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"Disaster Risk Reduction and Build Back Better Recovery

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JICA Forum / 2016.4.25 Photo by Masahiko Murata Damage by the Earthquake Scale: Magnitude 7.3(JMA)<Mw6.9> Max. Seismic Intensity: 7 on JMA scale Epicenter: South of Hyogo (North Awaji) Dead/Missing：6,434/3 Seismic Financial Damage: 9.9 trillion yen(2%of GDP) intensity Max. refugees: 316,678 7 Max. no. of shelters: 1,153 Buildings damaged: 256,754 Source: Masahiko Murata Damage Survey Data Source: Kobe City Feature of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake • The earthquake hit directly the big and highly developed city with population of 3.6 million – Many people lived in densely area. • Scarcity of spaces • large number of the refugees to be secured – Damage of Lifeline（ ・ Electricity ・Gas ・Water ・ Telephone ・Railroad ・Road etc.）which critically affects the economy and society. – Damage for Service Industry（Retail, Tourism, Restaurant etc.） →Flow of people and economy was cut off. 82.5 Billion US$ Worth Damage (\ 9.9Tri) Business 7% Public Facilities 9% $ 82.5Bil Lifelines 25% Buildings 59% Fire •The number of fire occurrence on Jan 17 ：86 •Burned Area: 70ha •The number of burned buildings： 7,500 buildings Headquarters were Damaged Source: Kobe City Source: Hyogo Pref. Source: Hyogo Pref. Kobe Municipal Government HYOGO Prefecture Government Electric Power, Telephone Line, Water Supply were Cut off Source: Hyogo Pref. - Hyogo Government’s Satellite Communication system also fell down - Deep Well of the Hyogo Gov’t survived Long Queue to get Water (Nagata, Kobe) Source: Kobe City Landslide (Nigawa Yurino-cho, Nishinomiya） Source: Hyogo Pref. Urban Disaster: Many Stakeholders for Recovery Sannomiya Station (Central Kobe) just after the Eq. Source: Hyogo Pref. Japan Railway, Hankyu Railway, Kobe Urban Re-development, Land Re- Subway, Bus service, Street roads, Water, adjustment projects with Public-Private Sewerage, Electricity, Telecommunication, partnership (Shin-Nagata, Rokko etc.) Private/ Public Bldgs with Offices, Shops ---- ---- Progress of Reconstruction (Urban Infra) Main recovery projects Date of completion Roads Chugoku Expressway 21.Jul. 1995 Meishin Expressway 29.Jul. 1995 Hanshin Wangan Expressway 1.Sep. 1995 Route 2 Hamate Bypass 2.May 1996 Harbor Highway 24.Aug. 1996 Hanshin Expressway Kobe Route 30.Sep.1996 Railway JR West (Kobe Line) 1.Apr. 1995 JR West (Sanyo Shinkansen) 8.Apr. 1995 Hankyu Railways (Kobe Line) 12.Jun. 1995 Hanshin Railways (Main line) 26.Jun. 1995 Kobe Shinkotsu (Rokko Liner) 23.Aug. 1995 Ports Kobe Port 31.Mar. 1997 Amagasaki-Nishinomiya-Ashiya Port 31.Mar.1997 The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Reconstruction Plan (Hyogo Phoenix Plan) Quite important to give Hope for the future: Our Cities will recover better than before!! •Started 4 days after the disaster •Adopted in July 1995 (took 6 months) •Targeted completion: 2005 •Targeted areas: 10 Cities and 10 Towns Hyogo Phoenix Plan Creative Reconstruction ---Build Back Better than pre-quake-- ●Harmonious Coexistence between People & Nature/Society Five pillars Creation of a WELFARE society tailored for the 21st century Creation of a CULTURALLY rich society open to the world Creation of a society where existing Industries grow and new INDUSTRIES flourish Creation of a DISASTER-RESILIENT metropolis where people can live with confidence URBAN DEVELOPMENT with multi-centered network- type metropolitan area Priority 3-year Reconstruction Plans 1) Housing 2)Industry 3)Infra Structure Housing Infra- Industry (Unit) structure Planned 125,000 100.0% ¥5.7 tril Target (Order base) (Net Reg. (Budget base) Product base) Achieved 173,300* 101.7% ¥5.87 tril (139%) (103%) • Overall target level was achieved by March 1998 * As of end of March 2000 (169,000 as of 1998) Shelters / Temporary Houses HYOGO PREFECTURE Provided temporary houses Emergency Shelters (Schools) (Totally 48,300 units --- met the needs) 1,153 shelters with 320,000 refugees (just after) Source: Hyogo Pref. Special care is necessary for Source: Hyogo Pref. Women, Elderly, Disabled, Children - Importance of Quake-Resistance Housing 88% of the victims were by building collapse Main Cause of Death No. of death (3) 2% (1) Collapse of Buildings 4,831 88% (2) 10% (2) Fire 550 10% (3) Others (1) 121 2% (Slide, Transportation) 88% Total 5,502 Hyogo Pref. Police HQ Building Damage by construction date <Data from building survey in Central Kobe: 923bldgs> 100% <Index> 25% 80% Collapse/ 57% Ser. Dmg 60% 75% 40% Moderate/ Minor 40% Slight/No 31% Damage 20% 35% 16% (17) 12% (5) 0% 8% (3) (Collapse) -1971 1972-81 1982- In Japan, millions of houses are built before 1981, which are not seismic resistant: needs reinforcement Housing Recovery HYOGO PREFECTURE Reconstruction of Private Housing ・ Low interest housing loan ・ Interest subsidy for housing loan Privately-owned Rental Housing ・ House rent subsidy ・ Promoting the supply of privately- owned rental housing Public Housing Source: Hyogo Pref. ・ Promoting the supply of public housing （42,137 houses） ・ Reducing the rent burden for public housing （for 10 years19） Importance of Reinforcement of Existing Buildings Built under Old Building Code (-1981) Source: Hyogo Pref. 90% of deaths of the GHA Eq were caused by collapsed buildings ■ Promoting earthquake resistant homes and public facilities (1) Formulation of Promotion Plan for Earthquake- Resistant Renovation Works in Hyogo Attached braces (2) Promotion Project for Earthquake-Resistant Renovation work for homeowners : Subsidies for seismic evaluation, developpiing plans for earthquake-resistant renovation work, and actual renovation works (3) Earthquake-resistant renovation works for government- owned public buildings To be used as hubs for emergency and/or for relief activities and evacuation sites for disaster victims (schools, hospitals, police offices etc.) Importance of Reinforcement of Existing Buildings Built under学校の耐震補強 Old Building Code (-1981) Schools; Reinforced by steel braces Source: Hyogo Pref. Retrofitted Yakami Elementary School Sasayama (Completed in 2012, C=\147mil.) Wooden School built in 1937, a Symbol of the City http://yakami-el.sasayama.jp/ Source: Sasayama City Special reinforcement method for walls and bases was developed using the E-Defence Shaking Talbe 22 Reinforcement of inflastructures nationwide Hanshin Highway; Piers were covered with steel plates Source: Hyogo Pref. Recovery of Historical Buildings ; Recovery of Tourism Industry Source: Hyogo Pref. Recovered stronger than before Recovery of Towns and Community Land Re-adjustment Projects (LR) Urban Re-development Projects Merits and Demerits Community Participation should be well discussed Consensus Formation Among Residents Through Community Development Council Land Readjustment Projects in Kobe Consensus building among local residents through Community development council meeting ; Government sent town planning experts to each community Damage ratio 66% 67% 70% 80% 92% 83% 80% 98% 91% 66% 80% Source: Kobe City Total 13 LR Areas in Hyogo (256ha) Land Readjustment Projects in Kobe Source: Kobe City Community Involvement for Land Readjustment Planning City Government published its initial LR plan, and got hundreds of negative comments Community involvement for LR Planning ●Establishment of the Community Development Conference →Gov.sent experts and Reflected the opinions of citizens ● 2 Stages LR planning was introduced →1st:Gov.decides the overall urban planning 2nd:Community draw their detailed plan and finalize the Plan with mutual consensus Source: Hyogo Pref. Source: Hyogo Pref. Two Stages Urban Planning for L.R. Projects Matsumoto Area Source: Kobe City City Planning in the 1st Stage: 17 Mar 1995 Decision of the area of the L.R. Project and City Planning Roads Contents of the Community Development Proposal by Community Development Conference: 10 Dec.1995 City Planning in the 2nd Stage (1) Alteration and Addition in City Planning: 27 Mar.1996 • Additional City Planning Roads • Decision of City Planning Parks (2) Approval of the L.R . Project: 26 Mar. 1996 Matsumoto松本地区の区画整理前後の比較 Area, before and after the L.R. Before被災前 the Eq. Just被災直後 after the Eq. After区画整理の後 the L.R. Completed on 24 Dec. 2004 （Photo by Kobe City) 30 Land Readjustment Projects for Build Back Better Recovery •Matsumoto, Kobe •Matsumoto Street W=17m Source: Kobe City Rokkomichi St. North, Kobe Pictures from Kobe City Rokko-machi Street W=17m Before Land Readjustment Project in Nishinomiya Source: Nishinomiya City Immediately after the Earthquake 32 (Nishinomiya City） After Land Readjustment Project in Nishinomiya After Land Readjustment Source: Nishinomiya City33 整備後((Nishinomiya西宮市) City） • Parks for DRR Public Parks for DRR • <Build Back Better/ Creative Reconstruction> Open Spaces such as Parks in urban area are important for DRR • For temporary evacuation • Special benches at parks will be used as cooking facilities or toilets. • Under the ground, anti-seismic reservoirs are berried for emergency water supply Source: Kobe City Slight damage at Naya Bazar in Kathmandu (Land Pooling Project area) Open Street Map Photo by Masahiko Murata 整理された区画街路。建物被害なし Well Planed Urban Area had almost no damage To prepare worse scenario; BBB Recovery and Pre-disaster Urban Planning should be considered Importance of Quality of Materials Photo by M.Murata in Chautara Photo by M.Murata in Bahktapul Photo by M.Murata in Bahktapul Poor quality concrete and less steel bars are not strong enough What we can / should do from Hyogo 【According to Mr. Seiji Suwa, EARTH, Hyogo】 【Situation & Consciousness】 1.New anti-seismic school building and retrofitting of existing building
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