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Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota

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Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 297-F Prepared partly on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Geology of the Berne Quadrangle Black Hills South Dakota By JACK A. REDDEN PEGMATITES AND OTHER PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK HILLS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 297-F Prepared partly on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1968 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract._ _-------------_-___________-_____________ 343 Pegmatites Continued Introduction.______________________________________ 344 Mineralogy __ _____________-___-___-_-------_--- 378 Previous work__________________________________ 345 Origin.- --___-____-_-_-_---------------------_ 380 Fieldwork and acknowledgments._-_-_--__________ 345 Paleozoic and younger rocks. ________________________ 381 Geologic setting____--__-______________________ ____ 345 Deadwood Formation, __________________________ 381 Metamorphic rocks_________________________________ 347 Englewood Formation.. _ __________--____-_-__--_ 381 Stratigraphic units west of Grand Junction fault___- 347 Pahasapa Limestone- _______-_____.__-----_-- - 381 Vanderlehr Formation.._____________________ 347 Quaternary and Recent deposits. _________________ 382 Biotite-plagioclase gneiss.________________ 347 Structure __ ___________-___-__--___-_-__------_--- 382 Quartzite, meta-arkose, and metaconglom- Major folds and domes. _______________---------_ 382 erate_ _______________________________ 348 Western Star syncline. ______________________ 382 Calcite-tremolite gneiss__________________ 349 Atlantic Hill anticline. _____________---_----_ 382 Quartz-mica-garnet schist--_--___-_______ 351 Folds between the Vestal Springs and Grand Amphibole schist_______________________ 353 Junction faults ____--__-___-_____-__---_-- 384 Mica and graphite schist-________________ 353 Park dome _ ______________-___-_--------_- 384 Origin of formation _____________________ 354 Bear Mountain dome____--_-______---------- 385 Loues Formation.__________________________ 354 Harney Peak dome.__ _______________________ 385 Bugtown Formation. _____ ___________________ 356 Spring Creek area--------------------------- 385 Quartz-mica-feldspar schist______________ 357 Minor structures __ _ ________-_____-__------_-_- 385 Quartz-mica schist-_____________________ 357 Early structures. ________-___-_.__---------- 385 Meta-iron-f ormation ____________________ 358 Intermediate structures- _____________________ 387 Crow Formation,.__________________________ 358 Late structures.- - __________________________ 389 Mayo Formation. __________________________ 359 Boudinage. _________-_-_-__-_--___-----_--_ 390 Amphibolite.-... _ __________________________ 360 Faults..----- -------------- ____-_-____-- 391 Lithologic units east of Grand Junction fault....... 361 Evolution and summary of structures- ________ 392 Quartzite and quartz-mica schist._____________ 361 Metamorphism_ _______________-_______-__---------- 393 Quartz-biotite-garnet schist-_________________ 362 Sillimanite isograd- _____________________________ 393 Mica schist._______________________________ 363 Mineralogic and textural changes __ _ ________ 394 Quartzite- _-------_________---_____________ 366 Retrograde me tamorphism. ______ _________________ 396 Sequence and possible correlation of lithologic Metasomatism ________________-_-_-_-------_--- 396 units-___________________________________ 367 Economic geology ____-.___________-____-_-_----_ 397 Quartz veins.______________________________________ 367 Pegmatite deposits..---------------------------- 397 Age and origin.________________________________ 369 Mica____ ___---------------_--------------- 397 Pegmatites. __ _ _____________________________________ 370 Feldspar _-_--_--------------_----------- 398 Distribution. _ __________________________________ 370 Beryl-.---------. ----------------------- 398 Size, shape, and attitude_________________________ 370 Lithium minerals. __________________________ 399 Classification and internal structures._____________ 373 Other minerals. ___________-_-_-__-----_--__ Zoned pegmatites.__________________________ 373 399 Fracture fillings.___________________________ 376 400 Layered pegmatites.________________________ 377 Quartz deposits. 402 Homogeneous pegmatites.___________________ 377 References cited. ___ 402 Gneissic pegmatites of the Bear Mountain area- 377 Index. _-_--------_ 405 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 34. Geologic map and sections of the Berne quadrangle.____-_______________-______-_______------------- In pocket 35. Geologic map and section of the Park dome area___________________-___--____----_---_-------_----- In pocket 36. Map showing major structures and planar and plunge data in the Berne quadrangle. _____________-_---- In pocket FIGURE 121. Index map.-------______-_______________________________________________-_-_-__---___------------- 344 122. Generalized geologic map of part of the southern Black Hills, S. Dak__________________-----_------------- 346 123. Photomicrographs of metamorphic rocks________________________----__-__-__----_-_-__---------------- 350 in IV CONTENTS Page FIGURE 124. Photomicrograph of deformed garnet from the Vanderlehr Formation___________________________________ 351 125. Photomicrographs showing replacement textures of metamorphic rocks___________________________________ 352 126. Photograph of outcrop of the Bugtown Formation._____-_-_-__________________.-__-_-__----------___-_- 356 127. Sketch of early folds in quartzite beds.______________________________________________________________ 362 128. Photomicrograph of staurolite-andalusite schist-________-_---___-_______________-_--------------------_ 366 129. Map showing distribution of pegmatites in the southern Black Hills, S. Dak_______________________________ 371 130. Map showing distribution of zoned pegmatites and beryl-bearing pegmatites in the Berne quadrangle_______ 372 131. Sketch showing mineral orientation and tourmaline altered to muscovite._-____-_-_-__----_--____-_____-__ 375 132. Photograph of boudinage structure in pegmatite.________-_-______-_____________---__--------_---____-_ 376 133. Schematic restoration of prefaulting and predoming structure in the Berne quadrangle._____________________ 383 134. Contour diagram of older linear elements in the Park dome.____________________________________________ 386 135. Block diagram of folds near the Park dome._____________________________________-_-_--_-_---_----___- 387 136. Sketch of fold with deformed axial plane and two schistosities____________________-__-_--__---_-__-______ 387 137. Contour diagram of poles to bedding and late foliation northwest of Atlantic Hill.________--_--_____-______ 388 138. Contour diagram of poles to crosscutting foliation in the Graveyard Gulch area.________----__--_-_-______ 389 139. Sketch of foliation folds--__---------__---__________________________________________________ 390 140. Sketch of boudinage structure in lower amphibole schist unit, Vanderlehr Formation._____________________ 390 141. Photomicrograph of elongate garnets and discordant foliation in the miea schist unit.______________________ 394 142. Photomicrographs of elongate garnets in the mica schist unit-___________________---__--_---------______ 395 143. Map of the Campbell-Ventling adit, Grand Junction mine______-__________________----------__-_-_---_- 401 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Modes of rock units of the Vanderlehr Formation____________________________-----_------_---_--__- 348 2. Modes of rocks of the Loues Formation._____________________________________________________________ 355 3. Modes of rocks of the quartz-biotite-garnet schist unit________________________________________________ 363 4. Spectrographic analyses of a composite sample of the quartz-biotite-garnet schist unit, Park School are.a______ 363 5. Modes of rocks of the mica schist unit___________________________________________________________ 365 6. Semi quantitative spectrographic analyses of mica schist from the mica schist unit________________________ 366 7. Description of quartz-rich veins___--____________________-_-----___-__-____-__--__-_----------__----- 368 8. Mineral assemblages of some wall zones______________----_------------------------------------------- 375 9. Mineral assemblages of some intermediate zones__-__--_----------------------------------------------- 375 10. Mineral assemblages of some cores or innermost exposed zones.__________________--------l-_-__-__-___-_ 376 11. Description of minor accessory pegmatite minerals in the Berne quadrangle------------------------------- 380 12. Summary of mineral production from the major pegmatite mines in the Berne quadrangle. _______________ 397 13. Description of gold mines, Berne quadrangle________---_----------------___-_-_----------------------- 402 PEGMATITES AND OTHER PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN BLACK HILLS GEOLOGY OF THE BERNE QUADRANGLE, BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA By JACK A. REDDEN ABSTRACT hydrothermal fluids were presumably a factor in tl ? formation The Berne quadrangle, in the southern Black Hills, S. Dak., of the veins. is underlain largely by Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Nu­ Approximately 1,150 granitic pegmatites occur in the quad­ merous bodies of granitic pegmatite
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