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Stainless Steel Fasteners – a Systematic Approach to Their Selection

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Stainless Steel Fasteners – a Systematic Approach to Their Selection STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS – A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THEIR SELECTION A DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK SERIES NO 9003 Produced by Distributed by AMERICAN IRON NICKEL AND STEEL INSTITUTE INSTITUTE STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS – A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THEIR SELECTION A DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK SERIES NO 9003 Originally, this handbook was published in 1976 by the Committee of Stainless Steel Producers, American Iron and Steel Institute. The Nickel Institute republished the handbook in 2020. Despite the age of this publication the information herein is considered to be generally valid. Material presented in the handbook has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied on for specific applications without first securing competent advice. The Nickel Institute, the American Iron and Steel Institute, their members, staff and consultants do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information herein. Nickel Institute [email protected] www.nickelinstitute.org CONTENTS Introduction ................................................3 Fastener Materials ..........................................3 Stainless Steels Identification ................................5 Choosing the Right Type .....................................8 Stainless Steel Fastener Properties ...........................13 Tensile & Yield Strength Shear Strength High- and Low-Temperature Service ..........................16 Magnetic and Electrical Properties ...........................19 Electrical conductivity ......................................19 Manufacture of Stainless Steel Fasteners .....................19 Plated Coatings ............................................20 Effective Utilization of Stainless Steel Fasteners ...............22 Designing for Optimum Corrosion Resistance ..................23 Types of corrosion ..........................................24 Availability of Stainless Steel Fasteners .......................26 References ................................................26 ROUND FLAT PLAIN The designer should consider a Preface A systematic fastener as a system, and regard the assembled joint as a critical There was a time when the approach to and integral portion of the design periodic repair of mechanical and -not as an afterthought-because electrical components was taken stainless steel the joint is normally an area under for granted. Today, with labor costs highest stress and often the place at record levels and going up, fastener selection where failure is most likely to occur. greater consideration at the design Selecting the optimum fastener A designer should start with the level is being given to the reduction can be an awesome task for any optimum fastener and design the -or even elimination-of main­ designer. There is a staggering joint around that, rather than start­ tenance. In cases where a joint diversity of fastener types available ing with the joint and then looking must be taken apart and reassem­ (over 500,000 standard items), and for the fastener that seems most bled, the corrosion resistance of for any one type there can be a adequate. the fastener is particularly important large number of sizes from which so that corrosion will in no way to choose. For example, one of the hamper or prevent its removal. The smallest standard fasteners has a Fastener materials cost of removing rusty bolts, and head of 0.01 inch (.254mm); the Fasteners have been made of a replacing them with new ones, is largest has a head 4 feet (1.219m) more expensive than using cor­ vast number of materials for one in diameter. To further complicate reason or another. The designer rosion resistant fasteners to the problem of fastener selection, begin with. there are special designs, which Other costs resulting from are not considered to be "off-the­ fastener failure, such as downtime shelf" items, and a wide variety of and lost production, make an even different materials. stronger case for stainless steel Stainless steel is one of these fasteners. fastener materials, and it is used extensively throughout industry for both original equipment manufac­ ture as well as for replacement. The purpose of this publication is to help designers trace an orderly path through the fastener complex­ ity to arrive at a stainless steel fastener system that best fills the need. • . 0. 3 CID 0 ◊ D FLAT HEAD CAP iSCREW OR HEX HEAD SQUARE HEAD MACHINE BOLT WASHER' iBOLT TI BOLT can specify anything from hard oak CARBON STEELS (AISI Type): They are not hardenable by to lnvar, a low coefficient-of­ 1008, 1010, 1015 are low-carbon heat treatment but are hard­ expansion material. There are steels used for the great enable by cold working, such indeed many cases wherein an majority of machine screws, as by heading and thread exotic material must be used wood screws, etc. Sometimes rolling. They are nonmagnetic because of design requirements. called mild steel, they have a in the annealed condition and However, the common materials tensile strength of about 55 ksi only slightly magnetic in the used to produce both standard and (379MPa), which cannot be cold worked condition. special fasteners should be con­ increased by heat treatment. 384 is a stainless steel that has sidered first. The common materials 1018, 1020, 1022 are medium lower work-hardening char­ are a first choice because of the low-carbon steels that can be acteristics than Type 305. It is ease in manufacturing fasteners heat treated for strength to a in the 18-8 family of stainless from these materials, because they minor degree (except 1018), steels and is included in most provide adequate physical charac­ and they can be case hardened AN and MS specifications. teristics at more economical cost, to form an outer layer of hard, 316 stainless steel has the and because they are readily tough, but brittle carburized highest degree of corrosion available from suppliers throughout steel. They are used for sheet resistance of the commonly­ the United States and Canada. The metal screws, thread-cutting used 18-8 stainless steels. brief outline which follows identifies screws, and for grade 2 410, 416, 430 are magnetic some different common fastener (bright) hexhead cap screws. stainless steels having less materials. About 59 ksi (407MPa) is the corrosion resistance than the usual tensile strength for 300 Series types. Types 41 0 these materials. and 416 are hardenable by 1035, 1038 are high-carbon, heat treatment to 125-180 ksi medium alloy steels that can tensile (862-1241MPa). be heat treated to 120 ksi Designers also have choices to (827MPa) tensile strength. Cap make from among a large group of screws are a typical use. nonferrous fasteners, and fasteners ALLOY STEELS (AISI Type): that have been plated either for 4037, 4137 are molybdenum alloy purposes of corrosion protection or steels that can be heat treated for appearance. to 150 ksi tensile (1034MPa) This publication is concerned and above. Typical uses only with stainless steels; however, include hex socket and cap some comments will be made screws and for spline concerning the other materials fasteners. FREE-CUTTING STEELS (AISI Type): 1110, 1112, 1113 are low-carbon, free-machining steels used for low-strength nuts that are used in all but critical applications. STAINLESS STEELS (AISI Type): - 303, 304, S30430 (UNS), 305 are in the "18-8" family of stain­ less steels that have tensile strengths in the 80 ksi (552MPa) and up range. 4 fied by the new Unified Numbering System (UNS), which encompasses all commercial metals and rare earths. For example, Type 304 is Type S30400 in UNS. Special analysis and proprietary stainless steels are identified by trade names, some of which may resemble AISI numbers. The terms austenitic, martensitic, terrific and precipitation hardening serve to identify categories of stainless steels on the basis of their metallurgical structure. De­ signers should recognize these terms and understand what they mean, because stainless steels so classified tend to have similar characteristics with respect to corrosion resistance, hardenability, and fabricability. Austenitic stainless steels are chromium-nickel-manganese and chromium-nickel composi­ tions identified by 200 and 300 Series numbers, respectively. They are hardenable only by cold working and are non­ magnetic in the annealed con­ because an evaluation requires a the American Iron and Steel Institute dition. Typical of the austenitic comparison of available materials. as standard compositions. A com­ group is Type 304, which con­ plete listing of all AISI stainless tains nominally 18% chromium steels and a description of each and 8% nickel, hence the Stainless steels are contained in the AISI publica­ 18-8 name. Stainless steel is a family of tion, "Steel Products Manual Ferritic stainless steels are iron-base alloys containing about -Stainless and Heat-Resisting straight-chromium steels in the 10.5% chromium or more, plus Steels, December 197 4.1'' 400 Series that are not harden­ other alloying elements such as In addition to the standard AISI able by heat treatment and only nickel, manganese, molybdenum, types, many special analysis and slightly hardenable by cold sulfur, selenium, titanium, etc. The proprietary stainless steels are working. All are magnetic. Type chromium is chiefly responsible for produced in the United States 430 is typical of this group. corrosion and heat resistance; the and Canada. Martensitic stainless steels
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