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Geologic Evolution of Trail Ridge Eommn Geologic Evolution of Trail Ridge EoMmn Peat, Northern Florida AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month­ ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL D , OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in- Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the terest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of Earthquakes counter at the following Geological Survey Public Inquiries Offices, all & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis- of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from WASHINGTON, D.C.-Main Interior Bldg., 2600 corridor, 18th and CSts.,NW. U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports DENVER, Colorado-Federal Bldg., Rm. 169,1961 Stout St. Federal Center, Box 25425 LOS ANGELES, California -Federal Bldg., Rm. 7638,300 N. Denver, CO 80225 Los Angeles St. MENLO PARK, California-Bldg. 3 (Stop 533), Rm. 3128, Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and 345 Middlefield Rd. Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY from RESTON, Virginia-503 National Center, Rm. 1C402,12201 the Sunrise Valley Dr. SALT LAKE CITY, Utah-Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105,125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SAN FRANCISCO, California-Customhouse, Rm. 504,555 Washington, D.C. 20402 Battery St. - SPOKANE, Washington~U.S. Courthouse, Rm. 678, West (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of Docu- 920 Riverside Ave. ments.) ANCHORAGE, Alaska~Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Federal Bldg, Rm. E-146,701 C St. Maps For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Maps Federal Center, Box 25286 Maps may ^ purchased over ^ counter at the U.S. Geologi- Uenver, CO 80225 caj Sm^gy offices where books are sold (all addresses in above list) and at the following Geological Survey offices: Residents of Alaska may order maps from ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. Alaska Distribution Section, U.S. Geological Survey, . DENVER, Colorado-Map Distribution, Bldg. 810, Federal New Federal Building-Box 12 Center 101 Twelfth Ave., Fairbanks, AK 99701 . FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg., 101 Twelfth Ave. Geologic Evolution of Trail Ridge Eolian Heavy-Mineral Sand and Underlying Peat, Northern Florida By ERIC R. FORCE and FREDRICK J. RICH U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1499 The peat underlying ilmenite ore sand is a synchronous fades and records the approach of the eolian dune UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Force, Eric R. Geologic evolution of Trail Ridge eolian heavy-mineral sand and underlying peat, northern Florida. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1499) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16: 1499 1. Heavy minerals Florida Trail Ridge. 2. Sand Florida Trail Ridge. 3. Peat Florida Trail Ridge. 4. Eolian pro­ cesses Florida Trail Ridge. 5. Geology Florida Trail Ridge. I. Rich, Fredrick J. II. Title. III. Series. QE364.2.H4F67 1989 553.4'6 88-607931 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract............................................................................ 1 Nature of Trail Ridge Lignitic Peat....................................... 7 Introduction....................................................................... 1 General description....................................................... 7 Previous work.................................................................... 2 Petrography ................................................................ 8 Nature of the Trail Ridge ilmenite ore sand ............................ 3 Palynology................................................................... 9 Areal distribution and geologic relations........................... 3 Age........................................................................... 10 Sequence and structure ................................................. 4 The sand component of Trail Ridge peat.......................... 10 Sand morphology and grain size ...................................... 5 Depositional relation of Trail Ridge peat and sands ................. 14 Heavy minerals............................................................ 6 Paleogeographic reconstruction............................................ 15 Heavy-mineral variation with sedimentary structure .......... 6 Acknowledgments.............................................................. 15 Origin......................................................................... 7 References 15 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Location of Trail Ridge shown on a satellite thermal image............................................................................................. 2 2. Cross-sectional profile of Trail Ridge........................................................................................................................... 2 3. Diagrams showing lithologic features, percent leucoxenized ilmenite, and percent Ti02 in altered ilmenite, Trail Ridge ore body................................................................................................................................................................ 3 4. Photograph showing humate pseudobedding in Trail Ridge sand...................................................................................... 4 5. Photograph showing Trail Ridge ilmenite ore sand........................................................................................................ 5 6. Circular diagram of azimuths and magnitude of crossbed dip in Trail Ridge ilmenite ore sand .............................................. 5 7. Topographic map showing Trail Ridge localities discussed in the text............................................................................... 6 8. Scanning electron microscope photographs of grains from the Trail Ridge ore sand............................................................. 7 9. Photomicrograph of thin section of Trail Ridge ilmenite ore sand..................................................................................... 8 10. Photograph of laminae alternately rich and poor in heavy minerals .................................................................................. 8 11. Graphs comparing adjacent laminae rich and poor in heavy minerals ................................................................................ 9 12. Graphs showing palynological and maceral constituents of peat in core RTR2 .................................................................... 11 13. Photomicrograph of thin section of sandy lignitic peat from core RTR2............................................................................. 12 14. Scanning electron microscope photograph of sand-bearing lignitic peat sample from core RTR2............................................ 12 15. Graphs showing grain-size distributions of inorganic fraction of sandy Trail Ridge peat from core RTR2................................ 13 16. Scanning electron microscope photographs of sand grains in Trail Ridge peat from core RTR2............................................. 13 17. Photograph showing Holocene coastal transgressive longwall dune near Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.................... 14 18. Schematic paleogeography of Trail Ridge at the time of dune formation............................................................................ 15 TABLE Page TABLE 1. Organic and sand constituents of core samples from Trail Ridge peat. ..10 ill GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF TRAIL RIDGE EOLIAN HEAVY-MINERAL SAND AND UNDERLYING PEAT, NORTHERN FLORIDA By Eric R. FORCE and Fredrick J. RICH ABSTRACT overlying sand are essentially the same age. Fine sand found in peat represents the sand fraction remaining suspended in flow separation at The
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