Metamorphic Facies Map of Southeastern Alaska Distribution, Facies, and Ages of Regionally Metamorphosed Rocks
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CORDIERITE-GARNET GNEISS and ASSOCIATED MICRO- CLINE-RICH PEGMATITE at STURBRIDGE, I,{ASSA- CHUSETTS and UNION, CONNECTICUTI Fnor B.Cnrbn, [
THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL 47, IVLY AUGUST, 1962 CORDIERITE-GARNET GNEISS AND ASSOCIATED MICRO- CLINE-RICH PEGMATITE AT STURBRIDGE, I,{ASSA- CHUSETTS AND UNION, CONNECTICUTI Fnor B.cnrBn, [/. S. GeologicalSurttey, Washington,D. C. Aesrnacr Gneiss of argillaceous composition at Sturbridge, Massachusetts, and at Union, Connecticut, 10 miles to the south, consists of the assemblagebiotite-cordierite-garnet- magnetite-microcline-quartz-plagioclase-sillimanite. The conclusion is made that this assemblagedoes not violate the phase rule. The cordierite contains 32 mole per cent of Fe- end member, the biotite is aluminous and its ratio MgO: (MgOf I'eO) is 0.54, and the gar- net is alm6e5 pyr26.agro2.espe1.2.Lenses of microcline-quartz pegmatite are intimately as- sociated with the gneissl some are concordant, others cut acrossthe foliation and banding of the gneiss. The pegmatites also contain small amounts of biotite, cordierite, garnet, graphite, plagioclase, and sillimanite; each mineral is similar in optical properties to the corresponding one in the gneiss. It is suggestedthat muscovite was a former constituent of the gneiss at a lower grade of metamorphism, and that it decomposedwith increasing metamorphism, and reacted with quartz to form siliimanite in situ and at lerst part of the microcline of the gneiss and pegmatites These rocks are compared with similar rocks of Fennoscandia and Canada. INtnouucrroN Cordierite-garnet-sillimanitegneisses that contain microcline-quartz pegmatiteare found in Sturbridge,Massachusetts, and Union, Connecti- cut. The locality (Fig. 1) at Sturbridgeis on the south sideof the \{assa- chusettsTurnpike at the overpassof the New Boston Road; this is about 1 mile west of the interchangeof Route 15 with the Turnpike. -
A Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Silicate Mineral Harmotome Â
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 137 (2015) 70–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral harmotome – (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O – A natural zeolite ⇑ Ray L. Frost a, , Andrés López a, Lina Wang a,b, Antônio Wilson Romano c, Ricardo Scholz d a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia b School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, Bin Shui West Road, Xi Qing District, Tianjin, PR China c Geology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil d Geology Department, School of Mines, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-00, Brazil highlights graphical abstract We have studied the mineral harmotome (Ba,Na,K)1- 2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O. It is a natural zeolite. Raman and infrared bands are attributed to siloxane stretching and bending vibrations. A sharp infrared band at 3731 cmÀ1 is assigned to the OH stretching vibration of SiOH units. article info abstract Article history: The mineral harmotome (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O is a crystalline sodium calcium silicate which has Received 31 March 2014 the potential to be used in plaster boards and other industrial applications. It is a natural zeolite with cat- Received in revised form 7 July 2014 alytic potential. Raman bands at 1020 and 1102 cmÀ1 are assigned to the SiO stretching vibrations of Accepted 28 July 2014 three dimensional siloxane units. -
Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota
Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 297-F Prepared partly on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota By JACK A. REDDEN PEGMATITES AND OTHER PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK HILLS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 297-F Prepared partly on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1968 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract._ _-------------_-___________-_____________ 343 Pegmatites Continued Introduction.______________________________________ 344 Mineralogy __ _____________-___-___-_-------_--- 378 Previous work__________________________________ 345 Origin.- --___-____-_-_-_---------------------_ 380 Fieldwork and acknowledgments._-_-_--__________ 345 Paleozoic and younger rocks. ________________________ 381 Geologic setting____--__-______________________ ____ 345 Deadwood Formation, __________________________ 381 Metamorphic rocks_________________________________ 347 Englewood Formation.. _ __________--____-_-__--_ 381 Stratigraphic units west of Grand Junction fault___- 347 Pahasapa Limestone- _______-_____.__-----_-- - 381 Vanderlehr Formation.._____________________ 347 Quaternary and Recent deposits. _________________ 382 Biotite-plagioclase gneiss.________________ -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Tectonic Interleaving Along the Main Central Thrust, Sikkim Himalaya
research-articleResearch ArticleXXX10.1144/jgs2013-064C. M. Mottram et al.Tectonic Interleaving Along the Mct 2014 Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 171, 2014, pp. 255 –268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2013-064 Published Online First on January 14, 2014 © 2014 The Authors Tectonic interleaving along the Main Central Thrust, Sikkim Himalaya CATHERINE M. MOTTRAM1*, T. W. ARGLES1, N. B. W. HARRIS1, R. R. PARRISH2,3, M. S. A. HORSTWOOD3, C. J. WARREN1 & S. GUPTA4 1Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK 2Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 3NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK 4Department of Geology & Geophysics, I.I.T., Kharagpur—721 302, India *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Geochemical and geochronological analyses provide quantitative evidence about the origin, devel- opment and motion along ductile faults, where kinematic structures have been overprinted. The Main Central Thrust is a key structure in the Himalaya that accommodated substantial amounts of the India–Asia conver- gence. This structure juxtaposes two isotopically distinct rock packages across a zone of ductile deformation. Structural analysis, whole-rock Nd isotopes, and U–Pb zircon geochronology reveal that the hanging wall is characterized by detrital zircon peaks at c. 800–1000 Ma, 1500–1700 Ma and 2300–2500 Ma and an εNd(0) signature of –18.3 to –12.1, and is intruded by c. 800 Ma and c. -
The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals
RESEARCH BULLETIN 614 SEPTEMBER, 1956 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. H. Longwell, Director The Surface Reactions Of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. V. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL (Publication authorized September 5, 1956) COLUMBIA, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......... .. 3 The Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions . .. 4 The Interaction of Anorthite with Salt Solutions ........ .. 7 Relative Effectiveness of Ammonium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride on the Release of Sodium from Albite . .. 9 Surface Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions in Methanol . .. 13 Experiments on Cationic Fixation ............................... 16 Detailed Exchange and Activity Studies with Individual Feldspars .......... .. 19 Procedure .. .. 20 Microcline . .. 21 Albite .................................................... 22 Oligoclase . .. 23 Andesine . .. 24 Labradori te . .. 25 Bytownite ................................................. 25 Anorthite . .. 27 Discussion ........ .. 28 Summary ..................................................... 35 References .. .. 36 Most of the experimental material of this and the preceding Research Bulletin is taken from the Ph.D. Thesis of Victor Nash, University of Missouri, June 1955. The experiments on cation fixation were carried our with the aid of a research grant from the Potash Rock Company of America, Lithonia, Georgia, for which the authors wish to record their appreciation. The work was part of Department of Soils Research Project No.6, entitled, "Heavy Clays." The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. v. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL INTRODUCTION The review of literature cited in Part I of this series indicates that little is known of the interaction of feldspar surfaces with salt solutions. The work of Breazeale and Magistad (1) clearly demonstrated that ex change reactions between potassium and calcium occur in the case of or thoclase surfaces. -
Carbonation and Decarbonation Reactions: Implications for Planetary Habitability K
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1369–1380, 2019 Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability k E.M. STEWART1,*,†, JAY J. AGUE1, JOHN M. FERRY2, CRAIG M. SCHIFFRIES3, REN-BIAO TAO4, TERRY T. ISSON1,5, AND NOAH J. PLANAVSKY1 1Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8109, U.S.A. 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, U.S.A. 3Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 4School of Earth and Space Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5School of Science, University of Waikato, 101-121 Durham Street, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand ABSTRACT The geologic carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability. For billions of years, stabilizing feedbacks inherent in the cycle have maintained a surface environ- ment that could sustain life. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the primary mechanisms for transferring carbon between the solid Earth and the ocean–atmosphere system. These processes can be broadly represented by the reaction: CaSiO3 (wollastonite) + CO2 (gas) ↔ CaCO3 (calcite) + SiO2 (quartz). This class of reactions is therefore critical to Earth’s past and future habitability. Here, we summarize their significance as part of the Deep Carbon Obsevatory’s “Earth in Five Reactions” project. In the forward direction, carbonation reactions like the one above describe silicate weathering and carbonate formation on Earth’s surface. Recent work aims to resolve the balance between silicate weathering in terrestrial and marine settings both in the modern Earth system and through Earth’s history. -
Fluid Inclusions Confirm Authenticity of Tibetan Andesine Date
GEMOLOGY Fluid Inclusions Confirm Authenticity of Tibetan Andesine Can Tibetan andesine now be certified? By Adolf Peretti1, Willy Bieri1, Kathrin Hametner2 and Detlef Günther2 with Richard W. Hughes and Ahmadjan Abduriyim Introduction Untreated copper-bearing feldspar of a rich red color is found in nature, but gem-quality pieces are scarce. For decades the major occurrence has been in Oregon (USA), but gem-quality red feld- spar also occurs in Japan (Furuya & Milisenda, 2009) and elsewhere. Beginning in 2002, gem-quality red plagioclase feldspar en- tered world gem markets. The source was originally stated as the Congo and later morphed into Tibet. By 2007, suspicions that such stones were the result of a treatment were widespread. These suspicions were confirmed in early 2008 (Furuya, 2008), when the treatment was revealed as one of copper diffusion into otherwise lightly-colored plagioclase. This was confirmed by laboratory experiments which replicated the treatment (Emmett & Douthit, 2009). Still, the question remained. Was there a genuine red feldspar mine in Tibet? If so, how would one separate such stones from the treated material? This question challenged the gemological community, resulting in several expeditions to the alleged Tibet- an localities for sample collection and subsequent testing. Figure 2. Copper-bearing red collected by Abduriyim from Yu Lin Gu and view into the valley. (Photos: Ahmadjan Abduriyim) The first of these forays was in 2008 to Bainang, southeast of Shigatse. A group led by Ahmadjan Abduriyim collected numer- ous samples and found the deposit to be credible. However, two subsequent visits (to two widely separated deposits, one of which was adjacent to Bainang) suggested copper-bearing an- desine occurrences in Tibet were being “salted” (Fontaine et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010). -
Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew
GEOLOGY – Vol. II - Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew ORIGIN, TEXTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS Teklewold Ayalew Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Keywords: aluminosilicates, assemblage, fabric, foliation, gneissose banding, index mineral, isograd, lineation, lithosphere, metamorphic facies, metasomatism, orogenic belt, schistosity Contents 1. Introduction 2. Occurrence 2.1. Orogenic Metamorphism 2.2. Contact Metamorphism 2.3. Ocean Floor Metamorphism 3. Classification 4. Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks 5. Metamorphic Facies 5.1. Facies of Very Low Grade 5.2. Greenschist Facies 5.3. Amphibolite Facies 5.4. Granulite Facies 5.5. Hornblende Hornfels Facies 5.6. Pyroxene Hornfels Facies 5.7. Blueschist Facies 5.8. Eclogite Facies 6. Tectonic Setting of Metamorphic Facies 7. Textures 7.1. Layering, Banding, and Fabric Development 8. Kinetics 8.1. Diffusion 8.2. Nucleation 8.3. Crystal Growth AcknowledgmentUNESCO – EOLSS Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Metamorphic rocks are igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks whose texture and composition has been changed by metamorphism. Metamorphism occurs as a response to changes in the physical or chemical environment of any pre-existing rock, such as variations in pressure or temperature, strain, or the infiltration of fluids. It involves recrystallization of existing minerals into new grains and/or the appearance of new mineral phases and breakdown of others. Metamorphic processes take place ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) GEOLOGY – Vol. II - Origin, Texture, and Classification of Metamorphic Rocks - Teklewold Ayalew essentially in the solid state. The rock mass does not normally disaggregate and lose coherence entirely; however small amounts of fluids are frequently present and may play an important catalytic role. -
The Geology of the Tama Kosi and Rolwaling Valley Region, East-Central Nepal
The geology of the Tama Kosi and Rolwaling valley region, East-Central Nepal Kyle P. Larson* Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada ABSTRACT Tama Kosi valley in east-central Nepal (Fig. 1). which were in turn assigned to either the Hima- In order to properly evaluate the evolution of the layan gneiss group or the Midlands metasedi- The Tama Kosi/Rolwaling area of east- Himalaya and understand the processes respon- ment group (Fig. 2). The units of Ishida (1969) central Nepal is underlain by the exhumed sible for its formation, it is critical that all areas and Ishida and Ohta (1973) are quite similar in mid-crustal core of the Himalaya. The geol- along the length of the mountain chain be inves- description to the tectonostratigraphy reported ogy of the area consists of Greater Hima- tigated, at least at a reconnaissance scale. by Schelling (1992) who revisited and expanded layan sequence phyllitic schist, paragneiss, The Tama Kosi valley is situated between the the scope of their early reconnaissance work. and orthogneiss that generally increase in Cho Oyu/Everest/Makalu massifs to the east Schelling (1992) separated the geology of metamorphic grade from biotite ± garnet and the Kathmandu klippe/nappe to the west the lower and middle portion of the Tama Kosi assemblages to sillimanite-grade migmatite (Fig. 1). Recent work in these areas serves to into the more traditional Greater Himalayan up structural section. All metamorphic rocks highlight stark differences between them. In the sequence (Higher Himalayan Crystallines) and are pervasively deformed and commonly Kathmandu region, the extruded midcrustal core Lesser Himalayan sequence lithotectonic assem- record top-to-the-south sense shear. -
Facies and Mafic
Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks l V.M. Goldschmidt (1911, 1912a), contact Metamorphic Facies and metamorphosed pelitic, calcareous, and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks psammitic hornfelses in the Oslo region l Relatively simple mineral assemblages Reading: Winter Chapter 25. (< 6 major minerals) in the inner zones of the aureoles around granitoid intrusives l Equilibrium mineral assemblage related to Xbulk Metamorphic Facies Metamorphic Facies l Pentii Eskola (1914, 1915) Orijärvi, S. l Certain mineral pairs (e.g. anorthite + hypersthene) Finland were consistently present in rocks of appropriate l Rocks with K-feldspar + cordierite at Oslo composition, whereas the compositionally contained the compositionally equivalent pair equivalent pair (diopside + andalusite) was not biotite + muscovite at Orijärvi l If two alternative assemblages are X-equivalent, l Eskola: difference must reflect differing we must be able to relate them by a reaction physical conditions l In this case the reaction is simple: l Finnish rocks (more hydrous and lower MgSiO3 + CaAl2Si2O8 = CaMgSi2O6 + Al2SiO5 volume assemblage) equilibrated at lower En An Di Als temperatures and higher pressures than the Norwegian ones Metamorphic Facies Metamorphic Facies Oslo: Ksp + Cord l Eskola (1915) developed the concept of Orijärvi: Bi + Mu metamorphic facies: Reaction: “In any rock or metamorphic formation which has 2 KMg3AlSi 3O10(OH)2 + 6 KAl2AlSi 3O10(OH)2 + 15 SiO2 arrived at a chemical equilibrium through Bt Ms Qtz metamorphism at constant temperature and = -
Mineralogy and Origin of the Titanium
MINERALOGY AND ORIGIN OF THE TITANIUM DEPOSIT AT PLUMA HIDALGO, OAXACA, MEXICO by EDWIN G. PAULSON S. B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1961) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May 18, 1962 Signature of At r . Depardnent of loggand Geophysics, May 18, 1962 Certified by Thesis Supervisor Ab Accepted by ...... Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students M Abstract Mineralogy and Origin of the Titanium Deposit at Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico by Edwin G. Paulson "Submitted to the Department of Geology and Geophysics on May 18, 1962 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." The Pluma Hidalgo titanium deposits are located in the southern part of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in an area noted for its rugged terrain, dense vegetation and high rainfall. Little is known of the general and structural geology of the region. The country rocks in the area are a series of gneisses containing quartz, feldspar, and ferromagnesians as the dominant minerals. These gneisses bear some resemblance to granulites as described in the literature. Titanium minerals, ilmenite and rutile, occur as disseminated crystals in the country rock, which seems to grade into more massive and large replacement bodies, in places controlled by faulting and fracturing. Propylitization is the main type of alteration. The mineralogy of the area is considered in some detail. It is remarkably similar to that found at the Nelson County, Virginia, titanium deposits. The main minerals are oligoclase - andesine antiperthite, oligoclase- andesine, microcline, quartz, augite, amphibole, chlorite, sericite, clinozoi- site, ilmenite, rutile, and apatite.