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T(Osiopiip in POLITICAL SCIENCE A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLITICAL IDEAS OF NIZAM UL MULK TUSI AND ABUL HASAN AL-MAWARDI ABSTRACT Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Bottor of $I|t(osiopIip IN POLITICAL SCIENCE By SYED WALI HUSAIN JAFRI Under the supervision of Professor S. A. H. HAQQI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1990 ^^^fe^uliii^^^^ ABSTRACT The thesis alms at examining the political ideas of Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi and Abul Hasan Al-Mawardi. It has been argued that Islamic Political Theory provides the necessary super-structure and the basis for the develoixnent of subse­ quent theories, with the broad frame work. As a necessary corollary the theories examined in the thesis ra^ionalieing are seen as/the course^of history. CJiaPter I of the thesis is devoted to the study of main events of the classical period of Islamic History. The emphasis is to hig^-li^t those events which had a bearing on the political ideas of the contenporary and subsequent theories. In fact, most of these events led to the emergence of various sects in Ummah. Apart from their differences in matters of figh, and other intellectual debates, the theories contributed in the developments of various schools of thought. These details are studied in Chapter II, The Chapter III critically examines Al-Mawardi's theory of Kingship with necessary details about his ideas on the questions of succession to the office of Khalifa, his privileges, duties and functions. Strangely enough he has much to say on the questions like deposition Cazl*) of the Khalifa and rebellion (khuruj) agdlnst the duly constituted authority, something unheard-off in the earlier juristical writings. This aspects has been studied in particular background of the supremacy of Buwahaid Warlords, - 2 - Nlzara-ul-Mulk Tusi was the celebrated Vizir of the Suljuqid empire and his Sivasat-naraah was particularly aimed at solving the specific problems of Saljuqid administration, he has much to say on the question of vizarat and on the various other aspects of administration, while al-Mawardi has L viewed these problems bypothetically and from the jurist point of view. A discussion on the comparative study of the main administrative ideas is in the caiapter IV, while the specific question of vizarat is critically examined in Chapter V. Inspite of the chaotic political conditions, societal upheavals and various ideological ccxnpulsion, it appears ccanmendable on the part of al-Mawardi and Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi that they have not deviated from the basic super-structure of the political philosophy as envisioned in the nas and athar. Such a frame work, however, imposed no restrictions on the thinkers to speculate and responsed to the specific needs of the period. This is especially true for al-Mawardi, who had incorporated chapters on *azl and Khuruj.^Hehce it would be - quite uncharitable to define the Medieval Muslim Political Thought as static and stagnant. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLITICAL IDEAS OF NIZAM UL MULK TUSI AND ABUL HASAN AL-MAWARDI Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Bottor of ${)tlos[09^p IN POLITICAL SCIENCE By SYEO WALI HUSAIH JAFRI Under the supervrefon of Professor S. A. H. HAQQI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1990 T4033 '^•"•issr.HS**''^' CONTENTS Page No. 1. ACKN0WLED6EMBNTS ... I - II 2. PREFACE ... i - iv 3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS ... 1-40 i. Rashidun Caliph (632-661 A.D.) » 2 - 6 il. Utnayyad Period (661-749 A.D.) : 6 - 14 iii.Abbasid Period (749-1258 A.D.) :15 - 40 4. INTELLECTUAL DBVELOFMENTS ... 41-85 i. Mu'tazalism - Origin and Development : 41 - 57 ii. Philosophy - Iropact of Greek Thought : 57-67 iii.Theology - Codification of fiqh'; Al-Kalam : 67-78 iv. Mysticism - Impact on the society. : 79-85 5. AL-MAWARDI'S THEORY OP KINGSHIP ... 86-93 i. Succession to the Office » 94 - 101 ii. Designation and Privileges : 102 iii.Duties and Functions t 103- 107 iv. Deposition from the Office s 108- 115 V. Rebellion against the Caliph : 116- 125 6. ADMINISTRATIVE IDEAS OF AL-MAWARDI AND TUSI ... 126 - 156 7. CONCEPT OP WIZARAT IN AL-MAWARDI AND TUSI ... 157 - 187 8. EPILOGUE ... 188 - 194 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 195 _ 199 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is my pleasant duty to express my profound gratitude to ray teacher and supervisor Professor S.A.H, Haqqi for initiat­ ing me in this field of research. I consider it a matter of privilege that I had the good fortune of being associated with him throughout my academic career. I am indebted to Janab Hakeem Abdul Hameed Saheb« Chancellor, Jamia Hamdard; Dr. Akhtar Husain Saheb, Ex- Vice-Chancellor, Jamia Hamdard; Professor S.Vahiduddin, former Head, Department of Comparative Religions; Professor Majid Ali Khan, Dean, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Humanities, Jamia Hamdard; and Syed Ausaf Ali Saheb, Ex-Director, Indian Institute of Islamic Studies, Hamdard Nagar for providing facilities enabling me complete my research. Most of the material for the thesis was collected at the libraries of King Saud University and Imam Muhammad B. Saud University, Riyadh, K.S.A. Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U.Aligarh and Indian Institute of Islamic Studies Library (now Library, Jamia Hamdard) New Delhi; I gratefully acknowledge the authori­ ties for having allowed me to use their collections. I recall many a discussions with Professor Abdul Hameed Abu Sulaiman (King Saud University) and Professor Path! uthraan (Imam Mvihamraad B Saud University) at the early stages of my researches. These suggestions helped me clear a many cobwebs about the aspects of Muslim thought. - II - I am beholden to all ray teachers especially Dr. Anwarul Hasan, Professor M, Rizwan Alvi, Dr. Obaidullah Farahi, Dr.Yonus Nagrami and Dr. Shabbir Nadvi (University of Lucknow); Professor A.P.Usmani, Professor Hasan Ahmad, Professor A.P. Sharraa, Professor A.S.Beg, Prof. S.A.H.Bilgrami, Dr. Hashira Kidwai and Dr. Muhammad Mehmood (Department of Political Science, AMU>, Professor S. Maqbool Ahmad, Professor Mehmoodul Hague, Profeseor M.R. Nadvi and Dr. S.A.Qayyum (Centre of West Asian Studies, AMU) and Maulana Muhammad Taqi Araini Saheb for their encouragements and many acts of kindness. I have received all kind of support from my colleagues and friends i.e. Dr. (Mrs.) Shama Khatoon and Rita Baqchi, Dr. Yahya Anjxim (Department of Comparative Religion, FISH); Messers A. Saleem Khan, B.A. Usmani, M.Z.Beg, Salman Z.Qasmi, M s. Sadia Parveen, Mrs. Afroz Ashraf, Mrs. A.Shah, Mr.Nuruddin, Mr. Nisar Ahmad and Maulana Habibur Rehman Saheb (Library of Jamia Hamdard); Mr. Syed Aminul Hasan Rizvi, Mr. H.A.Wasti and Mr. S.M. Ibrahim has always helped me. I am thankful to all for their help and best wishes. Last but not the least, I am most grateful to ray wife for carrying out our joint responsibilities single handedly while I was busy preparing the thesis. I owe an explanation to my kids, Hamid, Hamida, Mehmood and Muddassir for not paying too much attention to them during this period. SYED WALI HUSAIN JAPRI Senior Research Assistant Department of Comparative Religion PISH, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-62. PREFACE The issue of the Caliphate has been a central thene in any discussion on the politico-administrative structure of Islam, There are a number of verses in the Holy Quran (nas) which make a many concepts crystal clear like the Sovereignty of Allah, the position of Khalifa and those who enjoy authority in the Uromah (Ulil *amr), the role of the competent authority in matters of awimir and nawahi, and the importance of the shura for running the affairs of the govern­ ment. The necessary details as to how these concepts were to be implemented were spelled out by the Prophet during his life time, especially while he was in Madinah (622-32), These acts and pronouncements of Proj^et are preserved as sunnah/ athar, and hadith. This way, nas and athar became the guiding principles for the subsequent generations but the very fact that there were so many question having no mention in either of the two sources as there was no need as such to lay down the principle for hypothetical situations. Moreover this would have resulted in circumventing the subsequent growth of the political processes^ and would have had left no options for the jurists and political thinkers to evolve a theory on their own and to meet out the challenges in certain situations or exigencies. At the same time it should be enphasized that the subse­ quent events during the ummayad and Abbasid periods had convinced -li­ the Ummah that the period of Rashldun Caliphs (632-62) was the one of Khllafat *ala minhaj al-nubawah' hence all the measures and the events of this period acquired the status of the precedent for the political theorists. —— But here they were face with a real dilcvnma - as how to justify and interpreate the events leading to the first fitnah during the last six years of the third Caliph and the reign of fourth caliph. For, there were a niimber of tradition emphasising that "My cOTurainity will never agree upon and error", and Wether these traditions were applicable only in matters of religion or can equally be trusted in matters of the political wisdom of the early companions of the Prophet? It is the interpretation of these events that led to the major ideological segmentation of the ummah. The political theorists were in a quandary, they could not evolve a systan incorporating every single point of view. At the same time a deviation from nas and athar was neither possible for the thorists nor was acceptable to the Ummah. The broad frame-work remained unchanged and un-challenged.
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