JICA Forum / 2016.4.25
Photo by Masahiko Murata
Damage by the Earthquake
Scale: Magnitude 7.3(JMA)
Source: Kobe City Feature of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake • The earthquake hit directly the big and highly developed city with population of 3.6 million – Many people lived in densely area. • Scarcity of spaces • large number of the refugees to be secured – Damage of Lifeline（ ・ Electricity ・Gas ・Water ・ Telephone ・Railroad ・Road etc.）which critically affects the economy and society. – Damage for Service Industry（Retail, Tourism, Restaurant etc.） →Flow of people and economy was cut off.
82.5 Billion US$ Worth Damage (\ 9.9Tri)
Business 7% Public Facilities 9%
$ 82.5Bil
Lifelines 25% Buildings 59% Fire
•The number of fire occurrence on Jan 17 ：86 •Burned Area: 70ha •The number of burned buildings： 7,500 buildings
Headquarters were Damaged
Source: Kobe City Source: Hyogo Pref.
Source: Hyogo Pref.
Kobe Municipal Government
HYOGO Prefecture Government Electric Power, Telephone Line, Water Supply were Cut off
Source: Hyogo Pref. - Hyogo Government’s Satellite Communication system also fell down - Deep Well of the Hyogo Gov’t survived Long Queue to get Water (Nagata, Kobe)
Source: Kobe City Landslide (Nigawa Yurino-cho, Nishinomiya）
Source: Hyogo Pref. Urban Disaster: Many Stakeholders for Recovery
Sannomiya Station (Central Kobe) just after the Eq. Source: Hyogo Pref.
Japan Railway, Hankyu Railway, Kobe Urban Re-development, Land Re- Subway, Bus service, Street roads, Water, adjustment projects with Public-Private Sewerage, Electricity, Telecommunication, partnership (Shin-Nagata, Rokko etc.) Private/ Public Bldgs with Offices, Shops ------Progress of Reconstruction (Urban Infra)
Main recovery projects Date of completion Roads Chugoku Expressway 21.Jul. 1995 Meishin Expressway 29.Jul. 1995 Hanshin Wangan Expressway 1.Sep. 1995 Route 2 Hamate Bypass 2.May 1996 Harbor Highway 24.Aug. 1996 Hanshin Expressway Kobe Route 30.Sep.1996 Railway JR West (Kobe Line) 1.Apr. 1995 JR West (Sanyo Shinkansen) 8.Apr. 1995 Hankyu Railways (Kobe Line) 12.Jun. 1995 Hanshin Railways (Main line) 26.Jun. 1995 Kobe Shinkotsu (Rokko Liner) 23.Aug. 1995 Ports Kobe Port 31.Mar. 1997 Amagasaki-Nishinomiya-Ashiya Port 31.Mar.1997 The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Reconstruction Plan (Hyogo Phoenix Plan)
Quite important to give Hope for the future: Our Cities will recover better than before!!
•Started 4 days after the disaster
•Adopted in July 1995 (took 6 months) •Targeted completion: 2005 •Targeted areas: 10 Cities and 10 Towns Hyogo Phoenix Plan
Creative Reconstruction ---Build Back Better than pre-quake-- ●Harmonious Coexistence between People & Nature/Society
Five pillars Creation of a WELFARE society tailored for the 21st century Creation of a CULTURALLY rich society open to the world Creation of a society where existing Industries grow and new INDUSTRIES flourish Creation of a DISASTER-RESILIENT metropolis where people can live with confidence URBAN DEVELOPMENT with multi-centered network- type metropolitan area Priority 3-year Reconstruction Plans
1) Housing 2)Industry 3)Infra Structure
Housing Infra- Industry (Unit) structure Planned 125,000 100.0% ¥5.7 tril Target (Order base) (Net Reg. (Budget base) Product base) Achieved 173,300* 101.7% ¥5.87 tril (139%) (103%)
• Overall target level was achieved by March 1998
* As of end of March 2000 (169,000 as of 1998) Shelters / Temporary Houses HYOGO PREFECTURE
Provided temporary houses Emergency Shelters (Schools) (Totally 48,300 units --- met the needs) 1,153 shelters with 320,000 refugees (just after)
Source: Hyogo Pref.
Special care is necessary for Source: Hyogo Pref. Women, Elderly, Disabled, Children - Importance of Quake-Resistance Housing
88% of the victims were by building collapse
Main Cause of Death No. of death (3) 2%
(1) Collapse of Buildings 4,831 88% (2) 10%
(2) Fire 550 10% (3) Others (1) 121 2% (Slide, Transportation) 88%
Total 5,502 Hyogo Pref. Police HQ Building Damage by construction date
100%
In Japan, millions of houses are built before 1981, which are not seismic resistant: needs reinforcement Housing Recovery HYOGO PREFECTURE
Reconstruction of Private Housing
・ Low interest housing loan ・ Interest subsidy for housing loan
Privately-owned Rental Housing
・ House rent subsidy ・ Promoting the supply of privately- owned rental housing
Public Housing Source: Hyogo Pref. ・ Promoting the supply of public housing （42,137 houses） ・ Reducing the rent burden for public housing （for 10 years19） Importance of Reinforcement of Existing Buildings Built under Old Building Code (-1981)
Source: Hyogo Pref. 90% of deaths of the GHA Eq were caused by collapsed buildings
■ Promoting earthquake resistant homes and public facilities (1) Formulation of Promotion Plan for Earthquake- Resistant Renovation Works in Hyogo Attached braces (2) Promotion Project for Earthquake-Resistant Renovation work for homeowners : Subsidies for seismic evaluation, developpiing plans for earthquake-resistant renovation work, and actual renovation works (3) Earthquake-resistant renovation works for government- owned public buildings To be used as hubs for emergency and/or for relief activities and evacuation sites for disaster victims (schools, hospitals, police offices etc.) Importance of Reinforcement of Existing Buildings Built under学校の耐震補強 Old Building Code (-1981)
Schools; Reinforced by steel braces Source: Hyogo Pref. Retrofitted Yakami Elementary School Sasayama (Completed in 2012, C=\147mil.) Wooden School built in 1937, a Symbol of the City
http://yakami-el.sasayama.jp/ Source: Sasayama City Special reinforcement method for walls and bases was developed using the E-Defence Shaking Talbe
22 Reinforcement of inflastructures nationwide
Hanshin Highway; Piers were covered with steel plates Source: Hyogo Pref. Recovery of Historical Buildings ; Recovery of Tourism Industry Source: Hyogo Pref.
Recovered stronger than before Recovery of Towns and Community
Land Re-adjustment Projects (LR) Urban Re-development Projects
Merits and Demerits Community Participation should be well discussed
Consensus Formation Among Residents Through Community Development Council Land Readjustment Projects in Kobe
Consensus building among local residents through Community development council meeting ; Government sent town planning experts to each community
Damage ratio
66%
67%
70%
80% 92% 83%
80%
98% 91%
66%
80%
Source: Kobe City Total 13 LR Areas in Hyogo (256ha)
Land Readjustment Projects in Kobe
Source: Kobe City Community Involvement for Land Readjustment Planning City Government published its initial LR plan, and got hundreds of negative comments
Community involvement for LR Planning ●Establishment of the Community Development Conference →Gov.sent experts and Reflected the opinions of citizens ● 2 Stages LR planning was introduced →1st:Gov.decides the overall urban planning 2nd:Community draw their detailed plan and finalize the Plan with mutual consensus Source: Hyogo Pref.
Source: Hyogo Pref. Two Stages Urban Planning for L.R. Projects
Matsumoto Area Source: Kobe City
City Planning in the 1st Stage: 17 Mar 1995 Decision of the area of the L.R. Project and City Planning Roads
Contents of the Community Development Proposal by Community Development Conference: 10 Dec.1995
City Planning in the 2nd Stage (1) Alteration and Addition in City Planning: 27 Mar.1996 • Additional City Planning Roads • Decision of City Planning Parks
(2) Approval of the L.R . Project: 26 Mar. 1996 Matsumoto松本地区の区画整理前後の比較 Area, before and after the L.R.
Before被災前 the Eq.
Just被災直後 after the Eq.
After区画整理の後 the L.R.
Completed on 24 Dec. 2004 （Photo by Kobe City) 30 Land Readjustment Projects for Build Back Better Recovery •Matsumoto, Kobe
•Matsumoto Street W=17m Source: Kobe City Rokkomichi St. North, Kobe
Pictures from Kobe City Rokko-machi Street W=17m Before Land Readjustment Project in Nishinomiya
Source: Nishinomiya City Immediately after the Earthquake 32 (Nishinomiya City） After Land Readjustment Project in Nishinomiya
After Land Readjustment Source: Nishinomiya City33 整備後((Nishinomiya西宮市) City） • Parks for DRR Public Parks for DRR •
Source: Kobe City Slight damage at Naya Bazar in Kathmandu (Land Pooling Project area)
Open Street Map Photo by Masahiko Murata
整理された区画街路。建物被害なし Well Planed Urban Area had almost no damage To prepare worse scenario; BBB Recovery and Pre-disaster Urban Planning should be considered Importance of Quality of Materials
Photo by M.Murata in Chautara
Photo by M.Murata in Bahktapul Photo by M.Murata in Bahktapul Poor quality concrete and less steel bars are not strong enough What we can / should do from Hyogo 【According to Mr. Seiji Suwa, EARTH, Hyogo】 【Situation & Consciousness】 1.New anti-seismic school building and retrofitting of existing building will be done by international donors. 2.However, only hard infrastructure is not enough for the Recovery of Education system
【Expected support from Hyogo】 １．Project with an idea of DRR culture takes root in the local society. Cooperation with School Earthquake Safety Program by the NGO in Nepal What we can /will do from Hyogo Support for Sustainable DRR Education 【Mr. Seiji Suwa, EARTH, Hyogo】 Hyogo Donation Fund Team Hyogo Support Activities Team Nepal Universities and Institutes ・ DRR Education at Schools and Universities and Institutes NPOs, NGOs Communities NPOs, NGOs Local Government and ・(Construction of Earthquake Department of Education Educational Board resitant School Buildings) Corporations and Citizens Corporations and Citizens Building up Sustainable Program of DRR Education
• Team Nepal & Hyogo cooperate to select Model Areas (1~2) and a few Model Schools Expected Goals • Team Hyogo visit the model schools to implement model classes. Seminars for teachers are also organized. • DRR Education are continuously • Based on the “Action Plans” jointly made by Team Hyogo & Nepal, teachers at model held at the “Model Schools” and schools and Team Nepal implement DRR Education. “Model Areas”. • The frequency of implementation at model schools is determined by both teams (once a • DRR textbooks and teachers’ week/month). • Seminars for the teachers are held approximately once in a term at model areas. manuals are completed and • The duration of the program is about three years. At the end of the program, textbooks classes are implemented in a and teachers’ manuals are made mainly by the elaboration of Team Nepal. school term. • DRR Education are continued, using the textbooks and manuals made by Team Nepal. • DRR Education is done in model schools reconstructed in seismic Building up Sustainable Program of resistant design by international Construction and Retrofitting of Earthquake resistant School Buildings Disaster Preparedness at donors. Communities • Team Nepal continues • Collapsed school buildings are reconstructed and sustainable DRR activities at the damaged school buildings are retrofitted at the ・ Seminars on DRR are held for the model schools, which become the symbol of model areas. Earthquake Preparedness in the community. local citizens. Team Hyogo • Project outcomes are presented Collaboration for the school construction project is implement this program at the and implemented expected to international donors beginning, ex. “Kaeru Caravan” by + • This project are completed through the collaboration Arts, and gradually Team Nepal is internationally. ＮＳＥＴ of School Earthquake Safety Program by . expected to succeed in the program. Telling Live Lessons Learned from the Disaster
Actions to pass on the lessons of the disaster
Verification of the disaster and recommendations
Source: Hyogo Pref. The 1.17 Hyogo Memorial Walk Disseminating the experience and the ‘Passing Down’ - The collection of lessons learned from disaster the lessons from the Great Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake Source: Hyogo Pref.
Source: Hyogo Pref. Preservation and utilization of the disaster remains
Disaster Reduction and Human Nojima Fault Preservation Renovation Institution Museum 39 1934 Nepal-Bihar Eq. Monument at Bhugol Park (build in 1938) Message on the Monument of 1934 Nepal-Behar Eq. • Medicines and blankets were distributed to the affected peoples with the help of Army • Bamboo, CGI sheets and straw were handed over to make shelters for the peoples • Government permitted to take woods from the forests at no costs and availed the bricks and imported CGI sheets at reasonable prices Ｍ． Ｍｕｒａｔａ，ＤＲＩ • Zero interest 4 years loan was set to save peoples from high rate loan by money lenders • Peoples rebuilt their houses wider and in better condition than before • Newspaper reported ‘Nepal has rebuilt on its own’ within 5 years • Foreigners (British, Japanese and Indian) sent donations Photo by Masahiko Murata • Tax for necessities of life was reduced
Various BBB recovery support for affected people was introduced 80 years ago
ExperiencesMemorial and and Educational lessons from Facility thefor 1934 DRR Eq. (such has asbeen DRI) faded will be 40 awayeffective after for80 yearsfuture ?!DRR 40
TransferHanshin Live Awaji Lessons Earthquake from the Memorial GHAEQ Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution DRI
Source: DRI Never Forget the GHAEQ Source: DRI
World’s Largest DRR Educational Museum 500,000 visitors every year to learn Kobe Experiences
• Prof. Kansai University of International Studies
(KUIS) • Research Fellow, Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DRI)
• Masahiko MURATA
DRI 43