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Dangerous Truths
Dangerous Truths The Panchen Lama's 1962 Report and China's Broken Promise of Tibetan Autonomy Matthew Akester July 10, 2017 About the Project 2049 Institute The Project 2049 Institute seeks to guide decision makers toward a more secure Asia by the century’s mid-point. Located in Arlington, Virginia, the organization fills a gap in the public policy realm through forward-looking, region-specific research on alternative security and policy solutions. Its interdisciplinary approach draws on rigorous analysis of socioeconomic, governance, military, environmental, technological and political trends, and input from key players in the region, with an eye toward educating the public and informing policy debate. About the Author Matthew Akester is a translator of classical and modern literary Tibetan, based in the Himalayan region. His translations include The Life of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, by Jamgon Kongtrul and Memories of Life in Lhasa Under Chinese Rule by Tubten Khetsun. He has worked as consultant for the Tibet Information Network, Human Rights Watch, the Tibet Heritage Fund, and the Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center, among others. Acknowledgments This paper was commissioned by The Project 2049 Institute as part of a program to study "Chinese Communist Party History (CCP History)." More information on this program was highlighted at a conference titled, "1984 with Chinese Characteristics: How China Rewrites History" hosted by The Project 2049 Institute. Kelley Currie and Rachael Burton deserve special mention for reviewing paper drafts and making corrections. The following represents the author's own personal views only. TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Image: Mao Zedong (centre), Liu Shaoqi (left) meeting with 14th Dalai Lama (right 2) and 10th Panchen Lama (left 2) to celebrate Tibetan New Year, 1955 in Beijing. -
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Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of -
Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)
Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China prototypical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862. -
The Chinese Communists Find Religion the Struggle for the Selection of the Next Dalai Lama
Policy Forum The Chinese Communists Find Religion The Struggle for the Selection of the Next Dalai Lama Anne Thurston Lhamo Thondup was just two years old when he was recognized as the reincarnation of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. The Great Thirteenth, as he is popularly known, had died in Lhasa in 1933 at the age of fifty-eight. The team charged with finding his new incarnation was composed of leading lamas from monasteries in Tibet, and some were eminent reincarnations themselves. Clues and omens unique to Tibetan Buddhism— some provided by the Thirteenth Dalai Lama himself—guided their search. The Dalai Lama had intimated that his reincarnation would be found in the east. Thus, when the head of the embalmed Great Thirteenth was discovered to have turned overnight from facing south to pointing northeast, the search team was certain which direction their journey should take. When the regent in charge of the search visited the sacred Lhamo Lhatso Lake and gazed into its deep blue waters, the characters for “Ah,” “Ka,” and “Ma” appeared, and he saw a hilltop monastery with a golden roof and an ordinary farmer’s house with strangely configured gutters. The “Ah” led the search team to the Amdo region of eastern Tibet, then governed by the Hui (Muslim) warlord Ma Bufang as Qinghai, as the region is known in Chinese. The “Ka” and the vision of a monastery led them to Amdo’s Kumbum monastery, one of Tibetan Buddhism’s leading seats of religious learning, built by the founder of the Gelugpa, or Yellow Hat, school of Buddhism to which all Dalai Lamas have belonged. -
Frontier Politics and Sino-Soviet Relations: a Study of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Sheng Mao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mao, Sheng, "Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2459. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Abstract This is an ethnopolitical and diplomatic study of the Three Districts, or the former East Turkestan Republic, in China’s northwest frontier in the 1950s and 1960s. It describes how this Muslim borderland between Central Asia and China became today’s Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture under the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Three Districts had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1930s and remained so even after the Chinese Communist takeover in October 1949. After the Sino- Soviet split in the late 1950s, Beijing transformed a fragile suzerainty into full sovereignty over this region: the transitional population in Xinjiang was demarcated, border defenses were established, and Soviet consulates were forced to withdraw. As a result, the Three Districts changed from a Soviet frontier to a Chinese one, and Xinjiang’s outward focus moved from Soviet Central Asia to China proper. The largely peaceful integration of Xinjiang into PRC China stands in stark contrast to what occurred in Outer Mongolia and Tibet. -
Mao in Tibetan Disguise History, Ethnography, and Excess
2012 | HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 2 (1): 213–245 Mao in Tibetan disguise History, ethnography, and excess Carole MCGRANAHAN, University of Colorado What Does ethnographic theory look like in Dialogue with historical anthropology? Or, what Does that theory contribute to a Discussion of Tibetan images of Mao ZeDong? In this article, I present a renegaDe history told by a Tibetan in exile that Disguises Mao in Tibetan Dress as part of his journeys on the Long March in the 1930s. BeyonD assessing its histori- cal veracity, I consider the social truths, cultural logics, and political claims embeDDeD in this history as examples of the productive excesses inherent in anD generateD by conceptual Disjunctures. KeyworDs: History, Tibet, Mao, Disjuncture, excess In the back room of an antique store in Kathmandu, I heard an unusual story on a summer day in 1994. Narrated by Sherap, the Tibetan man in his 50s who owned the store, it was about when Mao Zedong came to Tibet as part of the communist Long March through China in the 1930s in retreat from advancing Kuomintang (KMT) troops.1 “Mao and Zhu [De],” he said, “were together on the Long March. They came from Yunnan through Lithang and Nyarong, anD then to a place calleD Dapo on the banks of a river, anD from there on to my hometown, Rombatsa. Rombatsa is the site of Dhargye Gonpa [monastery], which is known for always fighting with the Chinese. Many of the Chinese DieD of starvation, anD they haD only grass shoes to wear. Earlier, the Chinese haD DestroyeD lots of Tibetan monasteries. -
ISLAM on the WINGS of NATIONALISM the Case of Muslim Intellectuals in Republican China
12 ISLAM ON THE WINGS OF NATIONALISM The case of Muslim intellectuals in Republican China Françoise Aubin Unceasing convulsions, chaos and troubles have shaken China, as it is well known, during the first half of the twentieth century: the Boxer rebellion in 1900, the overthrow of the Qing dynasty at the turn of 1912, the xenophobic anti-Christian (more precisely anti-Protestant) outburst in 1925, the breaking of a tactical alliance between Guomindang1 and Communists in 1927, the rapid mili- tarization of the politics and so on.2 While intellectuals were contending without end about the significance of the past, the throwing out of their so-called ossified spiritual legacy, the invention of a new way of life and thought, their political commitment, there were other groups of intellectuals who unostentatiously and unnoticed were conducting their own revolution, on the fringe of the main currents, especially in the coastal big cities. These intellectuals were Chinese believers in Islam.3 How Muslim intellectuals reacted to the surrounding turmoil With cultural associations The basis of their social activity was the creation of numerous cultural associa- tions, whose program focused on the modernization and the expansion of popu- lar religious education, on the improvement of higher religious formation, on the promotion of Islamic culture, and whose leaders were often the imams in charge of the cult (zhangjiao ), usually called in China the ahongs.4 Associations had too the merit of being a remedy for the dispersion of local communities, each of them congregated round a mosque, without links between one another. And, doing so, the activists were convinced that they put into practice their love of the Chinese motherland and their wish to help it, although without taking political 241 FRANÇOISE AUBIN stand, they say. -
Close Encounters of an Inner- Asian Kind: Tibetan-Muslim Coexistence and Conflict in Tibet, Past and Present
Working Paper no.68 CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF AN INNER- ASIAN KIND: TIBETAN-MUSLIM COEXISTENCE AND CONFLICT IN TIBET, PAST AND PRESENT Andrew Martin Fischer Crisis States Research Centre September 2005 Copyright © Andrew Martin Fischer, 2005 Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of material published in this Working Paper, the Crisis States Research Centre and LSE accept no responsibility for the veracity of claims or accuracy of information provided by contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce this Working Paper, of any part thereof, should be sent to: The Editor, Crisis States Research Centre, DESTIN, LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. 1 Crisis States Research Centre Close Encounters of an Inner Asian Kind: Tibetan-Muslim co-existence and conflict in Tibet past and present1 Andrew Martin Fischer, Crisis States Research Centre Abstract Drawing from the case of Tibetan-Muslim relations from seventh century contact to present Tibetan boycott campaigns against Muslims in Northeast Tibet (Amdo), this paper questions the relevance of the mainstream theoretical disputes on ethnic conflict, i.e. primordialism, instrumentalism, constructivism and so forth, all of which primarily seek to identify the primary causes or origins of conflict. Most ethnic conflicts, together with other forms of ethnic co-existence including cooperation, contain elements of all these theoretical perspectives, which is evident in the case of Tibetan-Muslim relations presented here. -
Exiled by Definition: the Salar of Northwest China1
1 Exiled by Definition: The Salar of Northwest China David S G Goodman, University of Technology, Sydney The scene at the crossroads seems typical of anywhere in Central Asia. The air is arid; walls and sidewalks are made of pressed mud; the sandy dust eddies and swirls down the road. The streetscape is unmistakeably Turkic and Islamic. Along the road from a mosque, on one side of the cross-street leading into the junction is a row of explicitly Halal eateries. Outside, at stools, the customers are all men, most sporting embroidered hats and prolific beards. Round the corner are a number of hardware and motor vehicle repair shops, with outside, younger men sitting around on motorcycles, smoking. Women almost invariably wear a black headscarf, and have their arms, legs and shoulders also clothed. If accompanying their husbands, they walk at a discreet distance behind. At the crossroads itself, there are rows of shaded stalls where open- air butchers have legs and shoulders of lamb hanging on hooks in full view, the blood dripping onto the ground. Opposite, dry farming vegetables—chillies, capsicums, cabbage—are on sale from the backs of trucks. Despite appearances, the location is Central China rather than Central Asia. It is the market crossroads at Gaizi (Jiezi)2 the largest town in the Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai Province, though not its administrative centre.3 As a map of the 1 The research presented in this paper could not have been achieved without the cooperation and assistance of many local people in Xunhua County. Their participation in this research project is gratefully acknowledged. -
The Case of the Chengda Teachers Academy La Réforme Éducative Musulmane Au Xxe Siècle En Chine : Le Cas De L’École Chengda 二十世紀中國的穆斯林教育改革:成達師範學校個案研究
Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident 33 | 2011 Religion, éducation et politique en Chine moderne Muslim Educational Reform in 20th-Century China: The Case of the Chengda Teachers Academy La réforme éducative musulmane au xxe siècle en Chine : le cas de l’École Chengda 二十世紀中國的穆斯林教育改革:成達師範學校個案研究 Yufeng Mao Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/extremeorient/193 DOI: 10.4000/extremeorient.193 ISSN: 2108-7105 Publisher Presses universitaires de Vincennes Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2011 Number of pages: 143-170 ISBN: 978-2-84292-334-1 ISSN: 0754-5010 Electronic reference Yufeng Mao, « Muslim Educational Reform in 20th-Century China: The Case of the Chengda Teachers Academy », Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident [Online], 33 | 2011, Online since 01 November 2014, connection on 10 December 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/extremeorient/193 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/extremeorient.193 © PUV Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident, 33 – 2011 Muslim Educational Reform in 20th-Century China: The Case of the Chengda Teachers Academy Mao Yufeng From the late Qing to the Republican era, Chinese-speaking Muslim elites engaged in a movement to build new-style schools for Muslim children. 1 Inluenced by the widespread educational reform trends in China at the time, these schools were, typically, no longer attached to mosques, and their curricula emphasized the inclusion of modern secular subjects. They had, nonetheless, a markedly religious character and clearly aimed at improving religious education for Muslims. -
The Communist Party of China's United Front Work in the Gulf
34 Dirasat The Communist Party of China’s United Front Work in the Gulf: The “Ethnic Minority Overseas Chinese” of Saudi Arabia as a Case Study Jumada II, 1439 - March 2018 Mohammed Al-Sudairi Research Fellow King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies The Communist Party of China’s United Front Work in the Gulf: The “Ethnic Minority Overseas Chinese” of Saudi Arabia as a Case Study Mohammed Al-Sudairi Research Fellow King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies 4 Dirasat No. 34 Jumada II, 1439 - March 2018 © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2018 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-In-Publication Data Al-Sudairi, Mohammed The Communist Party of China's United Front Work in the Gulf. / Mohammed Al-Sudairi. - Riyadh, 2018 42 p ; 16.5 x 23 cm ISBN: 978-603-8206-66-9 1 - China - Politics and government I - Title 3270531 dc 1439/7159 L.D. no. 1439/7159 ISBN: 978-603-8206-66-9 Table of Contents Introduction 7 1. The “Magic Weapon” (法宝) of the Party: An Overview of United Front Work 7 1.1 The History and Application of United Front Work in post-1949 China 10 1.2 The Expansion of the United Front under the Xi Administration 12 1.3 Overseas Chinese and United Front Work in Practice 14 2. An Overview of the “Ethnic Minority Overseas Chinese” Community in Saudi Arabia 16 2.1 The Turkestani Cluster 17 2.2 The Sinophone Muslim Cluster 19 2.3 Problematizing the Concept of a “Saudi Overseas Chinese” Community 21 3. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Qinghai Across Frontiers
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Qinghai Across Frontiers: State- and Nation-Building under the Ma Family, 1911-1949 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by William Brent Haas Committee in Charge: Professor Joseph W. Esherick, Co-Chair Professor Paul G. Pickowicz, Co-Chair Professor Weijing Lu Professor Richard Madsen Professor David Ringrose 2013 Copyright William Brent Haas, 2013 All rights reserved The Dissertation of William Brent Haas is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii Table of Contents Signature Page………………………………………………………………………….. iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….. iv List of Tables…….……………………………………………………………………… v List of Illustrations……………………………………………………………………… vi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………....vii Vita……………………………………………………………………………………...xiii Abstract of the Dissertation….……………………………………………………...……ix Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter One Frontier Militarists in a Transfrontier Province …………………………..13 Chapter Two Fighting for the Frontier: The 1932-1933 Yushu Borderland War……......47 Chapter Three Repelling Reclamation in the “Wastelands” of Qinghai, 1933-1934……93 Chapter Four Schooling at the Frontier: Structuring Education and Practicing Citizenship in Qinghai, 1911-1949………………………………………………………….155 Chapter Five Schooling Mongols and Tibetans: Adaptation and Centralization in