DOCSLIB.ORG

Parapheromones for Thynnine Wasps

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Parapheromones for Thynnine Wasps J Chem Ecol (2016) 42:17–23 DOI 10.1007/s10886-015-0660-0 Parapheromones for Thynnine Wasps Björn Bohman1,2,3 & Amir Karton3 & Ruby C. M. Dixon1 & Russell A. Barrow1 & Rod Peakall2,3 Received: 3 August 2015 /Revised: 17 November 2015 /Accepted: 2 December 2015 /Published online: 14 December 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Sexually deceptive orchids produce floral volatiles 5-dimethylpyrazine. All blends tested stimulated approaches by that attract male insect pollinators. This interaction between male wasps, with some also eliciting landing and attempted flower and pollinator normally is highly specific. In the few copulation. High-level calculations (G4(MP2)) showed the cases where the chemical composition of the volatiles is energy differences between the structural isomers were known, the compounds have been found to be identical to small, although the degree of sexual attraction varied, those that comprise the sex pheromone of the female wasp. indicating the importance of structural factors for activity. In this study, we investigated whether there is potential for One of the parapheromones, 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl- flexibility in the molecular structure of the chemical cues used 6-ethylpyrazine, elicited similar proportions of approaches, to mediate these specific interactions. Specifically, we asked landings, and attempted copulations as the sex pheromone at whether strong sexual attraction can be maintained with struc- the ratio and dose tested. The findings suggest that there is tural modifications of sex pheromone components. Our study potential for chemical flexibility in the evolution of sexual focused on the orchid, Drakaea glyptodon, which is pollinated deception. by males of the thynnine wasp, Zaspilothynnus trilobatus. Three alkylpyrazines and a unique hydroxymethylpyrazine Keywords Drakaea . Sexual deception . Pyrazine . are components of the female produced sex pheromone of Z. Parapheromone . Specificity trilobatus, and also the semiochemicals produced by the or- chid that lures the males as pollinators. A blend of 2-butyl-3,5- dimethylpyrazine and 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5-diethyl-6- Introduction methylpyrazine (3:1) is as attractive as the full blend of four compounds. Therefore, in this study we substituted 2-hy- Sex pheromones mediate chemical communication between droxymethyl-3,5-diethyl-6-methylpyrazine with one of five the sexes of a species in order to assist reproduction. At a local structurally related parapheromones in a blend with 2-butyl-3, scale, sex pheromone signals typically are highly specific. At the chemical level, this specificity is achieved either by using unique chemicals or by specific blends of more common chemicals (Roelofs and Comeau 1969). In Lepidoptera, the * Björn Bohman [email protected] group that has been the subject of the great majority of studies of insect chemical communication, variable blends of struc- turally similar compounds are common as female sex phero- mones (Francke and Schulz 2010). However, some exceptions 1 Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, are known, such as the case of the single compound Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia disparlure, which is the sex pheromone of the gypsy moth, 2 Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Lymantria dispar (Bierl et al. 1970). Given the usually high Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia specificity of sex pheromones or sex pheromone blends, it is 3 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western of interest to know whether some components can be Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia substituted with different but structurally similar compounds. 18 J Chem Ecol (2016) 42:17–23 The possibility that sex pheromone components could be the Asteraceae and Iridaceae (Ayasse et al. 2011; Borg- substituted appears not to have been widely explored, at least Karlson 1985;Frankeetal.2009;Gaskett2011; Phillips et in part because in the few cases reported the authentic phero- al. 2014; Schiestl et al. 2003). Multiple unrelated orchid gen- mones show by far the strongest activity (Cardé 1990; Renou era have independently evolved this pollination strategy and Guerrero 2000; Schneider et al. 1974). on at least four continents (Ayasse et al. 2011; Gaskett Despite the specific nature of sex pheromones, it some- 2011; Phillips et al. 2014). In sexually-deceptive orchids, pol- times is possible to attract several species with a common lination occurs during either a pre-copulatory routine, or mixture of compounds. For example, 52 species of moths attempted copulation with the flower (Paulus and Gack were attracted to a two- or three-component blend of alkenals, 1990; Peakall 1990). Despite comprehensive early studies alkenols, and alkenol acetates in a screening experiment on the pollination of sexually-deceptive orchids in Europe by Ando et al. (1981). Cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methyloctadecane, a and Australia (Coleman 1929, Kullenberg 1950), the chemis- parapheromone with close structural resemblance to try of these interactions is only now beginning to be elucidat- disparlure (cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane), effectively ed, with progress spanning several different orchid/pollination attracted male gypsy moths, as well as male Lymantria systems on both continents (Borg-Karlson 1987, 1990; monarcha in field experiments (Schneider et al. 1974). Schiestl et al. 2003). There also are examples where authentic sex pheromones Although the number of fully investigated cases is limited, have been successfully modified to ease preparation, reduce so far the orchid semiochemical components identified match cost, or improve applicability. For example, as early as 1968 it closely the components of the sex pheromone of the pollina- was demonstrated that when various synthetic compounds tors. For example, in European Ophrys orchids, the bee- wereaddedto(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, the female sex pollinated O. sphegodes utilises a similar blend of alkanes pheromone of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia and alkenes as the pollinator Andrena nigroaenea (Schiestl velutinana, different effects were observed (Roelofs and et al. 1999, 2000), and the scoliid wasp pollinated O. Comeau 1968). The Z-isomer of the sex pheromone strongly speculum shares the attractive oxycarboxylic acids and inhibited the attraction of males, while the analogue dodecyl hydroxycarboxylic acids with its pollinator Campsoscolia acetate exhibited synergistic effects, increasing male attraction ciliata (Ayasse et al. 2003). In Australia, Chiloglottis to traps (Roelofs and Comeau 1968). trapeziformis shares the same cyclohexane-1,3-dione with its In this study, we focused on an example drawn from thynnine wasp pollinator, Neozeleboria cryptoides (Peakall et Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). Despite possessing a al. 2010;Schiestletal.2003). Drakaea glyptodon uses the similar number of species to Lepidoptera, the sex pheromones same pyrazine compounds to lure male Zaspilothynnus of Hymenoptera are considerably less well known. Ayasse et trilobatus wasps as the females of the corresponding species. al. (2001) noted that Hymenopteran sex attractants, which are To date, all these orchid species are believed to utilize the typically emitted by females, normally consist of just one or a same compound(s) found in the female sex pheromones of few compounds, although they also queried whether that was their pollinators. because more complex systems had not been extensively stud- In the present study, our aim was to investigate whether it is ied at the time (Ayasse et al. 2001). However, with the inclu- possible for a critical component of the sex pheromone of Z. sion of more recent studies (e.g., Bohman et al. 2014b; trilobatus to be substituted, and to determine if there is a Niehuis et al. 2013), this trend still appears to hold, even if relationship between the structural properties of the investigat- exceptions are known where male-emitted pheromones and ed parapheromones and biological activity. We conclude by complex blends are used (e.g., Stökl et al. 2014). Species of discussing the implications of the findings for understanding ants and bees, which exhibit complex social interactions, con- the evolution of sexual deception. stitute one group of Hymenoptera where sex pheromone com- plexity could be expected. In these species, it is common for both males and females to emit semiochemicals, and the iden- Methods and Materials tification of specific sex pheromones has proven difficult (Beani et al. 2014). In a study of sex pheromone specificity Test Compounds We previously identified the sex phero- in a semi-social Hymenopteran species of Vespa in Japan, mone blend for Z. trilobatus as consisting of three cross attraction among all six species was observed when trialkylpyrazines (1–3) and 2-hydroxymethyl-3,6-diethyl-5- sexually mature males were exposed to queens or queen ex- methylpyrazine (4) (Bohman et al. 2014b)(Fig.1). tracts from other species (Ono and Sasaki 1987). However, a blend of 3 and 4 (ratio 3:1) was as attractive as In sexual deception, potential insect pollinators such as the full blend of all four compounds, i.e., compounds 1 and 2 bees and wasps are sexually lured to flowers by sex phero- were not absolutely necessary. In this study, we substituted 4 mone mimicry. Pollination by sexual deception is most prev- with one of five structural analogues, while holding 3 constant alent in the Orchidaceae, although it has been documented in and at the same proportion (ratio 3:1) as in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Actes Du 15E Colloque Sur Les Orchidées De La Société Française D’Orchidophilie
    Cah. Soc. Fr. Orch., n° 7 (2010) – Actes 15e colloque de la Société Française d’Orchidophilie, Montpellier Actes du 15e colloque sur les Orchidées de la Société Française d’Orchidophilie du 30 mai au 1er juin 2009 Montpellier, Le Corum Comité d’organisation : Daniel Prat, Francis Dabonneville, Philippe Feldmann, Michel Nicole, Aline Raynal-Roques, Marc-Andre Selosse, Bertrand Schatz Coordinateurs des Actes Daniel Prat & Bertrand Schatz Affiche du Colloque : Conception : Francis Dabonneville Photographies de Francis Dabonneville & Bertrand Schatz Cahiers de la Société Française d’Orchidophilie, N° 7, Actes du 15e Colloque sur les orchidées de la Société Française d’Orchidophilie. ISSN 0750-0386 © SFO, Paris, 2010 Certificat d’inscription à la commission paritaire N° 55828 ISBN 978-2-905734-17-4 Actes du 15e colloque sur les Orchidées de la Société Française d’Orchidophilie, D. Prat et B. Schatz, Coordinateurs, SFO, Paris, 2010, 236 p. Société Française d’Orchidophilie 17 Quai de la Seine, 75019 Paris Cah. Soc. Fr. Orch., n° 7 (2010) – Actes 15e colloque de la Société Française d’Orchidophilie, Montpellier Préface Ce 15e colloque marque le 40e anniversaire de notre société, celle-ci ayant vu le jour en 1969. Notre dernier colloque se tenait il y a 10 ans à Paris en 1999, 10 ans c’est long, 10 ans c’est très loin. Il fallait que la SFO renoue avec cette traditionnelle organisation de colloques, manifestation qui a contribué à lui accorder la place prépondérante qu’elle occupe au sein des orchidophiles français et de la communauté scientifique. C’est chose faite aujourd’hui. Nombreux sont les thèmes qui font l’objet de communications par des intervenants dont les compétences dans le domaine de l’orchidologie ne sont plus à prouver.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Orchidaceae: Genera and Species (12/1/2004)
    AUSTRALIAN ORCHID NAME INDEX (21/1/2008) by Mark A. Clements Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research/Australian National Herbarium GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The Australian Orchid Name Index (AONI) provides the currently accepted scientific names, together with their synonyms, of all Australian orchids including those in external territories. The appropriate scientific name for each orchid taxon is based on data published in the scientific or historical literature, and/or from study of the relevant type specimens or illustrations and study of taxa as herbarium specimens, in the field or in the living state. Structure of the index: Genera and species are listed alphabetically. Accepted names for taxa are in bold, followed by the author(s), place and date of publication, details of the type(s), including where it is held and assessment of its status. The institution(s) where type specimen(s) are housed are recorded using the international codes for Herbaria (Appendix 1) as listed in Holmgren et al’s Index Herbariorum (1981) continuously updated, see [http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp]. Citation of authors follows Brummit & Powell (1992) Authors of Plant Names; for book abbreviations, the standard is Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edn. (Stafleu & Cowan 1976-88; supplements, 1992-2000); and periodicals are abbreviated according to B-P- H/S (Bridson, 1992) [http://www.ipni.org/index.html]. Synonyms are provided with relevant information on place of publication and details of the type(s). They are indented and listed in chronological order under the accepted taxon name. Synonyms are also cross-referenced under genus.
    [Show full text]
  • 080057-14.002.Pdf
    IBroUparequeusrp qser; Surceldopnlcur senbruqcel eseql sexeldruocserceds eyqerre,r dlpcrSoloce pue ,tllecrqderSoe?Jo uopnlosar oql pal€llllJpJ,{puer8 er'uq leueluru 3u1,rqur uorleue,ruoqelndod 'sueulceds Surluounropro; senbruqJel,trou unuzqreq;o uo!lBulruBXoIBuorlueAuoc ot uonrpppuI '!.ErJeJlsnv lsad\-qlnos Jo sprqcro,,sru^\oJg 'peuelsaJql ? uptuJJogJo uorlrpepuoces aqt ur posnsaureu tdrrcsnuutu elspJlel puu peJeprsuoJexsl IEJeAesequJsap IlrA\ solJes eqJ I6rI ut sprqrJouerleJlsnv uelsed\Jo suorlJelloc?qroauord,selzuel^I 'dno'tg ppqrqJrv Jo uo.rluJqalerFruueluaorq eql spJel\ol uo,rtnqlJluoca sr serJesaq; uorl€^rosuoJ pue ,{pnls prqcJo a^rleN ueJlellsnv ualso^d aql Jo sroquau ql!^\ uoueroqulloour pelrnpuoJ 'suorlelonbe^oqu aql ur ppre?z1rgpue puotuuruC dq ol pepnllBpuDI eqlJo sexelduoc selcedscrqdrorudlod pe,rloserun dlsnor,lerd ,{ueru e,ruq "rg'\ qcrq,r u:eue8peqle pue'lpwloaryor1 oruapolo) rJosesrcoJ lI sapmap o,r,r1lsud eql re,ro pelaldruocsarpnls d:nu€qJaq pup pleg alrsuelxeuo peseqsr seuoser{J 'uorSorsrql uror; eraue8o1 de1 'splqcro ^\eu u sello,tl sB uerTe4snvtuelse,r-qlnos;o ,{ruouoxdleql uo seuese ol uopcnporlullerouaE e sepr,rordreded sq1 'OOO) gZ-t:() y1o1s1tnp uJeuo?ol i(ol pup sldocuoccrurouoxel 'suorlrellos 'u^ 'reddog dpee;o ,{:o1sr111 :f?oloplqrro uellerlsnv uelseld ol suollnqrruoC d'V olg yq'g pBrtsqY (gggl)plure?4rg ,, fropu;spusaq 1r plo^uo1 elqlssod eq ll JJlouu€c solJedseuo repun seUorJBA tcupsrp fre,,r;o requnu lBer8 B apnlJur oL, (gg9 :9791)puouluruq .. perrpore {eql ueqnAecuera;;rp eql Folepo1 pelzznd 'elqruJecsrp
    [Show full text]
  • An Experimental Evaluation of Traits That Influence the Sexual Behaviour of Pollinators in Sexually Deceptive Orchids
    An experimental evaluation of traits that influence the sexual behaviour of pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids Ryan D. Phillips1,2,3* & Rod Peakall1 5 1 Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia 2 Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia 10 3 Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia *Corresponding author: email: [email protected] Ph: 61 2 61252866 Fax: 61 2 61255573 15 Running head: floral traits and sexual behaviour Abstract 20 Pollination by sexual deception of male insects is perhaps one of the most remarkable cases of mimicry in the plant kingdom. However, understanding the influence of floral traits on pollinator behaviour in sexually deceptive orchids is challenging, due to the risk of confounding changes in floral odour when manipulating morphology. Here, we investigated the floral traits influencing the sexual response of male Zaspilothynnus nigripes (Tiphiidae) 25 wasps, a pollinator of two distantly related sexually deceptive orchids with contrasting floral architecture, Caladenia pectinata and Drakaea livida. In D. livida the chemical sexual attractant is emitted from the labellum, while in C. pectinata it is produced from the distal sepal tips, allowing manipulative experiments. When controlling for visual cues there was no difference in long distance attraction, though the floral odour of D. livida induced copulation 30 more frequently than that of C. pectinata. The role of colour in pollinator sexual attraction was equivocal, indicating that colour may not be a strong constraint on the initial evolution of sexual deception.
    [Show full text]
  • Species List
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • AUSTRALIAN ORCHID NAME INDEX (27/4/2006) by Mark A. Clements
    AUSTRALIAN ORCHID NAME INDEX (27/4/2006) by Mark A. Clements and David L. Jones Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research/Australian National Herbarium GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The Australian Orchid Name Index (AONI) provides the currently accepted scientific names, together with their synonyms, of all Australian orchids including those in external territories. The appropriate scientific name for each orchid taxon is based on data published in the scientific or historical literature, and/or from study of the relevant type specimens or illustrations and study of taxa as herbarium specimens, in the field or in the living state. Structure of the index: Genera and species are listed alphabetically. Accepted names for taxa are in bold, followed by the author(s), place and date of publication, details of the type(s), including where it is held and assessment of its status. The institution(s) where type specimen(s) are housed are recorded using the international codes for Herbaria (Appendix 1) as listed in Holmgren et al’s Index Herbariorum (1981) continuously updated, see [http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp]. Citation of authors follows Brummit & Powell (1992) Authors of Plant Names; for book abbreviations, the standard is Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edn. (Stafleu & Cowan 1976-88; supplements, 1992-2000); and periodicals are abbreviated according to B-P-H/S (Bridson, 1992) [http://www.ipni.org/index.html]. Synonyms are provided with relevant information on place of publication and details of the type(s). They are indented and listed in chronological order under the accepted taxon name.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Flora Posters 2002:Threatened Flora Posters 2002 18/3/09 1:23 PM Page 5
    Threatened Flora Posters 2002:Threatened Flora Posters 2002 18/3/09 1:23 PM Page 5 Late hammer orchid Endangered Flora of Western Australia If you think you have seen this plant, please call the Department of Conservation and Land Management’s Blackwood District on (08) 9752-1677 or Albany District on (08) 9842-4500. Drakaea is a small genus of nine species, endemic to southwest Western Australia. Collectively, they are known as hammer orchids because of the mechanism by which they achieve pollination. All have a hinged labellum (lip) that is similar in appearance to a wingless female Thynnid wasp and emits a sexual pheromone that exactly matches that emitted by the wasp. Attracted by the pheromone, the male wasp latches onto the decoy and attempts to fly away with it but, because of the hinged nature of the labellum, is flicked over against the column either removing or depositing pollen. D. confluens (late hammer orchid) was first recognised as being distinct by E. Chapman who discovered it growing in bushland on his farm near Boyup Brook. Further collections of the species were later made from near Mondurup Peak in the Stirling Range National Park. Although late hammer orchid often grows with other hammer orchids, including the more common Drakaea livida and D. glyptodon , it begins flowering as they are finishing hence its common name. The orchid is readily distinguished from both these species by its two-coloured labellum that has a straight, rather than upturned, apex. The scientific name ‘confluens’ is derived from the Latin confluens (confluent, running together), alluding to the labellum which has features of both Drakaea livida (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological and Genetic Evidence for Cryptic Ecotypes in a Rare Sexually Deceptive Orchid, Drakaea Elastica
    Erschienen in: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ; 177 (2015), 1. - S. 124-140 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12230 Ecological and genetic evidence for cryptic ecotypes in a rare sexually deceptive orchid, Drakaea elastica MYLES H. M. MENZ1,2,3*, RYAN D. PHILLIPS1,2,4, JANET M. ANTHONY1,2, BJÖRN BOHMAN4,5,6, KINGSLEY W. DIXON1,2 and ROD PEAKALL4 1Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia 2School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 3Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 4Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 5Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 6School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Species with specialized ecological interactions present significant conservation challenges. In plants that attract pollinators with pollinator-specific chemical signals, geographical variation in pollinator species may indicate the presence of cryptic plant taxa. We investigated this phenomenon in the rare sexually deceptive orchid Drakaea elastica using a molecular phylogenetic analysis to resolve pollinator species boundaries, pollinator choice experiments and a population genetic study of the orchid. Pollinator choice experiments demonstrated the existence of two ecotypes within D. elastica, each attracting their own related but phylogenetically distinct pollinator species. Despite the presence of ecotypes, population genetic differentiation was low across populations at six microsatellite loci (FST = 0.026). However, Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis revealed two genetic clusters, broadly congruent with the ecotype distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • South Coast, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Orchids of Australia Including Its Island Territories
    Checklist of the Orchids of Australia Including its Island Territories Gary N. Backhouse Robert J. Bates Andrew P. Brown Lachlan M. Copeland Second Edition Contents Introduction ........................................................................................ page 1 Australia orchid genera ...................................................................... page 4 Australia species ................................................................................. page 7 Non-native (exotic or weed) species ................................................ page 57 Australia hybrids ............................................................................... page 58 Australian Capital Territory species .................................................. page 69 Australian Capital Territory hybrids .................................................. page 72 New South Wales species ................................................................. page 73 New South Wales hybrids ................................................................. page 86 Northern Territory species ............................................................... page 88 Queensland species .......................................................................... page 89 Queensland hybrids .......................................................................... page 99 South Australia species ................................................................... page 100 South Australia hybrids ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Radiation by Intra-Specific Competition for Mnesic Pollinators Michel Baguette, Joris Bertrand, Virginie Marie Stevens, Bertrand Schatz
    Why are there so many bee-orchid species? Adaptive radiation by intra-specific competition for mnesic pollinators Michel Baguette, Joris Bertrand, Virginie Marie Stevens, Bertrand Schatz To cite this version: Michel Baguette, Joris Bertrand, Virginie Marie Stevens, Bertrand Schatz. Why are there so many bee-orchid species? Adaptive radiation by intra-specific competition for mnesic pollinators. Biological Reviews, Wiley, 2020, 95 (6), pp.1630-1663. 10.1111/brv.12633. hal-02995675 HAL Id: hal-02995675 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02995675 Submitted on 27 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Why are there so many bee-orchid species? Adaptive radiation by intra-specific competition for mnesic pollinators Michel Baguette1,2,*, Joris A. M. Bertrand3, Virginie M. Stevens2, and Bertrand Schatz4 1Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, F-75005 Paris, France 2Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200 Moulis, France 3LGDP (Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes) UMR5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia -CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France 4CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive) UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry – EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France *Author for correspondence at address 1 (E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.:+ 33 6 26 03 38 11).
    [Show full text]
  • 7Th International Orchid Conservation Congress
    7TH INTERNATIONAL ORCHID CONSERVATION CONGRESS Jodrell Laboratory Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 28 May – 1 June 2019 Welcome to Kew! The International Orchid Conservation Congress (IOCC) series started in Western Australia in 2001, and subsequent meetings were held in Florida, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, La Réunion and Hong Kong. At the meeting in Hong Kong, it was decided that IOCCVII should be held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The title for IOCCVII is “Orchid Conservation: the Next Generation”, and we hope that the focus will be on the importance of involving the next generation of orchid conservation biologists and on the use of next-generation techniques. We are delighted to welcome more than 150 delegates from around the world to share their experiences of orchid conservation with each other. Orchids are among the most highly threatened groups of plants, with threats to orchids including habitat destruction, legal and illegal trade and climate change. As a result, our mission to conserve orchids is of increasing importance – if we don’t act, then we may be the last generation to see some groups of orchids, notably slipper orchids, in the wild. We are grateful to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for the use of the venue and for logistical support. The Lennox Boyd Trust, the Linnean Society of London and Orchid Conservation International and friends and family of the late Amy Morris provided financial support which has allowed us to provide bursaries for orchid specialists from Developing Countries so that they can attend the congress. We have an exciting and busy programme – with many talks and posters and other events including a demonstration of orchid propagation, a “World Café” session on conservation planning (arranged with the Conservation Planning Specialist Group) and a meeting of the Orchid Specialist Group.
    [Show full text]