International Journal of Medicinal Research ISSN: 2169-303X Vol. 1 (7), pp. 099-123, December, 2012. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal used in the ,

Mustapha Abouri, Abdelhamid El Mousadik, Fouad Msanda*, Hassan Boubaker, Baha Saadi and Khalil Cherifi

Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Université Ibn Zohr, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 8106, , Morocco.

Received 20 September, 2012; Accepted 03 December, 2012

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the Tata Province (South-eastern Morocco) with the aim to collect the detailed information about the usage of plants in human therapy. The survey was carried out over a period of 24 months, by means of semi-structured and structured interviews. A total of 900 interviews were conducted with traditional health practitioners and knowledgeable villagers. A total of 163 plant species representing 134 genera and 56 families were used in the treatment of various diseases. The most encountered medicinal plant families were Lamiaceae (12.3% of use-reports), Asteraceae (7.4%), Apiaceae and Fabaceae (6.7%). Plant leaves were the most commonly used plant part, and decoction and infusion were the most common methods of traditional drug preparation. This study has established a monograph of medicinal plants used in traditional herbal medicine in Tata Province. This work is a contribution to the preservation of local knowledge in traditional herbal medicine.

Key words: Ethnobotanical survey, medicinal plants, traditional medicine, Tata Province, Morocco.

INTRODUCTION

Today, despite the many advances in modern medicine, traditional pharmacopoeia continues to be an important there is a marked revival of interest with respect to source of remedies for primary healthcare in the country medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia. In the rural (Merzouki et al., 2000). areas of developing countries, herbal medicines serve The knowledge of the use of medicinal plants and the the health needs of about 80% of the world’s population procedures applied to their preparation is usually (Azaizeh et al., 2003). Plants are important sources of transmitted from generation to generation, but it is often therapeutic drugs and play an important role in the in danger because transmission between older and survival of the tribal and ethnic communities. Traditional younger generation is not always assured (Addo-Fordjour medicinal plants have several advantages; they are et al., 2008; 2012). Consequently, it is essential to affordable, easily accessible, and there is no evidence of document the medicinal component of the flora of any resistance to whole-plant extracts (Al-Adhroey et al., country for conservation and sustainable use. Many 2010). Morocco is known for its rich vegetation and plant authors have studied the traditional pharmacopoeia in biodiversity (Msanda et al., 2005), due to its geographical different areas of Morocco (Bellakhdar, 1997; Bellakhdar and climatic conditions. It is one of the Mediterranean et al., 1991; Sijelmassi, 1993; Ziyyat et al., 1997; countries with a long tradition in the field of phytotherapy Merzouki et al., 2000; Jouad et al., 2001; Eddouks et al., (Jouad et al., 2001; Scherrer et al., 2005). The local 2002; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Tahraoui et al., 2007). However, no ethnobotanical work has been carried out in Tata region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 212 systematically collect information about the usage of 0528 220957. Fax: 212 0528 220100. plants in human therapy in Tata province (south-eastern Abouri et al. 099

FigureFig.1.Location 1. Location o f ofstudy study area. area

Morocco). In this region traditional plant medicines have Tata from March 2009 to March 2011, during which we always held a strong position for its ethnobotanical values conducted 900 interviews in different regions of the and therapeutic importance. province. The data was collected through semi-structured and structured interviews with traditional healers (called “Achab” in local dialect) and with people having knowledge of traditional medicine. Information was MATERIALS AND METHODS analyzed with the SPSS program. The people interviewed were either born or had been living in the Study area region for more than 20 years. The medicinal plants listed in this inventory were only included if they satisfied, two The study was carried out in different areas of Tata criteria: the herbal remedies handed down from oral region, situated in the southeast of Morocco. tradition, and only those plant species that could be Geographically the area corresponds to the southern side directly identified and/or collected by the person of the mountains of the Anti-Atlas and occupies an area interviewed are cited in this paper. of 26,274 sq.km. The area is characterized by a At each interview, the following data were gathered and hyperaridity marked by low rainfall of around 100 mm, of set on an identity card: stormy character, and large fluctuations in the daily and yearly temperatures. Its population is mainly rural (70%). • Age, sex, and cultural level; The region is a center of excellence at national level in • Geographic locality; folk-medicine with a strategic location between North • Date and place of gathering information; Africa, the Sahara and Sahel, and historical events such • Vernacular name (Arab or Berber) of the used plants as an intermingling of civilizations Amazigh (Berbers), and their distribution, local or imported, cultivated species Jews, Saharan and Arab-Muslim in these oases. Data or spontaneous; was collected in 27 localities in Tata Province (Figure 1). • Part of the plant being used; The study sites were selected based on utilization of • The reasons for using medicinal plants; traditional herbal medicines by the community in this • Form of use, mode of preparation and administration. region. A medicinal property was accepted as valid only if it was mentioned by at least five independent interviewees. Data collection Most of the interviews and discussions were held in Berber, the dialectal language of the region. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in province of The medicinal plants mentioned by interviewees were 100 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Figure 2. Demographics of intervieews.

collected and voucher specimens were deposited at the represented most of all the traditional medicinal herbarium of the Laboratory of Biotechnology and substances (Addis et al., 2001; Maroyi, 2011). Valorization of Natural Resources (LBVRN), Faculty of Previous studies have reported a wide range of the rate Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir. The plant species plant use (50-95%), which varied from region to region were identified following ‘Moroccan Flora’ (Fennane et according to ethnology, richness of medicinal plant sector al., 1999, 2007); ‘Vascular Flora of Morocco, Inventory and home environment (Sijelmassi, 1993; Bellakhdar, and Chorology’ (Fennane and Ibn Tattou, 2005, Ibn 1997; Ziyyat et al., 1997; Hmammouchi, 1999; Jouad et Tattou and Fennane, 2008), ‘Flora of North Africa’ (Maire, al., 2001; Eddouks et al., 2002; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; 1952-1980), ‘Moroccan Plants Catalogue’ (Jahandiez and Tahraoui et al., 2007). We observed that women Maire, 1931-1934) and ‘Flora of Sahara’ (Ozenda, 1977). frequently used more (67 %) medicinal plants than men (33 %). In contrast to men, women learn mainly from their mothers through routine observations. Similar findings RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were also reported in other parts of Morocco (Ziyyat et al., 1997; Jouad et al., 2001; Eddouks et al., 2002) and Demographic characteristics of interviewees elsewhere in world (Savo et al., 2011; Packer et al., 2012). The study showed that the frequency of medicinal Traditional healers and herbal medicine play an important plant use increased with age (Figure 2). role in the healthcare of rural areas in Morocco (El-Hilaly Interestingly, the frequency of use of medicinal plants et al., 2003). Local people have different kinds of was inversely related to the level of education of the indigenous knowledge systems to utilize local herbs. interviewed population; illiterate: 70%, primary education: Majority of interviewers acquired the traditional medical 21.5%, secondary education: 8% and university knowledge from members of their families mainly education: 0.5%. The youngest respondents and people grandparents and parents. Among a total of 900 who studied up to the age of 20 or over were more respondents, 612 were living in villages and 288 were inclined towards the modern medicines resulting in loss living in city centers. Majority of respondents replied that of valuable herbal-based knowledge. they use herbal medicine to treat their illness. A total of 420 individuals depend on herbal medicine alone, 400 individuals use both herbal medicine and modern Diversity of medicinal plants medicine, and 80 people have recourse to modern medicine alone. Majority of people opted for a traditional The present ethnobotanical survey recorded information treatment because of its low cost compared to modern on 163 plant species, belonging to 56 families and 134 medicine; that reflects the reality that local families have genera used to treat various ailments (Table 1). The low incomes and therefore resort to traditional medicine families with the most reported plant species were that is cheap. Ethno-pharmacological surveys on the use Lamiaceae (20 species), Asteraceae (12 species), of traditional medicinal materials conducted in other Apiaceae (11 species) and Fabaceae each (11 species). countries revealed similar trends where plants The best five families which are well represented in the Abouri et al. 101

Table 1. List of medicinal plants used in Tata Province (Morocco).

Number of Plant part Scientific name and Family Local name Habit Uses Preparation Administration citations used Tanning 35 Bark, leaf Raw - Antidiarrhoeic, 30 Seed Decoction Oral contraception, fever Asthma, cough, hepatitis, 14 Gum Infusion Oral 1 - Acacia ehrenbergiana neuralgia Hayne Applied on the Talh - Tamat Tree Wound healing 12 Seed Powder affected part Fabaceae Stomachic 10 Leaf Decoction Oral Eye inflammation 10 Seed Decoction Eye drops Rheumatic pains 8 Leaf Decoction Applied externally Tooth pains 6 Flower, seed Decoction Mouthwash

Colic, cough, pulmonary 120 Leaf, gum Decoction, infusion Oral diseases 2 - Acacia tortilis subsp. Neuralgia, asthma, 96 Gum Infusion Oral raddiana (Savi) Brenan hepatitis, jaundice Talh - Amrad Tree Astringeant, demulcent, Fabaceae detergent, haemostatic, 94 Bark Infusion Oral expectorant, angina Kidney stones 50 Fruit Decoction Oral

3 - Acanthorrhinum ramosissimum (Coss. & Durieu) Rothm. Ansfoul Shrub Helminthiasis 54 Whole plant Decoction Oral

Scrophulariaceae

4 - Aizoon canariense L. Powder Warts, face and hair care 70 Leaf, aerial part Applied externally Cataplasm/mask Aizoaceae Lghassoul Herb Emetic 62 Whole plant Decoction Oral Powder Wounds, skin care 38 Fruit Applied externally Cataplasm

Stomach ailments 38 Whole plant Decoction Oral Antiseptic, anxiety, antispasmodic, bone care, carminative, intestinal ailments, colds, diabetes, Leaf, stem, flatulence, rheumatism, 32 flower or aerial Decoction, tisane Oral 5 - Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. rabies, tonic, stomachic, parts Chendgura – Hemicrypt hypotensive, diuretic, Lamiaceae Timnra iyznkad ophyte febrifuge, migraine, gastralgia

Helminthiasis, sinusitis, 31 Aerial parts Decoction Oral female infertility Menstrual pains 26 Leaf, flower Tisane Oral Applied externally Wounds 20 Whole plant Powder on the affected parts

Cataplasm, Skin abscesses 51 Bulb Applied externally 6 - Allium cepa L. decoction Eyes infection 43 Bulb Juice Eye drops Lbsala - Azalim – Liliaceae Geophyte Helminthiasis, detersive 42 Bulb Decoction Oral Tazalimt Fever, anti parasitic 34 Bulb Raw Oral Asthma 20 Seed Mixed with honey Oral Vertigo 18 Bulb Raw Inhalation

102 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

Hypotensive, colds, helminthiasis, depurative, 106 Bulb Decoction, raw Oral sterility, colic 7 - Allium sativum L. Snake and scorpion bite 35 Bulb Cataplasm Applied externally Thouma – Tiskrt Geophyte Antitoxic 30 Bulb Raw Oral Liliaceae Migraine, headache 22 Stem Fumigation Inhalation Intestinal pains 18 Bulb Raw Oral Stye, cutaneous infection, 15 Bulb Boiled in oil Applied externally antifungal

8 - Aloysia citriodora Palau Digestive, antiseptic, carminative, sedative, Lwiza subshrub 132 Leaf Infusion Oral gastric lavage, calming, Verbenaceae calefacient

9 - Alpinia officinarum Hance Rheumatism, sexual impotence, calefacient, Powder mixed with Khudenjal Geophyte 164 Root Oral menstrual pains, Ras El Hanout Zingiberaceae depurative, galagtagogue

Hypotensive, stomach ache, colic, digestive, diarrhea, emetic, cough, 10 - Ammodaucus leucotrichus 190 Fruit, seed Decoction Oral Coss. Durieu Lkmmoun soufi pulmonary diseases, Talkmount anorexia, allergy, Herb Lkmmoun tachycardia, Apiaceae n’taarabin Labour pains, spasmolitic, helminthiasis, , 60 Seed Decoction Oral gastroenteritis Otitis 30 Fruit Decoction Ear drops

11 - Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. Applied externally, Tifrt Subshrub Eczema, headache, fever 73 Aerial parts Decoction oral Chenopodiaceae

12 - Anastatica hierochuntica L. Labour pains, menstrual pains, epilepsy, 57 Whole plant Decoction Oral Lkmcha Herb constipation, sterility, colds, rheumatoid arthritis

Ophtalmia 21 Whole plant Decoction Eye drops

13 - Anvillea radiata Coss. & Cholagogue, vaginal Oral, applied 66 Flower Decoction Durieu antiseptic externally Liver diseases, stomachic Nagd – Ojrg Shrub 43 Whole plant Infusion Oral Asteraceae hypoglycaemic Colds, digestive 29 Leaf, stem Infusion Oral

14 - Apium graveolens L. Kidney stones 85 Leaf Decoction Oral Hemicrypt Lkrafess Aphrodisiac 81 Aerial parts Decoction Oral ophyte Apiaceae Bladder infections 48 Fruit Decoction Oral

Skin and hair care 70 Seed Oil Applied externally Invigorating, aphrodisiac 49 Seed Oil Oral 15 - Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Gastritis, ulcers 32 Leaf Decoction Oral Scalp treatment, hair care, Sapotaceae Argan Tree eczema, chapped skin, 30 Seed Freshly powder Applied externally burns Hives, fungus, parasites, 27 Leaf Decoction External use anti dandruff Diabetes 12 Root Decoction Oral Abouri et al. 103

Table 1 Contd.

Tanning 10 Wood Raw -

Colds, hypertensive, laxative, vermifuge, 16 - Artemisia absinthium L. stomachic, heart disease, 88 Leaf Infusion Oral carminative, antiseptic, Asteraceae Chiba Subshrub diuretic, febrifuge, antitoxic Otitis 22 Leaf Infusion Ear drops Applied externally Treat wrinkles, cutaneous 10 Leaf Powder mixed in oil on the affected infections parts

Colds, gastric pains, spasmolitic, carminative, vermifuge, rheumatic diseases, emmenagogue, 17 - Artemisia huguetii Caball. 462 Leaf Decoction Oral diuretic, stomachic, Chih– Izri Shrub sedative, intestinal Asteraceae antiseptic, cholagogue, hypoglycaemic Respiratory diseases, 208 Leaf Infusion Oral obesity

Rheumatoid arthritis, colds, 18 - Asphodelus tenuifolius 66 Fruit Decoction Oral Cav. rheum Antidiarrhoetic, measles, 63 Aerial parts Infusion Oral Tazia – Tizyit Herb anemia Liliaceae Indigestion, constipation, 57 Leaf, fruit Decoction Oral stomach pains Dermatotis 52 Leaf, fruit Powder Applied externally

19 - Asteriscus graveolens Less. Rheumatic pains, Tojrgt Shrub 83 Aerial parts Decoction Oral spasmolitic, tiredness Asteraceae

20 - Atractylis gummifera L. Abortifacient, toxic 72 Root Decoction Oral Hemicrypt Addad Powder mixed with ophyte Skin care 22 Root Applied externally Asteraceae oil

Pulmonary and respiratory Infusion diseases, hepatitis, 51 Leaf, fruit Oral diabetes 21 - Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Skin and face 41 Almond Oil Applied externally Delile care,dermatisis, burns Leaf, fruit, Hlilaje – Taberkat Tree Rheumatism 36 Infusion, oil Oral, massage Zygophyllaceae almond Digestive disorders, dysepsie, constipation 31 Leaf, fruit Decoction Oral helminthiasis Tooth pains 22 Stem Raw Chewed Jaundice 17 Leaf Decoction Oral

22 - Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. Skin diseases 26 Leaf Cataplasm External use Tasnant Herb Hypoglycaemic 24 Aerial parts Infusion Oral Chenopodiaceae

23 - Boswellia carterii Birdw. Respiratory ailments, Inhalation, external Salaban Tree cosmetic, ritual and magic 243 Root, resin Fumigation use Burseraceae practices

104 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

Respiratory ailments, 24 - Boswellia frereana Birdw. Inhalation, external Ljawi Tree cosmetic, ritual and magic 232 Root, resin Fumigation use practices Burseraceae

25 - Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Bladder ailments, bronchitis, constipation Koch 113 Seed Infusion Oral digestive, emetic, rheum Lkhrdl Herb stimulant Brassicaceae Applied externally Rheumatism, wounds ritual 72 Seed Cataplasm (for rheumatism and magic practices, and wounds)

Wounds healing, cough 32 Root Decoction External use Tonsillitis, jaundice, 30 Root Decoction Oral dysentery, vermifuge Warts, boils 30 Latex Raw Applied externally 26 - Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dermatotis 26 Root and leaf Powder Applied externally W.T. Aiton Helminthiasis, asthma, Tourja – Tawrzat 23 Leaf Fumigation Inhalation Subshrub cough - Tawrza Asclepiadaceae Constipation, fever 20 Leaf Infusion Oral Stomach pains 12 Leaf Cataplasm External use Asthma, epilepsy 11 Leaf Powder Applied externally Syphilis, rheumatism, skin 8 Leaf Powder Oral parasites Abortifacient 8 Latex Diluted Oral

Female Narcotic, sedative, 20 flowering tops, Powder Smoked 27 - Cannabis sativa L. antiemetic, stomachic stem, leaf

Powder mixed with Hair care 16 Seed, leaf Application on hair Cannabaceae Lkif Herb oil Cholagogue 11 Leaf Decoction Oral Application Skin diseases 6 Leaf Cataplasm externally

Cholagogue, colds, intestinal atony, flatulence, 76 Root Infusion Oral 28 - Capparis spinosa L. spleen swelling, liver bile Lkbbar– insufficiency Shrub Capparaceae Tayloulout Headache, migraine 32 Leaf Decoction Oral Cancer, rheumatism, Leaf, flower, Powder mixed with Oral, application, 31 alopecia fruit oil, cataplasm external use Cutaneous neoplasms 15 Leaf Cataplasm External use

Gastric pains, kidney diseases, antidiabetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, 29 - Carum carvi L. 112 Seed Decoction Oral Hemicrypt blood diseases, colds, Apiaceae Lkrwiya, Lkrwit ophyte galactagogue, aroma, refreshing Stomachic, spasmolitic, Infusion mixed with 47 Fruit Oral carminative milk

30 - Cassia fistula L. Aod salib Tree Ritual and magic practices 125 Leaf, Stem Fumigation - Fabaceae

Abouri et al. 105

Table 1 Contd.

Constipation, gastric 103 Leaf, fruit Decoction Oral 31 - Cassia senna L. ailments Sana– Sana Pancreas ailments, Tree 62 Leaf, fruit Infusion Oral Fabaceae makki cholagogue, sedative Powder with oil and Skin and hair care 43 Leaf, fruit External use Lawsonia inermis

32 - Cedrus libani subsp. atlantica (Endl.) Batt. & Trab. Kdran Tree Skin and hair care 92 Resin Raw External use

Pinaceae

33 - Ceratonia siliqua L. Antidiarrhoeic, stomachic, Kharroub – Tikida Tree intestinal and gastric 86 Leaf, fruit, root Powder, infusion Oral - Ikido Fabaceae ailments,

Headache, migraine, fever 106 Leaf Cataplasm External use Menstrual pains, detersive, antitussive, carminative, 34 - Chenopodium febrifuge, calming, 53 Leaf Decoction Oral ambrosioides L. Lmkhinza - galactagogue, Herb Tawijant antidiarrhoeic Chenopodiaceae Asthma, colds 36 Seed Infusion Oral analgesic, anthelmintic Abortifacient Fumigation of the 18 Seed Raw vagina

35 - Cicer arietinum L. Tonic, stimulant, Lhms Herb 62 Seed Infusion Oral antidiarrhoeic Fabaceae

36 - Cinnamomum camphora Vermifuge 51 Resin Powder Oral (L.) J. Presl. Lkafour Tree As aroma 43 Resin Raw - Lauraceae

37 - Cinnamomum zeylanicum Spasmolitic, digestive Blume pains, stomachic, spice, Lkorfa Tree calefacient, aphrodisiac, 109 Stem, leaf Infusion Oral Lauraceae antiemetic, stimulates circulation

38 - Cistus salviifolius L. Uterine pains, bronchitis, Irgl Shrub sterility 116 Seed Powder Oral Cistaceae

Rheumatism, syphilis, 53 Fruit Infusion Oral tuberculosis, spasmolitic Skin diseases, wound 47 Fruit Powder External use 39 - Citrullus colocynthis (L.) healing Schrad. Cataplasm, raw, or Applied on the Hedja – Handal - Scorpion bite, dermatisis 36 Seed Geophyte cooked affected parts Afrziz Cucurbitaceae Diabetes, stomach ache 26 Seed Decoction Oral

Rheumatic pains, genital 24 Seed Powder External use infections Insecticide 13 Seed Powder -

106 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

40 - Citrus aurantium L. Headache, hepatitis 36 Fruit Juice Oral Larnej Subshrub Tonsils care 28 Fruit Juice with honey Oral Rutaceae

Hypotensive, antiseptic, 41 - Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 62 Fruit Juice Oral diarrhea, angina

Lhamed Subshrub External use Rutaceae Cosmetic, face care 53 Flower Maceration

Headache, fever 46 Fruit Cataplasm External use

Haemostatic, analgesic, 42 - Citrus vulgaris Risso sedative, vermifuge, 59 Leaf and flower Infusion Oral Limoun – Litchin Subshrub carminative Rutaceae Headache, fever 42 Fruit Cataplasm External use Face care 36 Leaf and flower Maceration External use

Cataplasm, Fever 80 Leaf External use, oral decoction 43 - Cleome africana Botsch. Headache, cough, 66 Leaf Decoction Oral Lmkhinza Herb flatulence Capparaceae Colds, rhume, rheumatoid 36 Leaf Powder with oil Ointment arthritis Diuretic, rheumatism 32 Whole plant Infusion, maceration Oral

44 - Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. Respiratory ailments, Ljawi laswad Tree cosmetic, ritual and magic 92 Root, resin Fumigation External use

practices Burseraceae

Wound healing, stop Leaf, aerial Applied on affected haemorrhage, microbial 41 Stupe, powder parts, root parts 45 - Convolvulus trabutianus infection Schweinf. & Muschl. Hypertension 36 Root Decoction Oral Asghrghjd Shrub Cough, pertussis, gastric 23 Whole plant Decoction Oral Convolvulaceae pains Constipation, hepatitis 18 Leaf Tisane Oral Helminthiasis 10 Aerial parts Decoction Oral

Bladder ailments, gastric Leaf, seed and intestinal pains, Decoction Oral 46 - Coriandrum sativum L. insomnia, rheumatic pains, 94

Kasbour Herb diarrhea, sedative, Apiaceae stomachic, carminative Muscular and rheumatic Aerial parts 34 Ointment Applied externally pains mixed with oil

Colic, diarrohea, cough, Leaf, whole 76 Infusion, decoction Oral colds plant Aerial parts, Pulmonary diseases 41 Fumigation Inhalation 47 - Cotula cinerea Delile flower Powder mixed with Rheumatoid arthritis 38 Whole plant Applied externally Asteraceae oil Ophtalmia, kidney Grtofa – Broba Herb Infusion, decoction, Oral, applied diseases, dysmenorrhea, 33 Whole plant cataplasm externally gastric pains, headache,

Measles, teething in Applied externally 26 Leaf, root Infusion on the affected babies, fever parts Spasmolitic, sore throat, 23 Decoction Oral itchy skin

Abouri et al. 107

Table 1 Contd.

48 - Crocus sativus L. Tonic, laxative, labour pains, aphrodisiac, 87 Stigma Infusion Oral Zaafran Geophyte menstrual pains Iridaceae Sterility 38 Stigma Raw Oral

49 - Crotalaria saharae Coss. Application on Taqayt iyznkad Subshrub Scorpion and snake bite 28 Whole plant Cataplasm affected parts Fabaceae

50 - Cucumis melo L. Lbtikh – Lemnoun Herb Digestive, laxative 62 Seed, pulp Decoction, raw Oral Cucurbitaceae

51 - Cucurbita maxima L. Diuretic, vermifuge, Lgraa – Akhsay – Herb stomach and intestinal 86 Seed Decoction Oral Takhsayt Cucurbitaceae pains

Gastric and intestinal pains, Infusion mixed with carminative, Oral, 93 Fruit, seed milk, decoction, 52 - Cuminum cyminum L. antiemetic,diarrhea, external use Cataplasm galactagogue, stomachic Lkmmoun Herb Spasmolitic, vermifuge, Apiaceae 26 Seed Decoction Oral emmenagogue

Seasoning 17 Seed Powder Oral (in food) Mumps 7 Seed Cataplasm Applied externally

53 - Cynodon dactylon (L.) Rheumatism, uterus Pers. disease, dysmenorrhea, 24 Rhizome Decoction Oral Njem Afar Geophyte kidney pains, stomachic

Urinary and bilious tracts, 15 Aerial parts Decoction, tisane Oral Poaceae arthritis

54 - Datura stramonium L. Narcotic, hallucinant, 70 Leaf, seed Tisane, decoction Oral Solanaceae sedative, toxic Chdeq jmel – Herb Asthma 19 Leaf Infusion, cataplasm Oral, external use Taborzingnt Cough, tremor in the elderly 17 Leaf Tisane, cataplasm Oral, external use Frigidity, jaundice 7 FIower Tisane Oral

55 - Daucus carota L. Khizzou Geophyte Gastric pains, helminthiasis 54 Seed Decoction Oral Apiaceae

Colds, kidney stones 56 - Echinops spinosus L. Root, flowered detersive, diuretic, 32 Decoction Oral Hemicrypt aerial parts Taskra – Bongar hypoglycaemic ophyte Asteraceae Abortifacient, labour pains 27 Branch, root Decoction Oral Neuralgia, tiredness 11 Flower Tisane Oral

To gain weight, 52 Leaf, branch Powder Oral 57 - Ephedra alata Decne. calefacient Colds, influenza, 46 Leaf, branch Powder Inhalation Ephedraceae Tamatrt Subshrub respiratory ailments Diabetes, asthma, 27 Leaf, branch Decoction Oral hypertension Rheumatoid arthritis 18 Leaf, branch Decoction Massage Fever, colds, antitussive, Decoction, infusion, 58 - Eucalyptus globulus Labill. cough, grippe, respiratory 44 Leaf Oral, inhalation fumigation Lkalitos – Kalatos Tree ailments Myrtaceae Hair care 19 Leaf Decoction External use Migraine, thorax ailments 9 Leaf Cataplasm External use 108 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

59 - Euphorbia calyptrata Coss. Moulbina – & Kralik Tinora Application on Herb Skin diseases, scorpion bite 56 Latex Cataplasm (Remmada, Sak- affected parts Euphorbiaceae leghrab)

60 - Euphorbia falcata L. Powder with honey, Hayat lanfus Herb Aphrodisiac, rheumatism 62 Leafy stem Oral infusion Euphorbiaceae

61 - Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Hook. f. & Dghmouss – Coss.) Vindt Subshrub Diabetes 73 Aerial parts Powder Oral Tikiout

Euphorbiaceae

62 - Euphorbia resinifera* Berg. Diabetes, Zaqqoum Subshrub 68 Resin Infusion Oral, fumigation magic practice Euphorbiaceae

Skin diseases, snake and Cataplasm, diluted, 32 Latex External use 63 - Euphorbia retusa Forssk. scorpion bite raw Moulbina – Herb Tinora Digestive ailments, Euphorbiaceae abortifacient, neuralgia, 28 Latex Diluted Oral kidney stones,

64 - Farsetia aegyptiaca Spasmolitic, colic, Laaoud labyed – 43 Leaf Decoction Oral Shrub gastritis Tamyout Brassicaceae Tooth ailments, gingivitis 26 Whole plant Decoction Mouth wash

65 - Ferula communis L. Lfasoukh - Geophyte Spasmolitic 67 Fruit Infusion Oral Lboubal Apiaceae

Diabetes, laxative, stomach 66 - Ficus carica L. 54 Fruit Raw Oral Lkermouss – pains Tree Tazart - Iqorran Sedative 33 Fruit Decoction Oral Moraceae Skin abscesses, insect bite 13 Latex Raw External use

Spasmolitic, carminative 46 Fruit and bulb Infusion, decoction Oral 67 - Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Digestive, diuretic Fruit Decoction 38 Oral Nafaa, Hemicrypt expectorant, galactagogue Apiaceae Lbesbass ophyte Kidney diseases, digestive Decoction 27 Seed Oral pains, diabetes As aroma 13 Seed Raw -

Haemostatic, wounds Leafy stem, 49 Powder External use healing leaf 68 - Forsskaolea tenacissima L. Tltaq – Rheumatoid arthritis, bile Herb 46 Leaf Tisane Oral Talghmimt stones Urticaceae Diabetes, kidney stones 32 Leafy stem Decoction Oral 69 - Fraxinus excelsior L. Rheumatism, laxative, 62 Fruit Infusion Oral Lsan ttir Tree tuberculosis, diuretic Oleaceae Skin diseases, astringent. 37 Leaf Powder with oil External use

Abouri et al. 109

Table 1 Contd.

Hypoglycemic, digestive, choleretic, laxative, purgative, stimulant, 70 - Globularia alypum L. 82 Leaf Infusion, decoction Oral Ain larnab – depurative, antiseptic, Shrub Tasselgha antimycotic, constipation, Plantaginaceae gastric ulcers Wound healing, abscesses, 36 Leaf Decoction External use cutaneous neoplasms

71 - Glycine max (L.) Merr. Soja Herb Diabetes 49 Fruit Maceration Oral Fabaceae

72 - Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Mouth infections 82 Root Raw Chewed Cough, hoarseness 65 Root Infusion Oral Fabaceae Aarq souss Geophyte Gastric and intestinal ailments, carminative, 48 Root Decoction Oral constipation, ulcers, stomatitis

73 - Gymnocarpos decandrus Helminthiasis 53 Whole plant Tisane Oral Forssk. Asras Shrub Kidney stones 39 Aerial parts Tisane Oral Caryophyllaceae

Indigestion 51 Leaf Decoction Oral Cutaneous neoplasms 37 Leafy stem Cataplasm External use 74 - Hammada scoparia Scorpions and snake bite, Aerial parts, 28 Tisane, cataplasm Oral, external use (Pomel) Iljin dermatisis leaf Remt – Assay Shrub Diabetes, stomach ache, Chenopodiaceae gastrornteritis, food 26 Root, seed Decoction Oral poisoning Colds, rheum 17 Root Tisane Oral Scabies, wound healing 15 Aerial parts Powder External use

Contraception, diuretic, abortifacient, , stomach Tisane, powder with 36 Leaf, flower Oral pains, helminthiasis, honey 75 - Haplophyllum vermiculare circulatory (Forssk.)Hand.-Maz. Rheumatic pains, , anemia, Tiwermit Shrub intestinal and liver pains, 26 Aerial parts Decoction Oral Rutaceae labour pains, fever Headache, scorpion bite 18 Aerial parts Cataplasm External use Epilepsy 14 Leaf, flower Powder with honey Oral Antiemetic, flatulence 6 Leaf, flower Tisane Oral

76 - Helianthemum lippii (L.) Galactagogue, gout, Dum-Cours. rheumatoid arthritis, Amenterfass – 35 Leaf Tisane Oral Shrub microbial infection, irregular Wiroudn menstrual cycle Cistaceae Helminthiasis 16 Root Decoction Oral

77 - Heliotropium crispum Desf. Applied on affected Skin diseases, burns 32 Leaf Powder Liqamt lkhla Shrub parts Boraginaceae Tonsillitis 19 Aerial parts Decoction Gargle

78 - Herniaria cinerea DC. Kidney and pancreas ailments, colds, urinary 86 Leaf Decoction Oral Herrast lahjar Herb pains Caryophyllaceae Skin face care 42 Leaf Powder with oil External use

110 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

79 - Homalothecium aureum (Spruce) H. Rob. Bladder and kidney Assenbal Herb 65 Leaf Infusion Oral ailments Brachytheciaceae

80 - Hordeum vulgare L. Antidiarrhoeic, Chaair – Tomzin Herb gastrointestinal ailments, 73 Fruit Decoction Oral Poaceae digestive insufficiency

Hair care 32 Seed Infusion External use Palpitations, anxiety, toxic, 26 Leaf Infusion Oral Gastritis, colic, asthma, 21 Leaf Decoction Oral 81 - Hyoscyamus muticus L. Dermatitis 17 Fruit Powder in oil External use Lbettima – Hemicrypt Cataplasm, Spasmolitic, back pains 13 Leaf External use, oral Solanaceae Saykran ophyte decoction, infusion Fortifying 11 Root Tisane Oral Hypnotic 9 Fruit Decoction Oral Tooth ailments 7 Flower, fruit Tisane, decoction Mouthwash Eye inflammation 6 Leaf Maceration Eye drops

82 - Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Skin diseases 32 Whole plant Decoction Applied externally Sch. Bip. Tamrt Herb Cardiac ailments 18 Whole plant Decoction Oral Asteraceae

Mouthwash, 83 - Juglans regia L. Tooth and gums care 82 Root, leaf Decoction, massage external use Swak – Grgaa Tree rheumatism, hypertensive, 53 Leaf Infusion Oral Juglandaceae tonic

84 - Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Slawi – Takhsayt Herb Respiratory ailments 49 Seed Decoction Oral – Taslawiy Cucurbitaceae

85 - Launaea arborescens Hypoglycaemic 76 Root Decoction Oral (Batt.) Murb. Oum lbina – Subshrub Applied to the Iferskl Weaning 34 Latex Raw nipples Asteraceae

Liver, pancreas and 86 - Laurus nobilis L. 38 Leaf, fruit Infusion Oral Warqat sidna digestive pains Tree moussa Face care 25 Leaf, fruit Oil External use Lauraceae Rheumatism 24 Leaf, fruit Decoction Oral

Antiseptic, diuretic, sedative, rheumatism, 110 Flowering tops Infusion Oral calefacient, Inflammation of the uterus, 87 - Lavandula coronopifolia menstrual pains, vaginal 80 Aerial parts Decoction Applied in vagina Poir. antiseptic Amgrzwa Shrub Microbial infection 70 Aerial parts Powder /decoction External use Lamiaceae Diarrhea in children, 63 Aerial parts Decoction Oral stomach ailments, hepatitis Colds, chest pains, heartburn, spasmolytic, 57 Aerial parts Tisane Oral colic

Abouri et al. 111

Table 1 Contd.

88 - Lavandula dentata L. Urinary system ailments, Lkhzama Shrub 67 Leafy stem Decoction Oral calefacient Lamiaceae

Diabetes, menstrual pains, colic, hepatitis, 89 - Lavandula mairei* Humbert gastrointestinal ailments, 386 Aerial parts Decoction, infusion Oral lung disorders, stomach Timzoria Shrub Lamiaceae ailments, microbial infection, headache, fever

Cystitis, cough, asthma, 94 Flowering tops Tisane Oral flatulence

90 - Lavandula maroccana* Murb. Headache, fever, Iguiz Shrub hypotensive, diabetes, 146 Aerial parts Decoction, infusion Oral

menstrual pains Lamiaceae

91 - Lavandula officinalis Chaix Kidney diseases, tannic, Lkhzama Subshrub antiseptic, diuretic, 132 Leaf Infusion Oral Lamiaceae sedative, rheumatism

92 - Lavandula stoechas L. Rheumatism, gastric Leaf, flower, Halhal Shrub 112 Infusion, decoction Oral ailments flowering tops Lamiaceae

93 - Lawsonia inermis L. Hair care 150 Leaf Powder External use Antifungal, burns, sprains 86 Leaf Powder External use Lhenna shrub Lythraceae Hypotensive, emetic, stomach pains, digestive 80 Leaf Decoction Oral disorders

Migraine, asthma, colds, tonic, calefacient, digestive, 94 - Lepidium sativum L. bone care, influenza, 64 Seed Infusion Oral sterility, labour pains, Hebb rchad Herb galactagogue Brassicaceae Antidiarrhoeic, ulcers 48 Seed Decoction Oral Skin diseases 32 Seed Powder Applied externally Sexual impotence 25 Seed Powder Oral

95 - Linum usitatissimum L. Laxative, diuretic, Zarriaat Al 87 Seed Infusion Oral Herb anthelmintic Kettane – Tafst Linaceae Cutaneous infection 32 Seed Oil External use

96 - Lycium intricatum Boiss. Imzerki Subshrub Helminthiasis 47 Seed Decoction Oral Solanaceae

Cataplasm, Toothache, fever 73 Leaf, stem Oral, external use decoction 97 - Maerua crassifolia Forssk. Antiemetic, stomach ache, Atil Tree 45 Leaf Decoction Oral Capparaceae vulnerary Scalp care 36 Leaf Decoction External use Headache 31 Bark Decoction Oral

98 - Malva sylvestris L. Lbaqoula – Hemicrypt Asthma, cough, colds, 62 Leaf Infusion, decoction Oral Lkhobbiza ophyte analgesic Malvaceae

112 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

Respiratory disorders, fever, diabetes, jaundice, Leaf, flowering 99 - Marrubium deserti (De hypertension, stomach 170 tops, aerial Infusion Oral Noe) Coss. ailments, problems of parts Mriwt – Ifzi Shrub digestion, spasmolitic, colic, Lamiaceae colds, helminthiasis Cough, dysmenorrhea, 130 Leaf, branch Infusion, powder Oral allergy Headache 50 Leaf Powder Inhalation

Bilious care, antitussive, hypoglycaemic, mouth care, asthma, colds, cough, 80 Leaf Infusion Oral intestinal and stomach 100 - Marrubium vulgare L. ailments Febrifuge, stomachic, Mriwt – Ifzi Shrub pulmonary diseases, Lamiaceae 42 Leaf Infusion Oral antitoxic, antiseptic,

diuretic, slimming Eczema 26 Leaf Massage External use Otitis 22 Leaf Infusion Ear drops Antipyretic 18 Leaf Cataplasm External use

101 - Matricaria chamomilla L. Insomnia, calming, cough, stomach and gastric 86 Flower Infusion Oral

Babunj Herb ailments, spasmolitic Asteraceae Applied on affected Wounds 32 Leaf Powder parts

Measles, fever, spasmolitic, Aerial parts, sore throat, itchy skin, 66 Infusion Oral flower stomach ailments, colic Aerial parts, 102 - Matricaria pubescens Toothache 35 Decoction Mouth wash (Desf.) Sch. Bip. flower Ulcers, asthma, Grtufa – Taraght Herb 35 Flower Tisane Oral carminative, digestive Asteraceae Neuralgia, tiredness, rheum, sunburn, anorexia, 23 Leaf Decoction Oral helminthiasis Dysmenorrhea, cough, 17 Flower Infusion Oral kidney ailments

Cholagogue, carminative, 103 - Mentha pulegium L. sedative, stomachic, colds, Hemicrypt cough, respiratory ailments, Flyou 620 Stem, leaf Infusion Oral Lamiaceae ophyte antiemetic, tonic, antitussive, calefaciant, spasmolitic, tachycardia

104 - Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Hemicrypt Tachychardia, calefacient, Timija 510 Stem, leaf Infusion Oral o-phyte tonic Lamiaceae

105 - Mentha viridis (L.) L. Carminative, vermifuge, Hemicrypt Nanaa – Liqamt diarrhea, colds, renal colic, 214 Stem, leaf Infusion Oral ophyte Lamiaceae headache, bone care

106 - Morettia canescens Boiss. Anemia, anorexia, colds, 53 Seed Raw Oral rheum Tazwagt Herb Brassicaceae Powder mixed with Hair care 32 Flowered stem Applied externally Lawsonia inermis Abouri et al. 113

Table 1 Contd.

Rheumatism, sexual impotence, digestive, Powder mixed with 107 - Myristica fragrans Houtt. Lgouza – cholagogue, stomachic, Ammodaucus Bssibssa – Tree 132 Seed Oral calefacient, colds, leucotrichus and Gouza ttib Myristicaceae gynecological pains, labour honey pains, asthma

Powder mixed with 108 - Myrtus communis L. Hair care 118 Leaf, fruit Applied externally Lawsonia inermis

Rihane Subshrub Baby massage 56 Leaf Decoction Applied externally Myrtaceae Cardiac and digestive 32 Leaf, fruit Decoction Oral weakness

Detersive, bone care, 42 Leaf Decoction External use headache, diabetes Dermatosis, colds, rheum, Powder mixed with Cataplasm, 35 Leaf cough rheumatism, scabies oil or fresh powder massage Oliguria, tooth ache, 27 Leaf Juice Oral Vertigo, cephalagia, to 109 - Nerium oleander L. 24 Root Fumigation Inhalation Defla – Alili Subshrub remove the evil eye Apocynaceae Powder (mixed with Food poisoning, diuretic 18 Root Oral Ras El Hanout) Syphilis, analgesic, 16 Latex Infusion Oral sternutatory Eczema 15 Latex Raw Applied externally Abortifacient (high dose) 12 Leaf, latex Infusion Oral

Asthma, colds, cough, Powder mixed with 120 Seed Oral stomach pains, aphrodisiac honey 110 - Nigella sativa L. Habba sawda – Cholagogue, diuretic, Herb 114 Seed Powder Oral Sanouj – Chanouj galagtagogue, spasmolitic Ranunculaceae Rheumatism 90 Seed Oil Massage Tonic 86 Seed Raw Oral

111 - Ocimum basilicum L. Anthelmintic, aroma 85 Leaf Infusion Oral Lahbaq Herb heart diseases 43 Seed Decoction Oral Lamiaceae

112 - Olea europaea L. Stomachic, digestive, 124 Leaf Decoction Oral Zitoun Tree diabetes, vermifuge, Oleaceae Cough, colds, otitis 82 Fruit Oil Oral, ear drops

113 - Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Antidiarrhoeic, diuretic 66 Flower, fruit Infusion, raw Oral Berger Lhndia – Aknari Subshrub Colds, stomachic 48 Flower Powder Oral Cacataceae

114 - Origanum compactum Bronchitis, colds, stomach Benth. and intestinal pains, heart Stem and Zaatar Shrub 209 Infusion Oral . diseases, spasmolitic, leaves Lamiaceae sedative, emmenagogue

Stomach pains, headache, Stem and 115 - Origanum majorana L. 106 Infusion Oral fever, cough, insomnia, leaves Merdeddouch Herb Stem and Rheumatism 63 Decoction External use Lamiaceae leaves

Constipation 75 Root Decoction Oral 116 - Panicum turgidum Forssk. Hemicrypt Skin diseases 43 Aerial parts Decoction External use Mrokba – Afezou ophyte Scabies,wounds healing, Poaceae 32 Stem Infusion, powder External use vulnerary 114 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

Sterility and 117 - Papaver rhoeas L. dysmenorrheal, cough, pulmonary infection, Belaaman Herb 102 Fruit, seed Infusion Oral insomnia of children, Papaveraceae sedative, calefacient, analgesic, spasmolitic

Rheumatisn, back pains, fever, colds, diabetes, emmenagogue, jaundice, anxiety hallucinant, Decoction, powder 83 Seed Oral sudorific, helminthiasis, mixed with oil 118 - Peganum harmala L. spasmolitic, sterility, uterus diseases, Lherml Shrub vermifuge,abortifacient Zygophyllaceae Ritual, magic practice and 80 Seed Fumigation - to relieve bad fate Powder mixed with Ulcers 46 Seed Oral oil Hair care, eczema, Powder mixed with 21 Seed Applied externally neoplasms oil

119 - Pennisetum typhoides Rheumatism, uterus pains, (Burm.f.) Stapf. & C.E. Hubb. dysmenorrhea, kidney 78 Seed Decoction Oral Illan Herb diseases, prevents abortion Poaceae Powder mixed with Fractures, bone care 67 Seed Oral oil

Influenza, bronchitis, 67 Root Powder Oral constipation Dermatosis, burns, skin Applied on affected 42 Aerial parts Cataplasm 120 - Pergularia tomentosa L. allergy, depilatory parts Tazirt - Laghlaga Shrub Vermifuge, abortifacient 35 Aerial parts Decoction Oral Asclepiadaceae Angina, ringworm 22 Leaf and flower Fumigation Inhalation Applied on affected Abscesses, boils 17 Latex Raw parts Tooth pains 12 Latex Diluted Mouth wash

Aerial parts, Rheumatic pains 51 Decoction Applied externally seed Rheumatoid arthritis 36 Root Cataplasm Applied externally 121 - Periploca angustifolia Labill. Snake and scorpion bite 32 Leaf Cataplasm Applied externally Asllif Subshrub Hypertension 22 Root Decoction Oral Aerial parts, Asclepiadaceae Bronchitis 19 Decoction Oral seed Abortifacient, 17 Fruit, root Decoction Oral hypoglycaemic

122 - Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Hemicrypt Carminative, diuretic, Lmaadnouss 104 Leaf and fruit Infusion Oral ophyte expectorant, stomachic Apiaceae

Hypoglycemic, expectorant, Seed, fruit, tonic, aphrodisiac, 67 Infusion, raw Oral immature fruit antidiarrhoeic, 123 - Phoenix dactylifera L. Tiredness, childhood Fruit, immature 43 Powder, raw Oral Nkhl – Agjouf Tree enuresis, arrhythmia, colds fruit Mouthwash, Arecaceae Gingivitis 25 Immature fruit Raw chewed Emetic 12 Leaf Tisane Oral Sterility 11 Male flower Tisane Oral Abouri et al. 115

Table 1 Contd.

Pulmonary pains 7 Seed Infusion Oral

Spasmolitic, carminative, 124 - Pimpinella anisum L. stomachic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant 86 Fruit Infusion, decoction Oral Habbat hlawa Herb kidney diseases, gastric Apiaceae pains, diabetes, antiemetic, galactagogue Tooth care 24 Fruit Powder Chewing

125 - Piper nigrum L. Lbzar Lian Cough, spice 72 Fruit Decoction Oral Piperaceae

Helminthiasis, gastric ailments, stomach ache, 46 Leaf, fruit Decoction, infusion Oral spasmolitic, colic, gastroenteritis 126 - Pistacia atlantica Desf. Emetic 36 Leaf Decoction Oral Tooth care, gengivitis, Powder Chewed Anacardiaceae. Btem Drou - Igg Tree mouth infections, purifies 36 Fruit and leaf breath

Tooth care, tooth ache 32 Gum Infusion Mouthwash

Powder mixed with Asthma 25 Gum Oral honey

To relieve bad fate 16 Leaf Raw External use

127 - Pistacia lentiscus L. Tidgt Subshrub Gastric pains, mouth care 35 Leaf Decoction Oral Anacardiaceae

128 - Prunus armeniaca L. Lmechmach Tree Face care, eczema 45 Seed Trituration Applied externally Rosaceae

129 - Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Louz morr – Louz Face care, eczema, Tree 69 Seed Trituration Applied externally imrzig cosmetic Rosaceae

130 - Punica granatum L. Intestinal antiseptic, haemostatic, stomachic, 73 Pericarp Infusion Oral Rman Tree diabetes, hoarseness Punicaceae Eczema 35 Leaf Decoction Applied externally

Food poisoning, sterility 58 Leaf Tisane Oral Hair and skin face care, 131 - Reseda villosa Coss. 48 Leaf Fresh powder Applied externally sunburn Igriji Herb Digestive ailments, 33 Aerial parts Infusion Oral Resedaceae diarrhea. Rheumatism, spasmolitic 27 Aerial parts Decoction Massage

Skin diseases 42 Leaf, fruit Decoction External use 132 - Retama raetam (Forssk.) Abortifacient, toxic 36 Stem Decoction Oral Webb Rtm – Tilguit – Subshrub Talgout Rheumatism 31 Aerial parts Infusion Oral Scorpion bite, wounds Fabaceae 24 Aerial parts Cataplasm External use healing

116 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

Menstrual pains, gastric 38 Leaf Tisane Oral pains 133 - Ricinus communis L. Sprains, tears 32 Leaf Decoction Massage Lkherwaa - Tree Galls 27 Leaf Catataplasm External use Euphorbiaceae Wawriwit Rheumatism, bone care, Powder mixed with Massage, 23 Seed toxic oil, raw cataplasm Fever 18 Leaf Decoction Oral

134 - Rosa canina L. Laxative, febrifuge, diuretic, Leaf, flower, Nar lbared Subshrub 93 Maceration Oral vermifuge, anemia fruit Rosaceae

Powder mixed with 135 - Rosa centifolia L. Lawsonia inermis, Hair and face care 117 Flower Ricinus communis Applied externally Lward Subshrub and Tetraclinis Rosaceae articulata Digestive ailments, laxative 43 Flower Infusion Oral

Spasmolitic, carminative, sedative, diuretic, rheumatism, kidney pains, 136 - Rosmarinus officinalis L. helminthiasis, vulnerary, 92 Leaf Decoction, infusion Oral, external use Azir Subshrub cholagogue, digestive, Lamiaceae wounds healing, contusions, abscesses Digestive pains 86 Aerial parts Decoction Oral Stomachic, emmenagogue. 24 Leaf Infusion Oral

137 - Rumex vesicarius L. Lhemmida – Cutaneous infection, Basmom – Herb laxative, diuretic, digestive, 67 Leaf, root Infusion Oral Polygonaceae Wasmim stomachic

Magic practices 78 Aerial parts Raw Fumigation 138 - Ruta chalepensis L. Hypoglycemic, toxic, abortifacient, rheumatism, Iwermi Shrub intestinal and liver ailments, 72 Aerial parts Decoction Oral Rutaceae sterility, helminthiasis, epilepsy, antipyretic Vitiligo 43 Aerial parts Powder Applied externally

Gastric ailments, stomach Aerial parts, 56 Decoction Oral ache, gastritis fruit Hypertension, arrhythmia 41 Fruit Decoction Oral 139 - Salsola tetrandra Forssk. Powder mixed with Hair care 35 Fruit Applied externally Chenopodiaceae Tasra Shrub oil Aerial parts, Butons 26 Cataplasm Applied externally fruit Oral, applied Helminthiasis, antiseptic 22 Aerial parts Decoction externally

Gastric ailments, stomach Aerial parts, 59 Decoction Oral ache, gastritis fruit Hypertension, arrhythmia 36 Fruit Decoction Oral 140 - Salsola vermiculata L. Production of soap 35 Aerial parts Decoction Applied externally Powder mixed with Tasra Shrub Hair care 27 Fruit Applied externally oil Chenopodiaceae Aerial parts, Butons 20 Cataplasm Applied externally fruit Applied externally, Helminthiasis, antiseptic 18 Aerial parts Decoction oral

Abouri et al. 117

Table 1 Contd.

141 - Salvia aegyptiaca L. Fever, digestive diseases 56 Aerial parts Infusion Oral Eyes infection 34 Seed Decoction Eyes drops Salmia Shrub Lamiaceae Wound healing, anti- 23 Aerial parts Decoction Applied externally hemorroid

Colds, cough, diabetes rheumatism, stomachic 142 - Salvia officinalis L. carminative, choleretic, 72 Leaf Infusion, decoction Oral tonic, anti-sudorific, Salmia Shrub Lamiaceae spasmolitic Throat pains, stomach 37 Leaf Infusion Oral pains Antiseptic, haemostatic 25 Leaf Decoction Oral

143 - Sesamum indicum L. Powder mixed with Jnjlan – Zenjlan Herb Spasmolitic, aromatic 95 Seed Oral Pedaliaceae honey

144 - Solanum nigrum L. Aaneb eddib – Wounds healing 24 Leaf Cataplasm Applied externally Adil ouchen – Herb Edema pregnancy 15 Stem, leaf Decoction Oral Solanaceae Tidila Emetic 12 Leaf, stem Infusion Oral

145 - Styrax benzoin Dry. Aromatic, incense in ritual Jawi – Ljawi Tree 153 Resin Fumigation - and magic practices Styracaceae

Powder mixed with Hair care, 86 Clove Applied externally 146 - Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Lawsonia inermis Merr. & L.M. Perry Aphrodisiac, tonic, cardiac Infusion mixed with 42 Clove Oral Qranful Tree stimulant, back pains, fever milk Myrtaceae. Tooth pains 28 Clove Raw Applied externally abortifacient, 23 Clove Powder Oral contraceptive

147 - Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Mixed with Hair care 56 Gall, leaf Applied externally Karst. Lawsonia inermis Takout – Tamayt Tree Diuretic, liver insufficient, 39 Aerial parts Decoction Oral Tamaricaceae astringent, diarrhea

Asthma, carminative, 62 Leaf, fruit Infusion Oral 148 - Tetraclinis articulata digestive, cough, (Vahl) Mast. Powder mixed with Hair care, hair tonic 31 Leaf Applied externally Aaraar – Azouka Tree Lawsonia inermis Cupressaceae Ritual and magic practices, to relieve bad fate and 29 Resin , leaf Raw Fumigation remove bad spirit

Applied on the Tooth care 48 Seed Powder 149 - Thapsia transtagana Brot. affected parts Wrak deriass Geophyte Cough, rheumatic pains, Apiaceae bladder pains, liver 42 Leaf, root Infusion Oral diseases

150 - Thymus broussonetii* Zaitra – Boiss Heart ailments, digestive Tazoukennit – Shrub 183 Aerial parts Decoction Oral and Asrkna Lamiaceae

118 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Table 1 Contd.

151 - Thymus satureioides Coss. Hypotensive, digestive Zaatar – Azoknni Shrub 308 Aerial parts Decoction Oral ailments, diabetes, colds Lamiaceae

152 - Trichodesma calcarata Skin diseases, antiseptic 74 Whole plant Decoction Applied externally Batt. Taynast Shrub Diuretic, helminthiasis 62 Whole plant Decoction Oral Boraginaceae

Cancer, against sunburn, tonic, diabetes, analeptic, Decoction, depurative, stomachic, , 258 Seed Maceration, raw Oral galactagogue, digestives mixed with honey ailments, to gain weight, 153 - Trigonella foenum- antitussive graecum L. Lhelba – Tifidas – Herb Asthma, colds, anemia 89 Seed Decoction, raw Oral Tafidast Powder mixed with Hair care 62 Seed External use Fabaceae oil Powder mixed with Skin facial care 61 Seed Mask olive oil and yolk Powder mixed with Cataplasm for Bruises, swelling 60 Seed oil external use

154 - Urginea maritima (L.) Skin diseases 79 Bulb Cataplasm Applied externally Baker Bsl dib –Azalim Geophyte Cancer, febrifuge, sedative, ouchen 63 Leaf, root Infusion Oral diuretic Liliaceae

Helminthiasis 52 Bulb Cooked in oil Cataplasm Applied on the Ear pains, wound healing 43 Bulb Cataplasm 155 - Urginea noctiflora Batt. & affected part Trab. Bsl dib – Azalim Pruritus, abscesses 32 Bulb Pansement Applied externally Geophyte ouchen Cystitis, colds, cardiac Liliaceae diseases, bronchitis, 27 Bulb Cooked in oil Oral influenza Abortifacient 17 Bulb Raw Oral, external use

Rheumatism, cough 46 Leaf Infusion Oral Powder mixed with 156 - Vitex agnus-castus L. Colds 35 Leaf, fruit Oral, cataplasm oil

Lkherwaa – Back pains 28 Fruit Infusion Oral Verbenaceae Subshrub Angarf Dysmenorrhea 26 Seed Decoction Oral

Tanning 24 Leaf, bark Raw -

Powder mixed with Sterility 19 Leaf Oral honey

Powder mixed with Applied on affected Rheumatoid arthritis 44 Leaf 157 - Warionia saharae Benth. oil parts & Coss. Hypoglycaemic, 38 Leaf Decoction Oral Afezdad – Afssas Subshrub rheumatism Asteraceae Jaundice, cardiac ailments, 33 Leafy stem Decoction Oral colds Gastroenteritis 27 Leafy stem Tisane Oral

158 - Withania adpressa Coss. Alimentary 136 Fruit Powder Oral ex Batt. Aerial parts, Hjojo – Aglim – Food poisoning 37 Tisane Oral Subshrub leaf Waglim Solanaceae Hepatitis 25 Aerial parts Tisane Oral

Abouri et al. 119

Table 1 Contd.

159 - Zea mays L. Bladder and kidney pains, Zghb lkbal – Herb diuretic, colds, rheumatism, 83 Stigma Infusion, decoction Oral Chaar osngar Poaceae oliguria, dysmenorrheal

160 - spinosa (L.) Prantl Ouchfoud – Jaundice, asthma, kidney Subshrub 92 Aerial parts Decoction Oral Brassicaceae Assafo stones, helminthiasis

161 - Zingiber officinale Roscoe Aphrodisiac, colds, asthma, bronchitis, calefacient, Powder mixed with Skinjbir Geophyte 143 Root Oral depurative, analgesic, oil, infusion Zingiberaceae spice, digestive

Alimentary 70 Fruit Raw Oral Abscesses, wounds healing 52 Leaf Powder Applied externally Stomachic, hypoglycemic, cardiac ailments, 162 - Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. 43 Fruit Decoction Oral pulmonary infection, Sedra – Nbeg – haemostatic, colic animals Rhamnaceae Tazgart – Subshrub Diabetes, stomach pains, Azouggar 40 Bark, root Infusion Oral diarrhea, kidney stones. Throat pains, pectoral and 25 Fruit Powder Oral emollient jaundice, pulmonary 22 Root Decoction Oral diseases,

Leafy stem, Gastric lavage, liver Decoction, tisane Oral diseases, diabetes, 80 leaf

helminthiasis Diabetes, digestive 66 Aerial parts Decoction Oral 163 - Zygophyllum gaetulum Colds 55 Leaf Tisane Oral Emb. & Maire Shower, Applied Tige feuillée, Powder mixed with Laagaya - Tazlozt Shrub Baby body care, eczema 40 externally leaf oil Zygophyllaceae /Ointment Diarrhea, rheumatism 38 Stem Infusion Oral dermatisis, analgesic, 34 Aerial parts Powder Applied externally desinfectant Powder mixed with Applied externally Abscess, face care. 25 Leaf oil /ointment

*endemic of Morocco. New uses are indicated in bold.

study area, are also well distributed throughout Morocco, (510), Lavandula mairei (480), Nigella sativa (410), and also constitute the major groups of medicinal flora in Lavandula coronopifolia (380), Acacia raddiana (360), most of other Mediterranean countries (Benitez et al., Marrubium desertii (350), Zygophyllum gaetulum (338), 2010; Savo et al., 2011). Asteraceae and Lamiaceae Lawsonia inermis (316), Thymus satureioides (308), were also found among the predominant families in west Ammodaucus leucotrichus (280), Cotula cinerea (258) Bengal in India (Dey et al., 2012). Most of the families and Zizyphus lotus (252). Most of these species are recorded are represented by single or two species which widely used in other . Of special shows that medicinal plants used are not concentrated interest, among four (2.5 %) of the species recorded in only in a few families and genera. This agrees with other the current study are endemic to Morocco. ethnobotanical studies carried out in Morocco and in The study revealed that some plant species could be Mediterranean area (Raja et al., 1997; Merzouki, 2000; used to treat several diseases. For example, A. huguetii Novais et al., 2004; Tahraoui et al., 2007; Ugulu et al., was used against diseases of digestive and respiratory 2009). tract, which explains the particular pressure exerted on The most commonly used plant species were Artemisia the plant. The majority of medicinal plants (44%) huguetii (cited 670 times), Mentha pulegium (620), recorded in this survey were wild species (e.g. Acacia Trigonella foenum-graecum (530), Mentha suaveolens tortilis subsp. raddiana, Acacia ehrenbergiana, 120 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Figure 3. Growth habit of the plants used in Tata Province.

Ammodaucus leucotrichus, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cotula Therapeutic uses cinerea, Lavandula coronopifolia). Many plants (34%) are cultivated for food purposes (e.g. Coriandrum sativum, Plant species listed in Table 1 were used in the treatment Hordeum vulgare, Mentha viridis, Petroselinum sativum, of 161 types of diseases; some species were also used in Phoenix dactylifera). Of the plants inventoried, 22 % are cosmetic and ritual practice. The majority of plant species imported and used as plant parts from other regions of had more than a single therapeutic use. All reported Morocco or other countries (e.g. Alpinia officinarum, ailments were structured into 14 different pathological Boswellia carterii, Boswellia frereana, Cedrus libani groups: gastro-intestinal ailments, dermatological pains, subsp. atlantica, Euphorbia resinifera, and Thymus respiratory system diseases, genito-urinary ailments, satureioides). The large number of plant species used in rheumatic diseases, poisonous bites, cardiovascular and the study area indicates a dependence on a great circulatory system disorders, liver problems, skeleto- diversity of plant species to treat ailments, and represents muscular problems, dental care, hair and face care, ear, a good indicator of the profound knowledge on herbal nose and throat problems, cooling agents and general plants held by the local people living in Tata province. health. The pathological groups with the greatest number The analysis of the growth forms of the medicinal of records were the gastro-intestinal ailments (45%), skin plants used in the study area revealed that most of the problems (16%), respiratory system (13 %), circulatory species were herbs (27%) followed by subshrub (21%), system (10 %), followed by genito-urinary system (6%). trees (20%), shrubs (17%), hemicryptophytes (8%) and Other diseases (e.g. rheumatic pains, liver problems) geophytes (7%) (Figure 3). This finding is contrary to were represented by 10%. Intestinal disorders, fever, other studies in which trees were the predominant growth headache, cough and cold problems were treated with a form (Addo-Fordjour et al., 2008; Moshi et al., 2009). In large number of medicinal plants. Gastro-intestinal the study area, like most regions of Morocco as well as in disorders were also found to be the most common other countries, a conflict may be established between application of medicinal plants by ethnobotanical surveys plant use and resources conservation (Sheldon et al., carried out in other studies (Merzouki et al., 2000; El- 1998; Kala, 2000; Agelet and Vallés, 2001). Some Hilaly et al., 2003; Mati and De Boer, 2011; Benitez et al., species suffer a high collection pressure with medicinal 2010). Almost all of the identified plant remedies are used purposes. These factors combined with an increasing for curative than prophylactic purposes. population pressure may lead to further reduction in A total of 72 uses of medicinal plants which were natural habitats of the medicinal plants. Furthermore, recorded in this study could not be found in literature during collection of plants, users tend to uproot the whole (Table 1). Therefore, these uses are likely to be new uses plant instead of collecting only the desired parts. This reported in an ethnobotanical study from the region, method of collection may seriously compromise the some examples of these remedies are the use of a sustainability of medicinal species. Several plant species decoction of Acacia raddiana fruits against kidney stones; such as Ammodaucus leucotrichus, Ephedra alata, the use of Bassia muricata to treat diabetes; Cistus Euphorbia falcata, Haplophyllum vermiculare, Marrubium salviifolius seeds against uterine pains, bronchitis and desertii, were becoming rare in the study area due to sterility; the use of Thymus broussonettii, endemic overexploitation and aridity. species of Morocco, for heart ailments. Abouri et al. 121

Figure 4. Plant part used in Tata Province.

Plant parts used, mode of preparation and by powder preparation (13%), cataplasm (9%) and administration maceration (7%). It was also observed that some plants were used in more than one form of preparation. Other Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts (28%), less common ways of preparation included juice, raw followed by leafy stem (18 %), seeds (14%), fruits (11%), consumption, fumigation, tisane, and ointment. Decoction flowers or flowering tops (8%) and stems (6%) as shown and infusion were also the most used herbal preparations in Figure 4. Other organs (bark, bulb and root) or extracts in other regions of Morocco (Ziyyat et al., 1997; Merzouki of aerial plant parts (gum and latex) are also used for less et al. 2000; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Tahraoui et al., 2007). than 5% each. The results of this study showed that The great majority of the remedies were taken orally aerial plant parts play an important role in herbal (60 %). Infusions and decoctions are usually drunk as medicine preparation in Tata Province, agreeing with the teas. External application were also employed, results of Camejo-Rodrigues et al. (2003) and De-la-Cruz accounting for 30%, and may consist, generally, in a local et al. (2007). application to the affected part (Figure 5). Other routes of Most preparations were drawn from single plant, but administration included eyes (3%), ears (2.5%), nasal their mixtures were also commonly used. Some remedies (2%) and vaginal or rectal (1.5%). These routes of contain varying combinations of plant organs (7% of administration are similar to those reported by Agelet and cases). In 13% of plant remedies all plant parts were Valles (2001), Ghorbani et al. (2011) and Maroyi (2011). used. The use of more than one plant species to prepare a remedy for ailments is attributed to the additive or synergistic effects that they could have (Bussman and Conclusion Sharon, 2006). Most preparations are made with water as a solvent. Various plant parts were also mixed with oil, Our study showed that medicinal plants continue to play honey, milk or tea for enhancing their acceptability and an important role in the primary healthcare system for the medicinal properties. For example, powder of Pistacia local people living in the Tata Province, southeastern atlantica mixed with honey was used against asthma. Morocco. A great variety of plants was used by traditional The decoction and infusion were generally the method of healers for treatment of numerous diseases. An choice, accounting for 32 and 24% respectively, followed ethnobotanical catalogue composed of 163 plant species, 122 Int.J. Med.Plants.Res.

Figure 5. Routes of administration.

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