International Organization for Migration (IOM) The State of Environmental Migration 2014 A Review of 2013 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco With the support of England Winter floods China (inner Mongolia) Newtok Environmental migration Struggle, survival, recovery Iran Urmia Lake Colorado Thailand Viet Nam Wildfires Dam and Typhoon displaced people Hispaniola & Haiti Earthquake-induced displacement Ethiopia Uganda Philippines & The Haitian Migration Flow to Brazil & Kenya Out-Migration Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda Dam and displaced people Bolivia Angola Floods and displacement Migration of Thirst Contents Introduction 5 Asia Recovery and return after typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda 13 One typhoon after another: Viet Nam in Fall 2013 31 Assessing the evolvements and impacts of environmental migration in Inner Mongolia 49 Exploring social vulnerability and environmental migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative insights from the Aral Sea 65 Africa Angola’s Migration of Thirst: The 2013 Drought 85 Leaving drought and hunger behind: out-migration from Karamoja, Uganda 101 The Americas Newtok: struggle, survival and recovery 119 Earthquake-induced internal displacement and cross-border migration on Hispaniola in 2013 135 The Haitian Migration Flow to Brazil: Aftermath of the 2010 Earthquake 149 The 2013 Colorado Wildfires 167 Floods and displacement in Bolivia 175 Europe The Impact of Displacement in the 2013/2014 Southern England Winter Floods 191 Special section Gilgel Gibe III: Dam-Induced Displacement in Ethiopia and Kenya 215 Water management in Thailand: dams and the voice of the affected and displaced people 235 Biographies 252 With support of COST Action IS1101 on Climate change and Migration COST IS1101 Climate change and migration: knowledge, law and policy and theory is a pan-European network of social scientists that aims to build a broad body of social science research on all aspects of climate change and migration. Our objectives are: – to enhance and improve understanding of climate change and migration; – to furnish state and non-state actors with state-of-the-art empirical, theoretical, legal and policy research on climate change and migration; – to inform national and international policy dialogue, such as the IPCC and other policy initiatives; – to expand research capacity in the area of climate change and migra- tion; and – to establish a network of Europe-based social science researchers working on climate change and migration. Our work is subdivided into three working groups: Working Group I (WGI) —Knowledge; Working Group II (WGII)—Law and Policy; and Working Group III (WGIII) - Theory. The focus of WGI is empirical research, including method and data collection, quantification, remote sensing and geographical information systems, and modelling. The focus of WGII is normative research, including research leading to the development of policy and law. And the focus of WGIII is theoretical research, including political, cultural and social theory, postcolonial theory and critical race theory. In order to achieve our objectives, we fund a range of activities including workshops, knowledge exchange, and research dissemination, such as the annual publication of the State of Environmental Migration report. Our Action began in October 2011 and will run for 4 years, winding down in October 2015. Dr Andrew Baldwin, Institute for Hazard, Risk, and Resilience, Durham University Chair, COST Action IS1101. Disclaimer – IOM The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migra- tion (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion what- soever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental orga- nization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. www.iom.int All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. DINA IONESCO FRANÇOIS GEMENNE PAULINE BRÜCKER Introduction s the environment, climate change and migration complex nexus is drawing increasing attention in the contemporary interna- tional agenda, The State of Environmental Migration 2014: Review of the Year 2013 is the fourth of our annual publication1, with a specific focus on the year 2013 and aiming to enhance under- standing on natural disasters, sudden onset events and slow onset events and their links to human mobility. The publication is not only focused on 2013 events but does also consider the longer term impacts of a natural event on migration, as we can assess them with the Astate of knowledge we have in 2013, as well as developments at policy level relating migration, climate and the environment. The State of Environmental Migration series seeks to document empirical evidence to provide an annual assessment on the changing nature and dynamics of environment and climate related migration throughout the world. Written by the graduate students enrolled in the “Environment and Migration” course at the Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) of Sciences Po, this report goes through the issue of environmental migration, by analyzing case studies selected by students. The report is jointly published by Sciences Po and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). IOM is particularly concerned with human mobility matters in the context of environmental degradation and a changing climate. The organiza- tion acknowledges that the migration, environment and climate change nexus has emerged as one of the thematic policy areas in expansion within national, regional and international migration and climate agendas. This new volume of the State of Environmental Migration is also part of IOM’s commitment to provide information and knowledge on different environmental migration issues and to engage with academic partners in the development of research, data and publications. The publi- cation benefits from the agreement between IOM and the University of Michigan Ford School of Public Policy and from the work undertaken by Amanda Van Dort with IOM in 2014. This edition reviews case studies across continents, dealing with both developing and developed counties. It tackles a diversity of natural events such as storms, floods and drought, while analyzing many different types of migration such as pastoralist movements, displacement due to natural disasters or cross-border displacement. It considers key concepts as community resilience and social vulnerability and how resilience and vulnerability impact on migration strategies. Furthermore it provides 1. State of Environmental Migration 2013: Review of the year 2012 (IDDRI, IOM, COST, 2013) ; State of Environ- mental Migration 2011 (IDDRI, IOM), 2012 ; State of Environmental Migration 2010 (IDDRI, IOM), 2011 Sem 2014 5 Dina IONESCO, FRANÇOIS GEMENNE, Pauline BRÜCKER Introduction examples of policy responses such as resettlement, national adaptation strategies, disaster risk reduction and return and perspectives at the individual, community and national and regional levels. METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS As for the last editions, the choice of the cases studied was based on predefined criteria. The case studies needed to address events that occurred in 2013 or that were still on-going in 2013. They needed to present and assess the different policy and humanitarian responses implemented. The methodology applied tried to capture both quantitative and qualitative information on each specific case, with limited possible field work. However, the joint publication with IOM has facilitated students’ contacts with IOM staff members on the field allowing some of them to rely on first- hand sources. Others have interviewed experts such as scholars, policy makers and journalists, as well as migrants and community leaders. The key sources of informa- tion remain governmental agencies’ reports, international, national and non-govern- mental humanitarian and emergency relief reports, along with press articles. Students faced many challenges: how to deal with events that are so recent and to analyze them within such a short time frame which makes it difficult to size all consequences, have all data available and contextualize their findings? How to work through secondary sources of information of varied nature in particular the preemi- nence of media articles and to be able to raise contradictory views to their argu- ments? How to deal with sources of information that are only from governmental channels and with the overall lack of quantitative data? How to conceptualize envi- ronmental migration and to identify environmental migrants when migration is driven by multiple factors and it is difficult to isolate environmental and climatic factors? How to define and what terms to use, when migrants do not fall squarely in any legal categories and a mix of normative, legal and rights based