A Grammar of the Malayalam Language Pdf, Epub, Ebook
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KERALA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT (KSWMP) with Financial Assistance from the World Bank
KERALA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT (KSWMP) INTRODUCTION AND STRATEGIC ENVIROMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WASTE Public Disclosure Authorized MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN KERALA VOLUME I JUNE 2020 Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by SUCHITWA MISSION Public Disclosure Authorized GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Contents 1 This is the STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN KERALA AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK for the KERALA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT (KSWMP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. This is hereby disclosed for comments/suggestions of the public/stakeholders. Send your comments/suggestions to SUCHITWA MISSION, Swaraj Bhavan, Base Floor (-1), Nanthancodu, Kowdiar, Thiruvananthapuram-695003, Kerala, India or email: [email protected] Contents 2 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT .................................................. 1 1.1 Program Description ................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Proposed Project Components ..................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Environmental Characteristics of the Project Location............................... 2 1.2 Need for an Environmental Management Framework ........................... 3 1.3 Overview of the Environmental Assessment and Framework ............. 3 1.3.1 Purpose of the SEA and ESMF ...................................................................... 3 1.3.2 The ESMF process ........................................................................................ -
Kannada Versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr
================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 17:8 August 2017 UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ================================================================ Kannada versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr. Meti Mallikarjun =================================================================== Abstract This paper explores the sociolinguistic struggles and conflicts that have taken place in the context of confrontation between Kannada and Sanskrit. As a result, the dichotomy of the “enlightened” Sanskrit and “unenlightened” Kannada has emerged among Sanskrit-oriented scholars and philologists. This process of creating an asymmetrical relationship between Sanskrit and Kannada can be observed throughout the formation of the Kannada intellectual world. This constructed dichotomy impacted the Kannada world in such a way that without the intellectual resource of Sanskrit, the development of the Kannada intellectual world is considered quite impossible. This affirms that Sanskrit is inevitable for Kannada in every respect of its sociocultural and philosophical formations. This is a very simple contention, and consequently, Kannada has been suffering from “inferiority” both in the cultural and philosophical development contexts. In spite of the contributions of Prakrit and Pali languages towards Indian cultural history, the Indian cultural past is directly connected to and by and large limited to the aspects of Sanskrit culture and philosophy alone. The Sanskrit language per se could not have dominated or subjugated any of the Indian languages. But its power relations with religion and caste systems are mainly responsible for its domination over other Indian languages and cultures. Due to this sociolinguistic hegemonic structure, Sanskrit has become a language of domination, subjugation, ideology and power. This Sanskrit-centric tradition has created its own notion of poetics, grammar, language studies and cultural understandings. -
Social Transformation of Pakistan Under Urdu Language
Social Transformations in Contemporary Society, 2021 (9) ISSN 2345-0126 (online) SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF PAKISTAN UNDER URDU LANGUAGE Dr. Sohaib Mukhtar Bahria University, Pakistan [email protected] Abstract Urdu is the national language of Pakistan under article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. Urdu language is the first brick upon which whole building of Pakistan is built. In pronunciation both Hindi in India and Urdu in Pakistan are same but in script Indian choose their religious writing style Sanskrit also called Devanagari as Muslims of Pakistan choose Arabic script for writing Urdu language. Urdu language is based on two nation theory which is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. There are two nations in Indian Sub-continent (i) Hindu, and (ii) Muslims therefore Muslims of Indian sub- continent chanted for separate Muslim Land Pakistan in Indian sub-continent thus struggled for achieving separate homeland Pakistan where Muslims can freely practice their religious duties which is not possible in a country where non-Muslims are in majority thus Urdu which is derived from Arabic, Persian, and Turkish declared the national language of Pakistan as official language is still English thus steps are required to be taken at Government level to make Urdu as official language of Pakistan. There are various local languages of Pakistan mainly: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, Balti and it is fundamental right of all citizens of Pakistan under article 28 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 to protect, preserve, and promote their local languages and local culture but the national language of Pakistan is Urdu according to article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. -
Sanskrit Alphabet
Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead -
Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English
English Language Teaching; Vol. 13, No. 5; 2020 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English Tania Ali Khan1 1Minhaj University/Department of English Language & Literature Lahore, Pakistan Correspondence: Tania Ali Khan, Minhaj University/Department of English Language & Literature Lahore, Pakistan Received: March 19, 2020 Accepted: April 18, 2020 Online Published: April 21, 2020 doi: 10.5539/elt.v13n5p49 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n5p49 Abstract Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. -
Names of Foodstuffs in Indian Languages
NAMES OF FOODSTUFFS IN INDIAN LANGUAGES CEREAL GRAINS AND PRODUCTS 1. Pearl Millet: Pennisetum typhoides Bajra (Bengali, Hindi, Oriya), Bajri (Gujarati, Marathi), Sajje (Kannada), Bajr’u (Kashmiri), Cambu (Malayalam, Tamil), Sazzalu (Telugu). Other names : Spiked millet, Pearl millet 2. Italian millet: Setaria italica Syama dhan (Bengali), Ral Kang (Gujarati), Kangni (Hindi), Thene (Kannada), Shol (Kashmiri), Thina (Malayalam), Rala (Marathi), Kaon (Punjabi), Thenai (Tamil), Korralu (Telugu), Other names: Foxtail millet , Moha millet, Kakan kora 3. Sorghum: Sorghum bicolor Juar (Bengali , Gujarati , Hindi), Jola (Kannada), Cholam (Malayalam , Tamil), Jwari (Marathi), Janha (Oriya), Jonnalu (Telugu), Other names: Milo , Chari 4. Maize: Zea mays Bhutta (Bengali), Makai (Gujarati), Maka (Hindi , Marathi , Oriya), Musikinu jola (Kannada), Makaa’y (Kashmiri), Cholam (Malayalam), Makka Cholam (Tamil), Mokka jonnalu (Telugu) 5. Finger Millet: Eleusine coracana Madua (Bengali , Hindi), Bhav (Gujarati), Ragi (Kannada) , Moothari (Malayalam), Nachni (Marathi), Mandia (Oriya), Kezhvaragu (Tamil), Ragulu (Telugu), Other names: Korakan 6. Rice, parboiled: Oryza sativa Siddha chowl (Bengali) Ukadello chokha (Gujarati), Usna chawal (Hindi), Kusubalakki (Kannada), Puzhungal ari (Malayalam), Ukadla tandool (Marathi), Usuna chaula (Oriya), Puzhungal arisi (Tamil), Uppudu biyyam (Telugu) 7. Rice raw: Orya sativa Chowl (Bengali), Chokha (Gujarati), Chawal (Hindi), Akki (Kannada), Tomul (Kashmiri), Ari (Malayalam), Tandool (Marathi), Chaula (Oriya), Arisi -
TWO FORMS of "BE" in MALAYALAM1 Tara Mohanan and K.P
TWO FORMS OF "BE" IN MALAYALAM1 Tara Mohanan and K.P. Mohanan National University of Singapore 1. INTRODUCTION Malayalam has two verbs, uNTE and aaNE, recognized in the literature as copulas (Asher 1968, Variar 1979, Asher and Kumari 1997, among others). There is among speakers of Malayalam a clear, intuitively perceived meaning difference between the verbs. One strong intuition is that uNTE and aaNE correspond to the English verbs "have" and "be"; another is that they should be viewed as the "existential" and "equative" copulas respectively.2 However, in a large number of contexts, these verbs appear to be interchangeable. This has thwarted the efforts of a clear characterization of the meanings of the two verbs. In this paper, we will explore a variety of syntactic and semantic environments that shed light on the differences between the constructions with aaNE and uNTE. On the basis of the asymmetries we lay out, we will re-affirm the intuition that aaNE and uNTE are indeed equative and existential copulas respectively, with aaNE signaling the meaning of “x is an element/subset of y" and uNTE signaling the meaning of existence of an abstract or concrete entity in the fields of location or possession. We will show that when aaNE is interchangable with uNTE in existential clauses, its function is that of a cleft marker, with the existential meaning expressed independently by the case markers on the nouns. Central to our exploration of the two copulas is the discovery of four types of existential clauses in Malayalam, namely: Neutral: with the existential verb uNTE. -
Exploring Language Similarities with Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
EXPLORING LANGUAGE SIMILARITIES WITH DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES Sangarshanan Veeraraghavan Final Year Undergraduate VIT Vellore [email protected] Abstract In recent years several novel models were developed to process natural language, development of accurate language translation systems have helped us overcome geographical barriers and communicate ideas effectively. These models are developed mostly for a few languages that are widely used while other languages are ignored. Most of the languages that are spoken share lexical, syntactic and sematic similarity with several other languages and knowing this can help us leverage the existing model to build more specific and accurate models that can be used for other languages, so here I have explored the idea of representing several known popular languages in a lower dimension such that their similarities can be visualized using simple 2 dimensional plots. This can even help us understand newly discovered languages that may not share its vocabulary with any of the existing languages. 1. Introduction Language is a method of communication and ironically has long remained a communication barrier. Written representations of all languages look quite different but inherently share similarity between them. For example if we show a person with no knowledge of English alphabets a text in English and then in Spanish they might be oblivious to the similarity between them as they look like gibberish to them. There might also be several languages which may seem completely different to even experienced linguists but might share a subtle hidden similarity as they is a possibility that languages with no shared vocabulary might still have some similarity. -
Malayalam Range: 0D00–0D7F
Malayalam Range: 0D00–0D7F This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
K. Satchidanandan
1 K. SATCHIDANANDAN Bio-data: Highlights Date of Birth : 28 May 1946 Place of birth : Pulloot, Trichur Dt., Kerala Academic Qualifications M.A. (English) Maharajas College, Ernakulam, Kerala Ph.D. (English) on Post-Structuralist Literary Theory, University of Calic Posts held Consultant, Ministry of Human Resource, Govt. of India( 2006-2007) Secretary, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (1996-2006) Editor (English), Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (1992-96) Professor, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Kerala (1979-92) Lecturer, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Kerala (1970-79) Lecturer, K.K.T.M. College, Pullut, Trichur (Dt.), Kerala (1967-70) Present Address 7-C, Neethi Apartments, Plot No.84, I.P. Extension, Delhi 110 092 Phone :011- 22246240 (Res.), 09868232794 (M) E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Other important positions held 1. Member, Faculty of Languages, Calicut University (1987-1993) 2. Member, Post-Graduate Board of Studies, University of Kerala (1987-1990) 3. Resource Person, Faculty Improvement Programme, University of Calicut, M.G. University, Kottayam, Ambedkar University, Aurangabad, Kerala University, Trivandrum, Lucknow University and Delhi University (1990-2004) 4. Jury Member, Kerala Govt. Film Award, 1990. 5. Member, Language Advisory Board (Malayalam), Sahitya Akademi (1988-92) 6. Member, Malayalam Advisory Board, National Book Trust (1996- ) 7. Jury Member, Kabir Samman, M.P. Govt. (1990, 1994, 1996) 8. Executive Member, Progressive Writers’ & Artists Association, Kerala (1990-92) 9. Founder Member, Forum for Secular Culture, Kerala 10. Co-ordinator, Indian Writers’ Delegation to the Festival of India in China, 1994. 11. Co-ordinator, Kavita-93, All India Poets’ Meet, New Delhi. 12. Adviser, ‘Vagarth’ Poetry Centre, Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal. -
University of California, San Diego
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO An Experimental Approach to Variation and Variability in Constituent Order A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Savithry Namboodiripad Committee in charge: Professor Grant Goodall, Chair Professor Farrell Ackerman Professor Victor Ferreira Professor Robert Kluender Professor John Moore 2017 Copyright Savithry Namboodiripad, 2017 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Savithry Namboodiripad is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on micro- film and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii DEDICATION iv EPIGRAPH (1) kaïãu: ña:n si:t”e: saw I Sita.ACC VERB SUBJECT OBJECT ‘I saw Sita’ Hanuman to Raman, needing to emphasize that he saw Sita The Ramayana (Malayalam translation) “borrowing (or diffusion, or calquing) of grammar in language contact is not a unitary mechanism of language change. Rather, it is a condition – or an externally motivated situation – under which the above three mechanisms [reanalysis, reinterpretation (or extension) and grammaticalization] can apply in an orderly and systematic way. The status of categories in the languages in contact is what determines the choice of a mechanism [...]”. Aikhenvald (2003) v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page................................... iii Dedication...................................... iv Epigraph.......................................v Table of Contents.................................. vi List of Figures................................... -
The Making of Modern Malayalam Prose and Fiction: Translations from European Languages Into Malayalam in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
The Making of Modern Malayalam Prose and Fiction: Translations from European Languages into Malayalam in the First Half of the Twentieth Century K.M. Sherrif Abstract Translations from European languages have played a crucial role in the evolution of Malayalam prose and fiction in the first half of the Twentieth Century. Many of them are directly linked to the socio- political movements in Kerala which have been collectively designated ‘Kerala’s Renaissance.’ The nature of the translated texts reveal the operation of ideological and aesthetic filters in the interface between literatures, while the overwhelming presence of secondary translations indicate the hegemonic status of English as a receptor language. The translations never occupied a central position in the Malayalam literature and served mostly as mere literary and political stimulants. Keywords: Translation - evolution of genres, canon - political intervention The role of translation in the development of languages and literatures has been extensively discussed by translation scholars in the West during the last quarter of a century. The proliferation of diachronic translation studies that accompanied the revolutionary breakthroughs in translation theory in the mid-Eighties of the Twentieth Century resulted in the extensive mapping of the intervention of translation in the development of discourses and shifts of ideological paradigms in cultures, in the development of genres and the construction and disruption of the canon in literatures and in altering the idiomatic and structural paradigms of languages. One of the most detailed studies in the area was made by Andre Lefevere (1988, pp 75-114) Lefevere showed with convincing 118 Translation Today K.M.