forestal. Relaciones Internacionales y Transferencia Tecnológica INFOR [email protected] Boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.) - Rescate de un patrimonio forestal chileno. Prólogo MANEJO SUSTENTABLE Y VALORIZACIÓN DE SUS PRODUCTOS PRÓLOGO El boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.) es una especie nativa y endémica de Chile presente en formaciones naturales de amplia distribución en la zona central y sur del país, entre las Regiones de Coquimbo y Los Lagos. El uso de su madera, sus hojas y sus frutos es de larga data; los pueblos originarios antes de la llegada de los españoles ya usaban sus hojas para infusiones con fines digestivos y medicinales lo que sigue siendo una arraigada costumbre nacional. Su valor medicinal radica en principios activos contenidos tanto en sus hojas como en su corteza. El principal de ellos es el alcaloide conocido como boldina, producto que ya en el siglo XIX despertaba el interés en otros países, como Francia, donde en 1872 ya se realizaban investigaciones sobre sus propiedades. Desde principios del siglo XX las hojas de boldo han trascendido el mercado nacional y se han ex- portado a distintos países con la consecuente presión sobre el recurso, el cual se ha visto reducido en superficie y degradado en los bosques existentes debido a prácticas extractivas que no aseguran su sustentabilidad. Aún así, existen actualmente más de 400 mil hectáreas de formaciones naturales en las cuales el boldo es la especie principal o acompañante, concentrándose el 50% de la superficie total en la Región de O`Higgins, aunque también se encuentra en cantidades importantes entre las Regiones de Valparaíso y Maule. El Estado chileno, dentro de su legislación, ha regulado el uso de esta especie desde el siglo pasado primero, prohibiendo la extracción de las cepas en 1944, más tarde, en 1955, estableciendo la época en que se permite la cosecha y, posteriormente, fijando máximos de extracción por unidad de superficie en 1980. Más recientemente, en 2008, dentro de la normativa expresa para bosques nativos, ha creado mecanismos de fomento para su manejo con el fin de garantizar su sustentabilidad, en favor del recurso y de las poblaciones rurales que se benefician de sus productos. Boldo: Silvicultura, productos, mercados El Instituto Forestal (INFOR), desde su creación en 1961 y a través de diferentes líneas de trabajo, ha desarrollado investigaciones que han incluido a esta especie en materia de inventarios forestales de Instituto Forestal 2011 bosque nativo y otras, o se han referido a la especie misma, en aspectos relativos a semillas, viverización Sucre 2397 – Ñuñoa de plantas, técnicas de establecimiento de plantaciones y también respecto de los principios activos Santiago - Chile contenidos en sus hojas. Teléfono 3667115 www.infor.cl Desde fines del año 2007 y con el apoyo de INNOVA Chile de la Corporación de Fomento de la Pro- Editores ducción (CORFO), INFOR inició un completo programa de investigación sobre la especie, que incluye Susana Benedetti Ruiz su silvicultura y manejo, sus productos químicos, los procesos necesarios para su obtención, toda la Santiago Barros Asenjo normativa nacional e internacional relacionada con la producción y comercialización, los mercados y la rentabilidad involucrada. © Registro de Propiedad Intelectual 211.147 I.S.B.N.: 978-956-318-044-2 En el presente libro, INFOR y CORFO ponen a disposición del sector forestal, de los propietarios y pro- ductores de boldo y otros grupos de interés, los principales resultados y la información reunida en el mencionado programa de investigación, esperando representen una contribución relevante para el Diseño y Diagramación manejo y conservación de este importante patrimonio forestal y cultural del país y un real aporte para Rodrigo Verdugo T. el desarrollo de los sectores rurales donde es posible su aprovechamiento integral. Impresión xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Hans Grosse Werner Primera edición: xxx ejemplares Director Ejecutivo Instituto Forestal Impreso en Chile/Printed in Chile 2 3 Boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.) - Rescate de un patrimonio forestal chileno. Indice MANEJO SUSTENTABLE Y VALORIZACIÓN DE SUS PRODUCTOS PRÓLOGO .....................................................................................................................................................3 ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................................................11 1. LA ESPECIE .............................................................................................................................................13 Taxonomía ...........................................................................................................................................15 Caracterización botánica ..............................................................................................................15 Distribución natural y superficie .................................................................................................16 Requerimientos ecológicos ..........................................................................................................17 Asociaciones vegetacionales........................................................................................................18 Floración y producción de semillas ............................................................................................18 Aspectos fitosanitarios ...................................................................................................................19 Características de la madera .........................................................................................................19 Características macroscópicas y microscópicas .............................................................20 Poder calorífico ...........................................................................................................................21 Historia, tradición y valor de uso de boldo .............................................................................22 Referencias ..........................................................................................................................................25 2. PROPAGACIÓN Y PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTAS...........................................................................27 Propagación .......................................................................................................................................28 Características germinativas ..................................................................................................28 Estudios sobre germinación ..................................................................................................30 Estudios sobre reproducción vegetativa ..........................................................................31 Experiencias de investigación en el Instituto Forestal (INFOR) .......................................32 Producción de plantas en vivero .................................................................................................33 Antecedentes ..............................................................................................................................33 Protocolo de producción de plantas ..................................................................................36 Colecta de frutos y preparación de semillas .............................................................36 Preparación de contenedores y siembra....................................................................37 Ambientes de germinación y crecimiento ................................................................38 Riego y fertilización ............................................................................................................38 Referencias ..........................................................................................................................................40 3. PLANTACIÓN .........................................................................................................................................43 Antecedentes .....................................................................................................................................45 Planificación de una plantación ..................................................................................................46 Selección del sitio ......................................................................................................................47 Densidad de plantación ..........................................................................................................47 Selección y transporte de plantas .......................................................................................48 Cercos 48 ......................................................................................................................................48 4 5 Boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.) - Rescate de un patrimonio forestal chileno. Indice MANEJO SUSTENTABLE Y VALORIZACIÓN
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