International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems, University of Florence

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International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems, University of Florence RESEARCH COLLABORATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS AND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL, FOOD AND FORESTRY SYSTEMS, UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH PROJECT AGROPASTORAL SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS: DESCRIPTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND RESTORATION INTERVENTIONS WITH A STRESS ON THEIR WEAKNESSES AND CONSTRAINTS WITHIN CGIAR RESEARCH PROGRAM ON INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS FOR THE POOR AND VULNERABLE IN DRY AREAS (CRP 1.1) December 2016 icarda.org cgiar.org International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas A CGIAR Research Center AUTHORS Claudio Zucca, Enrico Bonaiuti 1, Francesco Garbati Pegna, Pietro Bartolini 2 DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of the CGIAR System Organization. This document is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. To view this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Unless otherwise noted, you are free to copy, duplicate, or reproduce and distribute, display, or transmit any part of this publication or portions thereof without permission, and to make translations, adaptations, or other derivative works under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by the publisher or the author(s) REVISION HISTORY Version Date Author(s) Description 1.0 31 December Claudio Zucca, Francesco Final document 2016 Garbati Pegna, Pietro Bartolini 1.1 15 April 2017 Francesco Garbati Pegna , Updating data Part 1 after field trip Pietro Bartolini 1.2 15 November Francesco Garbati Pegna , Updating data Part 1 and Part 2 2017 Pietro Bartolini after field trip 2.0 05 May 2018 Claudio Zucca, Francesco Revised document Garbati Pegna, Pietro Bartolini 1 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Jordan 2 University of Florence, Department of agricultural, food and forestry systems (GESAAF), Italy 2 PART 1: FARMING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS: ANALYSIS OF THE OASES AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN MOROCCO, FOCUSING ON DATE PALM PRODUCTION 1 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 8 3 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 9 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Geography of Morocco ........................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Moroccan oases .................................................................................................................... 13 5 Literature review: support initiatives to the oasis system in Morocco ........................................ 16 5.1 FAO ........................................................................................................................................ 16 5.2 National agencies & policies ................................................................................................. 17 5.2.1 Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l’Arganier ...... 18 5.2.2 Agence pour la promotion et le développement économique et social des provinces du Sud du Royaume ...................................................................................................................... 19 5.2.3 Direction de l’Aménagement du Territoire ................................................................... 19 5.2.4 Plan Maroc Vert ............................................................................................................ 20 5.2.5 Programme d’Appui Budgétaire à la Politique Sectorielle Agricole ............................. 20 5.3 International cooperation ..................................................................................................... 20 5.3.1 German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH ......................................... 20 5.3.2 Belgian Development Agency ....................................................................................... 22 5.3.3 U.S. Agency for International Development ................................................................. 22 5.3.4 Millennium Challenge Corporation ............................................................................... 23 6 MOROCCAN OASIS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM ......................................................... 24 6.1 Oases structure and characteristics ...................................................................................... 24 6.2 Main issues in Moroccan oasis system ................................................................................. 27 6.3 Stakeholders in the oases agricultural system ...................................................................... 28 6.4 The date palm in the oases farming systems ........................................................................ 31 6.4.1 Date palm varieties in Morocco .................................................................................... 34 6.4.2 The date palm production chain ................................................................................... 37 7 FARMING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS ...................................................................................................... 43 7.1 Oases selection and field survey ........................................................................................... 43 3 7.1.1 Characteristics of the date palm chain in the visited groves (from surveys and interviews) .................................................................................................................................... 47 7.1.1.1 Structure ........................................................................................................... 49 7.1.1.2 Technical characteristics ................................................................................... 52 7.1.1.3 Economical characteristics ................................................................................ 58 7.2 Diagnosis ............................................................................................................................... 60 7.2.1 Main problems of oases production system. ............................................................... 61 7.2.2 Main problems of date palm chain production ............................................................ 62 8 PROPOSAL ..................................................................................................................................... 64 8.1 Assets and possibilities for the oasis economy ..................................................................... 64 8.2 Mechanizing farm operations in oasis farming system ........................................................ 66 8.3 Possible mechanization package for the oasis farming system ............................................ 67 9 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 73 10 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 75 4 PART 2: RANGELAND RESTORATION IN JORDAN 1 Description of restoration interventions in Jordan Badia with a stress on their weaknesses and constraints. .................................................................................................................................... 80 1.1 The Badia Region in Jordan ................................................................................................... 80 1.2 Recent rangeland restoration policies and programs and large-scale restoration interventions conducted in Jordanian Badia. .................................................................................. 81 1.2.1 National policies and programs relevant to rangeland degradation and restoration... 82 1.2.2 Large-scale restoration interventions ........................................................................... 85 2 Characterization of the principal types of soil and water conservation (SWC) and water harvesting (WH) interventions observed in Jordan Badia. .................................................................. 95 2.1 Contour structures (CS and CSb) .......................................................................................... 96 2.2 Tank (T) ................................................................................................................................. 97 2.3 Dam (DAM) ........................................................................................................................... 98 2.4 Check dams (SB) ................................................................................................................... 99 2.5 Spontaneous Hydraulic Interventions (SBb) ...................................................................... 100 2.6 Interventions located in the easternmost sector of badia in hyper arid conditions (DR, DRb and AR) ........................................................................................................................................... 101 2.7 Reforestation intervention located
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