DOCSLIB.ORG

A Personal History the BIOLOGICAL SURVEY of CANADA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Personal History the BIOLOGICAL SURVEY of CANADA THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA: A Personal History Biological Survey of Canada H.V. Danks Commission biologique du Canada THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA: A PERSONAL HISTORY H.V. Danks Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 8 (2016) ii Published by the BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA©2016 All illustrations in this book are copyright by individual authors or agencies, and their unauthorized use is prohibited. For further information contact the Biological Survey of Canada. The Biological Survey of Canada is an incorporated not-for-profit group devoted to promoting biodiversity science in Canada. It develops and coordinates national initiatives in systematics, biodiversity surveys, and publication of knowledge products. The monograph series of the Biological Survey of Canada comprises invited, fully reviewed publications relevant to the biodiversity of Canada. ISBN: 978-0-9689321-9-3 doi: 10.3752/9780968932193 iii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1 THE GENESIS OF AN IDEA ...................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................. 2 The Department of Agriculture ................................................................. 2 The Entomological Society of Canada ...................................................... 4 Elements of the original plan ..................................................................... 5 SECURING INITIAL FUNDING ............................................................... 7 A steering committee .................................................................................. 7 The Biological Council of Canada ............................................................ 8 The Entomological Society of Canada’s proposal ................................... 9 Terms of the Pilot Study contract ........................................................... 12 STAFFING THE SECRETARIAT ............................................................ 13 THE PILOT STUDY, 1977–1978............................................................... 17 The Pilot Study office ............................................................................... 17 The Scientific Committee for the Pilot Study ........................................ 17 Conducting the Pilot Study ...................................................................... 22 Completing general elements of the contract......................................... 25 Developing Canada and its Insect Fauna ............................................... 28 Difficulties with the Lead Department ................................................... 30 FINDING A WAY FORWARD, 1978 ........................................................ 32 MAINTENANCE ON CONTRACT, 1978–1982 ..................................... 36 THE SURVEY AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM .................................... 39 The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) ................. 39 The Scientific Committee ......................................................................... 40 Roles of the Secretariat ............................................................................ 52 Secretariat travel ...................................................................................... 55 Scientific priorities, projects and initiatives of the Biological Survey of Canada ................................................................................................ 57 The Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification .............................. 87 The Biological Survey at annual meetings of the Entomological Society of Canada .................................................................................. 88 The Biological Survey Foundation .......................................................... 89 Impact of the Survey ................................................................................ 90 The Head of the Secretariat retires ......................................................... 91 THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA CONTINUES ................. 95 CODA: LESSONS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY .................................................................................................... 96 iv Appendices Appendix 1. Chronological list of members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada, 1977-2009 ....................................... 99 Appendix 2. List of entomologist members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada, 1977-2009, and their affiliations... 106 Appendix 3. Selected references related to the Biological Survey concept, and to the Pilot Study and its aftermath ................................................... 109 Appendix 4. Output from the scientific projects and initiatives of the Biological Survey of Canada (by project) .................................................111 Appendix 5. References for the Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification ............................................................................................. 134 Appendix 6. General references for the Biological Survey of Canada (by category): Scientific briefs, Resource documents, Newsletters, Reports and documentation in the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada, Web site, Symposia and workshops, Official letters, Survey publicity, Other references ........................................................... 137 Appendix 7. Publications of H.V. Danks .................................................... 147 Appendix 8. Glossary of selected acronyms ............................................... 154 Figures Figures 1-14. Products of the Biological Survey of Canada: Publications from the Pilot Study, Publications from the Northern Contract, Keys to myriapods, Annotated list of workers (third edition), Leaflets about the Biological Survey and its publications, Monographs of the Biological Survey Foundation, Arthropods of Canadian grasslands, Proceedings from various symposia, Briefs on various topics, Briefs about insect collections, Briefs about the study of arthropod biodiversity, Sample issues of newsletters, Web site 2005, Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification ............................................................................................. 155 Figures 15-21. Senior entomologists who were members of the Scientific Committee during the Pilot Study: George Ball, Ken Davey, Antony Downes, Keith Kevan, Gene Munroe, Geoff Scudder, Glenn Wiggins ... 163 Figures 22-50. Some entomologists who were members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada: George Ball, Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Chris Buddle, Rob Cannings, Doug Currie, Ken Davey, Antony Downes, Kevin Floate, Terry Galloway, Donna Giberson, David Langor, David Larson, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Steve Marshall, Valin Marshall, John Matthews, David McCorquodale, Richard Ring, Rob Roughley, v David Rosenberg, Geoff Scudder, Joe Shorthouse, John Spence, Felix Sperling, Jon Sweeney, Terry Wheeler, Glenn Wiggins, Dudley Williams, Neville Winchester ...................................................... 164 Figures 51-57. Groups of members of the Scientific Committee for the Biological Survey of Canada (identified in the captions)......................... 172 Figures 58-67. The Head of the Secretariat at different times during his career ........................................................................................................ 176 Credits for photographs ............................................................................. 179 The Biological Survey of Canada: a personal history 1 INTRODUCTION The history of the Biological Survey of Canada launched for insects in 1977 reflects not only scientific ideas but also personal and political dynamics, especially during the first few years. These general aspects of the development of the Survey, together with its purpose and achievements, are emphasized here. The great success of the Survey depended on its many cooperators across the country and on members of the advisory committee, who contributed both active study of the fauna and guidance to the project as a whole. Therefore, I report here not just what was done but also who did it, extending the length of the text but showing more accurately how the Survey was able to move forward. The aims and opinions of those who helped to launch the program coincided to a remarkable degree. The scientific results of the Survey are available in a very large number of publications. However, the focus here is not on what these discoveries tell us about the fauna of insects and related groups in Canada, but on how the Survey came into being, how it operated, and why it was effective. Therefore, specific scientific content is dealt with in only enough detail to support the narrative, and no attempt is made to summarize the Survey’s many interesting findings. For the same reason, there are no summaries of the Survey’s recommendations about procedures for study and other needs. However, several detailed appendices list scientific publications and other products that provide those specifics. This treatment includes my personal perspectives and recollections as head of the Survey from 1977 until 2007. The text is nevertheless written in the third person to avoid a constant stream of personal pronouns. The period covered runs until about 2009, when the Biological Survey changed form, although the early history of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wild Species 2010 the GENERAL STATUS of SPECIES in CANADA
    Wild Species 2010 THE GENERAL STATUS OF SPECIES IN CANADA Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council National General Status Working Group This report is a product from the collaboration of all provincial and territorial governments in Canada, and of the federal government. Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC). 2011. Wild Species 2010: The General Status of Species in Canada. National General Status Working Group: 302 pp. Available in French under title: Espèces sauvages 2010: La situation générale des espèces au Canada. ii Abstract Wild Species 2010 is the third report of the series after 2000 and 2005. The aim of the Wild Species series is to provide an overview on which species occur in Canada, in which provinces, territories or ocean regions they occur, and what is their status. Each species assessed in this report received a rank among the following categories: Extinct (0.2), Extirpated (0.1), At Risk (1), May Be At Risk (2), Sensitive (3), Secure (4), Undetermined (5), Not Assessed (6), Exotic (7) or Accidental (8). In the 2010 report, 11 950 species were assessed. Many taxonomic groups that were first assessed in the previous Wild Species reports were reassessed, such as vascular plants, freshwater mussels, odonates, butterflies, crayfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Other taxonomic groups are assessed for the first time in the Wild Species 2010 report, namely lichens, mosses, spiders, predaceous diving beetles, ground beetles (including the reassessment of tiger beetles), lady beetles, bumblebees, black flies, horse flies, mosquitoes, and some selected macromoths. The overall results of this report show that the majority of Canada’s wild species are ranked Secure.
    [Show full text]
  • Chironominae 8.1
    CHIRONOMINAE 8.1 SUBFAMILY CHIRONOMINAE 8 DIAGNOSIS: Antennae 4-8 segmented, rarely reduced. Labrum with S I simple, palmate or plumose; S II simple, apically fringed or plumose; S III simple; S IV normal or sometimes on pedicel. Labral lamellae usually well developed, but reduced or absent in some taxa. Mentum usually with 8-16 well sclerotized teeth; sometimes central teeth or entire mentum pale or poorly sclerotized; rarely teeth fewer than 8 or modified as seta-like projections. Ventromental plates well developed and usually striate, but striae reduced or vestigial in some taxa; beard absent. Prementum without dense brushes of setae. Body usually with anterior and posterior parapods and procerci well developed; setal fringe not present, but sometimes with bifurcate pectinate setae. Penultimate segment sometimes with 1-2 pairs of ventral tubules; antepenultimate segment sometimes with lateral tubules. Anal tubules usually present, reduced in brackish water and marine taxa. NOTESTES: Usually the most abundant subfamily (in terms of individuals and taxa) found on the Coastal Plain of the Southeast. Found in fresh, brackish and salt water (at least one truly marine genus). Most larvae build silken tubes in or on substrate; some mine in plants, dead wood or sediments; some are free- living; some build transportable cases. Many larvae feed by spinning silk catch-nets, allowing them to fill with detritus, etc., and then ingesting the net; some taxa are grazers; some are predacious. Larvae of several taxa (especially Chironomus) have haemoglobin that gives them a red color and the ability to live in low oxygen conditions. With only one exception (Skutzia), at the generic level the larvae of all described (as adults) southeastern Chironominae are known.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments on Some Species in Tribe Chironomini
    Comments on some species in tribe Chironomini Henk Vallenduuk Prof. Gerbrandystraat 10, 5463BK Veghel, Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] During the work of identifying Chironomini collected at various localities in the Netherlands, I made some observations in species interpretation that I think are useful to share with the readers of the Chironomus Newsletter on Chironomidae Research. I hope that in particular ecologists and other users of larval identi- fication keys will find the below comments helpful. Reinterpretation of some species in Chironomus Chironomus macani I obtained males and females from single-reared larvae. Peter Langton identified them as Chironomus (Chaetolabis) macani Freeman, 1948 and confirmed that the male imagines are conspecific with the holo- type of Chironomus (Chaetolabis) macani, held in the Natural History Museum in London, but not with those of Prof. Wolfgang Wülker presently kept in the Zoologische Staatssammlung, München. The Wül- ker’s specimens thus do not belong to the true C. macani and should be renamed (Langton & Vallenduuk 2013). The larvae of both species are morphologically very similar but can be differentiated. Chironomus dorsalis Chironomus (Lobochironomus) longipes Staeger, 1839 was listed as a junior synonym of Chironomus (Lo- bochironomus) dorsalis Meigen, 1818 by Spies & Sæther (2004). However, the name Chironomus (Chi- ronomus) dorsalis Meigen, 1818 has also been used (e.g. Strenzke 1959). Chironomus dorsalis Meigen sensu Strenzke is a misidentification and synonymous withC. alpestris Goetghebuer, 1934 (Sæther & Spies 2013). I reared single larvae of C. dorsalis Meigen and C. alpestris Goetghebuer. It appears that the imago of C. longipes described by Shilova (1980) as Einfeldia does not match with C.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Suctorial Proboscis in Pollen Wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae)
    Arthropod Structure & Development 31 (2002) 103–120 www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Evolution of the suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae) Harald W. Krenna,*, Volker Maussb, John Planta aInstitut fu¨r Zoologie, Universita¨t Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria bStaatliches Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Abt. Entomologie, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany Received 7 May 2002; accepted 17 July 2002 Abstract The morphology and functional anatomy of the mouthparts of pollen wasps (Masarinae, Hymenoptera) are examined by dissection, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, supplemented by field observations of flower visiting behavior. This paper focuses on the evolution of the long suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps, which is formed by the glossa, in context with nectar feeding from narrow and deep corolla of flowers. Morphological innovations are described for flower visiting insects, in particular for Masarinae, that are crucial for the production of a long proboscis such as the formation of a closed, air-tight food tube, specializations in the apical intake region, modification of the basal articulation of the glossa, and novel means of retraction, extension and storage of the elongated parts. A cladistic analysis provides a framework to reconstruct the general pathways of proboscis evolution in pollen wasps. The elongation of the proboscis in context with nectar and pollen feeding is discussed for aculeate Hymenoptera. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mouthparts; Flower visiting; Functional anatomy; Morphological innovation; Evolution; Cladistics; Hymenoptera 1. Introduction Some have very long proboscides; however, in contrast to bees, the proboscis is formed only by the glossa and, in Evolution of elongate suctorial mouthparts have some species, it is looped back into the prementum when in occurred separately in several lineages of Hymenoptera in repose (Bradley, 1922; Schremmer, 1961; Richards, 1962; association with uptake of floral nectar.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Family Chironomidae (Diptera) of Finland
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 441: 63–90 (2014)Checklist of the family Chironomidae (Diptera) of Finland 63 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7461 CHECKLIST www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Checklist of the family Chironomidae (Diptera) of Finland Lauri Paasivirta1 1 Ruuhikoskenkatu 17 B 5, FI-24240 Salo, Finland Corresponding author: Lauri Paasivirta ([email protected]) Academic editor: J. Kahanpää | Received 10 March 2014 | Accepted 26 August 2014 | Published 19 September 2014 http://zoobank.org/F3343ED1-AE2C-43B4-9BA1-029B5EC32763 Citation: Paasivirta L (2014) Checklist of the family Chironomidae (Diptera) of Finland. In: Kahanpää J, Salmela J (Eds) Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. ZooKeys 441: 63–90. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7461 Abstract A checklist of the family Chironomidae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. Keywords Finland, Chironomidae, species list, biodiversity, faunistics Introduction There are supposedly at least 15 000 species of chironomid midges in the world (Armitage et al. 1995, but see Pape et al. 2011) making it the largest family among the aquatic insects. The European chironomid fauna consists of 1262 species (Sæther and Spies 2013). In Finland, 780 species can be found, of which 37 are still undescribed (Paasivirta 2012). The species checklist written by B. Lindeberg on 23.10.1979 (Hackman 1980) included 409 chironomid species. Twenty of those species have been removed from the checklist due to various reasons. The total number of species increased in the 1980s to 570, mainly due to the identification work by me and J. Tuiskunen (Bergman and Jansson 1983, Tuiskunen and Lindeberg 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Nr. 10 ISSN 2190-3700 Nov 2018 AMPULEX 10|2018
    ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ACULEATE HYMENOPTEREN AMPULEXJOURNAL FOR HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA RESEARCH Nr. 10 ISSN 2190-3700 Nov 2018 AMPULEX 10|2018 Impressum | Imprint Herausgeber | Publisher Dr. Christian Schmid-Egger | Fischerstraße 1 | 10317 Berlin | Germany | 030-89 638 925 | [email protected] Rolf Witt | Friedrichsfehner Straße 39 | 26188 Edewecht-Friedrichsfehn | Germany | 04486-9385570 | [email protected] Redaktion | Editorial board Dr. Christian Schmid-Egger | Fischerstraße 1 | 10317 Berlin | Germany | 030-89 638 925 | [email protected] Rolf Witt | Friedrichsfehner Straße 39 | 26188 Edewecht-Friedrichsfehn | Germany | 04486-9385570 | [email protected] Grafik|Layout & Satz | Graphics & Typo Umwelt- & MedienBüro Witt, Edewecht | Rolf Witt | www.umbw.de | www.vademecumverlag.de Internet www.ampulex.de Titelfoto | Cover Colletes perezi ♀ auf Zygophyllum fonanesii [Foto: B. Jacobi] Colletes perezi ♀ on Zygophyllum fonanesii [photo: B. Jacobi] Ampulex Heft 10 | issue 10 Berlin und Edewecht, November 2018 ISSN 2190-3700 (digitale Version) ISSN 2366-7168 (print version) V.i.S.d.P. ist der Autor des jeweiligen Artikels. Die Artikel geben nicht unbedingt die Meinung der Redaktion wieder. Die Zeitung und alle in ihr enthaltenen Texte, Abbildungen und Fotos sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Das Copyright für die Abbildungen und Artikel liegt bei den jeweiligen Autoren. Trotz sorgfältiger inhaltlicher Kontrolle übernehmen wir keine Haftung für die Inhalte externer Links. Für den Inhalt der verlinkten Seiten sind ausschließlich deren Betreiber verantwortlich. All rights reserved. Copyright of text, illustrations and photos is reserved by the respective authors. The statements and opinions in the material contained in this journal are those of the individual contributors or advertisers, as indicated. The publishers have used reasonab- le care and skill in compiling the content of this journal.
    [Show full text]
  • Bees and Wasps of the East Sussex South Downs
    A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 Abstract For six years between 2003 and 2008, over 100 site visits were made to fifteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites within the South Downs of Vice-county 14 (East Sussex). This produced a list of 227 bee and wasp species and revealed the comparative frequency of different species, the comparative richness of different sites and provided a basic insight into how many of the species interact with the South Downs at a site and landscape level. The study revealed that, in addition to the character of the semi-natural grasslands present, the bee and wasp fauna is also influenced by the more intensively-managed agricultural landscapes of the Downs, with many species taking advantage of blossoming hedge shrubs, flowery fallow fields, flowery arable field margins, flowering crops such as Rape, plus plants such as buttercups, thistles and dandelions within relatively improved pasture. Some very rare species were encountered, notably the bee Halictus eurygnathus Blüthgen which had not been seen in Britain since 1946. This was eventually recorded at seven sites and was associated with an abundance of Greater Knapweed. The very rare bees Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus) and Andrena niveata Friese were also observed foraging on several dates during their flight periods, providing a better insight into their ecology and conservation requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 28, No. 2, Fall 2009
    Fall 2009 Vol. 28, No. 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS) Table of Contents General Information and Editorial Notes ..................................... (inside front cover) News and Notes News from the Biological Survey of Canada ..........................................................27 Report on the first AGM of the BSC .......................................................................27 Robert E. Roughley (1950-2009) ...........................................................................30 BSC Symposium at the 2009 JAM .........................................................................32 Demise of the NRC Research Press Monograph Series .......................................34 The Evolution of the BSC Newsletter .....................................................................34 The Alan and Anne Morgan Collection moves to Guelph ......................................34 Curation Blitz at Wallis Museum ............................................................................35 International Year of Biological Diversity 2010 ......................................................36 Project Update: Terrestrial Arthropods of Newfoundland and Labrador ..............37 Border Conflicts: How Leafhoppers Can Help Resolve Ecoregional Viewpoints 41 Project Update: Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification .............................55 Arctic Corner The Birth of the University of Alaska Museum Insect Collection ............................57 Bylot Island and the Northern Biodiversity
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera) in East Africa
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 769: 117–144Morphological (2018) re-description and molecular identification of Tabanidae... 117 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.769.21144 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Morphological re-description and molecular identification of Tabanidae (Diptera) in East Africa Claire M. Mugasa1,2, Jandouwe Villinger1, Joseph Gitau1, Nelly Ndungu1,3, Marc Ciosi1,4, Daniel Masiga1 1 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya 2 School of Biosecurity Biotechnical Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 3 Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomo- logy, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa 4 Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Corresponding author: Daniel Masiga ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Dikow | Received 19 October 2017 | Accepted 9 April 2018 | Published 26 June 2018 http://zoobank.org/AB4EED07-0C95-4020-B4BB-E6EEE5AC8D02 Citation: Mugasa CM, Villinger J, Gitau J, Ndungu N, Ciosi M, Masiga D (2018) Morphological re-description and molecular identification of Tabanidae (Diptera) in East Africa. ZooKeys 769: 117–144.https://doi.org/10.3897/ zookeys.769.21144 Abstract Biting flies of the family Tabanidae are important vectors of human and animal diseases across conti- nents. However, records of Africa tabanids are fragmentary and mostly cursory. To improve identification, documentation and description of Tabanidae in East Africa, a baseline survey for the identification and description of Tabanidae in three eastern African countries was conducted. Tabanids from various loca- tions in Uganda (Wakiso District), Tanzania (Tarangire National Park) and Kenya (Shimba Hills National Reserve, Muhaka, Nguruman) were collected.
    [Show full text]
  • Roads May Act As Barriers to Flying Insects: Species Composition of Bees and Wasps Differs on Two Sides of a Large Highway
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal Nature Conservation 18: 41–59 (2017) Roads as barriers to bees and wasps 47 doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.18.12314 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://natureconservation.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity conservation Roads may act as barriers to flying insects: species composition of bees and wasps differs on two sides of a large highway Petter Andersson1, Anna Koffman1, N. Erik Sjödin2, Victor Johansson1,3 1 Calluna AB, Hästholmsvägen 28, SE-131 30 Nacka, Sweden 2 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Corresponding author: Petter Andersson ([email protected]) Academic editor: Klaus Henle | Received 17 February 2017 | Accepted 7 June 2017 | Published 11 July 2017 http://zoobank.org/04B4576D-0AA2-46FD-B9BA-7B4B194411A0 Citation: Andersson P, Koffman A, Sjödin NE, Johansson V (2017) Roads may act as barriers to flying insects: species composition of bees and wasps differs on two sides of a large highway. Nature Conservation 18: 47–59. https://doi. org/10.3897/natureconservation.18.12314 Abstract Roads may act as barriers to animal movements, but direct barrier effects on insects have rarely been studied. In this study we collected data on bees and wasps along two sides of a large road in Sweden using yellow pan traps. We then analyzed if the species composition differed between the two sides of the road; first for the whole community, and then only for the smallest species (which typically are poorer dispers- ers). As a complement, we analyzed if different vegetation variables differed between the two sides of the road, as this may also affect differences in species composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Wasps and Bees in Southern Africa
    SANBI Biodiversity Series 24 Wasps and bees in southern Africa by Sarah K. Gess and Friedrich W. Gess Department of Entomology, Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown Pretoria 2014 SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 Sep- tember 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Manage- ment: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. The Act expands the mandate of the former National Botanical Institute to include respon- sibilities relating to the full diversity of South Africa’s fauna and flora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI: Biodiversity richness for all South Africans. SANBI’s mission is to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, workshops, symposia and other activities initiated by, or executed in partnership with SANBI. Technical editing: Alicia Grobler Design & layout: Sandra Turck Cover design: Sandra Turck How to cite this publication: GESS, S.K. & GESS, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodi- versity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-919976-73-0 Manuscript submitted 2011 Copyright © 2014 by South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written per- mission of the copyright owners. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of SANBI.
    [Show full text]
  • The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of Maine (Diptera, Tabanidae)
    ISSN 1070-1524 The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of Maine (Diptera, Tabanidae) L. L. Pechuman Richard Dearborn Technical Bulletin 160 March 1996 MAINE AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION University of Maine The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of Maine (Diptera, Tabanidae) L.L. Pechuman1 Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 and Richard Dearborn Maine Forest Service Augusta, ME 04330 'Deceased Contents FOREWORD iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv INTRODUCTION 1 LIFE HISTORY 1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 2 COLLECTION METHODS AND MATERIAL STUDIED 3 CLASSIFICATION 3 FAMILY TABANIDAE 5 Subfamily PANGONIINAE, Tribe Pangoniini 5 Subfamily CHRYSOPSINAE, Tribe Bouvieromyiini 5 Subfamily CHRYSOPSINAE, Tribe Chrysopsini 6 Subfamily TABANINAE, Tribe Haematopotini 11 Subfamily TABANINAE, Tribe Tabanini 12 LITERATURE CITED 21 INDEX 22 FOREWORD Any listing of insects found in the state of Maine would not be complete without mentioning briefly something about the climate and natural resources of the area. Maine lies astride the 45th parallel and is the eastern most point of land in the continental United States. It is largely rural, heavily forested, and it encompasses innumerable lakes, ponds, streams and bogs. Roughly 90% of the land mass is forested and of this portion 45-50% is of the spruce-fir type. Northern hardwoods (beech, birch and maple) dominate the ridges and much of the upland and make up the second most common forest type. Pines and other species are scattered throughout. Settlers and colonists have been involved in the advance and retreat of open and developed land for hundreds of years and have introduced various plants and animals in the course of their activi­ ties.
    [Show full text]