Ouhaddou et al.. J. Appl. Biosci. An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province (Southwest Morocco)

Journa l of Applied Biosciences 84:7 707 – 7722

ISSN 1997–5902

An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province (Southwest Morocco)

Ouhaddou H 1,2 ., Boubaker H 2., Msanda F 2., El Mousadik A2. 1 Direction Régionale des Eaux et Forêts et de la Lutte Contre la Désertification du Sud-Ouest, Agadir principale, B.P 520, Agadir, Morocco. Email: [email protected] 2 Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Cité Dakhla, B.P 8106, Agadir, Morocco. Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected] Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Original submitted in on 6th October 2014. Published online at www.m.elewa.org on 29 th December 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v84i1.5

ABSTRACT Objective: As part of the development of natural heritage of Morocco, an ethnobotanical study was conducted in the region of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane (Southwest Morocco) with the aim to collect detailed information about the usage of plants in human therapy. Methodology and results: The survey was carried out over a period of 24 months, by means of semi-structured and structured interviews. A total of 400 interviews were done with traditional health practitioners and knowledgeable villagers. Data collected was on, vernacular names of plants, their uses, parts used and mode of preparation. Other information about users was also collected such as age, sex, level of education. A total of 110 plants species belonging to 53 families and 95 genera were inventoried with 7.27 % of the species endemic to Morocco. Plants frequently used were: Thymus satureioides (Tazouknnit, Zaitra), Thymus broussonnetii (Azoukni, Zaater), Argania spinosa (Argan), Tetraclinis articulata (Azouka, Aârar) and Lavandula dentate (Igerch, Halhal) . The elderly (more than 50 years) have more knowledge in medicinal plants with regard to the other age groups, this indicates that knowledge was acquired by long experience accumulated. Conclusion and application of results: This survey shows that traditional medicine is still used and constituted a very rich heritage in Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Region. The collected data may help to avoid the loss of traditional knowledge on the use of medicinal plants detained in the study area, and represent the preliminary information required in view of a future phytochemical investigation on the most used plants. Key words: Ethnobotanical survey, medicinal plants, phytotherapy, Agadir Ida Ou Tanane province, southwest of Morocco.

INTRODUCTION Plants are an important source of therapeutic drugs population (Rejdali, 1996, Peyron, 2000) and for 80 and play an important role in the survival of the tribal % of the African population (OMS, 2003). The and ethnic communities (Abouri et al., 2012). All old percentage of use of healing plants in the preventive civilizations (Chinese, Greek, Roman, Muslim) and curative virtues varies in the studied regions, resorted to medicinal plants for their medicinal, from 50 to 80 % (Eddouks et al., 2007). More than aromatic properties as well as ritual uses (Younos, 25000 plants are used in the pharmacopoeia and 1997, Ghanmi et al., 2011). Healing plants remain more than 50 % of pharmaceutical products the only way of treatment for 70 % of the world available on the market are of natural origin

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(Hamilton, 2003). Medicinal plants have several Agadir Ida Ou Tanane is among Morocco regions advantages; they have affordable prices, are easily which possess a potential in medicinal plants accessible, and there is no evidence of resistance to (Thyme, lavender, Argan tree). However, this region whole-plant extracts (Al-Adhroey et al., 2010). knows anarchy and intensive use of botanical Morocco is one of the Mediterranean countries with a species exceeding the threshold of bearable long tradition in the field of phytotherapy (Jouad et regeneration of used resources, which causes a al. , 2001; Scherrer et al. , 2005). Many authors have threat for certain species. The valuation of these studied traditional pharmacopoeia in different areas heritages suffers from a lack of precise knowledge of Morocco (Bellakhdar et al., 1991; Sijelmassi, on used species, as well their phytomasse potential 2003; Bellakhdar, 1997; Ziyyat et al., 1997; Merzouki and chemical composition. The aim of the present et al., 2000; Jouad et al., 2001; Eddouks et al., 2002; work is to identify medicinal plants species, mode of El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Mehdioui & Kahouadji, preparation, part used, handled diseases used by 2007; Tahraoui et al., 2007 ; Hseini, 2008; Salhi et local population of the province of Agadir Ida Ou al., 2010 ; Bourkhiss et al., 2013; Daoudi et al., Tanane and thus to revitalize and to protect local 2013; Nassif et al., 2013). To our knowledge, the empirical knowledge which stood the test of time (El South of Morocco made a few ethnobotanical studies Rhaffari & Zaid, 2000). The knowledge of medicinal (Abouri et al., 2012 ; Saadi et al., 2013). By its plants use and procedures applied to their geographical situation between the Mediterranean preparation is usually transmitted from generation to Sea in the North, the Atlantic Ocean on the West, generation, but it is often in danger because this and Sahara in the South, and considering altitudinal transmission is not always assured (Addo-Fordjour and climatic variations, Morocco presents a rich and et al., 2008; 2012). The inventory of this knowledge diversified forest ecosystem. The flora of Morocco is of an extreme utility because it risks disappearing has more than 7000 species and subspecies because of the trend of modes of life and means of among which approximately 800 are aromatic and communication (Bellakhdar, 1997). medicinal plants (Benabid, 2000). The province of

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area: The area of Agadir Ida Ou tanane, which is The study area can be globally classified in the dry and part of Souss Massa Draa region, extends over a rough semi-arid bioclimatic “etage” in freshly hot winter with a surface of 240.000 hectares and is a part of the seasonal pluviometric regime where more than 51 % of Arganeary Reserve Biosphere approved by the UNESCO the annual precipitation falls in winter. The area of Ida Ou in 1998. This area is limited to the West by the Atlantic Tanane is characterized by vegetation particularly formed Ocean, to the South by Inezgane Ait Melloul's province, to by a mixture of tropical elements, macaronesian, the North by the provinces of Essaouira and Chichaoua Mediterranean and endemic (Benabid, 1976). The main and to the East by the province of Taroudant (figure n°1). plant formations are constituted by the Argan tree, the It includes the urban district of Agadir and 12 rural Thuja, and Holm oak or with a mixture of these species. districts of Drarga, Amskroud, Idmine, Tiqqi, Imouzzer, Agriculture, handicrafts, commerce, and small business Akesri, Aourir, Taghazout, Tamri, Imsouane, Aziar and establish the skeleton of the rural economy in the Tadrart. The population of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane is about mountainous part of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane. These 486 048 inhabitants. The density average is about 212 sectors are strengthened at the level of outer-urban inhabitant /km 2. 21.2 % of the population live in rural municipalities of this province by the employment in the areas and 78.8 % in urban zones (H.C.P., 2004). services (Préfecture d’Agadir Ida Ou Tanane, 2011).

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Figure 1: Location of the study area

Data collection: Information was obtained through Arabic), its uses, its origin, its used parts and mode of use ethnobotanic inquiries from the inhabitants, and herbal or preparation. All the species were mentioned by the practitioners of the province of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane. respondents by their common label/name. The taxonomic The data was collected through semi-structured and identification of the species was later made by means of structured interviews. To realize this ethnobotanical the literature: Moroccan Flora’ (Fennane et al., 1999, study, the method of sampling stratified was used to 2007); ‘Vascular Flora of Morocco, Inventory and locate the various areas of inquiries (Kahouadji, 1986). Chorology’ (Fennane and Ibn Tattou, 2005, Ibn Tattou Consequently, the zone of study was divided into 13 and Fennane, 2008), The traditional Moroccan stratums. Then, samples from 30 to 32 people were pharmacopoeia (Bellakhdar, 1997), Guide of the healing investigated in stratum (one urban district: Agadir and plants (Pamplona-Roger, 2000), The healing plants of twelve rural districts: Drarga, Amskroud, Idmine, Tiqqi, Morocco (Sijelmassi, 2003), Healing plants in the Imouzzer, Akesri, Aourir, Taghazout, Tamri, Imsouane, Maghreb and the basic care (Bellakhdar, 2006). Aziar and Tadrart). Four hundred (400) interviews were Data analysis: The ethnobotanical data was transferred conducted. Collected information concerned the profile of in a database using software Sphinx and SPSS. The data every investigated informant, the choice and the use of were analyzed to study the socio-demographic plants in traditional medicine, age, sex, level of schooling characteristics of informants, diversity of medicinal plants and income. Then, collected information about every used, therapeutic uses, plant parts used and mode of plant used included: its local name (Berber and/or preparation and administration.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Interviewee’s demographic characteristics: The elderly from 50 to 60 years old have a frequency of use of medicinal plants by 31 % followed by people of more than 60 years of age with a 25 % frequency. The age brackets (20 to 30), (31 to 40), (41 to 50) and (< 20 years) have a frequency of 7 %, 13 %, 22 % and 2 %, respectively (figure n°2). These results show that the older people (more than 50 years with a 56 % frequency) have more knowledge in medicinal plants than the other age groups. This indicates that this kind of knowledge is acquired after a long accumulated experience. The experience accumulated with the age constitutes the main information source on a local scale about the use of plants in

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Ouhaddou et al.. J. Appl. Biosci. An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province (Southwest Morocco) traditional medicine (Mehdioui & Kahouadji, 2007). Most of the informants (91.7 %) acquired this knowledge from their parents and grandparents. The majority of the inquired subjects (93.7 %) said that they use herbal medicine to handle their disease. A total of 295 individuals depend on herbal medicine only, 78 individuals use herbal medicine before resorting to the modern medicine and 27 people have appeal only to modern medicine.

<20 years ] 20 -30 2% years] > 60 ] 30 -40 7% years years] 25% 13%

] 50-60 ] 40-50 years] years] 31% 22%

Figure n°3 : Educational level Figure n°2: Categories of ages

Rural population opt for traditional treatment because its more particularly medicinal plants become difficult. These preparation is easy and low cost compared with the results are similar to those of other studies in other modern medicine. This reflects the reality of the local regions of Morocco (Mehdioui & Kahouadji, 2007, Abouri families with low income. Ethno-pharmacological surveys et al., 2012, Saadi et al., 2013). The women know better on the use of traditional medicinal materials conducted in medicinal species than men at the level of the study area other countries revealed similar trends where plants (52 % against 48 % respectively). The respondents represent most of all the traditional medicinal substances having a lower income (2500 Dh / month) use medicinal (Addis et al., 2001; Maroyi, 2011). Previous studies have plants more than those having an income more than 2500 reported a wide range of the rate of plant use (50-95%), Dh / month (65 % against 35 %); this can be explained which varied from region to region according to by the moderate cost of healing plants. Ethnobotanic ethnology, richness of medicinal plant sector, and home studies in other regions of Morocco ended in the same environment (Sijelmassi, 2003; Bellakhdar, 1997; Ziyyat results (Jouad et al., 2001; Eddouks et al., 2002 ; Abouri et al., 1997; Hmammouchi, 1999; Jouad et al., 2001; et al., 2012 ; Saadi et al., 2013). Eddouks et al., 2002; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Tahraoui et Diversity of medicinal plants: In this study, we al., 2007). In the study area, not educated occupy the inventoried one hundred and ten plant species belonging first row in terms of use of medicinal plants with 52 % to 53 families and 95 genera. The most represented (figure n°3). The people having the primary level of families (figure n°4) are Lamiaceae (14 species), education still have an important part (35 %) contrary to Asteraceae (10 species), Apiaceae and Fabaceae (6 those having education level of secondary and university species each), Poaceae (4 species) and Anacardiaceae, which represent 9 % and 4 %, respectively. These results Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Myrtaceae (3 species indicate that interviewed people having a high level of each). The first five families, which are well represented education are bowed towards the modern medicine. The in the study area, exist everywhere in Morocco and level of illiteracy is relatively high at the level of the constitute the major groups of the medicinal flora in most province of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane and registers a 59, 65 of other Mediterranean countries (Kahouadji, 1995; % rate which is almost equal to the national average Benitez et al., 2010; El Rhaffari & Zaid, 2000; Savo et al., which is 60.2 % (HCP, 2004). Consequently, valuation 2011; Abouri et al., 2012; Nassif & Tanji, 2013; Saadi et and sustainable management of natural resources and al., 2013).

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Table 1: List of medicinal plants used in traditional therapy in Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province Scientific name and Family Local name Uses Plant part Preparation Administration used Ajuga iva (L.) Shreb Timnra Iznkad, Digestive Leaf, root, Infusion, Oral Lamiaceae Chendgoura seed powder Allium cepa L. Azalim, Basla Digestive, respiratory Bulb Cataplasm, Eye drops, oral Alliaceae decoction Allium sativum L. Tskert, Touma Respiratory, digestive, skin, Bulb, stem Decoction Oral Alliaceae skeleton, circulatory Aloysia citriodora Palau Louiza Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf Infusion, Oral Verbenaceae skeleton, circulatory, decoction genital, nervous, auditory, visual, urinary Alpinia offinarum Hance Khoudanjal Skeleton Root Decoction, Oral Zingiberaceae powder Ammodaucus leucotrichus Kamoun sofi Digestive, circulatory, Leaf, seed Powder Oral Coss. & Durieu auditory Apiaceae Apteranthes europea (Guss.) Igougan, Respiratory Aerial parts Decoction, Oral Merb. Oukan powder Asclepiadaceae Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Argan Digestive, skin, skeleton, Leaf, flower, Infusion, Oral, external Sapotaceae circulatory, urinary seed, bark friction, use powder Aristolochia baetica L. Azlak ouchen, Respiratory Leaf, stem, Powder External use Aristolochiaceae Berztem root, fruit Artemisia absinthium L. Chiba Genital, auditory Leaf Decoction, Oral Asteraceae powder, infusion Artemisia inculta Delile Izri, Chih Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, seed, Decoction, Oral Asteraceae skeleton, circulatory whole plant infusion, powder, friction Asparagus altissimus Munby Tikrargan Nervous Leaf Powder Oral Asparagaceae Asparagus offininalis L. Azzwi,Azzû, Respiratory, nervous Leaf, stem Decoction Oral Asparagaceae Ssekkum Asphodelus ramosus L. Igu ri, L -berwag Skin Seed, root Friction, Applied Asphodelaceae mixed with externally oil Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Iguri, L -berwag Digestive, circulatory Root, fruit Decoction Oral Asphodelaceae Boswellia sacra Flueck. Salaban, Respiratory Root Fumi gation Inhalation, Burseraceae Luban external use Brassica rapa L. Laft baldi Digestive Seed Powder Oral Brassicaceae mixed with honey Capparis spinosa L Tailloloute, Skeleton, nervous Root, leaf, Decoction, Oral, external Capparaceae Kabbar seed cataplasm use

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Carlin a gummifera (L.) Less. Addad, Ahfyun Circulatory, genital, skin Root Decoction, Oral, external Asteraceae cataplasm, use friction Table 1. continued

Carum carvi L. Carwiya Digestive, circulatory Stem, seed, Decoction, Oral Apiaceae whole plant powder, infusion Chenopodium ambrosioides Mkhinza Respiratory, skeleton, Leaf, whole Decoction, External use, L. Chenopodiaceae circulatory, nervous plant powder, oral infusion, Carlina racemosa L. Achekja, Respiratory, digestive, skin Leaf, root Decoction, Oral, external Asteraceae infusion use Ceratonia siliqua L. Tikida, Digestive, skin, nervous Seed, leaf, Infusion, Oral Fabaceae Kharroub fruit powder, decoction Chamaerops humilis L. Tiznirt, Doum Digestive Seed Raw Oral Arecaceae Cinnamomum veru m J. Lkarfa Digestive, genital Stem Decoction, Oral Presl Lauraceae powder Cistus creticus L. Irguel Respiratory, digestive, Leaf, seed, Decoction, Oral Cistaceae skeleton, circulatory, fruit, root, infusion, urinary whole plant powder Cistus salviifo lius L. Tirguelt Respiratory, digestive Leaf, seed, Decoction, Oral Cistaceae stem infusion, powder Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Aferziz, Hadja Respiratory, digestive, Fruit, whole Cataplasm, Oral, external Shrad. Cucurbitaceae skeleton, circulatory plant, pulp infusion, use decoction Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Ijdig nbamlal, Digestive, skin, circulatory Capitulum Friction Applied on the Chevall. Asteraceae Babonj affected part Coriandrum sativum L. lkzbour Digestive Seed, aerial Decoctio n, Oral Apiaceae parts infusion Crocus sativus L. Zaâfran Circulatory, genital Stigma Infusion Oral Iridaceae Cuminum cyminum L. Lcamon Digestive, circulatory Fruit, leaf Infusion, Oral, external Apiaceae powder use Cymbopogon schoenanth us Ti bremt,Tben Skeleton, urinary Leaf, whole Infusion Oral (L.) Spreng. mekkâ plant Poaceae Cynara scolymus L. Kharchouf Respiratory Root Decoction Oral Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Tinirane, Skeleton Root, leaf Powder, Oral, external Asteraceae Terhala decoction use Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Azalim Skeleton Bulb Decoction, Oral, external Asparagaceae Ouchen, Bsel maceration use, inhalation al khenzir

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Drimia noctiflora (Batt. & Azalim Circulatory Bulb Cataplasm, Oral, applied on Trab.) ouchen, Bsel maceration the affected Asparagaceae Dib part Echium horridum Batt. Tanasat Urinary Leaf Decoction Oral Boraginaceae Eucalyptus sp . Calitous, Respiratory Leaf Decoction, Oral, inhalation, Myrtaceae Caliptous infusion, external use fumigation Euphorbia officin arum subsp. Tikiout, Respiratory, skeleton, Aerial parts Powder Oral echinus (Hook. f. & Coss.) Zaggoum, circulatory Vindt Euphorbiaceae Daghmus Table 1. continued

Euphorbia officinarum L. Tikiout, Respiratory Aerial parts, Decoction External use, subsp. officinarum Zaggoum, latex oral Euphorbiaceae Daghmus Timechkla Digestive Whole plant Infusion, Oral Fagonia cretica L. powder Zygophyllaceae Nafaâ, Basbas Digestive, circulatory Fruit, bulb, Infusion, Oral Foeniculum vulgare var. seed, whole decoction, dulce Mill. plant raw Apiaceae Azi, Ouchfoud Skin Leaf Infusion, External use Genista ifniensis A. powder Caballero. Fabaceae Globularia alypum L. Tasselgha, Ain Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, stem, Infusion, Oral, external Plantaginaceae arnab circulatory, nervous, urinary whole plant decoction, use powder, friction Herniaria cinerea D.C. Harrast lahjar Urinary Leaf, whole Decoction, Oral Caryophyllaceae plant infusion Hordeum vulgare L. Toumzine, Digestive Seed Decoction Oral Poaceae Chaâir Illicium verum Hook. f. L-badiane Digestive Fruit Infusion Oral Scisandraceae Juncus rigidus Desf. Azmay, Smar Skin, circulatory, nervous, Leaf, stem, Decoction, Oral Juncaceae urinary fruit, seed infusion Juniperus oxycedrus L. Katran Skin Fruit, strain Decoction External use, Cupressaceae inhalation Kleinia anteuphorbium (L.) Acheberdeau Respiratory, skeleton, Stem Juice, External use Haw. circulatory powder, Asteraceae infusion Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Ifrs kel, Oujan, Respiratory, digestive, skin, Latex, root Decoction, Oral, external Murb. Mmu-lbeyna skeleton, circulatory, infusion, use Asteraceae urinary powder Lavandula dentata L. Igerch, Halhal Respiratory, digestive, Leaf, stem, Decoction, Oral, external Lamiaceae skeleton, circulatory, root, fruit, infusion, use genital, nervous, urinary seed, whole powder plant

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Lavandula maroccana Murb. Iguiz, Khzama Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, fruit, Decoction, Oral, external Lamiaceae circulatory, genital seed infusion, use powder Lavandula multifida L. Iguiz, Khzama Respiratory, digestive, Leaf, flower, Infusion, Oral, external Lamiaceae genital, nervous seed decoction use Lavandula stoechas L. Tigercht, Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, flower, Decoction, Oral, external Lamiaceae Khzama circulatory, genital seed infusion, use powder Lepidium sativum L. Hab rchad Respiratory, digestive, skin Seed Infusion, Oral, external Brassicaceae powder use Linum usitatissimum L. Zriât lktan Digestive, urinary Se ed Powder Oral Linaceae Table 1. continued

Lonicera biflora Desf. Irifi Respiratory, digestive Leaf, fruit Infusion, Oral Caprifoliaceae decoction, powder Lycium intricatum Boiss. Inzerki, Digestive Seed Decoction Oral Solanaceae L'gerdeg Malva parviflora L. Igoudi Respiratory Leaf, stem Decoction, Oral, external Malvaceae cataplasm use Malva sylvestris L. Tibi, Lkhabiza, Respiratory, urinary Leaf, root Decoction, Oral, external Malvaceae Bakoula cataplasm use Marrubium vulgare L. Ifzi, Merout Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, whole Infusion, Oral, external Lamiaceae auditory plant powder use Mentha spicata L. Liqamt, Respiratory, skin Leaf, aerial Infusion, Oral, external Lamiaceae Naanaa parts friction, use decoction Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Timija, Mersita Respiratory, digestive Leaf, whole Infusion, Oral Lamiaceae plant powder, decoction Musa sp . Banane Skin Bark Friction External use Musaceae Myristica fragrans Houtt. Lgoza Respiratory, digestive, Seed Po wder Oral Myristcaceae skeleton, genital Myrtus communis L. Rayhan Digestive, skin Leaf Cataplasm, External use Myrtaceae decoction, infusion Nerium oleander L. Alili, Dafla Skin, nervous, auditory, Leaf, latex Powder, Oral, inhalation, Apocynaceae visual infusion external use Ni gella sativa L. Sanouj, Respiratory, digestive, Seed Powder, Oral Ranunculaceae Habba saouda circulatory, visual, urinary powder mixed with honey Olea europaea L. Zitoun, Zit, Respiratory, digestive, Leaf, fruit Decoction, Oral, external Oleaceae Zbouj, circulatory, auditory, oil, infusion use Azemmour urinary

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Ononis natrix L. Afezdad, Respiratory, digestive, Leaf, root, Decoction, Oral Fabaceae Lhaanna circulatory whole plant powder, infusion Opuntia ficus -indica (L.) Mill. Acnari, Respiratory, digestive, Flower, fruit Decoction, Oral, external Cactaceae Sabbar, skeleton, circulatory, powder, use Handiya, urinary infusion Karmouss nsara Papaver rhoeas L. Kawch, Skin Petal, seed Decoction, Oral, external Papaveraceae Bellaaman infusion use Pegan um harmala L. Lharmel Respiratory, digestive, Seed, leaf Fumigation Oral, external Nitrariaceae genital, nervous use Pennisetum typhoides Illan Skeleton, genital Seed Decoction Oral (Burm..f.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. Poaceae Periploca angustifolia Labill. Aslif Nervous, skeleton Leaf, root Cataplasm, External use Apocynaceae decoction

Table 1. continued Petroselinum crispum Mill. Maadnous Digestive, urinary Leaf, whole Decoction Oral Fuss Apiaceae plant, seed Phillyrea angustifolia L. Tamto utla Nervous Leaf Decoction External use Oleaceae Pinus halepensis Mill. Iguenguem, Respiratory, digestive, skin, Bark, resin Powder Oral, external Pinaceae Sanawbar circulatory, genital use (Tayda) Pistacia atlantica Desf. Igg, Lebtam Digestive Gum, leaf, Decoction, Oral Anacardiaceae seed powder Pistacia lentiscus L. Titkt, Drou Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, root, Decoction, Oral Anacardiaceae skeleton, circulatory, seed, bark powder, nervous, visual, urinary infusion Pulicaria mauritanica Batt. Bamghar Digestive, circulatory Flower, leaf Decoction, Oral, external Asteraceae maceration use Punica granatum L. Rmane Digestive Leaf, fruit, Infusion, Oral, external Lythraceae seed, bark powder, use decoction Quercus ilex L. Tassaf t, Respiratory, digestive, skin, Bark, leaf, Infusion, Oral, external Fagaceae Karrouche, skeleton, circulatory fruit powder, use Ballout decoction Retama monosperma (L.) Ilgui, Rtem Skin, skeleton Leaf, fruit infusion Oral, external Boiss. Fabaceae use Ricinu s communis L. Awriyur, Digestive, skin Leaf Powder, Oral, massage Euphorbiaceae Lkherwaa decoction Rhus pentaphylla (Jacq.) Tazzad, Azad Digestive Root Decoction Oral Desf. Anacardiaceae Rosa centifolia L. Tihfert, Ward Digestive Flower Powder, Applied Rosaceae decoction externally oral

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Rosmarinus officinalis L. Azir Respiratory, digestive Leaf, aerial Decoction, Oral, external Lamiaceae parts infusion use Rubia peregrina L. Tarouba, Foua Digestive, circulatory Root, whole Powder, Oral Rubiaceae plant, leaf, decoction seed Rumex acetosa L. Tismoumine Skin Seed, leaf, Powder, Oral Polygonaceae root decoction Ruta montana (L.) L. L-fijel, Awermi Respiratory, skin, skeleton, Whole plant Friction, External use, Rutaceae circulatory, auditory infusion oral Salvia aegyptiaca L. Iderki Respiratory, circulatory Aerial parts, Infusion, Oral Lamiaceae root, leaf decoction Salvia officinalis L. Salmia Respiratory, digestive, Leaf, whole Infusion, Oral Lamiaceae circulatory plant decoction Senna alexandrina Mill. Sanae Digestive Leaf, seed Infusion Oral, external Fabaceae use Tighercht, Digestive, skin, genital Root Decoction, Oral Silene vulgaris (Moench) Sabun el-fqar infusion Garcke Caryophyllaceae Table 1. continued

Sinapis alba L. Kalkas, Circulatory, genital Seed Powder Oral Brassicaceae Akhssur oufkir mixed with honey, milk, oil Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Korenfal Digestive, circulatory, Clove Decoction, Oral, external Merr. & L. M. Perry urinary cataplasm use Myrtaceae Tetracl inis articulata (Vahl) Azouka, Aârar Respiratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, cone Cataplasm, Oral, external Mast. skeleton, circulatory, decoction, use Cupressaceae nervous, urinary powder, infusion Thymus broussonetii Boiss Tazouknnit, Res piratory, digestive, skin, Leaf, stem, Decoction, Oral Lamiaceae Zaitra circulatory, genital, whole plant infusion nervous, urinary Thymus pallidus Coss. Tajllabet, Respiratory, digestive, Flower, leaf Decoction, Oral ex.Batt. Lamiaceae Ajllab circulatory infusion Th ymus satureioides Coss. Azoukni, Respiratory, digestive, skin, Flower, leaf, Infusion Oral, external Lamiaceae Zaater circulatory, genital, stem, whole use nervous, visual, urinary plant Trigonella foenum -graecum Tifidass, Halba Digestive, cir culatory, Seed, fruit Decoction, Oral L. Fabaceae genital infusion, powder Triticum aestivum L L-gemh, Irden, Digestive Seed Powder Oral Poaceae Zraa Urtica urens L. Azentak, Respiratory, urinary Seed, leaf Powder, Oral Urticaceae Harriga decoction, infusion

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Vite x agnus -castus L. Angaref, Skeleton, genital Leaf, fruit, Infusion, Oral Verbenaceae Lkherwaa, seed decoction, Habb el-faqd powder Withania frutescens (L.) Tiremt, Respiratory, skin Leaf, bark, Infusion, Oral, app lied on Pauquy Solanaceae Tarremt root powder the affected part Zingiber officinale Roscoe Sknjbir, Respiratory, digestive, Rhizome Decoction, Oral Zingiberaceae Zanjabil skeleton, circulatory, infusion auditory Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Azegar, Sedra, Digestive, circulatory , Fruit, leaf, Cataplasm , Oral, external Rhamnaceae Nbeg urinary root infusion, use powder

Most of the identified families are represented by one or Morocco and in the Mediterranean region (Raja et al. , two species, which shows that the used healing plants 1997; Merzouki, 2000; Novais et al. , 2004; Tahraoui et are ot only concentrated in some families and genera. al. , 2007; Ugulu et al. , 2009). This agrees with other ethnobotanic studies made outside

Figure 4: Most represented families Figure 5: Most used species

Outcomes of the investigation show that 15 medicinal %) are cultivated for food purposes ( Artemisia plants are the most used in the study area (figure n°5): absinthium, Coriandrum sativum, Carum carvi, Hordeum Thymus satureioides (cited 238 times), Thymus vulgare, Mentha viridis ). Plants imported from other broussonetii (171), Tetraclinis articulata (168), Lavandula regions of Morocco or from other countries represent dentata (111), Artemisia inculta (84), Globularia alypum 15.45 % ( Crocus sativus, Boswellia sacra, Eugenia (83), Cistus villosus (78), Marrubium vulgare (58), caryophyllata, Lepidium sativum and Myristica fragrans). Chenopodium ambrosoides (46), Pistacia lentiscus (39), These results are similar to those of other studies carried Olea europea (34), Ononis natrix (30), Lavandula out in certain zones of Morocco (Abouri et al., 2012; stoechas (26), Ceratonia siliqua (25) and Argania spinosa Saadi et al., 2013). The large number of plant species (22). These species are used frequently in other regions used in the study area indicates the dependence of local of Morocco (Abouri et al., 2012). Of special interest, population on medicinal plants to handle various diseases among the species used at Agadir Ida Ou Tanane and represent a good indicator of a deep knowledge of province, 8 species (7.27 %) are endemic of Morocco. plants by the local population. The analysis of the The majority of healing plants (65.45 %) registered in this biological forms of healing plants used in the study area survey are spontaneous species ( Thymus satureioides, revealed that most of the species are shrubs (32 %), Argania spinosa, Tetraclinis articulata, Pistacia lentiscus, followed by herbs (21 %), trees (16 %), hemicryptophytes Lavandula dentata, and Ononis natrix ). Many plants (19.1 (12 %), subshrubs (11 %), and geophytes (8 %) (Figure

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Ouhaddou et al.. J. Appl. Biosci. An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province (Southwest Morocco) n°6). This result is against other studies in which trees satureioides and Argania spinosa are subject to a strong were the shape of the most dominant growth (Addo- pressure of use for medicinal and commercial purposes. Fordjour et al., 2008; Moshi et al., 2009). In the study This factor combined with an increasing pressure of the area, as in most regions of Morocco as well as in other local population, besides the irregular precipitation like countries, a conflict exists between plant use and that of last years, can lead to the reduction of the natural resources preservation (Sheldon et al., 1998; Kala, 2000; habitat of healing plants. Agelet & Vallés, 2001). The species of Thymus

35 30 25 20 15 Frequecy in % in Frequecy 10 5 0 Herbs Hemicryptophites Subshrubs Shrubs Trees Geophytes

Figure 6: Growth habit of the plants used in Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province

Therapeutic uses: The species indicated in the table n°1 rate respectively. This noticed are similar to those of the are used by local population of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane to study carried out at the level of the province of Rabat handle various diseases. It was noticed that each of the (Hseini & Kahouadji, 2007). The other diseases concern plants has more than one therapeutic use. For example, skeleton (9 %), urinary system (8 %), reproductive organ Thymus satureioides is used against respiratory and and nervous system (6 % each), hearing aid (2 %) and digestive tracts disease; which explains the particular visual device (1 %). pressure exerted on this species plant in this province. Plant parts used, mode of preparation and All diseases were structured according to the device or administration : The results obtained at the level of the the system which they affect: digestive system, province of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane show that the most respiratory system, circulatory system, reproductive used plant part is the leaf (74 %) followed by seed, fruit, organ, genito-urinary organs, ear, nose and throat root, whole plant, stem and flower with a respective system, ocular system, skin, skeleton and nervous percentage of 8 %, 5 %, 4 %, 3 %, 2 % and 1 % (figure system. The population of the study area suffers; first, n°7). The underground organs (bulbs and roots) of plants from all diseases affecting digestive system (22 %) used locally for medicinal purpose represented around 6 especially stomach pain, diarrheas, intestinal gases, %. This percentage is relatively lower to what has been constipations, etc. Gastro-intestinal disorders are found to found in other Moroccan regions (Ouarghidi et al., 2013). be the most common application of medicinal plants by The high rate of leaves use can be explained by the ethnobotanical surveys carried out in other studies harvest ease but also, by the fact that these organs are (Merzouki et al., 2000; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Benitez et exposed to the sun what gets those virtues and al., 2010; Mati & De Boer, 2011). The diseases of the benefactions (El Rhaffari & Zaid , 2000). This can be respiratory system come in the second place with 18 % explained by the photosynthesis phenomenon which rate: asthmas, rum, coughs and lung affections. The favours the biosynthesis and the storage of metabolites. diseases affecting the circulatory system (low blood Also, leaves of plants have been reported to accumulate, pressure, high blood pressure, glycemia) and the skin inulins, tannins and other alkaloids which may be (cook hair, facial skincare, the eczema, the burns, the responsible for their medicinal properties, explaining its wounds) come in the third position with 16 % and 12 % wide use (Simbo, 2010).

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Figure 8: Methods of preparation of plants Figure 7: Plants parts used

The methods used in the zone of study are: the infusion, all plants parts were used. Furthermore, the use of more the decoction, the powder, the fumigation, the cataplasm, than a species of plant to prepare a remedy for diseases the friction, the maceration, plant brute or in mixture with is attributed to additive or effects of synergy which they the honey or the oil, etc. The local population always could have (Bussman & Sharon, 2006). Most of the looks for the easiest mode to prepare phytomedicaments. preparations are made with water as a solvent. Diverse The decoction, the infusion and the powder were parts of the plant were also mixed with oil, honey, milk or generally the method of choice, accounting for 31, 30 and tea to improve their acceptability and their medicinal 24% respectively, followed by fumigation preparation properties. For example, the powder of Nigella sativa (3%), cataplasm (3%) and friction (1%) (Figure n°8). The mixed with honey is used for respiratory, digestive and decoction allows collecting most active ingredients and urinary system diseases. The mode of administration limiting or cancels the toxic effect of certain recipes mostly used is oral (64.5 %). Herb teas (obtained by (Salhi, 2010). In other regions of Morocco, decoction and infusion or decoction) are usually drunk as teas. The infusion were also the most used herbs preparations external application was also used with 31.5 % rate and (Ziyyat et al., 1997; Merzouki et al. , 2000; El-Hilaly et al., consists, generally, in a local application of the affected 2003; Tahraoui et al., 2007, Abouri et al., 2012). Most part. The remaining modes (eye-drops, wash of mouth) preparations were drawn from single plant, but their represents 5 % only. These modes of administration are mixtures are also generally used. Some remedies contain similar to those brought back by Saadi et al. (2013). varying combinations of plant organs. For 15 % of plants,

CONCLUSION The present study shows that a large number of province. Decoctions and infusions were the most medicinal plants are used for treating different ailments common method of preparation and most of the highlighting significant cultural diversity in the Agadir Ida medicines are administered orally. It’s clear that the Ou Tanane province. The elderly and people with no documentation of traditional knowledge on medicinal formal education were found the most users of this herbal plants in Agadir Ida Ou Tanane province still needs more medicine and consequently are more knowledgeable, efforts at the national level, to prevent this valuable which underlies the question on the conservation of this knowledge from being lost. Such ethnobotanical studies traditional knowledge through generations. Most of the are essential for this purpose because they contribute to medicinal plants used are sourced from the wild and document the therapeutic practices of the community and some of themes are unfortunately over-exploited, which consequently permit to consolidate the indigenous threatened their survival in the area. Digestive disorders knowledge of the local population. were found as the most ailments treated with plants in the

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