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Sub-National Identity in the Everyday Lives of Swansea Muslims Phd

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Sub-National Identity in the Everyday Lives of Swansea Muslims Phd ‘What Does Being Welsh Mean to Me?’ Sub-National Identity in the Everyday Lives of Swansea Muslims PhD 2016 Geraint Rhys Whittaker Summary An important feature of understanding what the nation and sub-state nation means in an era of cultural and religious diversity is to analyse the manner in which people from different backgrounds are influencing conceptions of national and sub-national identity, and how they are positioning themselves within national and sub-national narratives. A question that must therefore be asked is not only how are ethnic, cultural and religious minorities making claims to national and sub-national identity, but who is it that can be included within the re-imagining of the nation and sub-state nation as populations become increasingly diverse? This thesis examines this phenomenon by exploring how, why, when and where Welsh Muslims in Swansea identify with Wales and Welsh identity, and how such claims of belonging are articulated within the everyday places and social spaces of Muslims’ daily lives. By using a Mixed Methodological Approach which combines Ethnographic Observation, Focus Groups and Interviews, it investigates when and where Welsh identity becomes salient in Welsh Muslims’ everyday lives, to reveal that being Welsh is important to how they frame their identities, and is articulated in numerous ways, at different times in different places. By doing so, it will show that when discussing Muslim identities, they should not be discussed in isolation from the other identities which make up an individual, as monolithic depictions of Muslim identities ignore the multiple relationships that Muslims have with other aspects of their identities. By exploring how Welsh Muslims’ relationships with Wales and Welsh identity develop, it will also show that the ethnic-civic dichotomy used to describe the relevance of nations and national identity needs to be understood alongside more plural understandings of the nation, which are more flexible and can better deal with the demographic complexities of increasingly diverse societies. ii Declarations DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… iii STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… iv Acknowledgments Diolch yn fawr iawn i Mam, Dad, Owain a Theo am y cymorth, cysur a’r gefnogaeth y mae dim ond teulu gallu cynnig. Diolch i'r Athro Diarmait Mac Giolla Chriost am ei arweiniad trwy gydol y PhD. Mae’r broses wedi bod yn un anodd ond diolch fy nghadw ar y trywydd cywir dros y blynyddoedd diwethaf. Diolch am hefyd am yr amser yn trafod pêl-droed, heb hynni baswn i wedi colli fy mhen oesoedd yn ôl. Diolch yn fawr iawn i Rocio Cifuentes, Shehla Khan a’r holl staff yn y Tîm Cymorth Ieuenctid Ethnig. Diolch am fy nghadael mewn i’r sefydliad a rhannu eich bywydau pob dydd gyda fi. Diolch yn fawr iawn i bawb yn Ysgol Y Gymraeg, gan cynnwys y staff a’r myfyrwyr ôl-raddedig eraill, ac yn bennaf i’r Athro Sioned Davies, Dr Jeremy Evas, Ceren Roberts ac Alicia Arthur am wneud y broses o fod yn fyfyriwr ôl-raddedig mor hawdd â phosib. I fy ffrindiau, diolch o’r galon am eich cyngor academaidd a personol. Diolch yn enwedig i Jenny Needs am rannu’r profiad o wneud PhD ar yr un pryd, a hefyd am eich help gyda’r traethawd ac edrych dros fy ngwaith. Fi wir wedi gwerthfawrogi eich cyfeillgarwch dros y blynyddoedd. Diolch Ceri Elen am eich agwedd bositif tuag at bopeth, mae wedi bod yn ysbyrydolaeth llwyr. Diolch i Chloe Lincoln am eich cymorth trwy gydol yr holl broses a hefyd am edrych dros fy ngwaith. Diolch i fy ffrindiau, ac yn enwedig Mustafa Hameed, Amaha Senu, Matt Francis, Argyro Kantara am eich cymorth. Diolch hefyd i Dr Dave Featherstone am eich cyfeillgarwch ers bod yn fy athro yn Brifysgol Lerpwl. Diolch Ysgoloriaeth Llywydd o Brifysgol Caerdydd a hefyd Cyngor Abertawe ac Ysgoloriaeth Thomas ac Elizabeth Williams am ariannu fy astudiaethau. v Table of Contents Summary ....................................................................................................................... ii Declarations .................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... v Chapter One – Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Introduction: A European Story ........................................................................................... 1 Plural Identities ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Identity, Place and the Geographies of National and Muslim Identities ............................. 6 Placing The Nation ........................................................................................................... 8 Geographies of Muslim Identities ................................................................................. 10 Developing a Plural National and Sub-National Identity ................................................... 13 The Role of the Sub-State Nation ...................................................................................... 18 A Plural Welsh Sub-National Identity? The Experience of Diversity in Wales ................... 19 Setting the Scene ............................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two – Methodology ........................................................................................ 26 Introduction: Finding the Data ........................................................................................... 26 Everyday Identity as a Point of Analysis: Where, When and Who? .................................. 26 What and Who is Ordinary? ........................................................................................... 28 A Mixed Methodological Approach for Researching Muslim Identities ............................ 29 Ethnographic Observation - Getting to Know the Locality and the Influence of Access ... 31 Making Contact .............................................................................................................. 32 Getting Started ................................................................................................................... 36 The Importance of Positionality ......................................................................................... 42 vi Focus Groups...................................................................................................................... 45 The Composition of the Focus Groups ........................................................................... 46 What Was asked?........................................................................................................... 49 Interviews........................................................................................................................... 53 What Was Asked? .......................................................................................................... 54 Conclusion: Qualitative Research of an Islamic Nature ..................................................... 55 Chapter Three - Organising the Data ............................................................................. 59 Introduction: Finding Meaning in the Data ....................................................................... 59 Transcribing the Data ........................................................................................................ 59 Coding the data…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….60 Developing the Themes and Sub-themes………………………………………………………………………62 Developing In-Vivo Codes .................................................................................................. 66 1) New Sub-Themes ........................................................................................................... 67 2) New Themes .................................................................................................................. 69 3) Linking Action ................................................................................................................. 73 Presenting the extracts………………………………………………………………………………………………..75 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................
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