DOCSLIB.ORG

The State of Environmental Migration 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The State of Environmental Migration 2014 International Organization for Migration (IOM) The State of Environmental Migration 2014 A Review of 2013 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco With the support of England Winter floods China (inner Mongolia) Newtok Environmental migration Struggle, survival, recovery Iran Urmia Lake Colorado Thailand Viet Nam Wildfires Dam and Typhoon displaced people Hispaniola & Haiti Earthquake-induced displacement Ethiopia Uganda Philippines & The Haitian Migration Flow to Brazil & Kenya Out-Migration Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda Dam and displaced people Bolivia Angola Floods and displacement Migration of Thirst Contents Introduction 5 Asia Recovery and return after typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda 13 One typhoon after another: Viet Nam in Fall 2013 31 Assessing the evolvements and impacts of environmental migration in Inner Mongolia 49 Exploring social vulnerability and environmental migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative insights from the Aral Sea 65 Africa Angola’s Migration of Thirst: The 2013 Drought 85 Leaving drought and hunger behind: out-migration from Karamoja, Uganda 101 The Americas Newtok: struggle, survival and recovery 119 Earthquake-induced internal displacement and cross-border migration on Hispaniola in 2013 135 The Haitian Migration Flow to Brazil: Aftermath of the 2010 Earthquake 149 The 2013 Colorado Wildfires 167 Floods and displacement in Bolivia 175 Europe The Impact of Displacement in the 2013/2014 Southern England Winter Floods 191 Special section Gilgel Gibe III: Dam-Induced Displacement in Ethiopia and Kenya 215 Water management in Thailand: dams and the voice of the affected and displaced people 235 Biographies 252 With support of COST Action IS1101 on Climate change and Migration COST IS1101 Climate change and migration: knowledge, law and policy and theory is a pan-European network of social scientists that aims to build a broad body of social science research on all aspects of climate change and migration. Our objectives are: – to enhance and improve understanding of climate change and migration; – to furnish state and non-state actors with state-of-the-art empirical, theoretical, legal and policy research on climate change and migration; – to inform national and international policy dialogue, such as the IPCC and other policy initiatives; – to expand research capacity in the area of climate change and migra- tion; and – to establish a network of Europe-based social science researchers working on climate change and migration. Our work is subdivided into three working groups: Working Group I (WGI) —Knowledge; Working Group II (WGII)—Law and Policy; and Working Group III (WGIII) - Theory. The focus of WGI is empirical research, including method and data collection, quantification, remote sensing and geographical information systems, and modelling. The focus of WGII is normative research, including research leading to the development of policy and law. And the focus of WGIII is theoretical research, including political, cultural and social theory, postcolonial theory and critical race theory. In order to achieve our objectives, we fund a range of activities including workshops, knowledge exchange, and research dissemination, such as the annual publication of the State of Environmental Migration report. Our Action began in October 2011 and will run for 4 years, winding down in October 2015. Dr Andrew Baldwin, Institute for Hazard, Risk, and Resilience, Durham University Chair, COST Action IS1101. Disclaimer – IOM The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migra- tion (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion what- soever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental orga- nization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. www.iom.int All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. DINA IONESCO FRANÇOIS GEMENNE PAULINE BRÜCKER Introduction s the environment, climate change and migration complex nexus is drawing increasing attention in the contemporary interna- tional agenda, The State of Environmental Migration 2014: Review of the Year 2013 is the fourth of our annual publication1, with a specific focus on the year 2013 and aiming to enhance under- standing on natural disasters, sudden onset events and slow onset events and their links to human mobility. The publication is not only focused on 2013 events but does also consider the longer term impacts of a natural event on migration, as we can assess them with the Astate of knowledge we have in 2013, as well as developments at policy level relating migration, climate and the environment. The State of Environmental Migration series seeks to document empirical evidence to provide an annual assessment on the changing nature and dynamics of environment and climate related migration throughout the world. Written by the graduate students enrolled in the “Environment and Migration” course at the Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) of Sciences Po, this report goes through the issue of environmental migration, by analyzing case studies selected by students. The report is jointly published by Sciences Po and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). IOM is particularly concerned with human mobility matters in the context of environmental degradation and a changing climate. The organiza- tion acknowledges that the migration, environment and climate change nexus has emerged as one of the thematic policy areas in expansion within national, regional and international migration and climate agendas. This new volume of the State of Environmental Migration is also part of IOM’s commitment to provide information and knowledge on different environmental migration issues and to engage with academic partners in the development of research, data and publications. The publi- cation benefits from the agreement between IOM and the University of Michigan Ford School of Public Policy and from the work undertaken by Amanda Van Dort with IOM in 2014. This edition reviews case studies across continents, dealing with both developing and developed counties. It tackles a diversity of natural events such as storms, floods and drought, while analyzing many different types of migration such as pastoralist movements, displacement due to natural disasters or cross-border displacement. It considers key concepts as community resilience and social vulnerability and how resilience and vulnerability impact on migration strategies. Furthermore it provides 1. State of Environmental Migration 2013: Review of the year 2012 (IDDRI, IOM, COST, 2013) ; State of Environ- mental Migration 2011 (IDDRI, IOM), 2012 ; State of Environmental Migration 2010 (IDDRI, IOM), 2011 Sem 2014 5 Dina IONESCO, FRANÇOIS GEMENNE, Pauline BRÜCKER Introduction examples of policy responses such as resettlement, national adaptation strategies, disaster risk reduction and return and perspectives at the individual, community and national and regional levels. METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS As for the last editions, the choice of the cases studied was based on predefined criteria. The case studies needed to address events that occurred in 2013 or that were still on-going in 2013. They needed to present and assess the different policy and humanitarian responses implemented. The methodology applied tried to capture both quantitative and qualitative information on each specific case, with limited possible field work. However, the joint publication with IOM has facilitated students’ contacts with IOM staff members on the field allowing some of them to rely on first- hand sources. Others have interviewed experts such as scholars, policy makers and journalists, as well as migrants and community leaders. The key sources of informa- tion remain governmental agencies’ reports, international, national and non-govern- mental humanitarian and emergency relief reports, along with press articles. Students faced many challenges: how to deal with events that are so recent and to analyze them within such a short time frame which makes it difficult to size all consequences, have all data available and contextualize their findings? How to work through secondary sources of information of varied nature in particular the preemi- nence of media articles and to be able to raise contradictory views to their argu- ments? How to deal with sources of information that are only from governmental channels and with the overall lack of quantitative data? How to conceptualize envi- ronmental migration and to identify environmental migrants when migration is driven by multiple factors and it is difficult to isolate environmental and climatic factors? How to define and what terms to use, when migrants do not fall squarely in any legal categories and a mix of normative, legal and rights based
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Bank Document
    Keport No. b34-IKN I .a 0 ____a lidi I U ,, - Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Report Public Disclosure Authorized Voliime !!: Annexes January 29, 1975 Regional Projects Department Europe, Middle E-st, and No-rtk Africa '-'I-"-' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PReg-ionaOffice"b ... Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized LvLflt.Un,ocument I ItTI 1of 1 rFh I tLI Ic InsterntistoFnal11o II UttIIIVILI ILL, LSBank Il IIr. forI I.J IRecnsrutonF;r; WL.AAJ131.1 LJLLILI I Candr l IL Developmnto..¶VC .I.J IIILII1 1 International Development Association This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS ("-rren^y TTri + = Pi al Rial 1 = US$0.01h8 Pi ]s 1fllnffnn0no = TSMt1) 760 US$1.00 = Rials 67.75 TTqc,l nnn ,0n = Rals 7 7,75 non0 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES mm = Milimeter = 0.039 inches km = Kilometer = 0.6214 miles m - Meter = 3.28 feet ha = Hectare = 10,000 square meters or n 2.47 acres M. or cm = Cubic meter = 264.2 US gallons McM or mcm = Million cubic meters m3/sec = Cubic meter per second kg = Kilogram = 2.20 pounds Kw/H = Kilowatt/Hour Mw = Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts Mg/i = Milligrams per liter p.p.m. = Parts per Million BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand ACRONYMS TRWR = Tehran Regional Water Board MWP = Ministry of Water and Power W.DTiv. = Water Division of MWP PBO = Plan and Budget Organization MGlRA = Ministrv of Coonerative snd Rural Affairs MHUP = Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning KWPA = hhuzest2n Water and Power A.uthorit.y D & R = Development Resources Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Order to Predict Mahabad River Discharge
    Open Journal of Ecology, 2016, 6, 427-434 Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/oje http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.67040 Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Order to Predict Mahabad River Discharge Saman Mohammadi1, Maaroof Siosemarde2* 1Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran 2Department of Water Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran Received 14 April 2016; accepted 10 June 2016; published 13 June 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Estimating of river discharge is one of the more important parameters in the water resources management. In recent years, due to increasing population, increased water consumption in industrial, agricultural and health sections, thus water shortge becomes a global problem. Accurate estimation of the river discharge is one of the most important parameters in surface water resources management, especially in order to determine appropriate values in flood, drought, drinking, agricultural and industral topics. The case study in this research is Mahabad River that is located in west Azarbaijan province in west north of Iran. In this study, we used 70%, 15% and 15% data in order to train, validate and test, respectively. In this study, data of Kawtar and Baitas stations were used in order to determine Mahabad River
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Change and Its Impact on the Freshwater Fishes of Iran
    Biological Conservation 19 (1980 81) 51 80 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF IRAN BRIAN W. COAD't" Department of Biology, Pahlavi University, Shiraz, Iran ABSTRACT Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of,freshwater fishes in lran are described. These include climate, devegetation, irrigation, and natural water level fluctuations (termed pre-industrial) and such factors related to industrialisation and population increase as devegetation, water abstraction,fishing, pollution, andJaunal introductions. Conservation schemes are outlined and commented on and a list ~[ threatened fishes is given. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to describe those factors, both man-made and natural, which affect the distribution and abundance of Iranian freshwater fishes and to record and suggest measures for the conservation of this fauna. Fishes, particularly those of no economic value, do not receive the amount of attention from conservationists as do birds and mammals since they are not as readily observed and perhaps have less aesthetic appeal. The amateur ichthyologist is a rarity compared with the amateur ornithologist and mammalogist. A responsibility therefore lies with the professional ichthyologist to write about rare and endangered fishes. This is particularly true in a country like lran which is rapidly becoming industrialised, with consequent dangers to the fauna, and which in addition lacks an extended tradition of concerned amateur naturalists (Scott et al.. 1975) and where there have been few studies on fish ecology. Factors affecting distribution and abundance of fishes can therefore only be outlined in general terms 3 Present address: Ichthyology Section, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA OM8.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonlinear Chaotic and Trend Analyses of Water Level at Urmia Lake, Iran
    Master Thesis TVVR-13/5012 ISSN-1101-9824 Nonlinear Chaotic and Trend Analyses of Water Level at Urmia Lake, Iran Does Climate Variability Explain Urmia Lake Depletion? Sina Khatami Water Resources Engineering Department Lund Institute of Technology (LTH) Lund University Spring 2013 i Avd för Teknisk Vattenresurslära TVVR-13/5012 ISSN 1101-9824 Nonlinear Chaotic and Trend Analyses of Water Level at Urmia Lake, Iran Does Climate Variability Explain Urmia Lake Depletion? By: Sina Khatami Supervisors: Prof. Ronny Berndtsson Prof. Cintia B. Uvo Examiner: Prof. Magnus Persson Department of Water Resources Engineering Lund University Spring 2013 Visiting Address: John Ericssons väg 1, V-huset, SE-223 63, Lund, Sweden Postal Address: Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)46-222 4009; +46 (0)46-222 7398; +46 (0)46-222 8987 Web page: http://www.tvrl.lth.se E-mail: [email protected] ii Abstract Urmia Lake is the largest habitat of Artemia Urmiana in the world located in an endorheic basin in northwest Iran. This shallow terminal lake has been designated as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO and a National Park under the 1971 Ramsar Convention. Currently, the entire lake’s watershed is threatened due to its abrupt desiccation of more than 50% of its surface area and the concomitant increase of salinity during the last two decades. As the rapidly declining eco-environmental conditions have serious impacts on the socio-economy of the whole region, the drying of the lake is considered as a national threat. In light of the above, within the present study a holistic hydroclimatic analysis of the lake is conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative Insights from the Aral Sea
    ELHAM TORABIAN Exploring social vulnerability and environmental migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative insights from the Aral Sea nvironmental migration has attracted more attention over the recent years. This increasing interest emanates from the global crisis caused by ‘climate change and other human-induced environ- mental changes’ (Sachs, 2014) and their impacts on the wellbeing of populations. As unfortunate as it may be, environmental disasters have been occurring with higher frequency and magnitude in recent years, e.g., Solomon Islands tsunami in 2013; Mozambique flooding in 2013; and the drastic depletion of the Aral Sea in 2010 (see World Disasters Report 2010, OCHA). According to OCHA-IDMC (2009)- (United Nations EOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)- more than 20 million people have already been displaced within and outside national borders of countries struck by environ- mental disasters; and an estimated 25 million to 1 billion people could be displaced within the next 40 years (International Organization for Migration, IOM, 2009). Environmental migration cannot only be induced by sudden onset disasters but is also caused by slow onset of environmental changes. In fact, the number of people displaced due to gradual changes in environment may actually be higher than those displaced due to sudden disasters. As explained in EM-DAT report (2009)_(see International Emergencies Disaster Database: http://www.emdat.be/index.html)_ 1.6 billion people were displaced due to droughts compared to 718 million displaced as a result of sudden on-set of disasters from 1979 to 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Review of the East
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2020), 7(1): 1-67 Received: September 23, 2019 © 2020 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: December 28, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v7i1.451 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review Article Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran (Family Xenocyprididae) Brian W. COAD * Beaty Centre for Species Discovery, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The systematics, morphology, distribution, biology and economic importance of the East Asian minnows of Iran are described, the species are illustrated, and a bibliography on these fishes in Iran is provided. There are five species, all exotics, in the genera Ctenopharyngodon (1 species), Hemiculter (1), Hypophthalmichthys (2) and Mylopharyngodon (1), variably introduced throughout Iran for fish farming and, in the case of Hemiculter, accidentally. Keywords: Morphology, Exotics, Ctenopharyngodon, Hemiculter, Hypophthalmichthys, Mylopharyngodon. Citation: Coad B.W. 2020. Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran (Family Xenocyprididae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 7(1): 1-67. Introduction There is a wide trophic variation in this family The freshwater ichthyofauna of Iran comprises a which includes piscivores (not in Iran), omnivores diverse set of about 297 species in 109 genera, 30 (Hemiculter leucisculus), phytoplanktivores families, 24 orders and 3 classes (Esmaeili et al. (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), zooplanktivores 2018). These form important elements of the aquatic (H. nobilis), macrophytic grazers (Cteno- ecosystem and a number of species are of pharyngodon idella), and durophagous molluscivores commercial or other significance. The literature on (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (Tang et al. 2013). These these fishes is widely scattered, both in time and are small to very large fishes (2m, over 70kg).
    [Show full text]
  • List of Rivers of Iran
    Sl. No Name Flowing into 1 Abhar River Endorheic basins (Namak Lake) 2 Aji Chay Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 3 Alamlou River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 4 Alamut River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 5 Alwand River The Persian Gulf 6 Aras River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 7 Atrek River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 8 Bahmanshir, the original mouth of the Karun The Persian Gulf 9 Bahu Kalat River (or Dashtiari River or Silup River) Gulf of Oman 10 Bakhtiari River The Persian Gulf 11 Balha River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 12 Bampur River Endorheic basins (Hamun-e Jaz Murian) 13 Barandouz River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 14 Barun River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 15 Chaloos River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 16 Chankula River The Persian Gulf 17 Cheshmeh Kileh River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 18 Dez River The Persian Gulf 19 Do Hezar River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 20 Dozdan River Gulf of Oman 21 Gabrik River Gulf of Oman 22 Gadar River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 23 Ghaie River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 24 Gharasu River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 25 Gowdeh River The Persian Gulf 26 Haffar, The Persian Gulf 27 Halil River Endorheic basins (Hamun-e Jaz Murian) 28 Haraz River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 29 Harirud Endorheic basins(Karakum Desert) 30 Helleh The Persian Gulf 31 Helmand River Endorheic basins (Sistan Basin) 32 Jagin River Gulf of Oman 33 Jajrood River Endorheic basins (Namak Lake) 34 Jarahi The Persian Gulf 35 Karaj River Endorheic basins (Namak Lake) 36 Karkheh River The Persian Gulf 37
    [Show full text]
  • India (Bharat) - Iran (Persia) and Aryans Part - 2
    INDIA (BHARAT) - IRAN (PERSIA) AND ARYANS PART - 2 Dr. Gaurav A. Vyas This book contains the rich History of India (Bharat) and Iran (Persia) Empire. There was a time when India and Iran was one land. This book is written by collecting information from various sources available on the internet. ROOTSHUNT 15, Mangalyam Society, Near Ocean Park, Nehrunagar, Ahmedabad – 380 015, Gujarat, BHARAT. M : 0091 – 98792 58523 / Web : www.rootshunt.com / E-mail : [email protected] Contents at a glance : PART - 1 1. Who were Aryans ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Prehistory of Aryans ..................................................................................................................... 2 3. Aryans - 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 10 4. Aryans - 2 …............................………………….......................................................................................... 23 5. History of the Ancient Aryans: Outlined in Zoroastrian scriptures …….............. 28 6. Pre-Zoroastrian Aryan Religions ........................................................................................... 33 7. Evolution of Aryan worship ....................................................................................................... 45 8. Aryan homeland and neighboring lands in Avesta …...................……………........…....... 53 9. Western
    [Show full text]
  • Data Collection Survey on Improvement of the Hydrological Cycle Model in Urmia Lake Basin in the Islamic Republic of Iran
    ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN MINISTRY OF ENERGY (MOE) URMIA LAKE RESTORATION PROGRAM (ULRP) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON IMPROVEMENT OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE MODEL IN URMIA LAKE BASIN IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 2020 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD Data Collection Survey on Improvement of Hydrological Cycle Model in Urmia Lake Basin Summary OUTLINE OF THE SURVEY (Chapter 1 of the Final Report) 1.1 Background Urmia Lake is located in the northwestern part of the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter referred to as “Iran”). With an area of 5,700 km2 and the storage capacity of 36,750 million cubic meters (MCM), Urmia Lake used to be ranked as the 6th largest inland saline lake in the world. Since around the year 2000, however, the area of the lake gradually shrunk, concurrently, with the decrease in water inflow, As of September 2014, the area and the storage capacity of Urmia Lake have been 1,440 km2 and 1,640 MCM, respectively. The principal cause of decline of the lake surface area has been attributed to the chronic drought and the increase in water intake for agriculture brought about by water resources development in the Urmia Lake Basin. Although the Iranian government had made studies on how to stop the reduction of lake area, no practical measure was implemented until His Excellency, President Hassan Rouhani, who made a public commitment on the restoration of Urmia Lake, assumed office in August 2013. The President hammered out measures, and called for assistance from international institutions.
    [Show full text]