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Izmir Balçova Geothermal Field

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Izmir Balçova Geothermal Field PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-First Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 30-February 1, 2006 SGP-TR-179 IZMIR BALÇOVA GEOTHERMAL FIELD Mine ALACALI Balçova Municipality Balçova, İzmir, Türkiye e-mail: [email protected] production wells and multidisciplinary area operation ABSTRACT should be updated and applied. İzmir, located in the western part of Anatolia, is the third major city of Türkiye. İzmir is very important because of geoethermal resources. The geothermal areas of İzmir can be listed as Balçova, Karşıyaka- Menemen, Seferihisar, Alaçatı-Çeşme, Dikili- Bergama, Aliağa and Bayındır. In Balçova district heating and thermal tourism, in Çeşme thermal tourism, in Dikili-Bergama district heating and greenhouse heating is of importance in using geothermal energy. Apparent potential of geothermal energy in İzmir province, considering the lowest consumption temperature as 400C, is 440 000 000 kcal/h. Depending on the greatness of the geothermal areas, reservoir temperature and possible number of wellhole locations of the future, expected total potential is 2325 MWt. Figure. 1. Location Map 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HOT WATER RESOURCES OF IZMIR The geothermal energy occurs on specific belts on İzmir is a very important Eagean geothermal city earth such as And Volcanoes, Alpen Himalayas, East with its hot water resources and hot water usage. The African Rift System, Caribbean Islands and Middle major geothermal resources located around İzmir are; America Volcanites Belt. Italy, Greece, Türkiye, Iran, Dikili-Bergama, Aliağa, Karşıyaka-Çiğli-Menemen, Pakistan, India, Tibet and China are on the Alpen Balçova, Gülbahçe, Alaçatı-Çeşme, Bayındır and Himalayas Belt. As it can be considered from above Seferihisar-Cumalı, Karakoç, Doğanbey Cape and explanations, Türkiye is located on the Alpen Salt Mine. These resources are used in direct Himalayas Belt. applications as spas, district heating, greenhouse İzmir, located on the western part of Türkiye (Fig. 1), heating, thermal tourism and balneology. Here, our exist on a very important geography from the point of main target will be Balçova Geothermal Field among geothermal. Geothermal areas of İzmir constitute the these mentioned geothermal fields. most important areas in West Anatolia (Fig.2). Geothermal areas of İzmir constitute the most 2.2. Balçova Geothermal Field important areas in West Anatolia (Fig.2). High reservoir temperatures of Seferihisar, Balçova, and Dikili-Bergama located on the active tectonic lines is 2.2.1. Stratigraphy of the field distinctive. There are no surficial boundaries Upper Cretaceous aged İzmir Flysch (Yağmurlu, regarding these areas since the number of research 1980), Miocene aged Yeniköy Formation (Eşder, and production drills are insufficient. This points an Şimşek, 1975), Pliocene aged Cumaovası Volcanites increase in the expected potential in the future. From (Eşder, Şimşek, 1975) and Quaternary aged slope this point of view, testing, re-injection studies should debris and alluvium are the formations those be carried out ceaseless in addition to the duly drilled constitute the field. İzmir Flysch consists of meta-sandstone, meta- operated after initially drilled 10 gradian wells. The claystone, meta-siltstone, with diabase, serpentine, highest reservoir temperature measured from the wells is 1400C (Table 1). The very first heat production via downhole heat exchanger is applied in Balçova. After the development of the chemicals to prevent scaling, production has been done by circulation pumps. Balçova Geothermal Area is being exploited from a realistic point of view in operating and usage. Today, wells are being used for district heating, tourism and balneological purposes (Table 2). Also greenhouse-heating is integratively carried out, too. Since 1980’s, The Governor of İzmir has been in charge of the management of the geothermal field. In 2000, she shared her authority with Balçova Geothermal Energy Ltd. Co., and then in 2005 this has turned into a share hold with the Municipality of Figure.2. Geothermal areas of İzmir İzmir. The installed capacity is now 90 MWt and the apparent usable total heat from the wells drilled by limestone. There is an unconformity interface the governorship, university and local people, is between flysch and Yeniköy Formation (Yılmazer, around 145 000 000 (Aug-2004) kcal/h. S., 1994). Yeniköy Formation consists of claystone, sandstone, gravel sandstone, limestone ((Eşder, Flow Well Temperature Consumption Şimşek, 1975). Cumaovası Volcanites consist of rate Depth(m) Code (0C) Type andesites, rhyolites, agglomerates and tuffs. (m3/h) B-1 99 104 104 Production 2.2.2. Tectonic Structure of the field B-2 150 150 Not being used The tectonic in Balçova Geothermal Field is still B-3 110-120 160 Not being used effective and there are 2 main and some possible step B-4 57 105 125 Production faults. The main faults are Agamemnon-I extending B-5 125 108 108 Production from east to west, Agamemnon-II extending from southwest to northeast. Also Agamemnon-III, B-6 95-105 150 Not being used extending from south-southwest to north-northeast, is B-7 80 98 120 Production another fault which has been recorded by MTA B-8 95-105 250 Not being used (General Directorate of Mineral Research and B-9 95-105 48 Not being used Exploration) during the latest studies regarding B-10 114 105 125 Production protection zones. Hot springs are located at the intersection point of the faults Agamemnon-I and B-11 102-105 125 Not being used Agamemnon-II. B-12 95-105 160 Not being used BD-1 68 121 564 Production 2.2.3. Hydrology of the field BD-2 163 135 677 Production The structure of flysch is not primarily permeable but BD-3 95 133 750 Production secondary permeability developed within flysch, due BD-4 193 138 624 Production to tectonics, helps geothermal liquid to rise up via its BD-5 91 123 1100 Production fractures and cracks. Also the clays within the Yeniköy Formation are important for the BD-6 114 139 606 Production underground water since they are impermeable. BD-7 80 122 700 Production BD-8 135 630 Reinjection 2.2.4. Geothermal history of the field BD-9 300 139 772 Production Human-being discovered the benefits of the BD- 104 750 Reinjection geothermal source in Balçova 3000 years ago. There 10 are several stories about the ancient origin of Balçova ND-1 115-120 800 Not being used Geothermal Field but its scientific history begun at N-1 95-100 150 Not being used 1962. In Balçova Geothermal Field (Fig.2), studies Table.1. Properties of the wells in Balçova continue ceaseless since 1962 and in 1963 the first Geothermal Field (MTA, Report of Source drilling was made. In 1982, heat production via Protection Zones of Balçova Geothermal downhole heat exchangers has been started. Totally Field, 2006, unpublished) 26 production wells including wells with downhole heat exchangers, deep and shallow wells, have been the field should be revised. Also more scientific Number of Residences House-equivelent (geological, geophysical and geochemical mainly) Subscribers researches regarding the extension of the field should Balçova 5716 6,782 be done. By following the required preventions Narlıdere 2429 2,755 regarding re-injection and drilling new wells, heating Prenses Otel 571 Official Buildings 211 areas can be increased. Balçova Thermal Otel 653 Universities and hospital 3800 REFERENCES City estate and a shopping 929 center (including its hotel) Browne, P.R.L., 2002, Geothermal Geology Lecture Notes, Total 8,145 15,701 the University of Auckland Table.2. The Present Subscriber Documents of the DPT, 1996, 7th 5 Year Development Plan Report of geothermal energy consumption Geothermal Energy Special Committee, Ankara, 1996 Eşder, T., Kural, H., 1987, Prefeasibility Report of Also, the wells in the western part of the region are Seferihisar Geothermal Area, MTA compiled report, not very suitable for hot water consumption and Ankara being used for reinjection at present. Table 1 show that BD-8 and BD-9, those in the eastern part of the Geothermal Energy Handbook, 1989, MTA Ankara field and center of population, are hotter than the Inventory of Turkey Geothermal Energy, 1996, MTA, wells in the eastern part of the field, those are BD-6 Ankara and BD-10. BD-10 is being used for reinjection presently. This may lead us to think that the İTÜ, 2001, The Project of Reservoir and Production of Balçova-Narlıdere Geothermal Field geothermal field may be extending towards the eastern part of the region. Koçak, A., 2000, Geothermal Energy Research and Potential of Turkey, Turkey 8th Energy Congress 2.2.5. Chemical properties of water Mertoğlu, O., Dokuz, İ., Bakır, N., 2000The Importance of the Projections and Present Applications of The water does not contain so high mineralisation. In th general; the dominant cation of hot water is Na and Geothermal and Its Status in The World.8 Energy the dominant anion is bicarbonates. So, all the Congress geothermal waters are sodium-bicarbonated in Mineral Waters of Turkey, Chair of Hydroclimatology of general. Here also, geothermal water of Balçova is Medical Faculty of İ.Ü. sodium-bicarbonated. MTA, Report of Source Protection Zones of Balçova Geothermal Field, 2006, Unpublished 2.3. Advantages of the Field Rodgers, K.A., Spörli, K.B., Cotterall, L., Prebble, W.M., The water type of the field is not corrosive but still Browne, P.R.L, Campbell, K.A., Augustinus, P.C., has a tendency for scaling. Although some chemicals 2001, Field Geology A Handbook of Basic have to be added during the heating process, such as Techniques and Safety Practice inhibitors, the chemical property of the water makes Yılmazer, S., 1984, Hydrological and Geochemical the use of the liquid easier. Also the mineral content Analysis of Hot Water Resources of Aegean Region., of the water is so suitable for balneological DEÜ, Mater’s Thesis Ankara consumption thus makes the field a target for the tourism investors.
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