World Bank Document

Keport No. b34-IKN

I .a 0 ____a lidi I U ,, - Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Report Public Disclosure Authorized Voliime !!: Annexes

January 29, 1975 Regional Projects Department Europe, Middle E-st, and No-rtk Africa '-'I-"-' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PReg-ionaOffice"b ... Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized LvLflt.Un,ocument I ItTI 1of 1 rFh I tLI Ic InsterntistoFnal11o II UttIIIVILI ILL, LSBank Il IIr. forI I.J IRecnsrutonF;r; WL.AAJ131.1 LJLLILI I Candr l IL Developmnto..¶VC .I.J IIILII1 1 International Development Association

This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

("-rren^y TTri + = Pi al Rial 1 = US$0.01h8 Pi ]s 1fllnffnn0no = TSMt1) 760 US$1.00 = Rials 67.75 TTqc,l nnn ,0n = Rals 7 7,75 non0

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES mm = Milimeter = 0.039 inches km = Kilometer = 0.6214 miles m - Meter = 3.28 feet ha = Hectare = 10,000 square meters or n 2.47 acres M. or cm = Cubic meter = 264.2 US gallons McM or mcm = Million cubic meters m3/sec = Cubic meter per second kg = Kilogram = 2.20 pounds Kw/H = Kilowatt/Hour Mw = Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts Mg/i = Milligrams per liter p.p.m. = Parts per Million BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand

ACRONYMS

TRWR = Tehran Regional Water Board MWP = Ministry of Water and Power W.DTiv. = Water Division of MWP PBO = Plan and Budget Organization MGlRA = Ministrv of Coonerative snd Rural Affairs MHUP = Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning KWPA = hhuzest2n Water and Power A.uthorit.y D & R = Development Resources Inc. A.ribbT)h = Sir lexin.der Gibhh Gns. E n g, RDC = Rural Development Centres NIOC National Irar.nian Oil Comparny ARWB = Azarbaijan Regional Water Board FRWB = Fars Reir.al W BrAdn'A ERWB3 = Esfahan Regional Water Board AM UrJEA = Ntherr. PR-egin W ater P. P. We A-t.W-+-

FISCAL YEAR

March 21 - March 20 VOLUME II PART A

ANNEX 1 - ORGANIZATION AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Outline of Iran's Water Law Mission's Translation of Proposed Bill to set up Regional Water Companies Organization Chart of MWP's Water Division Organization of Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Affairs

ANNEX 2 - SUPPLY SITUATION

Estimates of Average Annual Water Supplies and Use in Iran Average Stream Flow in Iran Comments on Government's Estimates Summary of Iran's Groundwater Situation by Regions

ANNEX 3 - WATER CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR

Forecast of Water Uses during the Fifth Plan Sources of Household Water Supplies in Iran PBO's Projected Water Consumption and Population in Major Cities Percentage of Population served by Connections in Major Cities Present and Future Water Use in Agriculture Typical Chemical' Analyses of Municipal Water Supplies

ANNEX 4 - DAMS OF IRAN

Technical and Economic Specifications and Location of Major Dams in Iran built by end 1971 Specifications of Constructed Diversion Dams and Location Forecast of Annual Average Water Controlled by Reservoir Dams by end of Fifth Plan Estimated Water Supplied by Public Sector by end of Fifth Plan

ANNEX 5 - DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

National Plan and Budget Act - Guideline on Implementation of Development Proiects Water Supply, Sewerage and Flood Control, Projects in the Ministry of Energy Planned Water Supply Projects in the PBO Planned Water SuDnlv and Sewerage Prniertq In the MHITP Rural Water Supply Projects in MHUP

ANNEX 6 - MANPOWER AND TRAINING PROGRAM

ANNEX 7 - SOURCES OF DATA FOR THIS REPORT List of Regional Water Boards visited by mission Municipal Water Authorities visited by mission List of Consulting Engineering Firms operating in the Sector PART B REGIONAL SITUATION AND PLANNING

ANNEX 8 - TEHRAN REGION

Water Resources Resource Management by TRWB Regional Population The Importance of Tehran Tehran's Water Supply Situation TRWB's Tariffs and Finances TRWB's Water Supply Development Program and Sewerage for Tehran

Appendices:- TRWB's Organization Chart TRWB's Articles of Association

ANNEX 9 - INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF OTHER REGIONS

Western Iran

ANNEX 10 - SOUTH COAST AND EASTERN REGIONS

Bandar Abbas Zahedan Other Smaller Towns

ANNEX 11 - AZARBAIJAN

Water Resources Control of Rivers Regional Population Water Sunnlv Facilities for Tabriz Sewerage for Tabriz louplnnment Prnoram fnr Tahriz Wnter Siinnlv

ANNFY 19 - ERFVAlAN

Water Resources Situation Regional Population Esfahan V o s Esfahan City Water Supply and Sewerage Walter Supply DevelopmentU . rogramu u for s4f.aU-an Caiy Sewerage Development Program

Appendices - Organizatior. of Esfaha, Clity Wdater an.u SOewerage Authority ANNEX 13 - FARS

Water Resource Situation Populatiorn of Fars Fars Regional Water Board ShI.Lraz LC.Lty WaLter Sujpp.Ly aYLU Shiraz Population and Projected Water Demand DeveLop-ment 'Prograu-i 'Lor Shiraz Busheir - Consumption and Facilities Busheir's Development Program

ANNEX 14 KIORASAN

Water Resources Management Population of the Region Mashad City Water Supply Facilities Water Supply Development Program for Mashad Sewerage Program for Mashad Other Urban Areas in Khorasan

Appendices - Mashad City Organization Chart

ANNEX 15 - KHUZESTAN

Water Resources Population of the Region KWPA's Past Projects Ahwaz City Water and Sewage Authority's Facilities Development Program for Ahwaz Abadan Water and Sewage Authority's Facilities Khoramshar Bandar Shahpur

Appendices - Organization Chart of KWPA Articles of Association of KWPA Ahwaz City Water Authority Organization Chart

ANNEX 16 - KERMAN

Water Resources and Management Regional Population Kerman City Water Supply Kerman City Development Program

Appendices - Organization of Kerman City Water Supply Authority ANNEX 17 - NORTHERN REGION

Regional Population Water Resources and Management Past Activities of NRWPA Sector Organization and Finances for Urban Water Supply Development Program for Rasht and Pahlavi Water Supply Development Program for Mazandaran

Appendices - Articles of Association of NRWPA Organization of NRWPA (General) Organization of NRWPA Urban Water Map of Mazandaran Cities Program Areas

ANNEX 18 - Bibliography of Studies List of Charts

IBRD Chart No. Annex No.

9473 Organization of MPW; Water Division 1 9472 Organization of MCRA (Headquarters, Ostan and City Offices) 1 9483 TRWB Organization Chart 8 9474 Organization of Esfahan City Water and Sewerage Authority 12 9476 Organization of Mashad City Water Supply and Sewerage Authority 14 9477 Organization Chart of KWPA 15 9478 Organization of Ahwaz City Water Authority 15 9480 Organization of Kerman City Water Authority 16 9479 Organization of Northern Region Water and Power Corporation 17 9482 Organiza tion of NRWPC's Water Unit 17

Table No. List of Tables Annex No. Page of Annex

Sunnlv Situation

2.1 Estimates of Average Annual Water Supplies and Use in Iran 2 1 2-2 Average Stream Flow in Iran (1965-1969) 2 2 2.3 Suimnary of Iran's Groundwater i1tiiAtinn bv Roginn8 2 4

Water Cnnstnmntinn hv Sectnr

3.1 FnrAcaqt nf Water 1Use eduring the 'Fifth Plan 3 1 3. 2 Snttreia nf Hounwhnld Water Spnnlies in Iran 3 2 3.3 PBR's PrnoJet-eA Water Gonsinption and Population in Major Cities of Iran by 1993 (Maxi.lrm and Minimulm) 3 3 3.4 Percentage of Present Population served in ma 4nr c4 t4es of !ran 3 4 3.5 Present and Future Water Use in Agriculture 3 5 3.6 Typical Chemical An-alysesofMu.ia Water Supplies 3 6

Dams of Iran

4.1 Technical and Economic Specifications and localtions oi maJlor duams iLn Tran by 1'971 4 4.2 Specifications of Diversion dams and their local-on (19n 71 4 2 4.3 (a) Forecast of Annual Average Water controlled by Reservoir dams during 5th plan 4 3 (b) Estimatel '-later Supplies by Public Sector 5th plan 4 3

Development Projects in Sector

5.1 Water Supply Sewerage and Flood Control £L JJ.ts (173J-J7 in the MiniLstry o0 Water and Power 5 2 5.2 PlannedWater Supply Projects in the PBO i 3 5.3 Planned Water Supply and Sewerage Projects in Ll'ur 5 4 to 5 5.4 Rural Water Supply projects in the MHUP (1968-70) 5 6

Manpower and Training

6.1 Estimates of Existing (1974) Staff in Water Resources Sector of Iran (Professional, Technicians and Skilled Labor) 6 11 to 12 6.2 National Manpower Forecast for Iran (1984 and 1994) - Water and Sewerage only (Skilled,technician, professional) 6 13 to 15

Tehran Region

8.1 Water situation and use in Tehran region 8 2 8.2 Population of Principal toAswin Central Ostan (1966 and 1972) 8 3 8.3 Sources of Water for the City of Tehran 8 5 8.4 Treated Water Supplies to Tehran 8 5 8.5 Proiected TRWB Water Production and Sales (1974-1986) 8 6 8.6 Estimated Cost of Lar Multi-purpose proiect 8 9 8.7 Estimated Cost of Tehran Surface Water Master Plan 8 10 8.8 Summary of Cost Estimates for Tehran Sewerage Proiect 8 11

Azarbaiian Region

11.1 Groundwater Situation in Azarbaiian 11 1 11.2 Population of principal towns in Azarbaijan (1966 and 1972) 11 3 11.3 Water Supply facilities for Tabriz 11 3 11.4 Connection charoes and water rates in Tabriz 11 4 11.5 Estimated Cost of Tabriz Devlopnment Program 11 5

Esfahan Region

12.1 Groundwater situation in Esfahan 12 1 12.2 Projiected w.ater supply and use in the Esfahan region '12 2 12.3 Ponulation of principal tosnT.MC ECfahan province (1966 and 1972) 12 2 12.4 Water connections in the city of Esfahan (1966-75) 12 4 12.5 Projected population and water, cons "pt4- in Esfahan city (1971-95) 12 6 Forecast of Daily Sewerage quantitlies l Esfahan city (1971-95) 12 7

Fars Region

13.1 Groundwater situation in Fars 13 1

1J.L. LUopulLiULol UL. mIdJUr LUWILS 1L1 r[ars (19OO and 1972) 13 2 13J. J Water charges iLn ShilaZ 13I 13.4 Growth of Shiraz population (1956-1996) 13 5 13.5 Present and future water consumption of Shiraz (1966-1991) 13 5 13.6 Estimated cost of development program for Shiraz City Water Supply 13 6

Khorasan Region

14.1 Population of major cities in Khorasan 14 2 14.2 Groundwater situation in Khorasan 14 3 14.3 Present and future resident population of Mashad 14 3 14.4 Water supply connection charges in Mashad city 14 4 14.5 Water production for Mashad city (1964-1972) 14 5 14.6 Water supply requirements of Mashad 14 7 14.7 Investment program for Mashad city (1975-80) 14 8 Investment program for Mashad city graph 14 App. I

Khuzestan Region

15.1 Groundwater situation in Khuzestan 15 1 15.2 Population of maior towns in Khuzestan (1966 & 1972) 15 2 15.3 Connection and water cliarges in Ahwaz city 15 4 15.4 Ahwac city development program 15 5

Kerman

16.1 Groundwater situation in Kerman region 16 1 16.2 Population of maior towns in Kerman region (1966 & 1972) 16 2

Northern

17.1 Population of major towns in Northern Region (1966 & 1972) 17 1 17.2 Connections and distribution system of Rasht and Pahlavi (1966-74) 17 4 17.3 Population and water consumption for Rasht and Pahlavi (1966-72) 17 6 17.4 Estimated summer population in 14 northern towns 17 8 17.5 Estimates of total water requirements and nrnAdirtion in 14 northern towns (1971-1991) 17 9 17.6 nPeue1ntmenrtnrnarnm for 14 northern cities 17 11 17.7 Allocation of program costs to the 14 northern cities 17 12

PART A

ANNJPY T Page 1

Outline of Iran's Water Law -/

1. Modern water legislation was enacted early in the twentieth century, first within the Civil Code and later in a special water law. h'ater resources development soon became an important component of the national development plans anu Ltleir m.anagem,enLn r.alue the responsibility of severa'L proJect authorities. The need to centralize the control of these development activities, hLowever, led to an ijportant institutLlonal development wit'n tLe creatoin of the Ministry of Water and Power in 1964, a first step soon followed by the promulgation of' a .,ew, self-contained water act in 1968.

2. The following rules and regulations govern water conservation, development and utilization in Iran:

1. Local usage and Moslem customary water lawq, of the Shi'ite rite. 2. The Iranian Civil Code. 3. The law relative to the establishment of the Agricultural Bank. 4. The law of Aban establishing credits for irrigation of abandoned fertile areas. 5. The Charter of the Khuzestan Water and Power Autlhority of March 10, 1964. 6. The Charter of the Karaj Water and Power Authority 2/. 7. The Charter of the Sefid Rud Water and Power Authority 3/. 8. The Charter of Azarbayejan Water and Power Authority. 9. The Tehran Water Board Charter 2/. 10. The Telhran Electricity Authority Charter. 11. The All Iranian Power Authority Charter. 12. The Land Reform Law of January 9, 1962. 13. The Legal Decree No. 20392 of April 5, 1964 on the establishment of the Ministry of Water and Power. 14. The Riparian Lands Law of August 16, 1967. 15. The Iran Water Law and .he Manner of Water Nationalization of September 1968. 16. The 1969 Acquisition of Lan-ds By-law issued according to Article 50 of the 1968 Water Nationalization Act. 17. The November 1969 Undergro':.id Water Resources By-law issued according to Article 39 of the 1968 Water Nationalization Act. 18. The By-law on Issuance of Water Use Permit, issued persuant to Article 12 of the 1968 Water Nationalization Act. 19. Executive By-law relating to Prohibited Areas of Rivers, Ravines, Natural Streams and Irrigation Works issued pursuant to Article 2 of the 1968 Water Nationalization Act.

1/ From parts of a Report prepared for the FAO Legislation Branch by Dr. G. Masina, Rome, 1972.

2/ Now the Tehran Regional Water Board (Annex 8, Vol. II).

3/ Now the Northern Region Water and Power AuLnority (Annex X)lij. ANNEX I Page 2

3. Since the Iran Water Law and the Manner of Water Nationalization, hereinafter called the Water Nationalization Act, provides that `all laws and regulations which are contradictory to this law and also the law on protection and conservation of the underground water resources shall be considered null and void as of the date of approval of this law", all previous legislation, with the exception of those enactments which are cited in that Act or which are evidently not contradictory thereto, are to be considered as repealed. Article I of this Act states further that in Iran all waters whether surface or underground are considered as national wealth and belong to the public.

4. The mode of acquiring water rights (which must be recorded and titled) for an allowable water use as stated in the Act is by issue of permits by the Ministry of Water and Power.

5. Though priorities for various uses were not stated in the Act, the highest nreferenre in issu-ing nermits is given to drinking water.

M4r4.strv of Water a Power

6. The Ministry of Water and Power was entrusted with the control of all water resources development activities. This Ministry was established by Legal Decree No. 20392 of Anril 9- 1964 to ensure the maximum use of national water resources, the production of sufficient electric power for use 4n cities and -illages nd that agricultural nd industrial water requirements are met (Art. 1); its functions are to:

(i) draw up and carry out plans and projects concerning the provision of wat.et ad its traner to main cns.mp,.tiOar centers;

(ii) manage establishments to be created under section (i) of Ar *c1- Ae ftL LA .L. _

k S lJ supervise Li'le Ilid e 1 UL1 uII Lm LzWat LlU Lo LU LwLatersu es

(iv) Super-vise the construction of town andu industrial sewers;

(v) draw up and carry out plans arid projects conceruing the generation and transmission of electric power, the establishment of regional power stations and the building of a high-tension electrical network throughout the country;

(vi) manage and operate electrical establishments created under section (v) of Article 1; and to

(vii) supervise the manner of using electric power by enacting necessary regulations and by-laws. ANNEX I Page 3

By Article 2 of the Act, the Ministry of Water and Power was made responsible for the coordination and control of all institutions and of other ministries, government agencies and municipalities interested in water resources development. Furthermore, provision was made for such ministries, government agencies and municipalities to gradually transfer their perogatives, as concerns water, to the Ministry of Water and Power in accordance with cabinet decrees. The Ministry of Water and Power may propose, and the cabinet is compelled to approve by decree. all the necessary corresponding changes in the charters of these authorities and organizations.

Water Boards

7. The Ministry of Water and Power is responsible for the creation of i-rnriat-ioni enlwater rnnsePrvatuion hbords aqnd rommittpp at the regional and district level. Furthermore, the Water Nationalization Act provides for the Mi,ict-ry of Wat-e,r and Powor, thriough itsc ciihcidrlarv organi7ztinns anid cnm- panies, to take over the technical and financial responsibilities formerly assumed by independent irrigation nc c,arAc Smznl1 i1-c-atin and works.

8. Until the promulgation, in 1964, of the legal decree establishing AtheMinistry of W.Tater and Powter, all..major a i v legal and technical control over the construction and operation of water resources development prolJects andlU worls fLor municipal, agriculture and industrial purposes were exercised by autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions or authorities. I'InLcipal water suipp)ly syste,ms were dleaULL with bUy autonomous m.uni.cipUal or village water boards, committees or companies; agricultural water undertak- ings were the respon[s1U I.LJ.Ly Uo LLthe [InepeeLLUtLL LLLrriga1tLio oLUULLUtiLoL, a hydropower production and distribution, as still is to a certain extent, was tne responsiDility of autoFlomous power agelluies and comLpan.ies. After 1964, the Ministry of Water and Power assumed overall control of these agencies. Their former statutes or charters were orricially amended and, while their basic original functions have been maintained, they are now governed by a unified standard constitution. This constitution further provues fLor thie functioning of these agencies as companies and for their observance of business-like principles.

Water Charges

9. in Article 53, the rPW was empowered to establish the cost of water on an average per cubic meter basis, due consideration to be given to current expenses for water management, maintenance and operation of works, financiai interest and amortization.

10. In Article 50, the Act stated that Government financial contributions to water resources development are to be made from direct central budget appropriations. Credit for individuals and water users' associations is made available mainly through the Agricultural Bank. ANNEX I Page 4

The Ministry of Agriculture

11. This Ministry is closely associated with the Ministry of Water and Power as regards water uses for agricultural purposes and where agricultural development plans are to be implemented. In the case of land purchases for agricultural development, corresponding expropriation rights may be exercised by the Ministry of Agriculture in lieu of the Ministry of Water and Power (Article 50).

Other Government Ministries and Departments

12. There are several other ministries and departments which are responsible for the administration and supervision of specific sectors of water resources development activities. Some of them were gradually put under the control of the Ministry for Water and Power by cabinet decrees, while others have continued to operate separately under different ministries or departments. ANNEX I rlage7

Mission's Translation of Bill to Set Up Regional Water Companies

The following is the mission's translation of a bill currently being presented to the Iranian Parliament, with the following signatures:

Prime Minister Minister of Finance Minister of Energy Minister of Interior

The purpose of the bill is to establish companies to supply and distribute water and to install sewerage systems in the cities.

Sub-article 50 - "The Government is authorized to give, free of charge or as equity contribution, to the companies in charge of distribution of city waters, the necessary capital in order to supply water, to construct sewerage systems in cities, and to build small weirs for flood control. Other sewerage systems or weirs which are built by the Ministry of Development and Housing shall be given free of charge to the Municipalities or to the companies in charge of the distribution of city water".

The Ministry of Energy shall undertake the supply, conveying and distribution of water to cities progressively, according to its financial and technical capabilities. For this purpose, Regional Companies attached to the Ministry of Energy shall be established to be responsible for the operation of water systems and the construction of sewerage systems in cities. These companies may or may not combine with Municipalities and private persons. They shall be constituted in accordance with the following regulations:

(a) The shares of the Municipalities and private sector in these companies shall not be more than 49 percent of equity, and the Government shall be represented in the General Assembly of these companies by the Ministry of Energv, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Interior or representatives chosen by these Ministries.

(b) The shares of the Government shall be supnlied by:

(1) that part of Government canital which is used only and exclusively for the construction of the necessary equipments to supply water to cities;

(2) the value of all the equipment and installations of the companies in rharge of urban drinking water supply, less accumulated depreciation; ANNEX I Page 6

(3) that part of the credits or of the money which Municipalities or private persons have received as loans and used for the above-mentioned purposes, until the date of approval of the present law;

(4) other investments which have been made by Government to supply and distribute water to cities and to build sewerage systems;

(5) credits which will be supplied according to sub- Article 50 of the Budget Law of the year 1352 (1973- 1974)".

"Sub-article (1) - In the case when Municipalities or private persons are undertaking a water distrrihtinn svytem or the onpration of -a sewe- age system, the installations and equipment existing at the date of the con- stiituion cof these r'mnanies shall be evaluatedndnd bea part of the capital of these companies. Their equivalent in shares shall be given to the Munic- ipalities or private persons concerned. Those assets .hich are entirely depreciated in acquainting terms, but which can still be used, shall be vailu,Ped at i0 nperrnt of their booik value before depreciation, and their equivalent in shares shall be given to the Municipalities or the private persons concerned. Sb a t clT.P.1cc rd ngF-o 1-9 - - - -_2- - -AA1_2S_A

_.S&S a.t.1 .Cat \S_J , S.L , a..-C L LLlIL WVA, ) L11- C _L. l L LLU L CULILIE..LLCL.I. report, the supply of water to villages located along water mains to cities is psil, the Mni;sLILr; of Energy's Regonal Wt7er Board shall construct the necessary installations up to beginning of the distribution system of each village.

Sub-article (3) - Tie articles of associatlon for tiiese companies shall be prepared by the Ministry of Energy and submitted to the Board of IiniLsters for confiLLmatiLon, anu submitted to the relevant commissions in Senate and Parliament for approval.

Sub-article (4) - The regulations for evaluation of the installations and the length of the amortization period shall be proposed by the Min- istry of Energy, and after confirmation by the Ministry of Interior, shall be approved by the Board of Ministers". ORGANIZATION OF MINISTRY OF WATER AND POWER WATER DIVISION

GENERAL ASSEMBLY(POWER… MINISTER OF WATER& POWER - --- =G ENGEN ERAL ASSEMBLYIWATEFR 1 1 _IZ_ IZ[ ___ II- [______jjj ZeRETARI T_OFFICE] MINISTERIAL OFFI(C ZURITYO Z

ADIIR ZEREAII _ _E _::- EURT

ADMINISTRATIVE - P RO AN( PARL AMENTARY POWER DIVISION WATER DIVISION ANALISIS DIVISION DIVISION (DEPUIYMINISTE_D DEPUTY MINISTERI DEPUTY MiINISTER (DEPU-FYMINIST

SABIR II _NR r |F _S LfNSTRUCTICI& RESEARCH ANI] FENCA 1RA LABORATy CEE CHNICAL UREAU] GENEAL AFFAIRS

TAVANIR COMPANY _~ ~ ~ __ 11 EiI _ _ _ WATEAZ REGIONA 7 [ F F RESOURE PROJECTS SURFACE WATER ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 ~~~~~WATER GROUND WATER CONSERVA1 REGIONAL ON _ _.. L______EL:CTRICITYC

7 WATEREI AND POWERC .ANN G SURVEYING ANC F HYDRC LOGICAL EXPLCRATORY R AUTHORITI P ARAUGHTING LSTATISTIS CONTRI NVESFIGATION f )NSEIVA 1

REGIONAL WTE SUPI RISION ] r OROLOGICAL 1 r GENERAL 1 I GROLIND WATER I BOARDS [L AND TENDERSL L INSTALLATIONS J LINVESTIGATIONS J CON'SERVATIOL

MEHABENGINEERING I _1I_ CONSULTING CO 1 l KERMAN REGION] ICORRASANjREGION IRRICGATION IRRIGATION IATCAB PURCHASINGL COMPANJ

W.,Id Ban--9473 MINISTRY OF COOPERATIVES AND RURAL AFFAIRS

MINISTER

AMNSRTION APROGRIAM RALSOCIAL FINANCE AN~~~~~DPLANNING RCNTUTO AFFAIRS

OSTA N

AND RURA AFFAIRS

GEUNRA IRECTOR

ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM RURAL SOCIAL FINANCEALANDPLANNINGIRECONSTRUCTION AFFAIRS

PROGRAM RURAL SOCIAL F-AANDPLANNINRURUL EINA

WoR,AdB-Rk-9472 Table 2.1 ANNEX 2 Fa-ge- 1

AVERAGE ANNUAL WATER SUPPLIES AND USE IN IRAN Billion m3

Total Water available from rain and snow 368

Evaporated without beneficial use 217.5

Precipitation available for beneficial use 153

Used in place by forests, pastures and crops 48.9

Precipitation available for controlled use 102

Inflow from adjacent countries 7.h-1/

Total available for all uses 105.6

Direct seepage to groundwater aquifer 16 2/ Total surface supply 89v6-

Seenpae to groundwater during river conveyanceA-

T-ebhle surface sunnlyvn-

Outf1I z to Persian Gulf,- Gnpian qea deser+-s, etc. 77

Controlled u3seable surface supply ]9 .6

Seepage to grou,ndi.a+erAtdung conveyan,ce +o fieldsA 10n'

Srface urater avallale to crops 3 4

Groundwater s,-ly Non-useable outflo losses from ghanats, springs and aquifers 14 .3

Groundwater available to crops 20.7

Total available to crops 53.3

I(Source;~ .UU.L-. ~)v ues1'ds 1, ~stud;7 UUUJ 1°0741I'14 bkutVW V~ .LI!.LIVAJ.JrJ a±11.--A.nos retho11101.41VUL-and - ofV.L PIUpetaio e aUJAJIi by mission)

/ Outlo-W of 3.u bl.LL.n HI Vo ruore to Ir-aq dLsrEgar-ded. 2/ The average annual runoff- 19657_6Q was about R8 hillinn m3 3/ Non-recoverable conveyance and operational losses disregarded. h/ Urban and industrial use neglected. ANliEX 2 Pag e 2

Table 2.2

AVERAGE ANNUAL MEASURED STREAM FLOW IN IRAN 1965-1969°1/

F~~4.Vt±~~ Ud~~~~~±I U' 4±dIIF R.lver Basin Dralna.113e Area Sjt r-e am F low (1000 km') (million m9)

Caspian Sea 179 20,950

Persion Gulf 410 43,600

RezaVeh Lake 46 7,740

Central Basins 844 a,865

Eastern Basins 112 3,210

North Easter Basins 44 500

Total 1,645 b4,865

/ Source: Surface Water Division, Ministry of Water & Power ANNEX 2 Pagie 3

Coaments on Gove1 M en(tt's Estimates

The Mtinistry's estimates raise a number of questions. First they assume that all irrigated lan.d receives a full water supply .whirh is hardly true 1/. Furthermore they imply a very high overall irrigation efficiency in. -.rn (.about57% .o..pared m to 457 average irrigation fficie-i of proLerts built by the USA's Bureau of Reclamation. Most experts in Iran regard 28% to

33% as more realis li4C) %

Th1e statLLisLtics on surface an-.- groundLWater resour.es and their use also need to be interpreted with some caution. Most of the rain gauges are locale' in eas4ly accessible places; m.ost- of the river guigsain r A.L Ld UL II_ -aL.L L`L~~.LU jJLa LtL't LI.LL A..LVA Q L.IL located only on major streams and generally not at points of water diversion;

L&IC LIUIII) eL :2 U L LJUIC =La L LLg g&iaLIa L. WC X L LC L I.V Q L=C.y LVW ) , X from springs and ghanats and the pumpage from wells is largely estimated; lit- tLe is k.Ino-w-LrabUout rilver, canaldL danUU i tch conveyance losses adlu even 'Less about field irrigation efficiencies. Thus, some of the figures on the availability andU use of water are, atL best, educated guesseb, adU UtLLeddIfLeL,,ng L the various ministries. The Government has recognized this and recently con- tracteU fur a foreign CULlbUtLdiIL 'Ja R) to mae d LUUr year stuuy oU L1tC water resource situation in Iran. Furthermore, the groundwater potential is assumed to be the average annual recharge capacity with total drawdowns (de- creases in groundwater levels) limited by the government in most places to less than a meter. The exploitable volume or grounawater probaDly is 5 to 10 times the present annual use of about 17 billion m 3, and it is likely that in most places the so-called annual potential recharge would increase considerably if greater drawdowns were permitted.

1/ No comprehensive study has been made of the supply and use of irrigation water in Iran. To arrive at such figures; the Government has rui,r1ited the average crop water requirement and assumed that all the land that is irrigated (estimated to be 3.55 million hertares) receives a full water supply. If further estimated surface water diversions, the flow of ghanats and snrings and the pum.pag from wemlls. Tt- the f4ins the total water from all these sources available for crops to be 53.3 bi1in m3. I'able 2.3 ANNEX 2 , ~~~~~Page SUIMAHX OF IRANI S GROUNThIAT]R S]ITUATION r RWISNi/

tir't Trnt,ol p LIv Studierd No )rc c0.,*t i-h " ' L --- h. r{r. 7%tc1.i¢,3- T-1. -C. i7l .M . L North 17,3SD 9,517 1001.2 51 7:3 213.3 11 1,300 733.g5 38 1,953 57;' 2 °

Azertoi jan 7,788 1,946 313.9 41 1 ,529 357.8 47 3'3 95.0 12 787.5 591.5 1,3rj

W7E t & fKhuzi:tan 13,205 1,740 272.6 15 95fD 406.1 22 713 1,178 63 1,856.7 Er05. 3 2,i:

Fars 19,700 5,102 929.9 48 587 518 27 193 476.2 25 1,922.1 164.3 2,08c. s

Ldanr-e-/bass 31,1850 3,390 585 37 1,1196 962.1 60 167 50.C 3 1,558 3o25 -:Z.

Si 3 t -,in & 8-i:3cuhistan 16,S70 309 51.9 22 541 146 62 - 37. 8 16 235.7 793.9 3?5.6

Hhorul , 30,8340 3,000 1,705.2 58 1,5994 1,035.3 36 205 162 6 2,906.5 182.53 3,n69

C2ntI:.,1 40,830 8s616 2,177.3 54 3,62-9 1,'07.7 42 611 16$.9 4 4,051.9 342 ,39'3.9

Esffahan 34,570 2,598 453.6 23 2,4i 112 914 47 619 a80.1 .30 1,947.7 13.3.7 3',086 4

T-ctal 213,113 36,7585 7,490.6 L4 13,683 h,262.3 ;35 4r061 3,-16.2 20 17,2 39.1 351; 64 210 35..

2 /Sourcez Groundwater Division cf Ministry of Water and Fbwer ANNEX 3 'P.a 1

Table 3.1

FOREAST OF WATER USES DURING ThE FIFTH PLAN (1973-1978)

At the Du | At the f Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~end I iJuring ena | Description j of the th|o -uhe Plan Plan Plan JA.IOnt3 _ap4 City Water spi A 1e Urban population (miilion pe2sons 13 f | 17 Co, ToTa± annua.; water consumption o£ cities and industries (million I 4 s 1o4 + ~~~~~~~~~~A \ i 40OAR ' oUR 3. Water supplied by the public sector (million cubic meters) 768 L7 I 1 255 4. Population using water supplied ? - by the public sector (million | persons) 9 1 8 17 B. Water for Use in A7riculture 5) Area under cultivation of irriga- £ tion crops (1,000 hectares) 3,500 380 ¶ 3,880 u. Water coneumed arnually for i - irrigated crops (million cubic ".eters) 3~~~~~~~~-).vonn j 4,9nnrv lRRJ 7. Water supplied through irri- I ration nrijects of the oublic 1 1 sector (million cubic meters) 10,790 3,970 14h,760 8. Area to be brought under culti- I vation through implementation I of irrigation projects of the public sectcr (1,0u0 hectares) t 60a8 29yo j 98 9' Coverage of main irrigation

tare)} 263 343 1,105 10- Coverage of sub-irrigation networ*s 3 and 4 (1,000 hec- tars) 90 595 685 11. Coverage of improved tradi-,1 tional irrigation systems I J (1,000 hectares) 0 i 100 100oo G. Control of Surface Water ad'Wat-er Resources -12. Annual average water controlled 1w rcaVtUnr r rlnm.dmnllinn . cubic meters) 16,360 9,920 426,280 13. Installed power of hydro- I electric stations (1,000 Kw.) 792 1,020 1 1,812 Ratio of installed power of hydro-electric stations to '

thermal plants (percent) 38 - 0 30 15. - Annual average of nationali;e I I water (million cubic meters) 0 6,000 1 6,000 SO…-- 7- Tearhnnkr -: rpnter------of…tisticl Trin= Annex 3 Table 3.2 F'age 2

Sources of Household lWater Supplies in Iran _^ ~~~~~~~4/ (from census of 1966 - numbers in thousands)

Piped Piped 'iprings inside Outside andJ CategorV House House Wells Ghanats Ri-verEi Others Total No. % No. A No. . No. 1% No. % No. % No.

Rural-/ 19 0.7 41 1.6 618 23.8 572 22.0 467 18.0 88l1 33.9 2,598

Urba 2/ 4'92 :38.8 255 19.6 324 24.9 46 3.6 27 2.1 156 12.0 1,301

Entire CountrV 510 13.1 296 7.6 942 24.2 618 15.8 494 12.7 1,038 26.6 3,899 3/

1/ Centers of population of less than 5,000

2/ Centers " " " more " 5,000 3/ Representing 5,0]29,320 families of 5 + per family - i.e. some 19% of the abov'e households contained from 2 to more than 6 families.

Numbers refer to houseibolds. The 1966 Census of Iran included questions on the sources of Household Water Supplies.. The results are summLarized in this table. The figures apparently cover about 80 percent of the total population, including all urban centers (population 5000 and over) and most of the rural centers, which number about 66,00o. The Census results sh.ow that by that year about 13,6 of Iran's population (396 urban and on:Ly 1AUrural) had piped water sources Lnside their hDuses anci additional 7.6A6 had access to pipe water outside their houses (20k in urban and 1.6A rural). Tab'Le 3.3 1UPMX3 Page 3 PIU)JE1M'ED WATER CONS:I CN AND POPlULATION, FOR IRAN

Projected axidmum Projected Minimum Wa1er Consu.ption (1993) Water Conmsutior(1993) Projected? Total. Estimated Estimated Population Ahnual. Water Population Naime Total Annual Total Annus.l in 1993 Consumption Consumption in 1 972 of Consumption lit/pers/day Cons"amptio; l:it/pers/day (000) milLion m3 lit/ ers/day (cOo) City _Uion m3 m1illi.o,n Ml __

1,097 350 455 145 8,590 178 116/6 4>1 83 Tehran

226 280 1219 160 2,216 31 142 602 Esfahan

67 280 66 110 1,638 18 g1 549 Mashhad

86 250 51 11'8 953 13 100 351 Shiraz

86 250 65 190 944 17 160 285 Ahwaz 7h 250 34 115 815 19 112 h88 Tabriv.

66 250 49 185 726 20 165 336 Abadan

52 250 22 105 573 8 914 238 Kermanshah

31 250 14 10o0 387 5 95 144 Rezaieh

30 220 12 90 376 4 105 102 Arak

26i,733 220 11,9908 98 332, 925 5,692 91 171,413 Rashtt

20,915 220 11,882 1;25 260,466 4,259 108 108,021 Kermar

20C1140 220 8,971 98 250,813 4,677 89 143,997 Hamedan

25',008 220 11,367 1DO 3111,438 6,672 114, 160,351 Ghomu

21,577 220 9,808 100 268,713 4,394 108 11 480 Gha2.vin

20,691. 220 15,05'0 160 257,7114 5,5141 142 1065,916 Dezl'ul

159,921 220 11,771 130 248,090 5,228 125 11)4,617 Yazel

I ._ .W* uova or kational DeveloDinent Program 1973-1 977 for ]Housing and Reilated Facilities - Doxiadis Associatee) Table 3..4 ANNKX3

Page 4 MPULT ED IN MAJOR CrTIES OF IRAN - AVERAGE: 1972

City Populaition (000.0) No. of Connectiong % Served Percapita Cons.

(_00 _0) .- - li t/pers/day

Tehran 4,,183,0 430.0 75 142

Kermanshah 280.0 :25.0 65 Hamadan 150.0 . 50

Kerman 108.0 19.0 66 120 Bandar Abbas 50.0 - _

Tabriz h67.8 153.0 75 113

Esfahan 601.5 55.6 56 125

Shiraz 351.0 63.0 85 110

Mashad 549.0 65.0 59 130 Ahwaz 28!1.6 26.0 146 152/

Abadan 335.5 1t2.A 62 1:1-

'Qioramarghah 109.ID 17.0 55 1S00

Rashat 171. O 5.0 25

PahLavi 56.0 1.5 30

Note: niese estimates were supplied by various municipal agencies. _/ Whlere no figure is given mission made estimates assuming 5 persons per connec-tion 2/ Misson's estimate based on 80;6 capacity of present plant J Includes ]NIOC connections of 13,000 Misson estimate (more of a guess) Table 3.5 AUnnex 3

Pagc 5 PRESENT AND POTE'NTIAL IRRIGATED AREA AND CORRESPONDING PRE'SENI' AND FUTURE WATER USEI/ (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4) Ultimate U:Ltimate Category of Presently Potentially Present Ultimate 13round Water Surface Water Projects Irriclated Irrigable Water Use Water Demand Developmrent Development (ha) (ha) (mil m3 ) m3)3mii (mil m3) (nil rn3)

A. Delivesry of Water UJnder GOVT Cortrol

(1) Finished o03 beiLng implemented 355,917 767,690 4,579 10,0B7 382 9,705 (2) To be started iLn 5th Plan 428,425 665,900 5,053 7,872 3,046 4,826 (3) Econ. or tech. feasibLe 331,600 5|75,350 3,617 7,277 1,151 6,126 (4) Have some r econ- naissance support 102,540 279,900 1,066 3,646 641 3 005 (5) Have not been studiedi 110,890 228,910 754 2,439 16 2,+42'3 (6) Ground Water Pro- jects not in above - 136,590 - 1,294 1,294

TOTALS 1,329,372 2,654,345 15,069 32,615 6,530 26f,085 o. Water Not Controlled by GOVT

No-t in above and no-t studiedi (i.e. trad, etc.)2,220,628 3,845,683 15,631 27,085 16,170 11,915

GRAND TOTAL 3,550,000 6,500,000 30,700- 59, 7100 22,700 3'7, 000

17 Source: Plan and Budget; OrganiZation 2/ Groundwafer :13.7 3Llrface w2ter 117.0 Total 130.7 Table 3.6 Anncx 3

TYPICIAL CHEM[CAL ANALYSES OF MUNICIPAL WAFTER SUPPLIES

Item Unit Tehran Hamadfan Shiraz Kerrnanshah Esf ahan YaZd F'asah, Qom Ahwaz Tabriz Kerman Meshed

PH PH 7.a 7.7 7.3 7.85 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.65 7.6 7.5 7.65

Ca++ ppm-n 48 37 :32 58 77 50 25 25 94 30 90 64

Mg ppm 3 83 :30 28 28 30 43 54 25 33 76 17

Ca++as CaCo 3 pprn 122 92 80 144 192 124 164 62 236 92 224 160

Mg +as MgCo3 ppmn 32 28 104 96 96 104 148 18E6 86 116 264 60

Total Carbonate ppmn 154 121] 184 240 288 228 312 248 324 208 488 220

Cl ppmn 24 16 64 16 97 163 376 342 20E8 33 156 28

S04- ppm 3'3 10 1932 37 17'7 96 144 3[17 192 30 115 115

TOS pprn 201] 1603 5130 253 510 600 600 1, 160 560 300 800 880

TSS--/ ppm 251] 157 578 320 648 6 37 1,040 1, 290 944 306 893 433

lource: July 1349 publication from Pahlavi University, by Dr. Moshfegh, titled "NatLral Waters and Treatment for Drinking and Industry 0.." l/ Total soluble salts calculatied by mission from the chemical, anaLysis. TECHNICAl. AND ECONOMICSPECIFICATIONS lIP DAMS IN IRAN UP TO TiTllE_S P 1971

Regulated Nu_ber end A re ceder Heiight Capacty annua I powe- c cut ivattion Year.i.,,. frui (Milliuncapecivy e-ranon J.. operation Coet of D_n lean uf Euieiu Race of Doe Type of Doe Ri-,,n Luei-o fo _eco cubic (Millio- in tiuci ph_a Scented S,,,iganien Co..aulnane (Rtr-u an)_ -bhiu final phon (100Milliu. Rilsi netra) (Kw-h) hecIiune~o.)

1 D-Dm -ucet-cte!d

Shah Eamail.Earth...... cGlpayegau. Akhtchkh.eu 56.0 44 55 - 5. 5 1982800D ain+ouny

A.eEr Kahir,...... Arched .. c.rete K.are North cf Katej 180.0 205 450 2 u 42, 100 21 0 i962 4,800 322 Hanea Sbahbac- Paa-h...... Bth,e....d cocrte Repidr-d Macgil 100 0 1,800 2,000 5 0 17.500 240.0 1,962 4,500 3,400 linko Ofen Mobheecd Re.e Slhah--Pahlavi .... Arched Ceen-te D..Sef 203.0 3,340 6,940 8 u65,0S0 96. 3 1963 5,377 5,3713 0) + S (2) Shahu.....-P.hah,i ...... Btbreaaed co..cete Abahuieh Ieia:fae1-e-H-.edac 05.0 8 17 - 52 0964 919 69 Ve,rbuedpLau Fa-heer-a-.Pahlavi ...... RuBtbreced cuecrete Saeu eyu107.0 95 25 22,500 31.0 1908 4,2G ibb Shah Ahbaa-c-Kabit...v ..... Arched ....rete ayaedeh.rd cent uf Enfahen 155 5 ,500 18,420 95.0 1971 3,000 2,901 SgehOfra

V.ehiegin...... E-rth Gorgacru.d Seugen S-nec,GI.rga 21.0 79 100 - 25 5 1971 555 1,300 Enkue Are.a ...... I Earth Are Area 38 5 1,350 1,400 2.u 1,000 i 90.0 1971 3,588 2,500 Bank/Geadre Rogen Shahpur-A-Aval . ... ack fill aabd jaccd4. 2319 2u Oo 2001971 940 340 Mlarea Kunueh-e-Kabir ...... Earth Zernicebrud Sla-n of Bokec, 50.0 050 535 2 c 5.000 95 0 1971 1,266 1,700 lactic C + Tatlaghaui D-iy..eh-.-Kab1,,...... Earth Ken Do-nd.an 60 5 993 526 2.u ,020 77.0 1972 1,700 1,300 2 -Rear-ir, D-.e wuder c..ntrnaun toe

Reac Shah-a-Kabir . Arched ce-rte K-ru M.uJed lolcy-e 200 0 2.900 9,260 4 u 250.000 38.0 1975 8,800 1,51.5 Ranter Teleq- ...... Ea,rth Sbahrud begar, 70.0 208 26.000 -1,900 700 aegaiDafta,,y 3 D-Dm ceder etdy

Radar Sheh--Aieh-r.S .. ock fill Manwe T-g-cTekcb 1 175.0 1,0620 1,150 -I 55.5 2,683 523 Hi-rce Jiroft ...... Arched conurta Halilnad Eagcurb130.0 555 228 L5.000 10.5 1,244 700 ceti-rac Stelky +Atras Ricoh Cocunate . ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Mi.abM... 53.0 I 404 230 - 14.022773

Icen .larc~~~~~~~~~~~-h Len crth cf Polar 101.0 900 - 1652,500 60.0 11,850 2,790 1ibb

Saveh Arched coecrana Vftq Sa-h 88 700 328 2,000 20.5 1,300 700 Hydre Energetic Rha------. [Vafor~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~en ______eta~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i

(1) Alec -ipplice Tehra... c.d Karej drinbi,ug water (2) Alec euplceRna-dau dniukiu8 water (3) Ale appla art of Tehe dihnkg water

Soimv Minietry f Haze and Poe.- Table 4.2 ANNEX 14 Page 2

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CONSTRU'CTED DIVERSION DA]!{ IN IIRAN

Overall Height from Area under Name of dam Location length foundation cul1tivation Utilization at c-rest (Metre) (Hec;are1 date (Metre)

Shavor Ahvaz 21 7.5 5,000 1937

Kheyrabad Ahvaz 26 6.5 0 1940

Ravansar Kerrnanshah 10 5.5 5, 0oo 1941

Shabankareh Borazjan 110 3 5 1 O,OO 1942

Seyqalan Rasht 140 2.3 350 1948

Heshmatrud Lahijan 120 2.25 6,o0 1O950

Cheghalvandi Lorestan 40 3.-2 1 ,oo 1952

Asad Khani Lorestan 80 5..5 120 1952

Kuhrang Esfahan 79 21.6 15,000 1954

Kaikheh Ahvaz 191.6 5.5 10, 0oo 1 956

Barlpur Iranshahr 0 5.5 3,700 1957

Kohak Zabol 68.3 6o3 15,000 1 957

Zahak Zabol 52.5 8.3 65,000 19557

Alvand Qasr-e--Shirin 32 1 .8 460 1 959

Gonjancham Dasht-e-Mehran 200 2.6 6,000 15967

Source: 'Plan Organization Table 4.3 AMVEX J4 Page 3 FORECAST OF ANNUAL AVERAGE WATER CONTROLLM ESTDIATED WATR SUPPLIED BY THE: PJBLIC SECTOR BY RESE1RVOIR DAMS FOR UISE IN AGRICUITURE, CITIES AND fIDUSTRIES (Million cubic meetre) (Million cubic metre)

At the At the At the end of At the end of enl of DurLng and cif the Fourth During the the Fifth Zone the the the Plan Fifth Plan Plan Foulrth Fifth Fifth Plan Plan Plan (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2)

Tota:L 16,360 9,920 26,280 768 10,790 487 3,969 1,255 1[h,759

Azarbayejan 3,995 0 3,9595 4 1,877 39 440 43 2,317

WeSt I 0 0 5,0 000 105 19 190 19 295

Khuzestan 6,712 8,400 15,112 35 3,190 ,5 854 120 5,044

Fars 635 0 6,15 L5 633 II L0 56 67 3

Kennan and Ba&ndar-e-Abbas I 0 530 530 4 60 35 483 39 543

Si stan and BaLluchestan 0 649 649 0X0 793 4 749 4 1 ,5b2

Elorasan 0 1 3 13 14 000 15 146 29 146

North 3,230 0 3,230 9 1,921 17 254 26 2,175

Tehran 816 0 816 306 478 192 617 498 1 ,095

E-sfahan 972 278 1,25,0 210 733 3 196 213 92,9

Source: 1972 Statistical Yeabook, Statistical C0ntre of Iran

(1) Cities and industries.

(2) Agriculture. ANNEX 5 Paee 1

THE NATIONAL PLAN AND BUDGET ACT (APRIL 16, 1973)

Chapter VI - Implementation of Development Projects

Article 21:

The responsibility of preparing and implementing development projects shall rest with the executive agencv concerned and the imnlementation of dpvel- opment projects shall, from the point of view of employments, finances and transactions, be subject to the provisions of this Act as well as general laws and regulations of the government.

In the cases of profit-making projects, where the executive agency has its own financial, employment and transactions regulations, as well as in the case of projects for public welfare, the cabinet may permit the implementation of a given development projects in accordance with special regulations.

Note:

In cases where there is a difference of opinion between the executive agency concerned and the Organization, the project being profit-making or non- profit making, the final decision shall rest with the Economic Council.

Article 22:

The determination of qualifications and the classification of consultant engineers and contractors shall be with the Organization in accordance with the provisions of the regulatiorns to be approved by the cabinet.

Reference of .ork to consultant engineers and contractors and the procedure for determination of the winner of a tender will rest with the executive agency in accordance with the provisions of regulations to be approved by the cabinet.

Note:

Reference of work by the executive agency to scientific or specialized agencies for conducting the implementation of study projects as well as signing a contract in this respect shall be subject to the approval of the Organization.

Arti'cle :

The nOranization shall communicate the standards and bases as well as the general principles and the terms and conditions of the agreements relating to the development projects and after their approval by the cabinet the manual to the executive agencies. The executive agencies shall be required to abide by the terms of the said manual. Table 5.1

WATER SUPFPLY AND SEW{ERAGE PROJECTS 1973-1975 P -IhlTiE MINISTRY OF WATER AYD PCWER

Estimated _ _ r Estimated Name of Type of Project Co st Consultaxts Name of Type of Project Cost Consultants City TeofPoctMillions IRls City ~Ilin l

Rudsar Flood Control 60 Method Khorramashah Sewerage 300 Adibi.

Tasvaj Flood Control 60 Honar Bandar Amhanma2 Flood Control 60 Adibi.

Abadan Emibankment 100 Irend Co. Do Gombadan Water Pipeline 40 Kaveh

Jgorramshah Sewerage 300 Adibi Gorgan Water Pipeline 100 Method k'badan Water Supply 200 Irend Co. Do Gombadan Sewerage 100 Quanta

Gorgan Sewerage LOO Method 110 Kuros Shahstar Food Control. 60 ionar- Rud Sar Sewerage 70 Balad Qogar Sewerage 175 Pars Consualt Shahabad Sewerage 200 Honar Nieshpar Sewerage 200 Pars Consult | l ~~~Qom Wat;er Phipeline 100 Bandarshah Water Pipeline 4o Method Ramsar Water Pipeline 60 Metho)d Zanjan Wat.er Pipeline 100 Honar

KnodahandehL Sewerage 50 Honar Peeranshahar Sewerage 60 Quanta Arak Sewerage 580 Honar Bandar Abbas Sewerage 10 Quant.a Klorram Darrah Sewerage h8 Honar Rezayeh Sewerages hOO Zarijan Sewerage 353 Honar Sanee Sewerage 300 Bandarbelan Water Supply 60 Adibi- Kodkoveh Sewerage 100 Yazd Water Pipeline 50 Kaveh Bandar Sewerage 100 Bajnavard Water Pipeline 50 X'aveh Yasooj Sewerage 100 Kermanshah Sewerage 30 Pars Consult Yasooj Sewerage 40 Mahabad Sewerage 50 Kahdabad Sewerage 10 Table 5.2 ANNEX 5 Page 3

1ntV%W%LVflnt IY A EWr)flTT7W.T1 rWTW- Tt'f' MA TTkTT%%fl ThflIA PrIUJLJv0rJ vW II:T, Oux, rr ..PvvZI UIO ulEIr1. rOu

LOCATION DATE OF DURATION STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT 1/ COMMENCEMENT

1. Kerman Aug. 6, 1973 9 Months Master Plan Preparation

2. Bam Aug. 6, 1973 9 H

-, flr A--_-_ t 9 A 9.* DdI.L fl Ug*. ) I r "

4. Nain and Kohpayeh Aug. 6, 1973 "12 n it

5. Cities of Gilan Aug. 6, 1973 12 " n

6. Sistan and Balouchestan Aug. 6, 1973 6 " n

7. Boshehr Aug. 6, 1973 14 " t n

8. Tabriz and Meshkinshehr 1973 6 " n

9. Esfahan 1974 - ,.

100 Hamedan 1974 - n ni

11. Shiraz Long Term 1974 -

12. Tehran " 1974 I

13. Konar-Cha'n Bahard etc. 1974 - 14. Cities of Mazanderan(Water Supply) 1974 - Master Plan Preparation

15e Zarandin Kerman 1974 9 Months t "

16. Mehran 1974 7 itvv

17. Al asht 1:

,1 (hQ nn Y3 7. - 1 07). - : _

19. Cities of Fars 1973 48 Months it

20. Mash-had, Toroq and Kardeh Dams 1974 - Phase II

21. Boshehr (from Khormoj) 1974 24 Months Implementation

22. Cities of Mazanderan (Water Supply) 1973 12 "

1/ Phase I - Feasibility Studies Phase II - Design and tender documentso Implementation - Project construction started. Page 4 ACT'r, WATER P3ArTn PROJTn^ INT -MTP-.-.A- SAG UNDER MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING

Town/Site Project Description Cost Degree of Executive Agency or

Rls tation (%M--Wl6s|&c

AHWAZ Sewerage treatment 264 10% Irendco plant ARAK (center) Water supply and waste disposal 44 30% Ministry * MARniD Water supply i9 97% Honar GIVY Dam 5 60% Ministry * KALIBER Water supply 2 97%

PARSAVAR - Sewerage 12 83%

ZAAD PTh nr 9 88 t

GOLFA Water supply 5 35% i SHAHINGDESH Dam 3 35% I TAKAB Dam 3 15% it SH.NUVY TDam r1 MAHABAD Water supply 7 15% GARASIAODINE Dam 2 60% " POLDASHT Dam 8 15%

SUFICHAY Dam 3 1is% BANDAR PAHIAVI Water supply 5 15% Kuros ASTARA Water supply 7 50% Ministry A,-WESH Sewerage 45 65%

ASTANE Sewerage 45 35% " SASFq, SHIRIN Sewerage 36 92% Honar

MINOUDASHT Dam 18 65% Ministry *

BABOL Water,supply 29 92% "

BABOLSAR Water supply 25 33% n AMOL Water supply 10 20% 19EH8fNHAN Dam 21 97% Adibi

YiMBA it Ai'J Sewerage with Treatment plant 32 55% Adibi

ANDIGAN Water supply 21 97% Ministry *

* Some of these projects are administreted directly from Teheran Table 5.3 (contld.) i^.nnex 5 Page 5 Town/Site Project Description Cost Degree of Executive Agency or Mill. impliemen- Consulting Engineers Ris tation (%)

BOSTANG Dam 17 55% Ministry * EVAZ Water supply 34 97% Adibi DARAB Water supply 24 70% Adibi ESTAHBANAH Water .supnnl 5 061 Ministrv * SHIRVAN Water supply 14 88% Pars TORBAT HEYDARIYEH Water supply 14 95% Pars OGh-UCHAM Water supply 14 92% Pars

SARABI Water supply 2 97% Ministry * SERKAN - Water supply 3 77% " BAHAR Dam 5 20% i

CCJMJA.flflt^ W,ater supply 5 7 SHARUP Water supply 16 95% ZORDEKAN Water supply 10 70% SAREZ Sewerage 7 82% " GIROFT Water supply 7 45% " BAFT Water supply 2 97% BAM Water supply 14 5%

GIROFT Dam 7 97% KERMAN Water supply 10 20% BAM Dam 4 97% SHADAB Water supply 4 12% GOLBAF Water supply 2 12% ZARAND Water supply 5 5% RAFZINGA Water supply 13 10% GONBADAN Sewerage 3 10%

SEMIRON Wt3ater. supply no 9)( Pr BEHIBAHAN Dam 13 15% Ministry * MAHMOUDABAD Water supply 23 5% Method MALEKANDI Dam 12 10 Ministry *

TOTAL 56 projects 1.019 Million Rls

Some of these projects are administreted directly fror1, Teheran Tabl e 5.4 r,lrl4; I - Page 6

Ponulaiio. Total Cost a. C'cst pLtr capita of Rur&J Wster .-'Uil project.; from bIarch 1968 up to Sep. 1?70. From the reports of Ministry of Housing & Development. 1 I!1 t IItem | Province | Po- Total cost Cost per I I Jects in 1000 Rl'. j aPAt in

i | Central Province 19i fiuz558bo. 2 t C1flan 1 7343 422.04

31 |lazandaran | 32 20480 | 774.73 4 | East Azarbayjan 43 2727 409.78 S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 28 AAAeu Azrnr 176i vwtl &1*U4

^ | Ker^" ~~~~~~~It13 19AAfl 1 4q nfl.n I 10 horasan 22 10028 621.54 it lfahan 17 28059 746.90

iS j Sistan & alouchelt 6a 286 I 601.34 14 |Ports & Ilands of I I I

| &sSa. 24 | 23127 | 832.03 I 15 7727 538.09 : }e H I :9 11 *^^RQ l c3I4.91 al 17 Loresta 18 j 9314 1 871.72 a Sc= 1 2 1 1227 663.24 19 Koh lQouyeh 5 11 481.01 I nfnm Id 8050 513-94 2t Zanjan I j 7273 522.30 22 |Yazd 6 15413.a0

I| Total 401 284,907 | Avera5e I 1| 1644.21 ANNEX 6 Page 1

A. Definition of Mfanpower Categories

Professional Staff

i. This group generally inci-udes all those personnel who have had an education at university level, and whose aim is to be "licensed" or "chartered".

(i) Water Resources personnel are essentially civil engineers, but such support disciplines as geology are included. The staff engaged upon any construction works connected with water resources are also included in this category.

(ii) Water Distribution personnel are exclusively civil engineers. They have been divided into tl-hose dealing cl-hiefly with drinking water and those concerned chiefly with irrigation. The construction of any projects concerned with water distribution is included in this category, since no separate section for civil engineering or construction has been defined at this level.

(iii) The Sewage D)isposal category covers thie general engineering and not those aspects of the work whicih are includedt more precisely in the categories below.

(iv) Mechanical and Llectrical ingineering personnel are naturally universitv graduates in either mechanical or electrical engineering and are concerned with all stages of the exercise of their skill frorm planning to maintenance.

(v) The staff of the Scientific Services are for the most part clhemists, particularlv in tile cities, but in the larger regional resources uniits, biologists, bateriologists and medical doctors are also included.

(vi) Finance and Administraition covers those who may be qualified in accountancy, economics, comrerce, or even management studies.

Technician Staff

2. The techlnician group includes those wh1o have attained grade 12 high school standard and who either have attendedl or will attend, further cnuirspe of studv to ensure that their educational standard is adequate to cope with the training necessarv to erinin them for their worl.

The categories of rpchniinin arp generally similar to rhos of the professional staff and the same comments therefore apply, assuming the different level of edcairn. and training. Two further categories have however been added since it appears that at the technician level, the personnel are rather more specialized than at the professional, and to include separaltle UdiviisiLOnOs for construction and supply and treatment is therefore appropriate. The term "supply and treat,ent c.Lerns tl. workl of obtaining and.l pL oceslng raW WateL to ensure adequate quantity and qualitv for drinking. ANNEX 6 Page 2

Skilled Labor

3. This group of personnel includes those whose work is essentially of a manuaL natureL, LutL witLit.in tLhat worklN dUiLstiLnct eULements o. sk'slKll and JUJudgment are required. A training programme may therefore be drawn up for these cate- goriLes, bUut 'Lor each individUual itLL Wi..Ll lasL fUL Week anLLU pthLLLaps LUoLIts, rather than for years as in the case of the technician. The work is quite prec'se and generally may be measure'd for both quality and time. A more detailed description of the work involved follows in the part of this report dealing with programmes or training.

B. Description of Existing Training Facilities

The Ministry of Water and Power Organization Methods and Training Bureau

4. This division of the Ministry of Water and Power has made a good start in a section of the industry in the fields of organization, job descrip- tions and manpower. Its terms of reference and therefore its efforts have been concentrated in the regional water authorities which are concerned with water resources and irrigation, and no equivalent work for drinking water or for future sewerage authorities seems to have been done. A team of young men has been trained to work for a period in regional water authorities chiefly on organizational and staffing problems, with an eventual brief to consider training matters. It did seem that although the work done to date is of good quality and efficient, the knowledge and experience of practical training especially for the water industry, is not yet available among this team.

The Institute of Hydro-Sciences and Water Resources Tehnology

5. This excellent institution is the only organization in training or education in Iran which concerns itself exclusively with the water industry. Even so its activities again cover only a part of the industry which is under- lined in its official title. Its courses are at the technician and psot- graduate levels. The technician courses are either of two years' of or three months' duration, and follow education up to the twelfth grade of high school. The three-month courses are a concentrated study of ground and surface water hydrology and water quality. The two-year course devotes about one third of its content to selected education in preparation for the more technical water studies.

The post-graduate courses are in groundwater and surface hydrology. or in sanitary engineering. These post-graduate courses take two years. Since the basic education standard of the participatns is good, more time could be spent on purely water-related topics and less on the technical courses. ANNW.X 6 Page 3

The Institute plans to run a series of 3/4 month "renewal" courses for technicians and for post-graduates, on the assumption that employees need a refresher-type course every five years.

Generally, there appear to be about 100 technician and post-graduate students on courses at any one time.

The Institute also keeps an active involvement in research work and acts as a form of information and conference focus in its field.

The Industrial Management Institute

6. This well-organized and efficient Institute runs a wide variety of courses essentiallv in three different ways.

The Mlanageijent Development Programme (M.D.A.) lasts for 16 weeks, of which 12 weeks are full-time and five terms of attendance every weekday afternoon.

Tihe three long-term courses are each of six months' duration and require attendance on every weekday afternoon. They are on Systems Analysis, Computer Programming, and Accounting and Cost Accounting.

The numerous short term courses are usually on two evenings each wppk for Pight wepeks.

Tuch of the corn,,P wnrk: nf the Tnst-intut crulrid perhaps be better classed as "techical education" rather than as "management training". Although there are imnprrt-nY t- adva,ntages-c for- t-hie mTost- primicina of fit- lira Mnn-,r 4in being subjected to several months of full-time management education, it is nevertheless quite v i tal for all r.annagerst receive short period o-f lntens training at particular stages in their careers. For the most benefit, these short periods of a week or two r.eed to be uinterrupted and inevitably re4ui on-course residence.

Therefore, for the water industry to gain most successfully from such Tnsttute, thIe dr-a.stikcal.ly anOLL£L L.i LU L~,L_[L tir.ingL U1i1 LIof LULcourses wouldUUi needI~ k~LL~± toUU b al=±Lte1.LiLd s>Li.nce neither every afternoon for six months, nor evening study, offer a suitable ap L Udprlo.

However, the Institute expressed its willingness to discuss ways in which it could assist the water industry.

The Industrial Training Board of Iran

7. This is a very recently established organization concerned essentially with promoting practical training for operators, and in certain cases in offering training courses at its own centers.

The aims of Training Board are to establish training centers for each industry to encourage firms to build their own centers, to send out teams tor on-the-job training, to establish some mobile training centers and to train selected personnel within companies to perform on-the-job training. ANNEX 6 Page 4

It would annear that parts of the British training board system have been used as a model, particularly_in basic engineering. To date, the Indus- trinl Trninino Rnardi of Iran has established three centers of its own and helped in creating fourteen centers belonging to individual companies. De- 8pite trho relativl Qhnrrt Pxnpripnrep of this nrganizatinn, it ronuld be of use to the water industry in the training of instructors, the writing of training m~~anuss,and ir. salcpted nnopratnr 8killc cnnrerned twit-h nliimhinc nndnAmphqnircl repairs.

The Ministry of Water and Power, Power Training Center

8. The training workshops at this center are extremely well equipped. Desplte its bel.g a recent0h...., 4i .1 eaAt p:ov4lAes -oAd n4cn for many categories of personnel working in the power industry. Most courses take abou: I to A mon.tus.

C. Description of Proposed Training Centers

9. The rollowing calculations have bUeen ruadue or the bUasiLs ol. the pected staff in post in 1984, and assuming only a 5 percent turnover. A larger turnover is likely, particuiarly at tne lower levels of employment. Therefore, a rapid development of such facilities would enable the training of new recruits in the build-up to the 1984 and 1994 staffing levels.

Minimum Permanent Training Area of Training Places Needed By 1984 By 1994

Management 20 30 Supervision 20 30 Technical & Administrative 40 75 Skilled Labor 114 192

TOTALS 194 327

There are many permutations in setting up training centers governed by such principles as the size of establishment and the economics and social aspects of mixing disciplines and levels of trainees. However, since the water and sewage industry in Iran is and will always be fairly small in its total manpower, and many of the skills of one "department" have a bearing on other "departments", it would seem to be beneficial to have in any one center all the technical skills of the industry represented, if not all the levels.

The most useful plan could appear to be to set up two models, one for management training and one for other training: A^JNPY 6 Page 5

Model 1 - A management training unit of 20 residential places. This could be attached to a model 2 shown below, exist on its own, or be combined with a siumilar establishmLent for another industry, say the power industry.

Model 2 - A training center for supervision, technical work and skilled labor where the number of places could be 10, 15 and 40 respectively over the three areas.

Three establishments of model 2 could be set up to cope with the minimum training places forecast above, say in Tehran, Isfahan and a more southerly center. Both Tehran and Isfahan would be well equipped with the whole range of services and technical facilities.

Although the relatively small total number of permanent training places needed by the water and sewage industry could be housed in one place, the small units of operation will be precisely reflected in small units of training. The interlocking and inter-reliance of different skills and techniques in the industry are much more easily handled in small, but multipurpose training units.

Based upon the time targets mentioned above, such training centers as model 2 could be operational by early 1976 and model 1 could be in use before the end of 1975.

The help of the Industrial Mlanagement Institute could be enlisted in establishing the management training unit, and the Industrial Training Board of Iran, the Ministry of Labor training centers, and The Ministry of Water and- Power training center could all have very valuable initial contributions to make to the creation and operation of model 2.

Certain overseas countries have had useful experience in establishing training centers, but only a few have direct experience in this sector of training.

D. Estimating Cost of the Program

(1) Costing the Training Program. There are two tvyes of costs:

a) Salarvywages for extra personnel b) Training

(a) Salary/Wages

Over the period 1974-1984 the following labor personnel need to be recruited: ANNEX 6 rage u

a) Professional 1,617 b) Technician 3,607 c) Skilled Labor 10,876

Assuming conservative salary/wage scales for phased recruitment over the 10 years the cost would be:

1-617 a I, 16-900 E 26-680.500 = S 62.965.980 3,607 a i 9,500 = E 34,266.500 = $ 80,868.940 10.876 a I, R,0 = 87-O08000X = S205;338.880

$S49-1771 800

(b) Training Costs

To build 3 model training centers as on Page 13 of the report by U.K. costs at present would come to 3 a i 350,000 = i 1,050.00 = $ 2,500.00

To run-such training centers would cost $2,500,000 p.a.

E. A Selection of Training Programs

10. The rest of this annex outlines training programs for a selection^of the personnel categories listed above. Detailed syllabi and training materials for the maiority of these programs already exist and are used by various agencies. The theory of short residential courses is that the trainee is able to practice his new skill on his return to his place of work, under the supervision of his immediate superior. The educational background of anyone about to receive training must obviously be such that he can cope with the content of his program. Existing partly-trained or experienced staff would naturally receive only those units applicable to them, acting on the combined advice of their superior and the nominated officer from the central training organization. Some of the courses in the sample programs are common to other programs.

A Manaaement Traintnp Program

11. It iR antirionted that a vnilng manager wnold start nonn the follnwing program and work through it over a period of years in an order suited to himself ann to his nrganizatinn. A partiallv Penprienrpd nr nartiallv trained manager will naturally select from the following units, all of which could be mounted at the national management center. Each of the following courses normally take one to two weeks: ANNEX 6 Page 7

General Course

An Introduction to lManagement 'lodern Concepts of Management

Teclnical Background

The Law of Water Abstraction, Distribution, and Wastewater Disposal Political Environment Economics of Water Use and Wiastewater Disposal Tihe Effects of Technological Cihange The Technical Inter-Relationships between Water Departments

Staff Organization and Control

Establishing and Reviewing the Operational Structure Delegation of Powers and Duties Organization of Manpower and Materials The Selection, Training, Motivation and Welfare of Staff Safety and ilygiene Industrial Relations Written and Verbal Communication

Operational Control

The Application of IManagement Techniques Financial Control The Assessment of Operational Efficiency

A Training Program for the Distribution Technician

12. The distribution technician training program is at the ordinary and higther levels. At eachi level the technician would be expected to do and supervise any of the work of the distribution of water function at his level. Tuie aim of his training is to ensure that ihe is a multi-purpose man in his own function. A complete program for each level will last 3/4 years.

Ordinary Level Induction and Introduction to Nater Services (3 weeks) Inspection of Fittings and W4ater Measuring Equipment (4 weeks) Elementary Hiydraulics (1 week) Introduction to the Control and Evaluation of Networks (2 weeks) The Provision of New Supplies (3 weeks) The 'Manual Skill of Pipelaying (6 weeks) Surveying (4 weeks) Simple Mains Design (1 week) Excavation Methods & Safety (2 weeks) Problems in Existing Mains and Services (2 weeks) The General Principles of Supervision (1 week) Training Responsibilities of the Technician (1 week) Written and Verbal Communication (2 weeks) ANNEX 6 Page 8

Iiigher Level

Normally a technician at the higher level will have participated in the ordinary level program. Should this not be the case. then a version of selected units from the earlier program may be readilly arranged.

The Organization of Waste Control (2 weeks) Problems in Existing Mains & Services (1 week) The Hydraulic Analysis of Wiater Supply Networks (1 week) A Background to Water Resources (1 week) Water Quality (1 week) Pumping Machinery (2 weeks) Complex Design of Mains (1 week) Eronomir Aqnects of Mainlavinc (1 wpaek) The Law and the Distribution of Water (1 week) An Introdurtinn of MTanagement (1 week) Organization of Work and Manpower Planning (2 weeks) Wlritten and Vrlbarl ro.mmnuinirtion. (2 weeks) Organization of Support Services (1 week)

A Training Program for,the Finance and Administration Technician

13. The finance and administration technician training program is also at the ordinary And higher level. At e-h lve1 the tachnician would be expected to do and supervise any of the work of his department at his level. The aim of his trai4ning is to ensure that he is a multi=prposeman in hIs own function.

Ordinary Level

Induction and Introduction to Water Services (3 weeks) General Office Operations (2 weeks) An Appreciation of Manual Operations (1 week) PrincipAn Aprcit0 es oLf AdLmUlof satl_ -n8ineerin8tL 1sand Tech,nicaltg ServicesV- (1Iweeks week Principles of Administration1 - st Stage (2 weeks) Principles ac 1st (2ageweeks) Use of Computers (1 week) St.ores Accounting an' Stock Control (1 week) Personnel Administration (1 week) Principles of Administration - 2nd Stage (2 weeks) Principles of Finance - 2nd Stage (2 weeks) Wr1Ltten anLldLX Verbal Communication (2 weeks) Training Responsibilities of the Technician (1 week)

higher Level

At the higher level, a distinction is drawn between Finance and Administration. Separate units therefore exist for the two functions together with units that may be considered common to both. All units are of one week's duration except two with asterisks. ANNEX 6 Page 9

Common Units

Stores, Transport and Plant An Introduction to Management Office Supervision Written and Verbal Communication*

Finance

Charges tor Services Income Accounting Expenditure Accounting Preparation of the Payroll Capital Financing and Expenditure Financial Control

Administration

Meetings Statistical Techniques and Records Insurance Water Law and Administration**

A Program for the Skilled Laborer in Water Distribution Pipeline Works

14. Each of the following units listed lasts one week. It should take a trainee about six months to become proficient in the basic skills and another six months to master all of the special skills.

i) Service Connections

(a) Pipe Jointing: This includes properties of materials, joints and fittings. jointing methods, connection of dissimilar pipes and safety.

(b) Pipe Installations: This includes excavating and rein- statement, inserting ferrules, laying a service pipe, construction of chambers and safety.

(c) Repair and Maintenance: This includes pipe detecting eauipment, repair of nipes, ferrule renlacement, nipe corrosion, water meters, lhygiene and safety.

ii) The Laying and Jointing of Mains

(a) Trench Operations: This includes examination of pipes, handling and stackino of nipes, ninpe cutting, preparation of pipes for jointing, use of pumps, trenching operations and safety.

* Takes two weeks and ** takes three weeks. AN-NEX 6 Page 10

(b) Pipe Laying and Jointing: This includes jointing in various materials, laying of pipes and safety.

ii)Special Sklills

This includes under pressure branch connections, pipe-cutting using abrasive wheels, the laying of large diameter pipes, trench timbering and installation of special valves.

A Training Program for the Skilled Laborer in Supply and Treatment Pipelines, Aqueducts and Reservoirs

15. 0 It should take a trainee about six months to become proficient in all the areas listed below:

General Background - Elementary Water Science Elementary Hydraulics Physical Measurements Hygiene Safety (1 week)

Inspection and - Erosion and settlement Repair-of Trunk Leakage Mains Repair of Pipes Safety (3 weeks)

Valves and Valve Operations - (1 week)

Instrument Reading and Recording - (1 (1 week)

Water Storage - Leakage from Pipes, Valves and Tanks Couplings Overflow Pipes and Flap Valves Water Levels Settlement Safety (1 week)

Pipe Cutting Using Abrasive Wheels (1 week)

Trench Timbering (1 week) Tahle 6.1 Annex 6 Page 1i

Estimate of Fyi.tina Staff - 197L

A. PROFESSIONAL STAFF Water Sewerage Total

(i) Water Resources 3h5 345

(ii) Water Distribution

(a) City & Village 102 2

(b) Irrigation 132 234

(iii) SewTage Disposal 3 e

(iv) Mechanical/Electrical

Engineering 212 12 22h

(v) Scientific Services 75 16 91

(vi) Finance and Administration 1J8 6 1LL

1,004 L2 1,046

B. TECHN-IC1AN STAFF (i) WSater Resources 506 506

(ii) Water i stribution (a) City & Village 29L 60L (b) Irrigation 310

(iii) Sewage Disposal 6 6 (iv) Mechanical/Electrical Engineering 537 18 555

(v) Scientific Services 181 9 190

(vi) Supply & Treatment 161 161

(vii) Construction 146 6 152

(viii) Finance & Administration 972 16 983 A-107 55 3,162 Table 6.1 (cont'd.) Annex 6 Page 12

Estimate of Existing Staff - 1Q7) (Cont.)

C. SKILLED LABOUR Water Sewerage Total

(i) Water Distribution (a) Pipelines 1,062 1,062

(b) Inspection 926 926

(ii) Sewage Disposal

(a) Sewers 52 52

(b) Inspection 17 17

(d) Treatment Plant Attendants 22 22

(iii) Mechanical/Electrical

(a) Mechanical Repairs 496 17 513

,(b) Electrical Repairs 32) 12 336

(iv) Supply & Treatment

(a) Pipelines, Aqued.,Reserv. L27 427

(b) Treatment Works L23 423

(v) Construction 317 16 333

(vi) Finance & Administration

(a) Stores 192 4 196

(b) Clerical/Typing 784 18 802 5,680 166 5,8h6 Table 6.2 rlauex 6, WAI'E:R llSCU:RCES,, WATERP DISPEB'UTION AND SE1WAGE DISPOSAL

NATIONRAL ANTPOWEER FORCPSTr - PROFESSIONAL STTAFF

_ _ . __ ___ - __ ___ B3Y 1984 1 E'Y 19L _ _ - WATER SEWE%(RAGE TOAL ATER S-WEPA.GE TOT'ALS

_____~~~~~~______1 .- tt - --

9.FE"SSICNIAL STAR? }

(i) Water Resources 576 576 977 c97

(-ii Water Distribution (a) City & Village Water 318 416

(b) Irrigation 212 5 4:25 $iii) Sewage Disposal| 224 224 7 554

,fiv) Mechbanical/Electrical Engineering 438 303 791 722 62; I l (v) Scient±fi½c Services 175 32 255 287 188 475

(vi) Finance cndl A mtinistrationr 219 68 237 49)6 102 598

Total1 , _ 677 2,663 3,321 14,7:7 : Mi Tabl3e 6.2 (conttc!.) Annex 6

WATEER RESOURCES, WATER DISTRMBUTION AND SZEWlAGE; DISPOSAL

NATIONAkL MANPOWER FO:)RECAST - TECFHICTAN STAFF

l99o4 __-1E;98Y ~Y 1-4 By WATER SEW C* TOTALS IWATE-R SE14ERAGE TL

-TE0!2hTCTAN STAFF 1077 (:i) Watelser FResourceas 757 757 1.077

(ii) W fter Distribution (a) City & V.illage Water 695 12032 (b) Irrigation 530 1225 892 9 5373 (iii) Sewage Disrosal IOO 100 371r3 1390 2355 (i v) .Mechaniical/Flectric al Work 841 528 :1369 1465 32'3 (v) Scierntific Services 245 178 423 389 434 506 (vi) Supply andL Treatment | 4o 3'40 f 506 272 950 (vii) Construction | 394 I12 506 678 viii) Finance and Administration 1893 156 2049 2578 3783 2956

Total 5I | 07), 676| i 3617 281-J 111 6 Table 6.2 (contld.) Annex 6 Page 1L WATER RESOURCES, WATER DISTRIBUTIOINT AND SEIAGE DISPOSAL

NATIONAL MAN POUER FORECAST - SKTLLED LABOUR

______- - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~WATERT- -WRC OP - 194 r7 , BY~~en1984 .BY 1994 I_ WATERTOTALS -§gk12AGE WATER SEWERAGE _MTOTALS

--- ______- ,- -__ _1_

SiCLLR= LAEOU7R

(i) Water Distribution (a) Pipelines 2534 2584 3859 3359 (b) inspection I 1932 1932 2725 272, I

Ji) Sewage Disposal (a) Sew.1eZrs 1127 1127 1658 1658 (b) Insoection 921 921 1232 123c52 (c) Treatment Plant 538 5,38 1414 1414 Operators (d) rea!tment Plant 58 58 202 202 Attendants

(iii) Mechanical/ (a) Mechanical Repairs 117L 376 1547 1930 892 2822 Electrical (b) Electrical Repairs 1024 298 1322 | 17].6 761 2477

(iv) Supply & Treatment (a) Pipelines, Ao-,uedicts 1262 1262 1872 1872 and Reservoirs (b) Treatment Works 708 708 1204 1204 1 (c) Pumping Stations 1327 1327 1794 1794

(v) Construction F 808 496 1304 1188 748 1936

(vi) Finance and (a) Stores 335 161 I 496 447 244 691 i Admini.stra.tion (b) Clerical/Typ:ing 71393 1596 1729 372 21C1

Totanstto n.g 1699 _ _ 2 ,9._

Totals 12,550 42172 1.6,7 22 1.8,464 7,523 2,;,987 Annex 7 Page 1 Regional Water and Power Authorities in Iran

Location of Date Ma aging | Name Headq uarters Establishedj Director

|1) Esfahan Regional Water 'and Power Organization Esf hon. 1969 A.H. Sha-kib

2) Tehran Regional Water r Organization Tehran 1969 i A. Shahgholi

3) South East (Zahedan) Regional Water Organization Zahedan 1969 A. Manavi

4) Fars Regional lWater I Organization S.4raz co.* Marqshl

5) Azarbayedjan Regional I Water and Power Organization! Tabriz 1969 N. Soofi

6)| Kdzestan Regional ,'ief and Power Organization IAhwaz 1969 A. Kabfri-A

7) North (Sefid Rud) Regional Water and Power Organization Rasht 1969 i. Tavana

8) Ostan-c-Saheli Regional M. Zahiri Water and Power Organizatianl Bandar Abbas*| 1972 (Governor of p.4 SaheSahli Ostan)

I9) Mashad Irrigation Department j | - r of MPW I MA - d I afi H

0) Kerman Irrigation Department | Kenman - Shahafi

*Not visited by mission

**Technical Adviser to Chairman Page 2

Municipal Water Authorities Visited by Mission

Name Chairman

Tabriz Water and Sewerage Authority M. Shimi

Esfahan Water and Sewerage Authority Hejasy

Siiiraz Water Supply Organization A. Houshmand

Mashad Water and Sewerage Authority H. Rajabyoun

Ahwaz Water and Sewerage Authority A.S. Tajdin

Abadan Water and Sewerage Authority J. Azizi

Kenman Water and Sewerage Authority Hassan San

Rasht and Pahlavi Water and Sewerage Authority Ghassemi

Bsheir(FRWB Unit) K. Hassan Yazdi Anne:r 7 -ge3 Consulting &igineering Finns in the Sector

Name Address Persons met Dr. Kuros I. Kuros 27,Kuee Nasser 1 Pabiavi Avenue, M. ate n Tehran Mr. Kashabian

II. Teheran Boston Mr. Kholdani, Director Mr. Hedayatzadeb

III. Dr. Adibi Shah Avenue Mr. Nabavi Aluminium Building Technical Director 9th Floor Teheran

IV. Honar Tenerain Mr. Pt.nq9ian Technical Director

V. Mahab 38, Homa Street Dr. Zahedi Fisherabad Avenue Director Water Teheran Department

VI. Sir Alexander 87, Zahed Avenue Mr. Hennessy, Director Gibb>& Partners Behjadabad Mr. Sylvester, Eng. treheran

Pas nsut L ou Ab-n Mw. Ramineh Vii. raLrs Consul c14,uuob v_ Avenue Te-hpron

VTTT. Scet-Iran 15, Avenue Nader Shah Mr. Levy SocitA Street No 7 Mr. Lancelot Centrale pour Teheran Project managers ltEquipement du Territoire)

Taleghani 42, A-venue Koshbin Dr. M.H. Ahari IX. and a,d DAftar Fisherabad Director, dams (associated Teheran irrigation section with Justin and Courntey) Director X. Hamkar Avenue Mohamed Reza Shah Mr. H. Guitmehr, 4th street, Building No. Mr. Yezzi, Civil Engineer Teheran

XI. Method 18, Sora_-se Mr. Wafa.Director Teheran Director XII. Irendco 24,Avenue Shah Abbas Mr. Ettahadieh, Teheran General Mr. SM:tth, Managing Director

Xii. Sogreah Avenue Sanai Mr. A. Wa'llez, Director No. 56 Shahsah street Mr. L.C. Duchemin, Teheran Lea Repr.-- PART B

ANNEX 8 Page 1

Tehran Region lWater Resources

1. The Tehran Regional Water Board area stretches across the Southern slopes of the Alborz mountalns, witn tne bapeyen mountain to the east. To the South lies a broken line of hills and the central desert, and to the West is the Zagros Mountain. The climate varies from semi-arid to arid, characterized by low rainfall (annual precipitation averaging around 210 mm), low humidity and wide seasonal variations in temperature. in the vicinity of Tehran, the two principal rivers are the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud and other smaller streams 1/ that run from the Alborz mountains to the South. The Karaj River runs south- eastwards (30 km west of Tehran) while the Jaj-e-Rud flows southwards about 20 km east of Tehran City. The third river in the Region is the Lar (about 50 km northwest of Tehran) which is a tributary of the Haraz River flowing from the Alborz mountains into the Caspian Sea. The fourth important river in the Region is the Taleghan River which rises in the Alborz mountains west of Tehran and is a tributary to the Sefid Rud that flows into the Caspian Sea.

2. On the Karaj, Jaj-e-Rud and Taleghan Rivers, multipurpose dams have been built and another is being designed on the Lar River. Three of these projects are aimed at providing the rapidly growing potable water needs of Tehran as well as meeting electrical power and irrigation needs of the Region. The Taleghan source could also be used for Tehran and such a dam has been proposed.

3. The Region contains extensive groundwater aquifers that still have to be fully exploited to supplement surface sources. The existence of ghanats in the Region turns the ground sources into a series of connected aquifers. Around Tebran, the aquifer is believed to contain over 5,000 m.c.m. These reserves decrease in depth from north to the south and also increase in salinity from north to the south. The groundwater is expl,ited throughout the Region by means of wells and ghanats. Recharge is largely from rivers and rainfall. Since there are no sewerage systems in the Region, most of the used water also recharges the aquifer. The aquifer is believed to be roughly in overall balance in the Tehran vicinity but elsewhere in the Region the water table is believed to be declining at a faster rate.

4. At present, there is no master plan for water resource development and use in the Region. Such a plan was proposed as a part of the development of the Lar multipurpose project. Some independent studies of the groundwater situation in the Region have been conducted by the PBO (in 1974), the

1/ These are from west to east - the Vardevard, Kan, Herzarak, Farahzad, Darakeh, Darband and Shahabad of which the most important is Kan. These streams are intermittent and dry throughout the summer and autumn. The average annual flow of these rivers is about 150 m.c.m. ANVEX 8 Page 2

Ministry of Water and Power (1974) and the Consulting Engineers of Sir Alexander Gibbs and Partners (May 1973). The study by Gibbs and Partners concluded that extensive use is made of groundwater in the Region, (largely

Uy abstraction [roi wellsj t[Ilat unicontrolled ghanat discharges act as basin outflows most of which go to waste and that groundwater level in the vicinity of Tehran ha- -r.-rtheless rem. 4-ain stahle

5. The water resource situation and use in the Region is summarized in the following table:

Table 8.1

Water Situation and Use in Tehran Region in Million m /year

A. Surface Sources

i. Karaj River

Average annual flow ...... 400 Live storage capacity of Amir Kabir Dam on Karaj ...... 180 Water use allocated to irrigation ...... 160 Water use allocated to Tehran ...... 184

ii. Jaj-e-Rud River

Average annual flow ...... 299 Live storage canacitv of Farahnaz Phlavi dam on the Jaj-e-Rud ...... 85 Water use allocated to irrigation ...... 160 Water use allocated to Tehran ...... 80

iii. Other Eight Streams in the Region

Estimated average anr.ual flow ...... 153 Total annual flow from rivers and streams ...... 853

B. Groundwater Sources

Wells ...... 330 Ghanats . 105 Total groundwater sources . 435

C. Allocation of Supplies

Agriculture . 315 Domestic and industry . 110 Urban uses . 275

Source: Data provided to the mission. ANNEX 8 Page 3

Regional Resource Management

6. The Tehran Regional W4ater Board (TRWB) is the entity responsible for uLanagiLng thle 1X1egULon's water resources as we.L.L as SupplyinLg Tehran s watLe aiiu sewerage services. The TRWB was established in 1965 by a merger of the Tehran Water Board w'LtL the Karaj Water andU rUwer ULgdaidLaLU1L. iThe new LTWD was placed under the Ministry of Water and Power and since then it had assumed the responsibility for manazging the Region's water resources includiLng the operation and allocation of water from the Region's existing dams (Shahnaz and ALIir Kabur[), thle costrLLutLiUn and operation of new Ua-I,S kQ11 L(Lt RlVer L)dL and irrigation schemes in Karaj, Varamin/Garmsar, Ghazvin and Gulpagin plains. In 1969, the TRWB was constituted as a "shareholders" LoUlpaLLy wholly owneu by the Government. Its articles of association (see Appendix 3) provide for cor- porate status, financlal independence and m,anagement according to commercial principles.

Regional Population

7. The population of the principal urban areas in the Region is given iinTabl. e W8.2which shows the population of' the Clentral Oistan, the adru,iLnistra- tive unit of TRW4B area.

Table 8.2

Population of Central Ostan (000)

1966 1972

Tehran (Tajrish and Rey) ...... 2,980.0 4,183.0

Ghazvin (Qazvin) ...... 88.1 111.5 A1rakA. .1 ...... I.71.9U A 102.0in') A Kashan ...... 58.5 74.0 KaraJ .Lj ...... 44.2 61.0 Saveh.i ...... 17.6 23.3 MahilatUIIL ...... I2.3 16. Khomair ...... 10.6 14.2 lafresh ...... 0.3 08. Damavand ...... 5.4 7.2 Sub-total ...... 3,429.3 4,761.3 Other urban areas ...... 76.7 - Total urban areas ...... 3,506.0 - Total rural areas ...... 1,477.0 - Total Ostan ...... 4,985.0 6,000.0

Source: PBO, IBRD Economic Report 1974. ANNEX 8 Elage 4.

The Importance of Tehran

8. The City of Tehran thus contains 70 percent of the provincial population as est'Lmated In 1972. 7The dominant position of Tehran as Iran's leading city can be seen from the fact that it contains about 13 percent of Iran's present population and 30 percent of its urban population. It accounts for about half of the country's GNP 1/. These sectors account for the city's continued attraction of people from all other parts of tne country. ienran-s natural growth rate is estimated by PBO as 2.6 percent per year and net annual ±immigration rate as 3.2 percent. Tne Government nas proposed various measures to limit the growth of Tehran's population. Such measures include (a) refusing new industries to establish within a 120 km radius of Tehran City; (b) encour- aging the setting up of alternative growth centers; (c) in 1970 the Government approved a "Five-Year City Limit! as a measure to controi rurther expansion or the City and refused further development outside this limit. The Government's policy stated in the urban master plan of Greater Tehran is to attempt to limit the 1991 population to only 5.5 million but this is now believed to be too unrealistic. Tehran is now about seven times larger than Esfahan (Iran's second largest City) and is believed to have a long-term annual population growth rate of 6.8 percent. Tne City is also the hub of Iran's rapidly growing industrial, commercial, governmental and educational sectors. For this reason the City is expected to attract large numbers ot people elsewhere within and outside Iran. Its rapid growth, however, hasibeen unstructured-and has thus created considerable pressure on social services including its water supply facilities.

Tehran's Water Supply Situation

9. Tehran is one of the few cities of its size in the world not situared near a river, lake or sea. The City had until recent times (1955) obtained all its water from ghanats through open channels called jubes. The "jube" system forms the basis of the surface water drainage in urban areas. Prior to the construction of the piped system in the city, these jubes supplied water to large areas of the City as well as irrigating trees lining the streets. As most jubes are uncovered, they are easily contaminated, making them serious health hazards. Overflowing of jubes has also imposed flooding problems in the City. A recent appraisal of the system 2/ concluded they are totally inadequate to convey run-off from large parts of the City, that they are too expensive to keep clean, too exposed to pollution and hence create health rlsks and constitute hazard to traffic and road users. In addition to the jube system, there is a system of canals conveying run-off from the mountains in the north and east of the City to the Kan River. The City has a 46 km aqueduct from the Karaj River built by the Tehran Municipality in 1933.

1/ Figures supplied by TRWB.

2/ Sir Alexander Gibbs and Partners with other consultants "Tehran Sewerage Report Vol. III, May 1974, p. 19". -I0EX 0 Page 5

10. Foliowing the establis'l[uent ofL a Water Board, mnoaern piped water facilities have been constructed at a rapid rate. These include two large multipurpose dams (Amir Kabir on the Karaj River compieted in 19i9 and Farahnaz Pahlavi on the Jaj-e-Rud completed in 1967). Both dams supply the City with a total of 264 m.c.m. every year. The Lar Multipurpose project is being planned to supply the City with another 178 m.c.m./year by 1981. The City's present annual supply stands just under 400 m.c.m.

Table 8.3

Sources of Water for the City of Tehran

Estimated Quantity Year Source m.c.m./yr

Up to 1968 - Amir Kabir dam 184 - Groundwater sources (Kan wells) 15 1968-1974 - Farahnaz Pahlavi dam 80 1974-1980 - Groundwater (additional) 105 1981-1986 - Lar dam (on river Lar) 178 Beyond 1986 - Additional supplies from other sources including Taleghan River 400

Source: Tehran Regional Water Board.

11. In addition to the above multipurpose dams, TRWB has sunk several boreholes west of the city since 1955. During the same period two treatment plants were constructed to provide a total capacity of 14.6 m'/sec. by 1974 and further expansion of treatment facilities are planned.

12. Along with the growth in source development and treatment facilities, the TRW4B's distribution system expanded rapidly to provide treated water to most of the citv's population. A modern svstem was installed with virtually all consumers metered. By early 1973 an estimated 75 percent of the total population within the "Five-Year Citv Limit" were connected. Total consumption in 1972 averaged 142 lit/person/dav. There were a total of 590 standpipes and 473,000 private connections in the citv in 1974. An indication of the growth of TRWB's treated water supply to Tehran is given in table 8.4.

Table 8.4

Treated Water Supplies to Tehran

Year Volume (m.c.m.) Year Volume (m.c.m.)

1958 30 1968 137

1963 54 1972 234

Source: TRWB. ANNEX 8 Page 6

13. Other sources of supply in the city include (i) ghanats and jubes. (ii) Private water companies. There were about 26 of these companies in 1973 serving about 20,000 connections outside the TRWB area. These companies will be taken over by TRWB. (iii) Private wells and boreholes owned by Industry and the Municipality.

14. An accurate estimate of water consumption and production in the city is difficult for several reasons. These include uncertainty regarding population served by TRWB, absence of data for a meaningful analysis of consumption patterns and the existence of private water companies. Despite these short- comings, tables 8.5 below gives a sumnary of the projected demand for TRWB up to 1986.

Table 8.5

Projected TRWB Water Production and Sales (1974-86)

1974 1980 1986 (millions of cubic meters)

Total water produced 300 424 691 Total consumption 225 339 553 Consumption of untreated /1 water 31 32 35 Total treated water 194 307 518 Metered sales 178 279 480 Total connections (000's) 472 585 835

/1 By forestry, municipality and industry.

Source: Tehran Regional Water Board.

15. Water supply facilities in the southern part of the city are in a poor state. This is due to several factors: (i) 'Mos't of the city's poor residents are concentrated in the southern part of the city and cannot affort to have private connections. They therefore depend heavily on public standpipes; these public standpipes cannot be expanded because of the financially weak state of TRWB. The Government may wish to subsidize the expansion of these standpipes as an extension of its social measures for the urban poor for reasons of efficient resource allocation and water conservation, the government may consider a policv of charging large users the full economic price of water. (ii) Information provided by TRWB show that its connection and water charges do not adequately reflect marginal cost of services. Thus the residents in south suffer from undue price disadvantage as well. (iii) The most serious problem facing these residents in the south of the city in the inadequacy of sewage disposal facilities. The problem is aggravated by the fact that the area, due to its geographical location receives mo6t of tha waste water from the rest of the city. Furthermore, due to the position of the aquifer, the area's private wells are facing serious pollution problam.c According to a study of Tehran's sewerage needs (para 19), the mortality rate from water borne diseases in Tehran has increased. ghnrt-tpFrm measuiirnes n to be taken by TRWB to improve existing facilities pending completion of Tehran sewerage proiect. AN-1EX 8 Page 7

TRWB's Tariffs and Finances

16. One of the main findings of this mission is that unsatisfactory tariff policy is the source of financial problems facing most of the urban water supply authorities throughout Iran. The general experience is that tariffs are too low and too rigid and that most authorities rely on consumer contributions towards connections to cover operation and maintenance costs and Government grants for capital expenditure. The experience of TRIWB confirms these findings. Furthermore. TRWB's experience is of great interest in this respect for several reasons. It is the largest urban water supply entity in the country. Secondly, it is the only one of the country's several Regional Water Boards that is actively involved in citv water supply. A few other Boards are graduallv taking up city water supply responsibi'Litv and the Gov- ernment is proposing to transfer urban water supply responsibility to the Re- gional Water Boards.

17. The present financial state of TRWB illustrates the experience of other city water supply authorities throughout Iran. A review of TRWB's finances suggests that:

(a) The Board needs to develon a financial strategv aimed at making it fully independent financially and able to manage its operations according to commercial principles. Furthermore such financial strategy should enable an assessment of its true financial nosition to be made from its financial statements.

(h) The signifirance of TRWB's financial losses cannot be assessed because of inaccurate accounting and unreliable depreciation

(c) TRWi's tariffs which now average about 7-6 Rials per m3 for treated water, have not been increased for ten years. T.hae aro too Inw to hp i,ustified on fin2nrinl and Pronnmir grounds. Financially, the entity is operating at a loss, rc-roomic-al-1-- tntor 'hnyrao.c rn nnt rEflort onctf of cirnnli, Further, large water users are paying sub-optimal prices whilst high charg-es for cnnectionc aro a dicinrentive to poorer residents.

(d) The present financial state of TRWB is alleviated only by the Gvverr..ent'5 appret willingness to provideA (from' it4 w revenues) funds for capital development on generous conditions. funds for eo creane dfsincentive for interanal generation of funds for expansion and for maintenance and operational expenses. ANNEX 8 Page 8

(e) Until 1974, TRWB gave generous discounts to large consumers including the Municipality and other public and religious users. As a result, its charging system encourages large and sometimes wasteful uses especially by the more affluent users in the north of Tehran where increased pumping and storage costs make water supplies more expensive to provide.

(f) TRWB has a practice of requiring large contributions by consumers at the time of connections and the Board has relied on these funds for both capital and operational expenditure. These are clearly discouraging connections to poor consumers. There seems to be a good case for phasing out these contributions especially as capital funds are readily available from the Government.

(g) Though the Fifth-Plan makes clear those revenue earning projects which attract only Government loans and others that attract Government grants, the terms of most financing from Government are not rigidly applied. In practice, TRWB, like most municipal borrowers regards much of government finances as grants.

18. TRWB's Development Program

(i) Groundwater Exploitation 1974-1980

Though estimates of the city's water demand is precarious for reasons given in para 13 above, the TRWB expects demand to exceed its present production capacity by the end of 1977. To remedy this, the Board plans to intensify its groundwater extraction to supply additional 105 m.c.m./year to the city (table 8.3) until 1981.

(ii) Lar-Multipurpose Project

The hub of TRWB's plan for relieving the expected shortfall in supplies is the Lar Multipurpose Water Project. This project has been under study since 1945. It involves the construction of a 105 m. high earthfill dam to create a large reservoir on the Caspian side of the Alborz mountains and divert 41 percent of the Lar River flows to Tehran through a 20 km tunnel and 7 km aqueduct. This project (with foreign exchange cost estimated at US$217.40 million) is expected to bring about 178 mcm/vr. of water to the city

1/ This amount is only 13% of total project costs and 23% of its foreign exchange costs (see Tabie 8.6 below). ANNEX 8 Page 9

from 1981 onwards and thus relieve the pressure on groundwater extraction. In addition. the Lar prolect will generate hydroelectric energy at two power plants enroute with a total canacitv of some 123 rmw as well as irrigating an estimated 96,000 ha of agricultural land in Mazanderan Region. A summary of the l.ar nrni½rt rnqtR as nrovided in thp followingy table shows a total cost of 26,238 million Rials (US$387.3 mil li nn)

Tahle 8.6 1/

omponentl Estim2ted Cost (million Rls) Uj$

Lar PrA-ert farilitipe 26055 384.6 Engineering studies for TRWIB 115 1.7 Mazanderan nari. studieP 34 0.5 Water supply sector training 34 0.5 Total pro-ect cost 26,238 387.3

Source: Data provided by TRWB.

("il) nther Sources

After 1 986 when the ci ty's ,ater de-and s expected again to exceed TRWB's production capacity including Lar sources,

theR^S*11t BoarVCI.ja 'a kJLOplan -CSWH& to exli VWa othe sources,as yetI.V L&sLtJLWs7X^^not zwide e4 F4 ed. One such source is the Taleghan River.

(iv) Tehran Surface Water Master Plan

The consultants studying Tehran sewerage needs 2/ recom-

UmendeUd severa: cLMI. rvCem:L-tL-oI tOs tI.Ly souL £ c- wdL-L drainage system including covering most of the city's jube network and' proviL dUL in new de-op-t areas. The cost of this program (as summarized in the following table) amaounts to 14,310 million Rials (US 211.2 MLllion) with foreign exchange component estimated at $35.0 million.

1/ The costs in table 8.6 are preliminary and subject to revision.

2/ Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners, with others draft final Report Vol. III "Surface Water Master Plan" - May 1974. ANNEX 8 Page 10

Table 8.7

Total Estimated Cost of Tehran Surface Water Master Plan (Rls. Million)

Description Capital Cost

Total First Stage Works .3,204

Main construction program ...... 1,640 Covering and improving Jubes ...... 1,564

Total Second Stage Works ...... 3,123

Main construction program ...... 2,248 Covering and improving Jubes ...... 875

Local drainage in new development ...... 7.983

Total program costs ...... 14,310

Source: Consultant's draft final Report Vol. III - May 1974.

Sewerage for Tehran

19. Tehran is one of the few cities of its size in the world without a comDrehensive DiDed sewer svstem. The existing method of disDosing the citv's wastewater is by sewage wells. Domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged to wells from which the liauid wastes filter into the ground. These function satisfactorily provided that the quantities of water are limited and ground conditions are suitable. Three domestic parts of the city have piped sewer systems but in the south of the city large quantities of untreated industrial and domestic wastes are discharged directlv to the canal.

20. Consultants studying the city's sewerage needs 1/ concluded that although the present methods of wastewater disposal appear to operate satis- factorilvy there are a number of associated nroblems. These include:

(a) Imnroner functioning of wells due to unsuitable ground conditions. This applies both in the North and South of Tehran

(b) Pnlllitinn of onen water courses (iubes) occur frequentlv from discharges of wastewater directly to the open jubes, thus creating serious health hazards.

1/ Sr Alande C4h- anrd Prtnear w4th Tnhri Tauler & Sons, Tehran Boston Engineers and Dr. Ing. G.H. Kuros Draft Final Report April 1974. ANNEX 8 Page---- 11I I

(c) Sewage wells are occupying a rapidly increasing areas in a city short of space for other construction. Also tne suitabilitv of sewage wells for multistory buildings is doubtful.

(d) Continued discharge of wastewater to Lte aquifer is posing a serious threat to the city's groundwater resources both in terms of rising water tables and contamination. The city depends heavily on groundwater supplies and this depend- ence is certain to increase in the future (para 17 above).

21. To alleviate the city's sewerage problems, the consultants proposed a 25-year development program (table 8.8) estimated to cost about 46,300 million Rials (US$683.4) with a foreign exchange estimate of $260.5 million. It is divided into three stages to take into account the priority needs of the city, starting with the southern and northern areas of the city which experience major problems of wastewater disposal.

Table 8.8

Summary of Cost Estimates of Tehran Sewerage Program

(Million Rials)

Total First Stage Works (1975-1983) ...... 6,860

Eastern area ...... 1,680 Southern area ...... 5,18U

Total Second Stage Works (1983-1992) ...... 15,t

Eastern area ...... 2,060 Southern area ...... 6,720 Southwestern area ...... 7,000

Total Further Development (1992 onwards) ...... 23,660

Total Program ...... 46,300

Source: Alexander Gibb and other main Report Vol. I - April 1974. TEHRAN REGIONAL WATER BOARD ORGANIZATION CHART

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

______liE ~~~~~~~~~~LEGALINSPECTORj

EBOARD : OF DIRIECTORS M}N11GING DIRECTOR ]

~~______SECRETARlY _ _ ADVISORS ]

CHIEFPOF SECRETARIAT __ . LEGAL BUREAU BOARD OF DIFECTORS

PLANNIING &EVALUATING SECURITY &V ATER AFFAIIR PCLICE BUREAU

ORGANIZAT'ION

TRAkiNINGAF:FAIR =

D Eru r y MA N AG I NG 1 G EN E R A L O EPU TYO R DEPUTy MNGING MANGINOD 1ECORDEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTO ADMINISTRATION DIRECTOR, DEVELOPMEPJT AND FINANCE JPROJECTS

DEPUTY MANAGING DEPUTY MANAGING ANCIAL DIRI CTOR AREA DIRECTO1RTEHSRAN ADVISCRS jOPERATION WBEATER DIETRIBUTION

1 ~~~~~~~~INATERRESOURCES LAB09TORIE PROJECTACCOUNTING PROTECTIONAND CONTROL LABORATORIES { SURVEYING AND ______IAMIR AF~~~~FAIR AFFAVISERICSN

r 1 r AMIR K~~~1AB111 DAM _ I FINANCE _ K DAM TECHNilCAL BUREAU LAR PROJECr _ _ 2 ~~~~~~_.______FINANCE AFFAIR ] AREA ______J ______{_ _ _

1 WATER D-STRWIUPION RAIN MAKING PERSONNEL DIVISIHON REABAWATERATIOPPI AND NET WORK AFFAIRPRJC

WAERSUPPLY TEHRAN SEWAGE ADMINISTRATION AFFAIR FARHNAZ DAM WA1 L J L ~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~k FFAIR ~~~~AREAk| PROJECTJ

r- _ _ _ __ r______HAMADAN WATER _ _ _ _] TREATMENT PLANT CARMEAR AIJDITING E'UREAU suPP.LAREA &OPERA70NI AFFAIRj IRRIGATION PROJECT

{-PUBLIC RELATION Ir lI h X SHAH ESMAIL DAM l __l CONSTRUCTION l > GEAZEUNOPEPATION L AL AFFAIRsoc BUREAIJ AREA DATA PROCESSING1 0GM~~~~~~SA. ESMAVERMCNS

DIV J,XTAl OOMIRRCESStNG h PIGATION_ CCVCMIsCAL FFACTORY O OTFIERESPROJECT L DIV j L I~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~RRIGATICONl| _L

OGHAZVIN POER DIVISION IRRIGATION PROJECT DIld W 13Ok-9483 ANNEX 8 Annpnriiv 3 Pa&e 1

Association of Tehran Regional Water Board (TRWB)

Article 1: ror.Ithe date of approval ofJ tLlese Artlcles of ASoCiat4- 9th May 1965, (19th Ordibehesht 1344) an Organization by the name of TRWB shall be created, by merging the Tehran Water Board and the Karaj Water and Power Organization and according to these Airuicjes oL It,sUCiatLUIo, iL sthdal Ue mi-iiageu under the supervision of the Ministry of Water and Power.

Article 2: TRWB has separate legal responsibility; it is independent financially and it will be managed according to com-Lercial principles. The head office will be in Tehran and the limits of its regional activities are shown on the attached map.

Article 3: TRWB has the authority to take the appropriate legal action for the performance of necessary projects. The most important duties and authorities of TRW-B are stated as follows:

(a) Management, Operation and maintenance of water supply installation in Tehran and suburbs and the extension of these installations.

(b) Management, Operation, Extension and Maintenance of Amir Kabir (Karaj) Dam Power Station and other related installations and irrigation systems and supplemental works relating to the bulk sale of power and distribution and sale of water.

(c) Construction of the Fahranaz Pahlavi (Latiyan) Dam Power Station and related installations and the Varamin irrigation system and operation of these installations and the bulk sale of power and distribution and sale of water.

(d) It is the relevant authority for the management and control of the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud Rivers and the basin of these two rivers. In exercising this authority it shall take into consideration water rights, prevention of contamination of water in the reservoir lakes of both dams, give permission for construction of new installations or modifications to existing installations in these two river courses in accordance with the existing laws and regulations of the Government.

(e) Construction of sewerage plant installations for Tehran ann its -biihiirhbs danling-with technica1 and finanrial facilities, the management and operation of these in- stanllatirons, th-e sale~ of t-ha wate,r and by-nroduc-ts-. ANNEX 8 Appendix 3 Page 2

(f) Preparation of designs and construction of dams, irrigation installations for the rivers located within the limits indicated on the attached map, including the river basins of Shahrud, Jaj-e-Rud, Lar and other rivers of the above mentioned region; construction of installation for abstraction of underground water in this region and taking necessary action for the execution ot projects and the management and operation of all installations.

(g) TRWB may delegate any part of its function to other Gov- ernment agencies or institutions related to the Government, with the approval of the Ministry of Water and Power.

Article 4: The responsibility for the management of TRWB is hereby given to the Managing Director, who will be appointed for three years in accordance with a request from the Minister of Water and Power and approval of the Cabinet and issuance of the Order by His Imperial Majesty.

Article 5: The annual budget of TRWB will be prepared by the Managing Director and delivered to the Minister of Water and Power on a fixed date for his approval. It will then be included in the chapter for revenue-producing establishments in the general Budget and will be executed during the following financial year according to the regulations of this Article.

Note: Any amendments to the budget within the regulations will be made following a request from the Managing Director and approval of the MLinister of Water and Power.

Article 6: The administrative organization, conditions of employment and financial regulations of TRWB will be prepared by the Managing Director and after the approval of the Minister of Water and Power, shall be carried out.

Note: The existing chart and regulations will prevail until the approval of new employment regulations.

Article 7: An-, modifications to the regulations for water-rates and con- nt_tion charges for treated water, distribution of agricultural water and hydro-electric power rates will be requested by the Managing Director and after approval by the Minister of Water and Power shall be enforced.

Article 8: Other regulations and provisions of TRWB, Lar and Farahnaz Pahlavi (Latiyan) Dams, and Karai Water and Power Organiza- tion which are not inconsistent with these Articles of Asso- ciation will remain in force. ANNEX 9 Page

Introduction to the Analysis of Other Pegions

1. Most of the prlncipal regions of Iran outside Tehran region are discussed in alphabetical order in Annexes 11 to 17. These include Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Khorasan, Rhuzestan, Kerman and the Northern Regions. The West of Iran near the Iraqi border and the South coast and Eastern parts of the country are discussed below in this Annex 9 and Annex 10 respectively.

Western Iran

2. Kermanshah is one of the major towns in Western Iran with an estimated 1974 population of 280,000 projected to rise to 750,000 by the end of the century. The city obtains its water from various sources - mainly from the river Karasud, but also from ghanats and springs. As Kermanshah is situated on solid rock, test drilling for groundwater has been costly and so far remained fruitless.

Existing Facilities

3. The city water sewer system is owned by a private company with 15,000 shareholders. River water is treated at the intake in a plant with 36,000 m 3 /day capacity. About 60-65% of the population are served by 25,000 metered connections plus street fountains. Water loss appears to be substan- tial due to a poorly maintained distribution network. There is also limited storage capacity of only 6,000 m3. The company has held back on capital spending in anticipation of a possible take over by the Government in the context of the recent proposals on sector re-organization. The company employs 150 people of which 90 are laborers.

4. Industry (mainly NIOC refinery) has its own supply and disposal system currently expanded by Kuros Consulting Engineers.

5. The sewer system is deficient. It consiuts partly of open jube and drainage facilities which tend to clog up from clay dust. Canals and conduits run underneath many houses. No detailed network map exists nor are private connections subject to systematic control. The waste is channeled to a creek and from there on into the river. The flow is sufficient to carry all waste during the rainy season but piled up waste presents a health hazard in the summer. A sewerage treatment plant (Imhoff tank for primary treatment) was built 10 years ago but never put into operation. It was to serve one of three sections into which the city had been divided. The project executed by the Plan and Budget Organization, was to be operated by the Municipality. But the latter refused to take over responsibility, because it was held that the plant was poorly designed and not appropriately located. Competent staff was also not available.

Charges

6. Water charges are 3 Rials/m3 up to 20 m consumption per month, rising to 6 Rials for a monthly volume exceeding 100 m 3 . Schools, hosnitals and ANNEX 9 Page 2 public administration pay a uniform rate of 3 Rials/m3 . Connection charges are also raised.

Future Projects

7. The immediate program includes:

(a) A reservoir of 10,000 cm capacity to be 15 million Rials completed by the end of 1975. )

(b) Two deep wells both to be completed by 2 million Rials the end of 1975. )

A twenty-year development program is being prepared by HAMKAR Consuiting En- gineers. The objective of the long-term program is to exploit groundwater from sources 80 km or more from the city which have been proved to be in good quantity and quality compared to local groundwater sources which are believed to be declining rapidly and likely to be in severe shortage in ten years' time. Precipitation in the city area is low. There is only one aquifer and the ground is rocky beyond a depth of 150 meters.

Hamadan

8. Hamadan is one of the typical medium-sized towns with about 50,000 inhabitants projected to double over the next twenty years. Present water facilities are insufficient resulting in relatively low per capita consumption of hardly 50 liters/day. HONAR Consulting Engineers have been in charge of a water supply extension and modernization project, which is to be implemented soon. A new treatment plant with daily capacity of 20,000 m3 providing full treatment including ionization has been ordered (costing about 50 million Rials or US$738,000). The bulk supply line is to be augmented and the distribution systems will be overhauled. At present, water loss exceeds 35% of production.

Casreshirin

9. This small regional town with 50,000 inhabitants has no water supply problems, but the discharge of waste into the dry bed of a small river passing through the town has become a public health risk. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning has therefore sponsored a sewerage project for 36 million Rials, designed by HONAR Consulting Engineers, and presently under construction. It consists of a pipe network for collection, a treatment plant with settling, trickling, digestion, dry bed and chlorination facilities for the effluent discharge into the main river. Agricultural reuse of solid sludge is planned after careful bacteriological testing. The staff of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning in Tehran and in the regional office supervise the implementation and may have to assist the Municipality in the early stages of operation. ANNEX 10 Page 1

South Coast and Eastern Regions

1. This part of the country presents the most difficult problems for development on account of its isolation, distance from the center and wide dispersion of small settlements. Their subsistence living conditions are aggravated by an acute shortage of water. Even the few larger cities such as Kerman and Zahedan live on a precarious water balance. Water resource development and management is handled by the Irrigation Department of the Ministry of Energy located in Kerman (see Chapter 6).

2. There are, however, a few rivers that will be tapped for multiple development purposes, in particular the Halil and Minab rivers. SCETIRAN Consulting Engineers have been involved together with HAMKAR and ATRAS in 2 maior projects:

(a) The Giroft project includes facilities for the storage of 400 mcm on the Halil river, power generation of 50 mkw, irrivation of 21,000 ha and water supply for the town of Giroft. The total cost of the project is estimated at 1.8 billion Rials (US$2.6 million) in 1972 prices. The proiect will soon be ready for tender. The drinking water component will be executed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Plan- ning.

(b) The Minab project will have facilities for the storage of 325 mnm of water, irrilgation of 14,000 ha, and bulk supply of drinking water over 90 km to the coastal town of Bandar Abbas. Simnlp clarification and chlorination facilities at the dam site will enable small communities along the ninp1inp to be served with water of reasonable oualitv. Water will also become available for husbandry and small- hold farming. The rost of thp total nroipct incuilding the supply line to Bandar Abbas is estimated at 5.8 billion Rials (US$.5'mi 11on') The dam rcmnnnpnt js alreadyv mndpr construction.

Bandar Abbas

3. Bandar Abbas has at present some 50,000 inhabitants and is projected by PB-0 to grow to l140,000 in 20 years time. Thi_ npnojetion refleats substan- tial industrialization and related seaport projects being planned for the area. 4 A mast e pla _ for the cit was drawn.-, by,, Tehrh.n eot-on ConsuFti e4tn Rnbg^neers It assumes future daily requirements of water in the order of 20,000 m3/day o Ibe suppliLe thL--rough- te p4peline ro... the Minab dam_. H-A?AVAR Consulting LU IC apjLLC ULLUL LIL UJ.lO)%LCpp.t& A.*JL a,. ,n J'fi'ti OAA L. r Engineers have completed the designs of:

(i) a water treatment plant with 6 units of special sand filter, a upn station ofP 960 liters /sec. flow chl-or'ratior,LitLLL.LkLULL, aaun-an a jULAVA."6 LJ. capacity, and ANNEX 10 Page 2

(ii) extension and improvement of the Bandar Abbas distribution network.

No sewerage component is presently foreseen. The projects could be finished within two years, but is of course linked to the rest of the Minab scheme.

Zahedan

4. Zahedan located at the very Eastern border with Pakistan, is the Capital of the Sistan/Baloushestan Province. Its present population is close to 55,000. Present water supply is obtained from eleven wells which have high salinity and barely meet the town's demand. A study is in progress by PARS Consulting Engineers for treatment of well water by reverse osmosis and for the provision of additional storage and distribution mains. In order to meet future requirements, groundwater sources as far as 90 km away may have to be tapped.

Other Smaller Towns and Projects

5. Other smaller towns in this area, e.g. Nevshabur with 45,000 people, Ghochan with 35,000, Iranshah, Baft, Bam, Saravan, Khash, Shahbahar and others with less than 20,000 inhabitants each rely for the most part on groundwater. The quality is generally poor and in some cases brackish and barely potable. Zabol with 20,000 inhabitants obtains water from the Hirmand river which has an adequate flow for further abstraction.

6. The Municipalities are in charge of the water supply and sometimes simple sewage collection systems. Projects are mostly handled by the Minis-. try of Housing and Urban Planning which also extends technical assistance through its local offices where required. Some of the consulting engineers have special expertise in the area 1/.

7. There are, in addition, a few integrated water/sewerage proiects for Air Force and Naval bases and connected residence areas sponsored by the Ministry of Defense and designed by HAMKAR Consulting Engineers. These include well drilling, treatment plants, sewage collection, treatment and reuse, and a desalination plant.

1/ See Vol. I Annex V for list of active projects undertaken or sponsored by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning. ANNEX 11 Page 1

AZARBAIJAN

Water Resources and M4anagement by Azarbaijan RWB

1. This ruggeci mountain region is divided into two Ostans - East Azarbaijan with Tabriz as the provincial capital city and West Azarbaijan whose capital city is Rezaiyeh. The region covers the entire northwest of Iran extending from the Caspian coast to the Turkish borders. The region has mediterranean climate characterized by spring rainfall, severe winters and moderate summers. The average temperatures during summer in Tabriz and Rezaiyeh are 25.4°C and 23.3°C and 1.2°C and 2.5°C in winter respectively. The total annual average rainfall in Tabriz is 382 mm and 490 mm in Rezaiyeh. The region's ground water situation as assessed by the mission from available Government and other studies completed by 1973 is summarized in the following table:

Table 11.1: GROUNDWATER SITUATION IN AZARBAIJAN

Total area studied 7,788 sq. km Number of wells 1,946 Total discharge from wells 314 m.c.m. Number of ghanats 1,589 Total discharge from ghanats 358 m.c.m. Number of springs 353 Total discharge from springs 96 m.c.m. Present total volume of water resources 767.5 m.c.m. Estimated future volume of water resources 1,365 m.c.m.

2. There is plantiful underground water sources, abundant rainfall, snow, rivers and lakes. However, the region faces some water resources problems. These stem fron: three main factors. The first is the unfavorable distribution of precipitation in the area. In the peak rainfall, rivers pose flood problems but in the summer, the precipitation is' so low that most of the rivers in the region are dry. This is the principal iustification for the ambitious program of controlling the rivers through the construction of storage dams. The second factor is the high salinity problem. Tabriz for instance has the River Aje-Chay with a large catchment area, about 8,000 sq. km The Rivuer is nquitp clear at its source but becomes very saline at its Tabriz end. As a result, the city depends largely on underground sources. The country's larcgpet lake - Rezeiveh lake - is most salty. It is a tourist attraction for those seeking cure. The third factor is geological. Though there is nlpntriful1 u,ndprgrnund water, the position of the aouifer usually makes well drilling extremely difficult. This is the case in Tabriz.

Control of Rivers

3. The ARWB classifies its rivers in two categories - controlled and uncontrolled rivers. At nresent; there are three controlled rivers - the Aras River flowing into the Caspian sea on the border with Russia, the Mahabad River flowing 4nto, the RP,qjvPh lake and the Zarrinph River south of the Rezaiyeh lake. ANNEX 11 Page 2

4. The Aras River is being controlled by a joint project "Bakidroproject" financed equally between Iran and Russia. The project components are located in both countries. The entire project consists of (a) a storage dam "The Aras Dam", including two power generating stations; (b) another storage cum diversion dam called "Mill-Muyan" dam located 250 km downstream; (c) irrigation networks; (d) two canals (referred to simply as T and A canals). The first two components were completed by 1972 and the last two will be completed this year. Studies are underway for yet another storage dam between the existing two dams.

5. The Mahabad River project also consists of a storage dam (called Shapur I dam), a diversion dam, irrigation distribution networks and a water supply component for the city of Mahabad. The last component includes treatment facilities. This as well as the irrigation network are still under construction.

6. The Zarrineh river proiect is also multipurpose, desiRned for irrigation and power generation. The storage dam called "Kurogh Kabir Dam" and diversion dam have been completed. ARWB's future program includes the control of five rivers located west of the Rezaiyeh lake through the construction of a multiDurDose dam for irrieation. Dower generation and flood control. The preparatory studies have been completed by Justin Courtney Consulting En- gineers whose report was submitted in 1970. Mahab Consulting Engineers, a recently established firm owned by the Government, has become involved in several nroiects in the Azerbaiian region.

7. There are about 130 other rivers in the region that are vet uncontrolled. The ARWB has a measuring station at each of these rivers to deter- mine their flows. The Rnard haq alo rnmnltepd sttidieq of the ornoindwater situation in some parts of the region and the results of these studies are heincg c;krefil1v analv7ed.

Regional Pontulation

S. Thp nonulation of the nrincinal urban centerR in the rejion is summarized below based on the 1966 census results and the estimates in the PBO for 1972. ANNEX 11 Page 3

Table 11.2: POPULATION OF AZARBAIJAN (000)

East Azarbaijan _West Azarbaijan Center 1966 1972 Center 1966 1972

Tabriz 403.4 467.8 Rezaiyeh 110.8 144.2 Ardabil 83.6 97.0 Khoy 47.7 56.9 Miyanah 28.5 38.1 Mahabad 28.6 38.3 Arasbaran 24.1 32.2 Shahpur 21.7 29.1 Marand 28.8 31.9 Miandoab 18.8 25.1 Sarab 17.1 22.9 Naqadeh 10.8 14.5 Meshkin Shahr 9.0 12.0 Sar Dasht 5.8 7.7 Maraghan 7.3 9.8 - - Khalkhal 7.0 9.3 - - Other urban areas 146.2 - Other urban areas 33.8 - Total urban areas 755 - Total urban areas 278.0 - Total rural areas 1,881 - Total rural areas 810.0 - Total Ostan 2,636 3100 Total Ostan 1,100.0 1,300.0

Source: PBO and IBRD Economic Report 1974.

Water Supply for Tabriz City

9. The Tabriz City Water Organization was established as an autonomous municipal agency in 1962. Previously, the city's water supply system had been operated in a tripartite arrangement involving the municipality, an independent irrigation authority and some private interests.

Existing Facilities

10. The city's original facilities included two ghanats. The first boreholes were started in 1956 and the authority's growth in the first 10 years of its operation is shown in the following table:

Table 11.3

Facilities 1962 1972

Number of wells (including ghanats) 10 21 Total capacitv of wells (lit/sec? 130 820 Capacity of reservoirs ('000 cm) 14 180 Length nf distrihitinn system (km) 98 570 Number of connections ('000) 16 53 Water production ('000 cm/day) 37 120 Actual consumption ('000 cm/day) 18 60 Daily peak consumption ('000 cm/day) 37 120 Capital expenditure on projects (million Rls) 200 820 Revenue (million Rls) 7 24 Staff employed (permanent) 500 ANNEX 11 Page 4

11. Chemical tests of the city's supplies are undertaken by both the Ministry of Health and by the Authority's own laboratory each day. The supplies from the ghanats are chlorinated after sedimentation and those from deep wells are also chlorinated before going to the reservoirs. At present, about 75% of the city's population are privately connected to the system and the rest rely on public taps (which are being reduced from 200 to 110 and ultimately to zero). There are no other private sources of supplies in the city. The river water is not used because it is salty. Some 25% of production go to industry and about 10% to the military, the rest go to households and other public consumers.

Finance

12. Connectfon charoes are deteprmined acrordina to the size of the plot to be connected (related to type of meter) and the size of pipe. Water rates vary ancornain to level of ronsimption. These are shown below:

Table 11.4

Connertion Gharges Water Rates per MSonth Diameter of Rates (Rls) Meter Type Pipe Cost (Rls) COnsumptncm per cm,.

3 1~ I/2"fl ~ AAA 5TT .- 0 in t A 5 cm 3/4" 5,500 11 - 40 44 10 cm 1" 7,000 41 = 50 49 20 cm 1-1/2" 10,000 51 - 60 55 CO cm'II I c nr)Ot C I 71O1 60 cm, 2" 15. ,OUU 61 - 70 6 80 cm 2-1/2" (negotiated) 71 - 80 70

There is a system of discounts including 20% for charitable organizations (.Llk-e thLe Redu Cross) , 30 cr,-1f'ree suppl'y anidU lLat 3 Rls/cu fLor uiosques andU different fixed charges for Turkish baths and municipality. The municipality is also supplied with raw water for watering parks and gardens.

13. Capital expenditure for t'e Authority's projects (construction of wells, ghanats, reservoirs, distribution system etc.) has increased from a cumulative total of about 200 million Rials (US$3.0 million) in 1962 to an estimated (undepreciated) 890 million Rials (US$13.2 million) by 1974. The earliest sources ol finance in Ltie past had inClude d oauLrlghIL grant Of 1U million Rials by the Shah in 1947, and funds from the Municipality and the Ministry of Water and Power. In recent years, finance for projects had aiso come from PBO and agency's internal resources.

Sewerage

14. At present, there is no conventional sewer system for the city of Tabriz. The PBO approved the need for sewerage for the city in the Fifth Plan. The need for sewerage in the city was recommended by Dr. Ing. R. Kuros Engineering Consultant on the basis of their study of existing pollution and disposal problems in the city. However, the constitution of the Tabriz City Page 5

Water Authority does ot iLnclude sewerage for the city and this is one reason why no progress had been made in sewerage plaimLng for Talbriz. Mae initiative lhas to cone from outside the water Authority. If the constitution of the Authority is changed to inclu.de sewerage, the managemeet indicated their eager- ness to expand its staff and technical capability to undertake the responsibility for sewerage in Tabriz.

lDevelopmet Program for Tabriz Water Supply

15. A long-term (Five-Year) development program for the city's water supolv is being prepared by the Consultiag Engineers of Dr. Ing. Ch. R. Kuros whose preliminary report has been approved by the Tabriz City Water Authority and the PBO. The consultants prooosed a two state development Drogram, the first stage which is expected to start this year is estimated to cost one billion Rials (USS14 million).

Studv Phases and Comoonents of Staze I

16. The obiect of the Stage I Program is to eqrve abnut R5! of the city's population by the end of the decade. The Stage I Program is being prenared in thrpp nha5Pjs - feasibilitv and nreliminairv dpnion A,t-iled on- gineering studies including preparation of tender documents, and thirdly uinpervision of rgnstruction works. The following table gives the enmnn- nents of Stage I Program:

Table 11.5

Component Cost Mil. Rls. (1974 prices)

(i) Main supply line of 20 km from deep wells to he city 350

(ii) AIout- In stor._ge reserir -sth total capacity between 100 - ,inn fnn in &.AJw 9 IM Lcuu

iLiLi.I -FUJULU v-ater treatment plau; (l;o replace existing chlorination faci iaty) wit capaci.y of 2,000 cm/hr. (for 20 hrs. day) 80

(iv) Completion-of the city's distribution network and improvements on the network 400

Total cost of Stage I 1,030

The consultants recommended that construction should proceed this year on the folowing immediate schemes - three reservoirs in (ii) above and two pipelines in (i). The design studies for Stage I are expected to be completed in one year's time and construction of this stage of the program completed by 1981. A ITkTE"Jr 4 4t Page 6

Sage II Program

17 Tn.s is a longer term development program to meet tne city's needs in 25 years' time, and estimated to cover about 3 billion rials. All phases of the --ster Plan studies for this program are expected to be completed by 1980 and another Master Plan for the entire region is being proposed. This long-term program for Tabriz is aimed at exploiting the following potential sources of water:

(i) Lighvan River from mountain Sahand.

(ii) Saidabad and

(iii) Bostanabad rivers from the same mountain as (i).

The components of the program include:

(a) Construction of catchment areas for the flood water from these rivers.

(b) Construction of schemes to collect and divert the water into a natural lake "Ghourigol" lake which is about 20 km from the catchment areas and 40 km from the city of Tabriz. The capacity of the lake is estimated at 180 million cm.

(c) Construction of a pipeline of 40 km from the lake to the city of Tabriz and facilities for serving few villages along the route of the pipeline.

18. Beyond the 25-Year Program, it is envisaged that more rivers in the same mountain source will be exploited but these rivers are farther away from Tabriz. Page i

SF1AUAiAN

"Who comes to Esfahan cannot fall ill, who comes there ill. 'wll- see his health. restored"

XLEis prov=erb used to reflectt IheM loca. . LL ity'trdi.on' belief that Esfahan was immune to epidemics and water borne diseases.

Water Resources

1. The Esfahan region lies in the vast central plateau of the country, its climate is largely se-mi-desert. Rainfall in the region has averaged 1l4 mm per year (disguising a wide range 40 to 323 mm). About 60% of the rain falls in winter. Mean monthly temperatures rauge 'rom 4°C to 29°C (an average of 16.5°C). The region's groundwater situation as assessed from available (1973) studies by Government ana otiler agenicies is swumarized below:

Tabie 12.1: GWOuNwDATLER SITUATION IN ESFAn

Total area studied . a34,570 im. Total discharge from wells ...... 453.6 mcm. Total discharge from gnanats ...... 914.0 mcm. Total discharge from springs ...... 580.1 mcm. Present total volume of water resources ...... mi47.7 mc:; Estimated future volume of water resources ...... 2086.4 mca.

2. It appears from the above that the region obtains 70Z ef its total groundwater from wells and ghanats. However, the region's resources are augmented by the Zayendeh River (with the Shah Abbas dam) whose annual fleoe av.-- ages 925 mcm. And average annual diversion of water from the Karun (in Khuzestran Region) to the Zayendeh River system (through the Kouhrang Tunnel) has been about 200 mcm. Additional diversion tunnels (under construction or planned) will divert an additional 180 mcm of water from the Karun to the Zayendeh River system. It is estimated by SOGREAH consultants 11 that an average of 1,250 mcm a year will be added to the region's supplies when planned diversion systems are completed.

3. The present and future allocation of Esfahan's water resources between agriculture and other (urban and industrial) uses has become an issue for debate. The following table illustrates the present and expected allocation of the region's water resources:

1/ SOGREAH (French Consulting Engineers) "Etude de Development Agricole". ANNEX 12 Page 2

Table 12.2: PROJECTED WATER SUPPLY AVAILABILITY AND USE IN THE ESFAHAN REGION (mcm)

1973 1979 1985

Theoretical Supply 1290 1470 1470 Firm Water Supply 1125 1250 1250 Agricultural Use 1025 890 740 i If () ( 86) (72) Non-agricultural Use 100 360 510

Source: IBRD Task Force Tehran.

4. On the basis of these estimates, it has been argued that the region faces a planning problem that requires an urgent decision. The problem stated briefly is that present planning indicates clearly that water available for irrigation agriculture will have decreased by at least 28% in 1985 yet the irrigation requirements per unit area is being planned to increase by 17 to 30%. Resolution of this planning conflict is being hampered by inadequate coordination between Government and other agencies now operating in the region.

Regional Population

5. The population of the principal urban areas and the rest of the region is given in the following table:

Table 12.3: POPULATION OF ESFAHAN PROVINCE (000)

1966 1972

Es fahan 424.0 601.5 Najafabad 43.4 54-9 Shah Reza 34.2 45.9 Aran and Bidgol 23.3 31.2 Gclnavegan 20.5 27.5 Semiram 10.0 13.4 Ardeptan 6.6 8.9 Other urban areas 314.0 - Tntal itrhan areq 87660 Total rural areas 829.0 - Tntal nqtan 1.705.0 1.700.0

Source: PBO and IBRD Economic Report 1974. ANNEX 12 Page 3

The Esfahan Regional Water Board (ERWB)

6. The ERWB articles of association and organizational structure is thle same as other Regional Boards (Annexes 8, i5, 17). The ERWB is responsible for a regional area of Esfahan delineated according to the water catchment rather than provincial boundaries. The Board's major activities include (a) surveys and research on water resources availability, (b) construction of dams and associated irrigation facilities, (c) supply of raw water to the city of Esfahan and smaller towns, (d) agricultural water supplies to rural areas, and (e) administration of the Water Nationalization Act in the area. 1/

Previous and Future Resource Development

7. The Board's current development program which is nearly completed, consists of a three phase development of the regionfs main source of surface water - River Zayendeh. The first phase included the construction of the Shah Abbas dam with a capacity of 1.5 billion cm. The dam was completed in 1972. The dam has multipurpose design-irrigation, industry (to supply a new steel mill) and power generation. The second phase included the construction of diversion dams and main irrigation network. The first part of this phase is an extension of the irrigation network. With major primary facilities ready for use, farmers are already expanding cultivation on their own by building traditional temporary soil structures, thus aggravating the problem of soil salinity. A water resources survey of the Roudaht zone in the Esfahan plain in order to develop a policy against soil salination is being undertaken by the French Consulting Firm SOGREAH.

Esfahan City Water and Sewerage

8. The city of Esfahan is like a valley through which the river Zayendeh flows. The groundwater level is very high (3 to 8 meters). Most of the city's residents used to have shallow private wells and cesspits were often located very close to these wells. Because of the poor quality of the city's geological structure, most of these cesspits filled up rapidly (on average once a month) and had to be emptied with buckets. Now with an estimated population of over 700,000, modern water supply and sewer systems, the truth of the above proverb is being questioned and the residents tend to blame their apparent loss of immunity from water borne diseases to the influx of immigrants and industry into the city.

1/ For industry (mainly textile and recently steel), the Board exercises control, while the firms run their own facilities. supplied from the river or wells. The Board is beginning to set up a pollution control program. ANNEX 12 Page 4

E.xisting& Facilit-ies C

9. The critical situation fa4fn-r thp r'istt wt.rater inpply and sanita- tion in the early 1960's prompted the Plan Organization in 1962 to launch a project of improving the city- s water and Rpwer syStemsR These Wprp prepared by Dr. Kuros (Consulting Engineer).

10. After the PBO project was completed, a new municipal authority was set upA tdperate 4t- s. an Jin4d;en-dett ancirin This4 In6^mn. thei Eafahan Cit- Water and Sewerage Authority (see Organization Chart in Appendix 2). Since ln19.6, the Authort-it .asas l.1*-iA th- _ity'sI. faciliti-es but has never reached the goal of contiecting everyone in the city who applied for a connectinlv. TvUday the cifty s.tVOs nhot onlly the residentstof Esfahan b.ut als those in the neighboring towns of Homayunshar (70,000 inhabitants) and

L~~.L~~6Oi I.~U JJ.J O~ W~.L.L CO~ D'JIL~ V.L.UJ.QaO \W~LL.L IIJ,V%JV' pC~JL.LQ Lit LJ.W-.LJ./

11.the origi..al p.oJ ctor wat-e. su.pl :-lnclude the construction of I I * LLC VL A..L~LLadJ. FJLVJJ %LL LLA LO.L J. M% ±~yLLL%±LIUU U %-LIO L'L LA I.1 -AJL L.L four fehlmann wells; 120 km of water distribution pipes and 80 km of sewage udstirbutLon 'lines. Tuhe exibtILng wells [ave a totdl capacity of 1,400-1,600 lit/sec. There are no plans to construct more wells as the groundwater sources are limited. The pr6sent sulpplieb will be supplemented in future Lroui surface (River sources). The city's facilities include four reservoirs with a total Iflfl fltfl ft.. - 1 - -.- 4Al7n w'I'- 1 - - capacity of 12uju00 cm. SULLiCieiUL for Ue[IUd Up tu 1978. ihe supplies are chlorinated to the degree necessary to obtain a 0.1 p.p.m. residual at the extremities of the distribuLion systeul. Daily saLpls aLre nUalyzed irL the Authority's own labotatory and separated by the Ministry of Health.

12. The following table indicates that the Authority has served from u.2% in 1966 to over 56I in l972:

Table 12.4

Potential Actual Total No. of houses Applications Connections Connections Year in une City (vuu) ror connections-(uu0) iuuu. (uuu,

1966 65.0 65.0 0.2 0.2 1967 66.1 66.0 1.4 1.6 1968 67.3 65.0 5.o 7.2 1969 68.4 61.1 12.8 20.0 1970 69.5 49.5 18.3 38.3 1971 70.7 32.3 9.5 47.8 1972 72.0 24.0 7.8 55.6 1973 73.1 17.5 5.2 60.8 1974 74.4 13.5 4.0 64.8 1975 75.7 10.7 3.2 68.0 /1

/1 Of which 7.3 for Homayunshar, 1.0 for Khorasagan, and 3.0 for villages in the vicinity.

Source: Report of the Esfahan City Water Supply and Sewerage Authority. ANNEX 12 Page 5

The rest of the citv's nonntlation use nrivate wells and nublic stanrd-npinpe. It is estimated that between 90 and 147 liters per person per day was con- silmed in 1972.

13V All thp ritu's cnnections are meteored nomesticu ierc schools and hospitals are charged 7 Rials/cm., the municipality and public baths pay 3 Rin1s/cm_ nill ma-ir indFitrv in thp e-ity ius their private supplies from the river or are served by the Regional Water Board. Mosques are charged 7 Rials/cm. and supplies through some 20 public stand-pipes are free. The charges for connections are based on the area of the property (i.e. 50 Rials per m2 for water and 45 Rials for sewerage, plus the cost of equipment and a 25% service charge) but generally reflect the cost of service rendered.

14. The original water supply system was financed largely from a grant of about 670 million Rlals (US$9.J 9 m1illion) from the PB0 and subsequent extensions had been financed by a combination of funds from PBO and internal sources, largely 4ro.. conecio ree.us The Ato it' -lao - f_inancial- OJLLt.C~ *O. 6-~.Y~ A 1)1u .iJflll" - .Ati . CV~ - - 0IC A.-1- flUL..LtJL A. .a1 LIJA. 4. J1.L%aIL .L±.. problem stem from its inability to collect enough revenue from customers.

Tlere is a gap between amounts bDilled and that received every year.

15. The projection of population and wat-er -conssumlpt-ion in Esfahan -is given in Table 12.5 below. The Authority's current program for water supply

was prLecarLCU uy ILtu.Xo \%,IonsuLLOLU .Lng A.ng'LneerL . TL*'Le UJroect iL concUII VeU 1L tWU phases. The first phase will be undertaken in 1970 to 1980 (cost 2.5 billion

RiaLbs o r US$37.II M.L.L.LiJon/ anlu the seconLU philase fromrL 1980U Lo 192 1.( 3 Ui..L.Li.oII Rials or US$44.3 million). In the first phase, raw water will be drawn from. thL'e river ir,ak syster an' carried through, a `0 h1- long pieieto LAIC1..LV~L LL dam= oyb II 41U A-ML±U LLILUU6,L& a .t. rL1 .LUILLr &)LP.A L.L11C: LU threeLiLtAt. reservoirs and a treatment plant. The second phase of the program will include another pipeline .LromI thLe riLver 'LntaLle to unLdergrounUd reservoirs or wells, and another treatment plant will be constructed. No pumps are included in these projects as distribution is expected to be by gravity. The 50 km distribution line is necessary to avoid industrial and agricultural sections of the city as well as reduce risk of pollution. Tne total water supply program is likely to be financed by PBO. ANNEX 12 Page 6

Table 12.5: POPULATION AND WATER CONSUMPTION IN ESFAHAN CITY

Average water Maximum net consumption water consumption Year Population (000) (lit/person/day) (lit/person/day)

1971 478 100 150 1975 583 116 174 1980 738 136 204 1985 937 156 234 1990 1,196 176 264 1995 1,527 196 294

Source: Dr. Ing. GH. R. Kuros Consulting Engineer Report on the Extension of Esfahan Sewerage 1971.

Esfahan Sewerage

16. Esfahan is the only city in Iran with a conventional and modern sewer system equipped with full treatment facilities. The first stage of the present facility became operational in 1967. It consists of approximately 54 km concrete sewers and a mechanical, biological treatment plant, covering the needs of 93,000 people (corresponding to 1000 cm/hour of sewage). In the second stage of the development, an urban sewage lift station as well as 182 km of sewers for collection system have been constructed. 1/ The collection system for domestic sewage is separate from that for surface and rain water. The former is collected in gutters and/or branch sewers and flow to the Zayendeh river or to the irrigation canals. The Esfahan Water and Sewer Authority estimates that at present there are 15,000 connections to the system increasing to 25,000 by 1975. The industrial and large trading installations are not yet connected to the sewer system for lack of treatment capacity despite a government ordinance making connection obligatory for industry. The Authority plans to connect industries soon. The table below gives the consultants' forecasts of services from the system.

1/ The total cost of the present system was 280 million Rials or US$4.13 million. The system functioned well until 1971 when it could no further cope with urban growth and when a new slaughter house became connected. The chemical discharge has killed the fish in the River Zayendeh. ANNEX 12 Page 7

Table 12.6: FORECAST OF DAILY SEWAGE QUANTITIES IN ESFAHAN

No. of Average Max. Max. daily % of persons quantity of quantity sewage Population served sewage of sewage quantity Year served (000) lit/person/day lit/per/day cm/day

1971 13.0 64.0 75 42.5 7.2 1975 36.2 211.0 87 130.5 27.5 1980 65.2 481.2 102 153.0 73.6 1985 94.2 882.6 117 175.5 154.9 1990 100.0 1196.0 132 198.0 237.0 1995 100.0 1527.0 147 220.5 336.0

Source: Dr. Ing. Gh. R. Kuros Consulting Engineer's Report on Extension of Esfahan Sewage.

17. The consultants have proposed an extension of the existing sewer facilities in two stages. The design for the first stage is almost completed and will be put to tender soon. This stage is expected to cost about 1,200 million Rials (US$17.7 million) and construction is scheduled to start in 1975 and completed in 1980. The second stage of the extension scheme is estimated to cost 1,000 million Rials (US$14.8 million) and it is expected that construction would start 1985.

Description of the Existing Plant 1/

18. The plant was installed about six years ago to the design of G.R. Kuros of Tehran (one of the Consulting Engineers to the present Tehran survey), and has capacity for treating the wastewater from a pollution of 100.000 people. The BOD of the wastewater is normally between'300 and 400 mg/i. In order to provide the requisite gravitational head through the preliminary treatment processes, the income wastewater is lifted by archimedan screw pumps and is then passed through a rectangular grit chamber and screened. There are fouir similar sedimentation tanks which are of thie radial flow type and mechanic- ally desludged. Two of these are used as primary settlement tanks and the effluent from these is pumped to two deep circular trickling filters equipped with rotary distributors. The filter effluent passed to the other two sedimentation tanks acting as secondary settlement tanks. The secondary tank effluent which is said to have a BOD of about 40 mg/l is conveyed to a chlorinat- ing station a short distance away and after chlorination is retained in a rectangular tank for about 30 minutes. The chlorine dose varies between q and 7 mg/l and the residual is said to be about 0.05 mg/l. The effluent is used to irrigate apricultural land adinining the treatment plant and owned by Esfahan Water and Sewerage Board. The crops which are raised are sold by the

1/ The following description is based on a report by D.A. Okun and D.H.A. Price - Sepntember 24- 1973, on their visit to the Plant. ANNEX 12 Page 8

Board in its own shop in Esfahan. On the works' site, the Board are construct- ifna crhlnralknli nlnn for the generation of chlorine in order to render them independent of external supply. The primary and secondary sludges are trans- fervvdA to digaesat4nion ta-nnk ft-om whichth t-hpe ac i4S olleprted- During summer. satisfactory digestion temperatures are maintained without artificial heating and the sludge gas is bu.rt to waste bUt inutin colrder weather the sludgp gas is used to raise steam which is injected into a sludge recirculating system. The sludge 4s -eta-neA for 30-40 days anA thein run oumt onn n nnpn dr4ving beds. When dry it is lifted and taken away by farmers. During the season when the farmers do not require sludge, it is stored tem.porarily on site. The total works staff is about 30. The works were clean and tidy and their appearance enh-lancedu by extensive fLlower beuds. The works were clearly over-10aded and., this was demonstrated by the sludge layers present on the surface of the settling tankrs. BDecause ofL inadequate s'luduge treatment capacity, it was not possible to desludge the tanks more often than twice weekly. The reasons

ror Ltne uverLoau' were LwuLuoLa , o CnLeLLe LLIC 'Lncrease 'Ln dUUmesic wastewate flow, but the principal reason was the connection to the sewers of the liquid waste from the recently constructed nearly slaughterhouse owned by the Muni= cipality. When this was discharging,the BOD of the wastewater increased to several thousand mg/l. I ORGANIZAT ON OF ISFAGHAN CITY WATER AND SEWEFtAGE AUTHORITY

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

F_LEGAL ADVISER FOER THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY LEGA AD I E FO ______-__ EGAL ADVISER FOR ._ BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1 THE BOARD

111 _I_I= _ _. _

FrNSTRUCTION OF PR( TECINICAL BUREAU DIRECTORS OFFICE AFINANCE AND

STORES FHAS ND CCOUNTI r REVENUE INVENTP UFPLIES DIVSION AND B LLN

SFWFRANGI_A..lFAlORMES MAINTENANCE AND R11ARS M LNICIPALIrWE WArER AND SEWERAGEDWOR

~SATErSECTION X 1r111111 ~ --- ....< hi L| ADMINISTRATION 1 LAYING

t bYATERSECTION J C x < r WERAGE g 0RERTEI ISSEE G PERMITS j SEWi RAGE PFI'ES ______L~~AFPA H -LI _ _ _ _ _TOW TO NSS ______55] ______I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATRALPIESMANLIFACTURIING1 OF SEWERAGE SECTION _ _ P E{ I P

I ON | r MAINTENANCE 2OR 3OTHER TREATMENT{ l'LANTS ILWORKSHCL AND TOWNS- SEWE__]E WATER PIPES

_| WATER M'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~odBn-O T AMNTAT aCONNECTIONS ANNEX 13 Page 1

FARS REGION

1. The Fars region stretches along the Persian Gulf and northward towards the center of the country. Along the coast, the climate is arid and hot. Conditions become more agreeable and quite pleasant around the provincial capital, Shiraz whose rainfall averages about 336 mm. This city is ap- propiately referred to as "The Garden City of Iran, the city of roses, wines and poets".

2. The region's groundwater situation as assessed by the mission from completed studies (1973) by the former Ministry of Power and Water and other agencies is summarized below:

Table 13.1: GROUNDWATER SITUATION IN FARS

Total area studied 19,700 sq km Number of wells 5.102 Total discharge from wells 930 mcm Number of ghanats 587 Discharge from ghanats 516 mcm Nutmhbr of snrings 193 Discharge from springs 476 mcm Estimated nresent total resources 1s922 mem Estimated future total resources 2,086.4 mcm

These estimates show that about 75 percent of the region's groundwater come mainlyu f-rom we-lls and ahannats. The Farsq Regionnal Water Board (which nllnO^ate water througlh the issue of licenses for wells) believes that the region is facin.g na sho,rtnage Nf uinderground water rpesou,rpes spenPri11y in thp Nnrthprn part of the province where the groundwater level has been declining. In this area, the Board no longler i-ssues ne-w license-s for edigmncg wells._ Salinity? is- another problem in the region and limits the use of major rivers, e.g. Shapur and Dalaki rivers.

Population of Flarc

3. rhe population of tho prinr-4a1 urban areas in Fars, hnacd nn the 1966 census and estimates for 1972 are given in the table below. Over 60% of 4 the provincial popul"ation st11 live n the ruial areas anA the population density (12.0%) in 1966 is less than the national average (15.6%). ANNEX 13 Page 2

Table 13.2: POPULATION OF MAJOR CITIES IN FARS (000)

1966 1972

Shiraz 270.0 351.4 Kazerun 39.8 53.3 Jahrom 38.2 51.2 Busheir 23.5 31.6 Lar 21.6 28.9 Fara 19.0 25.5 Estahbanat 28.2 24.4 440.3 566.3

Neyriz 16.1 21.6 Abadeh 15 ') 21=3 Darab 13.4 18.0

Total 485.7 627.2

Other urban areas 95.3 n.a. Total urban areas 581.0 na,q Total rural areas 1,004.0 n.a. Total Ostan 1,585.0 2-000-)

Source: PBO and IBRD Economic Report 1974.

Fars Regional Water Board (FRWB)

4. The Fars Regional W4ater Board is responsible for the region's resource development and management. Its articles of associatfion and organization structure is basically the same for the other Regional W!ater Boards (Annexes 8, 15, 17). It undertakes the construction of dams, irrigation not- works and licensing for private wells. In addition, the FRWIB has recently taLken ovcr responsibility for urban water supply in the cities of BushOeir, Kazerun and Boraygan, (in KazeruTn FRWfB supplies to the municipalitv which uIICCL calIKes their ctr- iC tbu 1I-on0 rn ,A departLmetLn h1a0s beLen set up withinL F'WB to be responsible for urban water supply and sewage.

5. The FRWB's major dam, the DARIOSH dam was started in 1966 and became operationial in 197 2. It was builtLMLinistry bLiythe of.1Watker and-A' Power WIhi4h turned it over to the Board when it was finished. Two main distribution lines from Lhe dam have been completed and construction is proceeding on the re= mainder. The dam was designed by the Justin and Courtnay Consulting Engineers. The Board is now studying the possibility of constructing another dam between Busheir and Kazerun because of water supply problems in this area.

6. Rural water supply is a serious problem in Fars. The situation is critical for several reasons. First, a very large numbIer of the provincial population is involved. At present, most villages rely on salty river water for their needs. Only few villages have private or public wells. Secondly, A'd1I1VV I 'I tL11.A5 I .X Page 3

LLese villages are widelly scattered and some barely accessib'Le. Ths lakes the per capita cost of village water schemes quite high. Thirdly, underground water sour es a re l .IL t edJU andU iLn thlle NVo rth 0'. 'LIhe rgion, thll-e watLer Lable 'as been falling rapidly. Construction of deep wells seems to be the logical answer to rural problems and this again raises the per capita cost of these schemes. The FRWB sees its priorities as supplying urban areas such as Dusiheir and tilen expanding to othUer tow-Us anUVdI V'llages.

SHIRAZ

7. Shiraz, the "Garden City of Iran", is noted for its parks with mag- nificient trees and roads lined with miles of uninterrupted rose gardens. Because of its high altitude (1600 meters), the climate of Shiraz is extremely pleasant, it is very mild in winter and not too hot in summer. The town is separated into two sectors by the wide bed of the river Khoshk which is generally dry.

Organization, System of Water Charges and Finances

8. The-Shiraz water supply system was built as a private foundation by Mr. Namazi, a wealthy Shiraz merchant. The system is still operated as a private foundation and linked to a local hospital also founded by Mr. Namazi. Any profits fror,m the sale ot water not needed for capital expenditure is transter- red to support the hospital. The articles of the foundation specify that water was to be supplied free to poor users and the rich users are to be charged a price sufficient to cover the costs of services. The middle income users are therefore charged 6 Rials per cm for consumption up to 15 cm a month and 8 Rials/cm for quantities more than 15 cm. Hospitals are charged 6 Rials/cm. Consumers using more than 50 cm/month are classified as rich. Users of public standpipes are regarded as poor and those with house connections as rich. An estimated 300,000 cm/year (only 2% of annual production) are supplied through public standpipes. For consumers with house connections using more than 50 cm/month, the additional water charges are determined on the basis of their property values. The scale of additional charges are:

Table 13.3

Additional MIonthly Range of Propertv Value (Rls) Water Charges (Rls/Month)

200 - 300,000 30 Up to 500,000 50 " " 1 million 80 " of 1.5 " 100 Over 1.5 " 200

Industry is charged 6 Rials/cm for up to 15 cm and 18 Rials/cm for over 15 cm consumed. Connection charges are also determined from the assessed value of the property. ANNEX 13 Page 4

9. The Shiraz water supply system was financed originally with 200 million Rials (about US$3.0 million) from the founder and subsequent improvements in the system were financed with internal funds. In 1960 to 1965, the PBO ex- tended a total loan of 140 million Rials to the private foundation at 2% interest for 15 years to assist with the expansion of the facilities, including 420 km of new distribution lines. The organization's earnings before 1970 were used mainly to improve the system but recent profits (amounting to about 25 million Rials in 1972) were transferred to the hospital, as stipulated by the founder.

Existing Facilities and Sources

10. The city's present facilities include about 540 km of distribution line, and 42 wells. Only 33 of these wells (including three being completed) are operative, the rest were damaged after an earthquake. The city's reliance on groundwater sources only is causing some concern as those sources are declining. At a pumping rate of 90 cm/hour, the groundwater table drops by 12 to 15 meters in the individual wells. Since pumping of groundwater in large quantities commenced in 1950, wells had to be drilled ever deeper from some 15-20 meters in the 1950's to 150-180 meters at present. This is also due to increasing concern over possible contamination of groundwater resources in the absence of sewerage facilities. It was therefore concluded that future pumping of groundwater in tihe Shiraz area must be restricted to safe limits and that pumping from the existing well system must be carefully regulated. 1/ The city's supply problem is being investigated by Honar Consulting Engineers. The possibility of diverting sources presently used for irrigation to the city is also being investigated but these would involve very long distant supply lines. A development program for the city has recently been completed by Tehran Boston Consulting Engineers and this program is discussed below.

Population and Demand

11. The Tehran Boston ConsultinR Engineers estimated the population of Shiraz on the basis of data from previous census resul'ts in 1956 and 1966 including analysis of the available data on age, fertilityv mortality and immigration of the city's residents. These were supplemented with data on annual population increase, in maior cities of Iran of similar size to Shiraz (which like Shiraz showed increases of about 53% or over during the 10-year period). On the basiA of thepe- the ronsultants obtained the following fnrecasts of Shiraz population:

_/ Raw water has an average of 600 p.p.m. of total hardness mainly bicar- bonates, which after treatment by ion exchange (and chlorination) is reduced to 150-220 p.p.m. There is a small laboratory at the plant. The treatment plant has some 20-25% spare capacity. The foundation has its own (though insufficient) power plant (3500 KWH). tlfitiAiLlLA l;A Iii J Page 5

Tab1,e 14 A

Year Populatio. (" Year4Lupuia LUiol (000)

iOrZe .1 .. J') 170./~ n.4 .7 7 19867t0.1 ' UU 7 .2 U * U 1966 270.0 1996 1,080.0 192 1 n -7'1 351.4Irl~~C1J ." 1976 510.0

Sore e -or m1,1IB .LeportRn 1971fI.407- n

12. The demand for water in Shiraz was forecast by consultants on the basis of their population forecasts and a forecast of per capita water con- sumptio 1t1 il-te city. The latter was computeu rrom aata supplled by tne present Shiraz City 1Water Organization. The estimated per capita consumption were adjusted to take into account improvements in standard of iiving, the facilities in the city and the experience of similar or more advanced cities inside and outside Iran. In addition, the fact tnat the citv is !-a garden citV' rneant higher than average per capita consumption.

Table 13.5: PRESENT AND FUTURE WATER CONSUMPTION IN SHIRAZ

Total Total Annual Population Population Using Consumption Daily Consumption Year (000) Treated Water 1lillion cm. liters/person/day

1966 270.0 242.1 6.50 73.6 1967 282.4 253.2 7.07 76.5 1968 295.4 264.9 8.33 86.1 1969 309.0 277.0 9.21 91.0 1981 510.0 28.85' 155.0 1991 1080.0 78.84 200.0

Source: TBE Report 1971.

Development Program for Shiraz

13. The project prepared by TBE Consultants had the following principal aims:

(a) To supply about 9 million cm/year of untreated water to a fertilizer plant near Shiraz.

(b) To supply Shiraz Airforce Base with about 4.4 mcm/year of treated water.

The source will be the exlstingp FPIRWB' TDariosh vabir Daru. The anount that could be released from the dam for the project was limited to 49 mcm/year. The size of the project was d on the aO..Lp .L.iLLLUt seonal variation in water demand in Shiraz would be no more than the present percent-

^.^._ t t .ROS 7/ Sf0 -, wi ntO4e_ of tea a ^- A41-..7 A--A .4 from existing wells are to be limited to 32,000 cm/day (in summer) and 14,000 tda- (ir winter . .epoJctso d tben transfer froml the Aam to th.e treatment plant a maximum of 177,504 cm/day in summer and 104,304 cm/day in w-inter. me corresponding Aeliveries from the treatmuent plan, to consixiners would be 153,504 cm/day and 80,304 cm/day respectively for summer and winter.

Project Components

14. These include (i) an intake from the dam on River Ker, (ii) 44 km ofL main line to (iii) treatmnent p'Lant, conLtrol center andU reserLvoir, (iv) pumping station to deliver treated water through (v) 32.25 km distribution .L.ne (vi) thiiree pumping statio-ns anu (i)v.L.J othler Iacilities (vaive stations, supply mains to the fertilizer plant, airforce base and Shiraz).

15. The immediate phase of the project was proposed by the consultants to start 1975 and design and construction is anticipated to take approximately three years. The rest of the project are phased over eight years. The estimated costs in 1971 including 10% contingencies are summarized in the following table:

Table 13.6

Cost Million Rials Civil Mechanical Total

Estimated total capital costs of the immediate phase 1226.4 301.8 1528.2

Estimated total capital costs of all future phases (i979-1988) 209.6 456.2 665.8

Total Project 1436.0 757.0 2194.0

16. Groundwater investigatiorn by the MWP in the vicinity of Shiraz are still going on. Tpat Arilling has lnctpd a new arniiifer in limeatorn which is expected to provide much of the needs of Shiraz This source if firmly establ4shed is liklrly toa reonsQid-erably c-heaper thnan rheovArrojt proposed by the consultants. It will be appropriate therefore to appraise these alternative sources of meeting the needs of ShirNZ before a commitment to proceed with the above project is made. ANNEX 13 Page 7

BUSHEIR

17. Until recently Busheir could boast of an unpolluted, uncrowded bearh, a leisurely pace of life and a reputation for being one of the last of the romantic sea norts of earlier times. The nort city now is undergoing ranid growth in both population, tourism and industry. It is believed that the nlanned desalination nlant and a 25 million ton oil refinery etc- for the province will all be located in Busheir. The city is famous not only as the oil nort of Iran btit as one of the country's manor fish producing centers. Water supply is considered as the city's most serious problem and the main constraint to further grnwth of the town.

18. The present population of Busheir is estImated at 6Q,OOO. The population is expected to grow rapidly if planned industrialization materializes. The FRWR took over tha R,aheir watrov asipply distribution from the M-4icipality in 1970. The FRWB project for Busheir takes water from the Shapur river at Bushigan through an 18"-40" pipeline of 170 km length with a flow capacity of 10,500 cm/day. The simple treatment facilities at the river intake restrict daily capacity to 9,000 cm. Amore elaborate treatment plant exists in Busheir. This project costs 600 billion Rials (US$8.9 million).

Water Consumption and Existing Facilities

19. The principal consumers in Busheir are the domestic users including thle ammy and a-irforce staff ar.d dockir.g ships . Thle Gulf is'landus c'lose to the city are supplied by boat. Industry is a minor user but its demand is expected to grow in the LIWLOj.L rapidly futre I;- is- es e thtter r ,60cnncin to6 U.Ly LLn th1CefuL tu rC. LL. LO COL.±UI~LCU WLLdL L11CLC aLtC J,UIU/t LConeCELOnS in the town, all metered but not yet 100% billed. No further connections are uenL6 accepted Uue to the lim.LitatiOn of supplies.

20. T.n.ere are several pumps an' --- s or g ta.-'s al ng the 1'70 hm_ a &W ~ J~laL& Q 0V L J.jUU) LU LA-I 0 L.UJLCLr LOLLINO. c1LUL1r, L.11t I /V lUll Uldill distribution line from source to the town. The town of Borazjan and villages along the llne are ser-ved from these stUorag tanks. There are about ten public stand taps in the town of Borazjan and about forty in Busheir. In Busheir, these public stand taps are m,,etered and charges are paid by the Municipality. The water and connection charges when fully implemented will be based on the diLameter of the connection and will reflect water scarcity in the city. Tne connection charges are as follows:

1/2"-- - 500 Rials 1" ------950 Rials 3/ h…I~~~~~~M -JU -/ ------800 2 ------1,300 ! 3 ------3,000 6 -- …---______6,000

Tne water charges per cm. are as follows;

Domestic : 1 - 15 cm. ------10 Rials Up to 100 cm. ------12 " 150 cm. ------20 Over 150 cm. ------30 " ANNEX 13 Page 8

Tn.liitri * Tnn tn 0nn rm ------as for dAnmptir Over 200 cm. ------100 Rials/cm.

Army & Airforce: By special contract 9 Rials/cm. irrespective of quantity consumed.

Thi-,s specilall treat..ent reflects the fact th-at the system was originally constructed to serve them.

Future Development

21. The future development of the water supplies in the area is con- straLined buy thLe following fLactors:

(a) TLLhieriver Intake is very fLar andU the floW lir,ited bLy pP.peline and treatment capacity.

(b) The river and other sources are very salty and limited in quantity.

As a result of these factors and faced with rapidly growing demand in the town, the plans ror the future include:

(i) Construction of a desalination plant in the clty. Tne feasibility for this project has been investigated but detailed designs are not yet being prepared. wnen completed, tne desalination plant is expected to supply the city with about 5 to 10,000 cm/day, depending on cost and availabie electricity. The project is expected to be financed by the PBO. The desalination scheme is being studied by the University of Tehran assisted by a German firm. The military base in Busheir already has its own desalination plant with sestimated capacity close to 4,000 cm/day. However, investigations by Tehran Boston Consulting Engineers indicate that desalination is the most expensive solution to the city's present water supply problems.

(ii) The second project planned by TRWB to be financed with the Board's own funds includes the construction of three deep wells of 10-15,000 cm/day capacity each, an extension of a main supply line of 80 km, a treatment plant extension and a power plant. This second project is considered supplementary to the desalination scheme, since demand (largely from industrialization and related domestic requirements) is expected to rise soon to 45,000-50,000 cm/day. The first of the wells has been drilled. ANNEX 14 Page 1

KIORASAN REGION

Water Resources

1. This vast province stretches across the northeastern border with Afghanistan to the central plateau of Iran. The desert climate prevails in the eastern lowlands with sharp differences in temperature during qtimmpr anri winter as well as differences between day and night temperatures during summer months. The northeastern part of the province is milder- ranging from the Mediterranean climate to the semi-desert conditions around the capital city of Mashad. Precinitation is verv moderate. The main Rottrrp of "pinnlu is groulndl- water (wells and ghanats) supplying over 90% of total needs (see table 4.2). The Kashaf River is drv in summer and not titilizptl for urhbn siupplies but for irrigation in the winter. The river has an estimated annual discharge of about 3 8-50 million m .- R-rnii-p nf t}le rlimtir rcndnitions anniinl lscc fro- the gion's resources is estimated at about 10() million mS and a project to contain thli loss bv rprlnla t-incr the rivxer flows is being studied asn a part of a complete study of thie region's resources by a French Firm of Consulting Engineers - SCETTRAN. The aim will bei to construct a danm on tie River Farizi to recharge the aquifer and to supplv water (through a svstem of deep wells) to the capital rit-v of 'Mashad about 100 kr) away from th,e danm Ste.

2. The maTin pro.l. in the -e 4s the lack of a .eliaJlesurfA ace source (river or dam) for the city of Mashad and the heavy reliance on underground oniirces 1 About 1000 miliron m3 ar ic extacted from groundwater sources for both city water supply and irrigation in the vicinity of Mashad. It is beleved that this rate of extraction is close to the limit possble. Of this amount about 25 million m3 vear (2.5% of total) is directed to urban use and the rest goes to irrigation and a very small quantity goes for industrial use. Though resources are limited there is no restriction on domestic and industrial cons::m,,tion as these constitu a ssr,,l 1te perent oftotdaJl ete resource available. In future the needs of agriculture will be restricted to allow for expanding urban and industrial uses.

Resource 14-lanaemulent

3.*The Khsorasan 0tan at present does not have a Regional Water Board like most regions in Iran. The Ministry of Water and Power has an Irrigation

DeparIstmn.nst *in M,aso,a-c WnkLSAu perform siiOLl.tar AunU.Lonsb sa ngULIona daLte 'oUdarU except that the Department does not construct dams like other RWIBs. The Min- istry plans to transformr this Department into a Regional Water Board shortly, and a unit will be set up to be in charge of a regional water company when the new bill is approve' (Vol. I, CIIapter 2). Te present Irrigation Department supervises the allocation of water (for both irrigation and urban uses) throughout the fift.een districts in thie province. The urban titA UII £.A. L ~L U±.Lt L_. L iL L IECL tUV.IL-Ldi A C t requiremlentsJU.L ~ J.I~iilnl theseL18 districts are primarily for the needs of the fifteen cities which are the capitals of the districts. Each of these cities has its o-wn municipality which may have a separate municipal authority in charge of city water supply and sewage.

1/ See Table 4.2 below. A1~ 'I I. t iJ EXA~ I 4 Page 2

Provinia- Ppuato IVLLL%-LL.Ld £OuPU.LCIL.LIL1

'4. tLAccordnig to the latestL966 census, tLe popu)ulation o the Khorasan province in that year was 726,000. This was only 7.5% of the country's total populatiL'Lon dUespite Its hlav'ng 19% oL' thLe totaL 'landU area. 111hs iS IreflecLeU in the low population density of 8 persons per sq.km. for Khorasan compared w. 54.5 for the Central Ostan and an average of 15.6 ror wnole Iran ,'. Over 60% of the provincial urban population live in the capital city of Mashad as can be seen from the following table:

Table 14.1: POPULATION OF AlJOR CITIES IN KiYORASAN (000s)

City 1966 1972

Mashad 409.6 548.9 Sabsevar 42.4 56.8 Nevshabour 33.5 44.9 Torbath Heydarieh 30.1 40.3 Ghochan 29.1 39.01 Beerjand 25.9 34.6 Kashman 17.1 22.9 Torbat Jam 14.0 18.7 Ferdous 10.8 14.5 Shirvan 10.5 14.1 Tabas 9.9 13.2 Gonabad 8.2 10.9 Esfarayeh 7.2 9.3

Total 648.3 868.1

Other urban areas 78.5 n.a. Total urban areas 726.7 n.a. Total rural areas 1,794.1 n.a. Total Ostan 2,520.8

Source: PBO submission to the mission and IBRD Economic Report 1974.

5. The results of other studies by 1973 of the province of various Gov- ernment Departments as summarized by the mission are given in the following table 2/.

1/ From the 1966 census and 1971 sample survey.

2/ A first assessment covering the Mashad Plain, an area of some 150 kcm South-North and 40 km East-W4est around the Regional Capipital, has been made by SCETIRAN-ATRAS Consulting Engineers (Gestion des Eaux de la Plaine et Alimentation en Eau de la Ville de Mashad, November 19731). ANNEX 14 Page 3

Table 14.2: GROUNDWATER SITUATION IN KIIORASAN

Total area studied 30,840 sq.km. Number of wells 3,000 Total discharge from wells 1,705 m.c.m. Number of ghanats 1,994 Total discharge from ghanats 1,039 m.c.m. Number of springs 205 Discharge from springs 162 m.c.m. Total estimated present volume 2,907 n.c.m. Total estimated future volume 3,069 m.c.m.

The Citv of Mashad

6. Ilashad, the Canital City of lIhorasan is one of Iran'i bip,eest cities but above all it is the country's leading religious citv with a magnetism that draws thousands of pilgrims every year from all over the Uloslem world. The fluctuations in the city's yearly population as a result of religious visitors are on a larger scale than that in the Caspian coastal crities resiil tin frnm tourisr,. This makes estimation of the citv's population a complicated task and designing a project for the citv's water suinnlv Pnqallvy conpnirated. The following estimates of the city's population are taken from the report by the flnnst1tinc Enaineers SCETTRAN (fiviires in hrarkketc give maxiinm res-idpnt and tourist population for that year).

Table 14.3: PRESENT AND FUTURE RESIDENT POPULATION OF MASHAD (000)

PastCFiture Year Resident Population Year Resident Population

1940 176.5 1977 700.0 (1300.0) 1956 296__ 1982 89n.0 (1750.0) 1966 410.0 (750.0) 1987 1,132.0 - 1972 550!.0 (950.0) 1992 1 ,4A40. -

Source: SCETIRAN, November 1973, p. 120.

Organization of the Mashad City Water Supply

7. The Mashad Water and Sewerage Authority is wholly owned by the Mashad Municipality. It employs about 1,000 people (200 staff and 810 laborers) 1/. Though owned by the Municipality, the Autlhority operates as an independent entity with a Board of D-irectors, M-anaging Dirco an thre Deut Diretor in charge of operation, technical services and administration respectivelv tsee Appenix for organiz~@ ato r1_lar

1/ The Local Institute of Technology produces good electrical and mechanical technicians who receive on-the-job training and are given lectures by the professional staff of the Authority. ANNEX 14 Page 4

The Exist4ng Frc411itei

8= The Authority's facilities include about 50 wells supplying the city's drinking water and five glianats used mainly for watering green areas, forestry and agircultture. There are at present three eser-voirs about 10 years old wit4 a total capacity of 45,000 cm. The distribution system covering the city is also ahniit 10 ypers nld. IJater tret-mnnt is I-b only-l a-.. aily1r-nat4-n _ ' -. __ _ -- .- _ - _-1J1-J -tAO.-LcL~ a-l.. Y tests bv the Ministry of Health and the local laboratory conclude that the qualitv of supplies is satisfactor- as the water comes from very deep wells.

9. There is no conventional sewer system for the city of -Asa-dbut one is being planned. At present, the city's drainage goes through jubes (canals)toth l 4Rver Kashaf Rud.

1ater Connections, Consumption, Production and Charges

10. The growth in the A;thority's waterLLLcoLneLLon IU LadnumptioL L have been studied by the French Consulting Engineers SCETIRAN, Table 14.6 below. The consultantsnicc lico~uino~ concludedUl~lU% CLl Linaa V l th--iC [i.C-----rsnt dac ratetC LC ofU~L. growthgi UW LII inL11 waterw te cofl-c n sumption the capacity of the citv's existing facilities (wells as well as dis- trib.Jutc.Lioni Lysem)/ w.L.L be C LusIe LU.og LapacitL.y Uy 175J.

11. onnection Cnarges

IdaL)Je Ii4 .L4

Diameter of Pipe Domestic Rate /1 Business Rate /2 (ich (00 Rls) (000/..Risx)

i.)J J 10 0.75 6 30 1.v 1 60 1.5 15 150 2.0 25 300 3.0 35 750 4.0 45 1,000

/1 Including schools, hospitals, whereas the municipality, cul- turai and reilgious institutions are not required to pay. /2 Including other public administrative buildings not part of domestic rate.

12. A deposit which varies with the size ot the piece ot land surrounding the building to be connected has to be paid when applving for the connection. The rates are: ANNEX 14 Page 5

m2 of land (Rls)

UndLer 300 1,500 2 2 of 500 1,500 plus 15 Rls per m4 over 300 m t 21,000 2,000) u2 1_ 2 it 2,000 5,000) 1).LUb I J AfLS tzL P OVeE .JUU Inl t 10,000 ore nore 10,000 plus 20 Rls per m over 500 m

For hotels, the rate varies between Rls 25.000-100.000 and for restaurants between 10.000-20.000.

13. IJater charges are levied as follows:

i) 5 Rls per m3 drin]:ing water. 2 Rls per m2 sprinkling water (sunplied twice a month to private users; free supply for mnunicipal and other public use).

ii) 4 Rls for social service institutions, including pilgrim hostels.

Table 14.5: WATER PRODUCTITON FROM EXISTING FACILITIES

Volume in Tlillion m /vear

Year Mashad Wells Ghassemabad Total Production

1964 1.97 2.08 4.05 1965 4.26 7-08 11.34 1966 4.90 7.26 12.52 19Q7 5 L54 8.61 14L15 1968 6.10 8.93 15.03 1969 6.88S 9.02 15.90 1970 7.24 9.37 16.61 1971 8.50 8.91 17.41 1972 9.10 8.76 17.86

Source: SCETIRTAN Nrovember 1973.

Water Supply for Industry

14. The former Mlinistry of Power and WJater through the Irrigation Depart- ment in IMashad had a policy of not restricting industrial and domestic demands for water as those are Insi,nIfIcant compared to agricultural consumption (see paragraph 2 above). In the M4ashad area, there are three sugar factories which do not consume significant quantities of water. Other industrial consumers in the area include the power plant and a textile factory. In the future, however, industrial dem,tand in the Mashad area is expectCed to rise significantly if cur.- rent industrial plans for the area materializes. These plans include the ex- p-Loitation of Slarak' s natulura gas reserves fLor fertilizer production, a steel and petrochemical industries. ANNEX 14 Page 6

Sector Finances

15. The budget for the Irrigation Department of the former Mlinistry of Power and Water was supported by the Ministry in Tehran. In addition, the Department obtains small revenue from charges for irrigation water supplied to farmers. Funds for major capital projects and studies are financed as part of the Government's National Plan budgets. Most of the small projects are prepared by the Department's own staff and major projects are contracted to consulting firms.

16. The Mashad City Water Authority's total investment for the past ten years (1964-1974) is estimated at 1.12 billion Rials (US$16 million) including the 600 million Rials (US$8.9 million) investment in the current project being completed in August 1974 (see paragraph 18 below). Some 150 to 200 million Rials (US$2 to 3 million) per year have been received from the Plan and Budget Organization (PB0) since 1971. Half of these amounts were given as grants to the Authority and the other half as long-term loan at 6% interest. Few if anv repavments had been made to PBO and it is likelv that this loan will be converted to a grant too. In addition to PBO's sources, the Authority had obtained very small assistance from the Municipality and the Governor.

17. The Authority's own internal sources of funds are being strained by the rigidity in water charges despite rapidly rising costs of supply. I't is estimated that a cubic meter of water produced costs the Authority 7 Rials but is being priced at 5 Rials to domestic consumers. These costs are bound to be higher if PBO's loans are to be repaid. At present, customers' deposits for connections are being used to cover up the widening gap between operational expenses and revenue but this cannot continue for long. An increase in water charges is therefore inevitable especially considering the galloping demand and increasingly more expensive sources of supplying the city. Under these circumstances, the Authority would welcome turning over the city's water supply and sewerage responsibilities to the Central Government as soon as the proposed bill to create regional companies is passed by the Parliament.

Development Program

Manzelabad Project - Current Phase

18. The current development which centers Manzelabad project for supplying water to Mashad was started in November 1972 and is aimed at expanding the Authority's ten year old existing sources. The project, expected to be completed by August 1974. consists of:

(i) two reservoirs of 10,000 cm and 15,000 cm capacitv resnectivelv: (ii) 48 km of main distribution pipelines; (iii) ten deep wells.

These investments will cost about 600 million Rhials. 1hen the project is completed, the Authoritv's daily production is expected to increase bv ahout 50%. However; this will only meet prolected demand froTm the city tntil 1975 The current project will increase production from 0.78 m3/sec. to about 1.5 m3 /sec. This will break even with demand by the end of 1975 Pt rnughly 3n million rn.3 / year (see table 2.6). ANNEX 14 Pzaa 7

Table 14.6

Water Supply Requirements of Mashad

Years 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992

1 Resident Pbpulation (000's) 550 700 890 1.132 1.440 2 (a) R1Uesi.Lu= ti r"alL.bLon W.LLHoth nluse Connections (000's) 325 497 721 1.019 1.440 2 (h) Pe +nta' of Residn .fph-1n+nv with House Connections 0,59 0,71 0,81 0,90 1,00 3 (a) Water Needs in 000 cm/dav (average) 43 70 108 163 250 3 (b) Water Needs lit/per/day (average) 130 140 150 160 180 4 (a) Number of Persons without House Connections 225 203 169 113 0 4 (b) Percentage of Resident Population without House Connections 0,41 0,29 0,19 0,10 0,000 4 (c) Consumption of (4a) lit/per/day 30 35 40 45 50 4 (d) Consumption of (4a) in 000 m.-/lay 7 7 7 5 0 5 (a). Capacity of Hotels (000's per day) 1,5 2 25 3 3,5

5 (bl wnsU,ptiUon ofUUt/per/uldJt (f5a) J1O 454 58 5 (c) Quantity Consumed in Hotels (000) 3 . /1Ay 0.0O 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.2 6 (a) Persons using other sources of ehanats (000) 18 23 29 36 44 6 (b) Needs of (6 a) in lit/pqr/day 20 27 34 41 48. 6 (c) Needs of (6 a) in 000 m-~/day 0,4 0,6 1,0 1,5 2,1 7 (a) Total Domestic Consumption (3+4+5+6) in million m3 /day 51 78 115 170 255 7 (b) Total Domestic consumption in million m3/year 18.7 27.3 41.5 64.4 90.0 8 *t C.6. n t4.%' JV Ai.ly- ip and Industry in million m3/year 4,7 6,7 9,5 11,6 14,3 9 Thtml nlmnnni itn Mnahi (mniiini, Yr3 /VAyr) 23 3J4 51 70 11J 10 Peak Mbnthly Discharges from the system in m3/sec. 1.117 1,73 2.59 3,86 5.80

Total demand (10 mil. m3) per Year 21 34) 51 76 114 Monthly peak demand m3 /sec. 1.2 1.7 2.6 3.9 Peak flow capacity of present system m3/sec. 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.0 Monthly peak discharge from systemu after dev. m3/Sec. 1.17 1.73 2.59 3.86 5.80

(9burce: SCETIRAN Rgport on Mashad, November 1973) A 1TrA 1 4

Tnvestmevnt Program fnom 1075-19Q

19, T. order t- meet pojected dard bex.'A 175, p been prepared by SCETIRAN Consulting Ehgineers. The proposed program consists of three sub-projects whose characteristics are described as fol'lows:

LO1-~~4*r,1)7

Tnv!IsUVin, Program for± Hashilau WateL SUP1Y.LY 1975-1980

i) Sub-Project EMhANTYEH: (Operational 1975-1979)

- Technical ground statistic tests - 10 Boreholes (0.60 m3/sec.) costing 14 million Rls. 14 million Rls. - Distribution line of 10 km 118 " " - Reservoirs 25 " it - Water treatment plant 8 It n - Pumps for boreholes 13 " n - Pumping station 2h n a

Sub-total (101 mil0 Ris. in 19h7, & 101 mil. Rls. 202 " 4, 1'750=====~=== 3 3 (Annual capacity 11 million m - cost per m = 2.8 RPs.)

ii) 2 J 1e(c ratiOnRO.Hl979-1981)

- Infiltration teats - Diam (6.o8il. m- for Mashiad use) 3O million Ris. 3 - 7 Boreholes (0.35 m /sec.) 10 n - Distriburtion line (1i km) 92 - Reservoirs 12 " " - Water treatment plant 75 " ft - Pumps for the boreholes 23 If Sub-total (22k in 1976; 33% in 1977 and 45% in 1978) 512 "

(Annual capacity to 6.8 mil. m3; cost per m3 3.0 Rls.)

iii) Sab-project KARDEH (Operational 1981-1992)

- Dam (supplying 22 mil. m 3 to Mashad costing 284 million Rls. - Distribution line (40 km) 420 " - Reservoirs 51 n - Water treatment plant 156 n Sub-total ...... 911 n

VUi±LUd '.L cappaci±y 2C.0 HU-ii±.LoL aru4.7f L.).j iv) Total cost of program ...... 1,625 million Rls. Total capacity ...... h40*...... million x 3/y ANNEX 14 Page 9

Sewerage Planning

20. The sewerage needs for the city of Mashad have been studied by both HONAR and PARS - Consulting Engineers about five years ago and the Government is updating the study. It is engaging a firm of consulting engineers for that purpose. The project is expected to cost over 2.5 billion Rials (US$37 million).

Conclusions

21. The major problem in this region is the declining groundwater table in a region that relies primarily on groundwater sources. The rate of decline is assessed at 2 meters per year at the well sites. As a result, the requirements for agriculture are being restrained in the interest of other sectors. The impact of this may be serious considering that the province has the largest irrigated land area throughout Iran and that agriculture is the principal source of income for over 50% of the total provincial population most of whom live in the rural areas.

22. It is recommended that a regional plan for the whole province be undertaken as a matter of priority, a master plan for the Mashad plain should be undertaken to include current water resource studies and indsutrial planning for the citv.

23. It is further rernmmended th2t the Trricyt-inn Department- of the fnrmer Ministry of Power and Water based in Mashad be changed into a Regional Water RnBrd and a Rpr4onal Tnater Comrany be establischei frrom thei Mashad City Water Authiority. The new WIater Companv should be attached to the Water Board and the Gompany' s respor.sibilities sol oe te ra n ua ra usd Mashad. Conditions in these aras could not be adequately assessed in this surve- and the new Cop.pany should c-onsid0er oassessment of fa-cilities inn th-es areas a matter of urgency.

24. The need for sewerage in the city of Mashad does not appear to have been fully established nor the feasibility of waste reuse for agriculture and this should be a part of the master plan study recommended above.

Water Supply in Other Urban and Rural Areas

25. Outside the Capital City of Mashad, there are about 12 towms in -orasan witlh an estimated present population exceeding 10,000 persons- see Table 14.1 above) and the seven of these are estimated to have already ex- ceeded 20, 00 1/. Water supply svstems were installed in these towns during the 1960's, (e.g. in N4eyshabur in 1962 for 7 million Rials, in Sabzevar in i9o6 ror 'j million Rials, or in Beerjnurd for o million Rials in 16oo). A number of urban water supply projects are currently undertaken or sponsored bv tLLe iinistrv of Housing and UIrban Pianning (see iist or active projects in Annex V, Vol. I). The urbani settlements in the Southern subregion live on a precarious water balance. Expansion and improvements of thiese urban systems are awaiting the results of the currentlv conducted water resource studies in these areas. This applies as well to the smaller urban centers. Little information is available on existing conditions in these urban areas. 1/ These are Sabzevar, Nevshabur, Torbat-Ilevdarieh, Clhochan, Beerjnurd,

Kashman and Torbat=Jam WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR MASHAD PROGRAM OF INVESTMENT

N T - i T~~i \ AANNUAL QUANTiTiES ESi I WA PROVIDED OF EATER FROM THE INVESTMENT PROGRAM 70 8 MONTHLY PEAK DISCHARGE FROM THE INVESTMENT PROGRAM C ANNUAL A QUANTITIES OF PROVIDED WATER :| FROM THE PRESENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM

50\ A 15 11 11 AXnEN< 1+ 40 *+++'-- lK

- 7. 7

-TOR 30 L -____,

s ° 4~~~~~~~~~~~ KARDEM 0 8 TOROGH 0 EMAMIEH

10 W l ~~~~KARDEM \ ~~~TOROGH

| EMVAMIEH

1351 1352 1353 1354 I l 1355 1356 1972 1357 1358 \ 1973 1359 1360 I I 1368I\ 1974 1975 1361 1362 1976 1977 1363 1364 1978 1979 1365 1366 1980 1981 1367 1368 1982 1983 DATES FOR COMPLETION 1984 1985 OF 1986 1987 WORK 1988 1989

World Bank-9 4 7 5 MARSHAD) CITY ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

BOARD OF DIRECTORS ]

UANAGIN(i L DIRECTORF

INVESTIGATION 7 AND CONTROLJ

CEPUTYFOR F DEPUTYMANAGING DIRECTORD DEEPUTYFOR OPERATION 2 L TECHNCICALSERVICES ADMINISTRATIVE AMAINTENANCE

. R[C__DSiiI--__ ___E_ -IX~ I I-___[ R_ECORD_ ADM1INISTRATION D18ECTLABORWATDEVESEPSENT AND 1 F PROGRAMMINGAND 77 DIRECTj ABOR WATERU ERS ~~~~~~~~~~MAINTEIAANCEL PPA'MN NNGJ FINANCE:DEPARTMENT ADMIN____STRAT____N

MAI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SEWERAGEPROJECTSPESNL

DINE N_NES_, CO NETIN DITIBTO WATER DISTRIBUTION & INCONCM E { PERSONNIEL DISTRIBUT'ION TECHNICAL WOK jTECHNICAL 7CUNIN ] F' _ _ D {TLNETWORKFOR WAT IRRIATION I NV STIGATION X ACTCOUNTING SEC EARIAT

NRAi AISCONNECTION L AND LABRAORr SF 7YNGSERVICES AND RAL AFFAIRS ~~~~~DISCONN{ __ _ ECTION_ X H : { _1 { _ LRRTR_ = ] { _ UlEIO = X jTASOTTO {_ S P O R-PFT1TO T/2 TI O N g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IR

ACQUISIT ON

1= _ __-,HE ANNEX 15 Page 1

KHUZESTAN

Water Resources

1. The Khuzestan Ostan is bordered by the Persian Gulf in the South, Iraq in the East and the Zagros mountain ranges in the North and West. Thie region is characterized by a wet desert climate - hot summers and moderate winter. The maximum temperature in the Khuzestan plain during summer is 53°C. The precipitation varies. The annual average rainfall in the port town of Busheir is about 240 mm. and 190 mm. in Ahwaz located further inland near the border with Iraq.

2. The Khuzestan Water and Power Authority (KWPA) based in the provincial Capital-Ahwaz is responsible for the region's resource management, development and control and its articles of association (Appendix 3) are the same lines as the other Regional Water Boards (Annexes 8 and 17). The major surface water sources in the region include River Karun, Iran's largest river and River Karkheh both flowing into the Persian Gulf.

3. The results of groundwater studies completed by the Government's Surface Water Division as summarized by the mission is given in the following table:

Table 15.1: GROUNDWATER SITUATION IN KHUZESTAN

Area studied ...... 13,205 sq.km. Number of wells ...... 1.740 Total discharge from wells ...... 173 m.c.m. Number of Ghanats ...... 960 Total discharge from Ghanats ...... 406 m.c.m. Number of springs ...... 713 Total discharge of springs and rivers ...... 1,178 m.c.m. Present total voltimY of water resources ...... 1-8S6-7 mr.cm. Estimated future total volume ...... 2,640 m.c.m.

These data show that the region obtains about 60% of its groundwater from sources such as wells nnd ghanats. 4. The major resource nrnolem n t ar gh degree of salinity in the supplies for some key agricultural areas especially around the city of Abadan. Th.e probl-m 4i m.oc s-eous when the -ater leve-l is 1ow. Hence there is a project under consideration in the Abadan area for increasing the water flow to the area to reduuce sallinity.

PLDrovi nc iaCl.L Pop u la1t ifonL Z A.JJLL.0.LS p ±ILk

J 5.* Accordingt~~~~~~~~~~~~~L~~~couU.LII~L to theLLL 19665I UULvLv censuas, ~ theLLL Kh-uzestarLnNilU~~LL Ostan,UL I ha'I a populatiLonU ULiUI of about 1.71 million people and a population density of 26.4 persons per sq.k-11. coiupared wiLtu a riatiorla a-verage oL tj.6 persons per sq.km. A distribution of the provincial urban population amongst its major cities is given in the following table: A,^NNEX 15 Page 2

Table 15.2: POPULATION OF MAJOR TOWNS IN KHUZESTAN(OOO)

1966 1972

Abadan 273.0 335.5 Ahwaz 206.4 284.6 Khormanshah 88.5 108.8 Dezful 84.5 106.9 Majed Soleyman 64.5 74.8 -, 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 1 D) LL LII__.X1n Jz ' Shushtar 22.0 29.5 Bandar Ma-hahr 16.5 22.2 Izeh 5.1 6.9

Sub-total 800.4 1,022.6

Other Urban Areas 83.0 n.a. Total Rural Areas 824.0 n.a. Total Ostan Areas 1,707.4 2,000.0

Source: PBO submission to the mission and IBRD Economic Report 1974.

6. One of the KWPA principal functions is the provision of water for ii-rigont-in aqnd l cz,nliaesi,-1, fnr snme t-nwn in the nrnuinra1V T2- k-PA believes it has enough water for its present needs but when its current long- term plans are complete (after the year 2000), the region might face some shortages. its policy is to give priority to urban needs. The Authority has completed a reconnaissance survey of the region's water resource availability and plans to undertake more detailed studies.

KWPA Past Projects

7. KwPA's on-going development program includes the following projects:

(i)N Th±e Dez storage Adam an.d rrigation ne-works lcated in tue Northern part of the province. This is the biggest water cum nower nroniet in the country. The first phase was launched in the early 1960's with an IBRD loan. It was subsequently expanded in a second phase with the Authority's own resources supplemented by a further IBRD loan. In two years the project will be completed.

(ii) Funds have been approved in the Fifth Plan for the Karkheh project (for palm plantations, vegetables and fruits close to Abadan) which is currently under study.

1/ These towns include Bandar-Shapur, Bandar-Mahshahr and behbalhan (sepp naraurapnh 2 fnr detail)- ANNEY 15 Page 3

(iii) Th. Karin D-rm projoit fnr irrigation ic at present in the design stage.

8. The Authority's rate policies reflect the principle of water being a soc-ial service Thus a price of 0.2 Rials per m3 for irrigation water is levied and considered adequate to cover costs of operation and maintenance of fac1l4tioQ. Simes1-1-, bulk supplie, of treated water to ow-.LS f domesticwor uses are charged 5 Rials/cm. When KWPA makes surveys for municipal, rural or nprivate wells, it -qkes acharge sufficient to cover on.ly the costs of su-' survey. The Authority's rate structure is currently under review but in general it is accepted that water will continue to be a public service and subsidized largely by revenues from power services.

Ahwaz City Water and Sewage Authority

Existing Facilities and Sources

9. The Ahwaz City Water and Sewage Authority (wholly owned by the Ahwaz X -nicipality) serves thIs provincial capital with one of the most modern water supply systems in the country. The system takes water from the River Karoun into two treatment plants designed in 1966 to serve the population of 206,400 in that year. the system was built in two stages during the 1960's for a total cost of 490 million Rials (US $7.*23 million) and consists of pumping stations, a treatment plant (with clarifiers, rapid gravity filters, chemical tLrLamet and chlorination), a water tower o'f 1,500 cm capacity two storage tanks of 10,000 cm each, a bulk supply line of 9 km. and a distribution system of 165 km. 1Tere are about 30,000 connections in 1974. Total installed capacity at present is about 52,000 cm/day of treated water and can be raised to 70,00U- If%A CIuday.In,

In addition to the new system, there are:

(a) A modern private system owned and operated by the Nationai Iranian Oil Company, serving its factories and residential staff. Tne system supplies some 8,000 cm/day to an estimated 20,000 connections.

(b) An old system built around 1926. It has a separate intake from the river, clarifiers, pressure filters and chlorination facilities with a capacity of 8,000 m3/day. This old system has been taken over by the Ahwaz Authority from the Oil Com- pany and the Authority at present has an estimated 10,000 connections to it.

(c) There is a raw (untreated) water supply system operated by the Ahwaz Authority for such uses as watering parks, street fire hydrants and other private and commercial uses. The total capacity of the raw water works is about 60,000 cm/day and there are eight bulk connections to users. ANNEX 15 Pa-eg 4

Connection and Consumption Charges

10. The number of connections and structure of charges in 1973 are sum- mar 4Ze :_v J n -1e 4:1 1_4 ng ale._ i5 L..U .1.L1 L L i J_J .L I L. W.L n.

T .Le* 15.

T.o tal N'. T1Lotal 11inWum Water of Connections Connection Charge per month Pipe diameter(in) _ 173J Cost(nial±s) Rals

*1 ~ ~ ~~ I,JV14 u 1/2 27,280U 6,500 100 3/4 1,204 7,500 150 ZJO IV, uv,u4uu) 1 1/2 38 15,000 500 2I 1U,000 1,000 4 24 100,000 5,000

All Sizes 28,914

*Connection charges vary according to whether customer pays cash or select payment by instalments.

11. All the Authority's connections are metered and loss in the system is estimated at 20%. The following user rates are levied (excluding 10% municipality taxes):

5.0 Rials for the domestic and industrial connections to the new system.

3.5 Rials for the Municipality connectio,ns to the new system.

3.5 Rials for domestic connections to the old system taken over from the Oil Company.

Public fountains and nosques are supplied free.

200 Rials per month for raw water supplies.

Finance

12. The water and connection charges are considered to be below the cost of operating and maintaining the system. the Ahwaz Authority believes that the widening gap between revenue and operating expenses makes it difficult for them to make worthwhile contributions towards expanding the system, or offer attractive recruitment and employment conditions. Part of the funds for the city's past projects (490 million Rials) came from the PBO originally as a loan into a grant. The Authority considers financial, especially water rate, problems to be the principal reason for their anxiety to turn the responsibility for Ahwaz/city water supply to the Central Government, once the new bill for that purpose has been passed by the Parliament. ANNEX 15 Page 5

Ahwaz Water Supply Development Program

13. A development program for expanding water supply facilities of Ahwaz to meet the needs of the city's rapidly increasing population has been prepared by G.H.R. Kuros Consulting Engineers. In the short term, the obiective is to expand the existing facilities to reach a capacity of 100,000 cm/day and to raise the present system from the designed capacity of 100,000 cm/day and to raise the present system from the designed capacity of 200 lit/person/day to about 250 lit/per/day. Over the longer term, the develoDment nrogram is envisaged to proceed in three phases to be accomplished over 15 years, raising total capacity ultimately to 450,000 cm/day. The long-term aim is to sprve a city population close to 1.5 million by the end of this century and at the same time maintaining Der capita level of 300 lit/Der/dav. The total corst of the program was estimated by the consultants at about 1,260 million Rials (US S18.6 million)

Table 15-4

Million R; lal

Ahwaz Water Supnlv (i) (1966 study) 2i4n.0

Ahwaz Water Siinnlv Eyt.(ii) (1q72 study) 220.0

Ahwn7 Water Snupply Ext.(iii) (1974 stuidy 800.0

Total Cost Of Prnornm --An n

14. "Mt present, there 'Ls no conventional mwodeUL sewer SW-system for Lne City of Ahwaz. However, a plan for full treatment plant was prepared by the Consulting Engineers-IAN .LLIe plant is be.Lng coristructeU andc is expecte to be completed in two years. In the first stage of operation, the system is expected LU btosVe Only Lth CClILLLi: paiL UJ. LHLe ClLty and no industry. Tne cOsL of the project is expected to reach about 264 million Rials (US $4.0 million) and will be financed by the Go-veriuert tChrough the Ministry of nousing and Urban Planning.

ABADAN

15. The City of Abadan is the largest in Khuzestan and one of Iran's principal oil producing centers. The Water and Sewerage Authority of Abadan is wholly owned by the Municipality but operates as an independent agency. As in the case of Ahwaz, the city's population is served by two separate systems - the Authority's own facilities and those owned and operated by the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). ANNEX 15 Page 6

T.h. Ait-hnrityvin Facili4t-ie8

16. Thes conmnrise a treated water and a raw water 8iunnlv svyteam Th o. latter has an average daily capacity of about 1,600 cm and is used mainly for snrink-ling gmrAraeir.g atA fira nrnotectinn. Tho treatad wmtar aystam wjc uit4 in two stages, the second stage being completed in 1965. It takes about 32 ,000 cdIA-y of wat4-r frovm P4vt,r Av-n.nA a o-nnflue,nti of the I, sn Shat- (Euphrates) rivers. There are no underground water sources for the city. Th.e facilities include a moder- va -mnnrt r1in.*1/ v4t-h a c it f 32,f00 cm/day, pumps and six reservoirs located around the town. A simple sewerage collection and A14-sosal Sy+eFM .s9io 4-4-41lGA4Fx t.o -1O ^-4-4-1s4F- ."Al aTnr L.LL . t.. L OL JA.O j . eO;O , -- v . Jao_tJ ly h . a J l 1 -A-l and at present this system is partly owned by the Oil Company although the operation of th.e system 4iS unrder municipal- responsibilit-y.

Connect ions and C,-.arges

1J.Lat... LZ.i.. 00 ~L .0 C*LA7 * SL.A.A OJA A..1L.t.Lra __ L.J L..tOL L I I * LL1IC IULIIIULJ X,L) ;:LVIJkL - 'LJ.ULLaLZG.Vc UccL, .L.LUL.LLU LUJ L&L~It: aqJaLL Ws.L area and its vicinity and do not include areas served by NIOC. Within the Au..hority'sB area, there are at preser.t 29,000 connectiLons. Conr.ections A7LU LL JJ.11 LyI ~ LLL i.LI L p uaiL . ,w JvJt .ULb. LIt.. U~ L.LUIA. areA. determined according to the size of pipes. For small diameter pipes, the cost to IflA'An n I .L _,jV0 LU IV,000 RLals. For large si.ze pipe of more tWan 2 incLAhes, cost; i assessed on a case-by-case basis. Water charges are fixed at the legal level of. r 'L± fcirLor t Uhe.Luniciipality (ir.LnL Ud.g14, UVLIbUILAjJL±UI LLU o 2IJU pJu.L.Lc stand pipes), public baths, hospitals and other social services. Raw water is sold in bulk at an a-verage of 2 1Ri.als/cm.

Sew-erage

18. During 1971-73, most of the houses served by tne Authority's water system were connected to the city's sewer system. This is just a public collection system for pumping sewage and waste into the river tnrougn an open canal. Sewer connection charges are the same as water connection charges. For using the sewerage raciiities, a monthly charge Lb added LU LLLt WLaL Urill, and the charge varies according to the area of the land on which the house is located.

l/ Tne plant consists or lime and alum rlasn mixing, a 32 meter aiameter clarifier, eight rapid gravity sand filters with automatic backwashing, chlorination and a 6,000 m- clear water reservoir. T-ne piant is designed to meet the following quality standards:

pH 7.2 - 8.0

Total hardness 90 - 180 p.p.m. as CaCO3 Dissolved solids 130 - 250 p.p.m. Iron Always less than 0.05 p.p.m. Turbidity Always less than 0.5 p.p.m. Colour Always less than 5 Hazen 0 Odour Nil at 25°C to 65 C. ANNEX 15 Page 7

m2 of Real Estate Rials per Month

Up to 150 60

Up to 500 100

More than 500 200

Hotels, hospitals, public buildings, and industry 500

Some problems of sewer clogging have been observed and the use of detergent aggravates these problems.

Finance for CaDital Expenditure

19. The Authority obtained the 320 million Rials (US $4.72 million) with which it financed its capital projects partly from own funds (60 million Rials). from the Government (240 million Rials) and from the provincial Governor (20 million Rials). The Government's contribution was in the form of a grant. The Authority now hardly generates enough revenue (due to low water rates) to cover its operating and maintenance expenses and therefore would find it impossible to contribute substantially to future capital expenditure.

Staff

20. Total staff is 175, of which about 100 manual labor. There are no training nrohlepm for t-he lower and the middle level staff. A good nart of the staff has been trained previously within the private system owned and mRnaged hv NIOC

21. The mediim term plan is to near1v dolhlp t-hp rnanariyv nf the Authority's treatment plants from the present 32,000 cm/day to about 56,000 r__ byl-.1…79 T…-PNDrO Enaineers nre expetod tn complete……n…iltina their studies shortly so that the implementation of the project could start in 1975. A mter plan study covering the rit-vy' neris until 1990 hna been decided but no firm has yet been engaged for the study. On the basis of varying (and often C fliC4-1> -qtF4-.#F.q t4h lnnr-t_p-rm M%iprt;o%rp qppmcq FO 1-D tF^ -pq,l a capacity of 112,000 cm/day by 1990.

NIOC Facilities

22. As in Ahwaz, the National Iranian Oil Company has a private system for is oil complex zr,d t.Uh e r esidential staff. -.fe system sUpplies raw (fFor factory use) and treated water for drinking. It is estimated that there are some 13,000 connections to the N sCsystem. Water is supplied free toel ees. However, supplies to the port of Abadan and for ships using the port are Charged a ver-y high priLce of 30 Lals/cm.. ANNEX 15 Page 8

KHORAMHAR

23. This major port city is situated on the Karun River and has a present population of 125,000. The City Water Supply and Sewage Authority is wholly owned by the Municipality but operates independently. Connection charges are organized as in Abadan.

Existing Facilities

24. A modern treatment plant with a capacity of 36,000 m3/day is supplied from the Karun River. The system has been implemented in two stages since 1963. There are about 13,000 private connections, domestic use is estimated at 100 lits. per capita/day. The Port Authority alone accounts for some 20% of total water used and sells part of it to ships at 30 Rials/cm. The normal rate is 5 Rials. A raw water system for sprinkling, gardening, fire protection etc. as well as a simple sewage collection system with a river fallout are also operated by the Water Authority. Connection and user charges are the same as in Abadan.

The Development Program

25. The extension of the water supply system is currently designed by the ronniltina Firm Atiibi under a rontract with the Ministrv of Housing and Urban Planning for a 1990 population of 250,000 and increased demand from the port and related t-nmmerrial activities. The installation of appropriate sewerage facilities is under study by the same firm.

Bandar Shapur Area Projects

26. The Bandar Shapur area is one of major centers of industrialization and population growth. A large petrochemi-cal complex a-a well as other industries are planned. The population of the area, estimated at 44,000 in 1973 is expected to increase considerably if rhese plans .mnteriallse

Rvictino VArilitio -' _ - -- e,- -___-_-_-__

27 VPAMThe itsQelf nnperates the rerently est-ablisbhed supply svytem T,whirh has a capacity of 15,000 cm/day. It consists of a river intake and modern treatment -!art located some 100 Em North from Bandar Shapur on the Karun River and serving a number of small towns and villages along the pipeline to Bar.dar Shapur. Sme of the Persi…an Gulf iare supprlied- well bys water tankers. Rates are uniformly 5 Rials/cm.

The Development Program

28. The water requirements of the area to meet the ultimate domestic, municipal ar.d indu,strial "demand is estme t- sou.e 73, 0nn m3 pe.a And. -4 is proposed to phase the construction of three conduit/canals to meet the uemanidu. Jle current estimated cost of the project is 0,817 ruillon Pls A XTXT tV 1 Page 9

(US $132 million). *A prelimiJna.y sLuUy was conducted Lby Tehr BIoson Cn sulting Engineers and sponsored by PBO. Discussions are underway to revise the project upwards and to include a sewerage coruponent ln view of the expected rapid industrialization of the coastal area.

29. The design of the Vomidick Air Base project to be supplied from the existing pipeline to Bandar Shapur has Just een completed y Consulting Engineers and is ready for tender. For an estimated cost of one billion Rials (US $14 million), it includes water treatment, sewerage collection and treatment facilities as well as an irrigation component to cultivate the surroundings of the residential area. It provides the first fully integrated water/sewerage project in the region and constitutes and interesting test case in terms of technology, management and expenditure. it is sponsored by the Ministry of Defencel/.

I' For more on tLhis anu sLLIL.Lar projects (see^ V of V - T -ar Annex VII for list of Consulting Engineers, HAMKAR). ORGANIZATIONAL CHAFIT OF KHUZESTAN WATER ANO POWEFRAUTHORITY

FDIREC1ORANDO HCAIRM,ANOFTHE L so.ARD

BOARDOF SECRETARY DIRECTORS'OFFICE 1

TERAN OFFICE ADVISERS

FLAqNINGAN_ TRAININGND r FIROJECTS S{'CUCITVT ORGANIZATION LEGALC,FFICE

7 f ANCE AND-= =_J=1_ _ .=_ ADMINISTRATION TECHNICALASSISTANT ASSITAEITTO MANAGERI_

__-__'______=- _____ 7 9 3 S 3 SANALVIIIFINANCE EROJANCTSPRN RE.APATOlIJ EADMINISTRAT I 7SY-ISTAALEMS INC HUDOETj7L3UDGET1 CARDS NMAROETS ENSIONVEERSN C II =I ]= I -- XE_ I--l_

RESOURCE CON~~~STRUCTIODEE 1ATfR [RESIIEINVET~~E]T OFIHRR ATON W 0 IRIIGATION DIVISION DVSON ANNEX 15 Appendix 3 Page 1

The Khuzestan Water and Power Autnoritv

Articles of Association

The Khuzestan Water and Power AuthGrity (VWPA) was establIshed under a special Charter 1/ for an indefinite period (Article 1) to:

(1) conduct development operations related to irrigation in the

areas to be irrigated by the rivers Karkheh, Dez, VKarun, Hendijan and Tarrahi, including the construction of dams and dikesl, water distribution syster.s and their expansion; as well as the execution of projects concerned with the generation and devellop-.ent of power anlu -its transmission in Khuzestan;

(2) ranage and operate installations to be created as a resuit of the implementation of above projects;

(3) adopt modern technical methods for the furtherance of agricultural development, optimi-um utilization of existing resources, guidance and encouragement to owners and farrmers towards the improvement of agricultural conditions, their famiiliarization with other factors leading to the increase of production and further exploitation of resources, such as farm mechanization, fertilizers, selection of cropping patterns and sceds, as well as stabilization of land tenure;

(4) promote the use of power in iinduistries and cities, and to create facilities for industrial tnits and individuals to utilize power at the lowest attainable rates according to sound technical, financial and business standards.

Under Article 2 of its Charter, KWIPA has juriclical personality and financial independence (Article 3); it can take any legal action deemed necessary or aavisD:bic for the furtherarnce of purposes mentioned in Article I above (Article 4). Powers for this purpose include the following:

(1) the right to operate and control the five rivers mentionecl in Article 1; to regulate water courses and authorize, within the limits of the Laus of the State, construction of new installations or clhan-es to existing ones situated along tl-hose water courses;

1/ The Charter of Kluzestan Water anud Poer Authority of 10 March 1964. AMINI'V I1 Appendix 3

(2) the right to construct installations, conduct productive activi- tives and to operate projects;

(3) the righit to generate, transmit and sell power; to fix and collect rates;

(4) the right to distribute and sell water; to fix water charges and other expenses; to collect proceeds of the same for the amortization of original investments;

(5) if requested by Registration Properties Departments for the sake of classification and stabilization of ownership, the obligation to extend to owners any assistance and explanation in connection with rights inherent in land and water ownership;

(6) to conclude, in its own name, any transaction, sign and carry out any kind of contract, purchase required properties, create corporations and purchase stocks in others, open current accounts in banks, extend loans or credit against adequate securities and collect fees and taxes;

(7) on its own responsibility, vest any of its powers with other governmental or non-governmental institutions, as necessary to carry out its duties. ORGANIZATION OF AHWAZ WATER AUTHOFRITY

MANAGING DIRECTOR

ADMI1I1STRATION ASSIST- ANT AND FINANCE MANAGER

READ ASSISTANT FINANCE SUBSCRIBERS HEAD NVENTORIES AND IVANAGE:R & AC:COUNT ACCOUNTINC CAPITAL ASSETS ING SUPERVISOR SUPLHEPART91N _ __ _ SUPEfRVISOR SUPPLY LI __ _ __ DEPARTMENT

STORE'S CLEIRK 1 _ _ _ j O N _ _-4 - t ACCOUNT'S CLERK] SEGREGATION ACCOUNT'S CLIR-KACCOUT'S CLERK P HN L

_ _ _ I I ] ACCOUNT'S CLERK ACCOUNT'S CLERK SUPPLY CLERK HEAD DR FTS DOCUMENTATION AND _IF_ _ BUDGET L DAT _ SUBS DIARY LEDGER

= = = - S A=CCOUNT'S CLERK - ACCOUNT'S CLERK:0 ACCOLNT'S Cl_ERK [ ACCOUNT'S CLERK] ACCOUNT'S CLERK

ACCOLNT'S Cl ERK LERK ACCOUNT'S CLERJ ACCOUNT'S CLERK ILING CLERK

ACCOUNT'S CL RKAOUNT'S LLERKJ

Vorld EBank-9478 ANNEX 16 Pnage 1I

Kerman

VWater XesourCe aLnd r'ags,etUL by NCUaIILI rLLLg iLLUL1 DJeparLtUeILt

i. The Kerman Region covers most of the eastern and southeastern central lowlands of Iran with its characteristics dry desert climate and sharp differences in night/day as well as winter/summer temperatures. The groundwater situation in Kerman and Bandar Abbas is indicated in the following summary table compiled by the mission from various studies by the Government Depart- ments up to 1973.

Table 16.1

Groundwater situation in Kerman

Total area studied 31,850 sq. km. Number of wells 3,930 Total discharge from wells 585 m.c.m. Number of ghanats 1,196 Total discharge from ghanats 962 m.c.m. Number of springs 167 Discharge from springs 51 m.c.m. Present total volume of water resources 1,598 m.c.m. Estimated future volume of water resources 1,903 m.c.m.

2. The above table reflects the serious water resource situation in this Region. This arises from its heavy reliance on wells and ghanats (over 90% of total supplies) and the fact that most of its other sources are dry for most of the year (due to high rate of evaporation and low precipitation). There are no dams at present but the Fifth National Plan proposed to build a damn along the River Hallil 1/. Both the Hallil and Lalihzar Rivers are non- permanent flood Rivers. The former Ministry of Water and Power had completed reconnaissance studies of the region's underground resources covering about 90% of the Region and considerable progress has been made in more detailed studies of the area. The Irrigation Department of the Ministry of Energy is responsible for resource management and allocation. Its responsibilities are similar to those of Regional Water Boards. The Irrigation Department employs about 122 to 150 staff mostly geologists and hydrologists. The water resource situation in the area is viewed with2 great concern. Annual abstraction from the Kerman City area (about 4,000 km ) is estimated at 170 m.c.m./year. At this rate, it is believed that the underground water level would be falling

'/ Th,AeLf easIibillty study has alreaday bJeen com.Jpleted by the wrench,Firm of Consulting Engineers SCETIRAN. ANNEX 16 Page 2 at a rate of 15 cm/year. The annual recharge is estinated at 18 m.c.m. a year. The Irrigation Department is thus forced to tap underground sources further away from Kerman City - 80 km and more.

Resource Allocation and Management

3. Of the 170 m.c.m. abstracted every year in the Kerman area, an estimated 90% goes to irrigation. In other areas in the region, irrigation also takes a lion's share of total supplies. The heavy allocation to agriculture is justified by the Department in view of a variety of high value agricultural crops which are grown in the region (pistachio, nuts, citrus, fruits, dates, cucumber, watermelon, tomatoes and other early season crops). Another reason given by the Irrigation Department for heavy allocation to agriculture is that the region is sparsely populated and heavily dependent on agriculture. The Department does not see much problem in supplying local'industries. The only exception is the copper industry. A large quantity of copper deposits have been established in Sarchesmeh, 200 km. from Kerman City. Exploitation of the deposits would require taking water frormi farming and the Government is preparing the necessary measures to compromise existing water rights by farmers in the area. For example, digging new wells in the area has been forbidden.

Regional Population

4. The population of the Kerman Ostan based on the 1966 census results and estimates for 1972 are summarized in the table below:

Table 16.2

Population of Kerman Ostan (000)

Center 1966 1972

Kerman City 85.4 108.0 Bam 21.8 29.2 Rafsanian 21.4 28.7 Sirjan 19.6 26.2 Jiroft 6.7 9.0 Baft 6.3 8.4 Other urban centers 34.8 - Total urban areas 196.0 - Tntal rural areas 646.0 - Total Ostan 842.0 1,000.0

Source: PBO and IBRD Economic Report 1974.

Kerman City

5. The Kerman Water Authority is responsible for water supply and sewerage serv1 i4n the citye It was established 1in 1967 2 a cnmmPrcia1 entity with an initial capital of 8 million Rials (US$118,000) given to the ANNEX 16 Page 3

Kerman City Miunicipality by the PBO. The Authority is under a Board of Directors to which a Managing Director and hiis two deputies are responsible. One deputy is ln-charge of Administration and Finance, the other is responsible for Installations, Connections, Projects and Consumers Relations. The election of the Board of Directors must De approved by the Ostan Governor.

rac'l'...ti 'es

6. The Authority's facilities include:

(a) Nine deep wells with total capacity of 1,100 m ihr for 23 hrs.

(b) One ghanat with capacity varying between 40-250 lit/sec. and giving average production of about 3 million m 3 /year.

(c) Two treatment plants of about 500 m /hr. capacity each. These are very modern plants. The well water is treated by aeration, filtration, softening (hardness is reduced from 450 to 180 p.p.m.) and chlorination. Chlorine residual of 0.3 p.p.m. is maintained at waterworks and regular checking carried out by the Authority's laboratory officials as well as those of the Ministry of Health.

(d) The distribution system comprises 200 km of mains and 160 km of laterals of various sizes. 3 (e) Two reservoirs with total capacity of 3,000 m

(f) Two booster pumps. The system is under constant pressure.

Water Consumption and Connections

7. Maximum daily consumption of water in Kerman City is estimated by the Authority as 1,200 m'/hour at an average of 120 to 150 liters/person/day. There are about 19,000 private metered connections and 630 public taps. There are no connections to industries as most factories have their own private wells and treatment facilities. The Authority estimates that about 66% of the present population are served (schools, restaurants, municipality, household and public baths). Due to limited staff, capacity and equipments, the Authority can only connect 10 to 15 out of 20 to 25 daily applications for connections. The capacity of the distribution system imposes the greatest constraint to further connections. Some parts of the twon (about 15%) do not have distribution network.

8. Water charges for domestic consumers are 5 1/2 Rials/cm for less than 150 cm/month and 6 Rials/cm for more than 150 cm/month. There are no charges to municipalities but the Authority withholds payment of municipal taxes. Water for parks are taken from private municipal wells. There is a 60% discount for water supplied to mosques and schools and these do not pay connection charges. Domestic consumers pay about 10 Rials/sq.m for connections. ANNEX 16 Page 4

Development Program

9. The initial capital of 8 million Rials from PBO was used to coI- struct three wells and main supply line. When the responsibility for the city's water supply was transferred from the Municipality to the Authority, ownership of the three wells was retained by the Municipality. Between 1970- 73 five new wells were constructed at a total cost of 10 million Rials (US$0.15 million) financed partly by PBO. The first treatment plant was completed in 1967 and the second in 1971.

10. A feasibility study sponsored by the Plan Organization, the tIinis- try of Housing and Urban Planning and prepared by Pars Consulting Engineers proposed to double extraction of river water, expand the existing treatment plant, provide for 60,000 storage, tap another spring, and extend the distribution network for an estirmated cost of 820 million Rials in 1973 prices (US$12 million). The full potential of the river would thus be used and likely demand would be met for another 10 years assuming per capita consumption of 170 liters/day. For the longer run an extensive groundwater study has been proposed, but there has been no follow-up yet.

11. PARS Consulting Engineers have also recently completed a preliminary study for a sewerage scheme to serve the whole city and have submitted their report to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning. This scheme envisages the retention of the old sewage conduits for the conveyance of storm water, incorporates the sewers laid under the earlier inoperative system and provides for a new activated sludge purification plant to be built. The overall 1973 estimated cost of thle project is 1,530 million Rials (US$23 million).

12. The broad outline of a 25 year master plan for the city, including domestic and industrial water supply and sewerage disposal requirements, is under active discussion between Government officials and the Consulting Engineers. KERN1AN CIITY WATER ORGANIZATION

BOARD OF DIRECTORS]

-4 . TWO INSPECTORS

MANAGING DIRECTOF]

DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOl DEPUTY MAANAGING DIRIECTOR 1 FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATI( TECHNICAL J

CHIEF C)F CHIEF: OF I F WATER TFIEATMENT NEW PROJECTS ERS N-VVONSU WATER CONNECTIONS ADMINISTRATION SECTION FINANCE SECTION SECTION SECTION INSTALLATIONS SECTION

PUBLIC RELATIONS ACCOUNTING INSTALLATIOIN ]

TRANSPORTATION I ~ACQUISITION ~~~PURCH-ASING OR J______I LABORATORY

P ERSONNEL STORES WE:LLS ]

SECRETARIAT 7

Wo,ld Bank-9480 ANNEX 17 Page 1

NORTHERN REGION

Regional Population

1. The Northern Region is subdivided into the Gilan and Mazanderan provinces with their respective provincial capitals at Rasht and Sari. T'he total population of the Region based on 1966 census was 3.6 million (1.76 for Gilan and 1.85 for Mazanderan). The population distribution is shown in the table below:

Table 17.1: POPULATION OF NORTHERN REGION (000)

Gilan 1966 1972 Mazanderan 1966 1972

Rasht 143.6 171.4 Sari 44.6 56.4 Bandar Pahlavi 41.8 56.0 Gorgan 51.2 64-8 Lahijan 25.7 34.5 Babol 50.0 61.4 Langarud 20.7 27.7 Gonhad Ghahbno 40-7 54 5 Astara 10.5 14.1 Amol 40.1 50.7 Fowman 9.2 12.4 Shahi 38=9 4q 2 Sowmaeh Sara 8.4 11.3 Behshahr 26.0 34.9 Other urban areas 126.1 - Other uirhan areas - - Total urban areas 386.4 - Total urban areas 441.0 Total rural areas 1,369 0 - Total rural areas 1,404.0 - Total Ostan 1,755.4 2,000.0 Total Ostan 1,846.0 2,400.0

Source: PBO and IBRD Economic MerPn r t 1Q74

Water Resources an.d M=,,.ageaent

2. Tb.e N'orth1-err, W-at-er Board Re--i-on cov~ers the south-ern coast of th-e -~ .~**... i.t~&aa '~~A- ~ .~ V &LOL1 OLUL.LLL AILJ~L0.L1 Caspian Sea and the area has the highest precipitation in the country. It is es-tim.at-ed th'Lat 33Y) of Iran's total precipiatio ur in-- this rein ~~~ ~ LLL&L J..Jat L.L LLQ LA)O.. J. LVL.LjJ -L.aL±.LL U9A.UJ.0 L .Li. LLI.L4 b r -L-6.10Ln. gLICLIMwc of the heavy rainfall is prevented from reaching the central plateau by the Alb mu,tai -hir... T-4 it has the st ra l in the cOunlt-ry, -- kr&nLUL.LLLk £aLCLLr- LII 6LUU L LLLC LII LL.L.LLes a n L 'dL i11t[d±±C - 11 ry the region has some water resources problems. The principal problems stem from:

(a) unlavourable dLstr'Dbution o0 rainfai over the year; (rain is abundant during that time of the year when it is least needed for agricultural and ohner purposes and vice versa).

(b) The salinity of the Caspian Sea makes the groundwater resources in the area close to the sea to be saline.

(c) The absence of conventional sewerage facilities and the poor geological structure of the area increase the risk of groundwater contamination. ANNEX 17 Page 2

The Region obtains over 60% of its water from wells and ghanats (Table 17.8). Despite its favourable precipitation, the availability of drinking water has been a problem in some areas.

3. The structure and functions of the Ministry of Energy's Regional Water Boards are described in Volume I of this report. The Northern Region Water and Power Authority (NRWPA) which is responsible for the Northern Region was formed in 1968 from the former Sefid-Rud Water and Power Authority. The articles of Association and Organization structure of NRWPA outlined in Appendix 1 below provide for a joint stock corporation. Its central office is in Rasht, the Capital City of Gilan province and its duties. rights etc. are the same as for the other Regional Water and Power Authorities within the Ministry of Energy. These functions are primarily to execute within the region the Ministry's responsibilities as laid down in the Water Nationaliza- tion Act (Vol. I. Annex 1) particularly to develop the region's water and power resources for agriculture and irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes. Until recently, the Northern Region Water and Power Authority had been primarily concerned with irrigation water supplies. But as a result of increasing urban drinking water problems, it is now giving more attention to the study and execution of expansion and modernization projects in this field and even taking over operational functions from the Municipalities in urgent cases. It organizes its activities under two main sub-regions, for the Gilan and Mazanderan areas. These are managed resDectivelv in the branch offices at Rasht and Gorgan.

Past Activities of NRWPA

4. A master plan study has been completed for both sub-regions. Because of the watpr routirce nrnholems decrihed ahove- several nriaects and srhemea were started about fifteen years ago in the Gilan sub-region to develop and rpg,iu1atP t-hp rPensirrP availahilitv and its distribiit-ion nuor the vyara. The projects in the Gilan area are estimated to cost about 20 billion Rials (UTS 2q9 -2 mil1ion). ThPeP inrltidp primarily dams ant irrignation net-wnrks ln the areal/. In the Mazanderan sub-region, about 11 billion Rials (US $162 million) has hben invpRtpd in watpr rpRonlrrp devlonpment for irrignation This includes amounts spent or planned for the Voshmgir and Gorgan dams (7 billion Rials) and thp irrigation of Mazanderan (4 billion Rials.0 The cuirrent- dpvpl- opment program of the NRWPA for irrigation water facilities in both sub- regionns in estimatpd to ioat ahouit 25 hillion Rials of which 20 hillion hAs already been spent.

Sector Organization

5. There are three categories of sector organizational arrangements in the Northern Region:

1/ A substar.t part nf th-i,s wworl was a-cmplished -wit the aid of OrrFPPAU, (Annex VII, List of Consulting Engineers). ANNEX 17 Page 3

(a) An indeDendent city water supply and sewerage authority owned largely by the Municipality.

(b) A water supply and sewerage unit of the Municipality oDerated directly from the local Mayor's office.

6. The maioritv of t-he small and mediuim sizp towns in t-his rgcrinn r operated directly by the Municipal Government as in (b). The largest cities in the Northern Region such as Rasht; Randar Pahlavi and Gorgan have thei.r own independent authority as in (a). In the last few months, the NRWPA has desided to taikp nuor the citu wat-er suinnlu Pnd sewerae ra pnsibility throughout the region, starting with those cities where conditions are most sritisral siich qQ RB-nl, Baholc2r, Tlarvq Kenar, KVhezer Shahr,,-4, vola anA Fereydun-Kenar - the so-called six towns of the Mazanderan province. The dpr1sinn of the NMRPA though being implemented in some of the six towns is not yet legally effective until the passage through Parliament of the pro- nnpsd hill creating Regional Water Companies (Ch. 2 and A Anex 1) which ai.m at integrating the organizational structure of the sector into a uniform sys- tepm throughout Tran.

7. The urba-n water supply n"d coweaa situati-on i som- of the urban areas of Northern Region is discussed below to illustrate these three different orannizatioral arrangements ndA the sector conditions described Jllus= trate the situation throughout the region.

Gilan

8. The Rasht and Pahlavi Water Authority whose central office is in RW-ht has the responsi f we sp-ee s Ld g two cities. The Authority is owned jointly by the Plan and Budget Organization (PBO)' and th1e -c.niclpality but opera-es as ar iLndependent agency.

0 1i: ^;eL^stLng facil.L L.L L11 1x LLL 4IIu rcl±avi were completed in 1966 after four years of construction. The system supplies only domestic and public conslmers. TIhe facilities include four wells and pumps located by the river. Production from these wells range between 10,000 cm/day in winter to 25,000u cm/day iln the suner. wastage is estimated at 2570-30/. Water treatment is by chlorination only and water quality is monitored by daily random sampling. TLle local office of tne Ministry of Health conducts checks once or twice a month.

10. Since the completion of the system in 1966, the Authority has expanded its services in the two cities considerably as indicated in the following table: ANNEX 17 Page 4

Table 17.2: ANNUAL INCREASE IN CONNECTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF RASHT AND PAHLAVI SINCE 1966

No. of New Connections Additional Distribution System (000 m)

Year Rasht Pahlavi Rasht Pahlavi

1966 10 - 1967 24 7 - - 1968 143 16 6.60 2.00 1969 490 73 3.15 2.28 1970 1,067 408 24.47 13.38 1971 1,686 563 22.81 10.55 1972 1,593 505 22.60 11.01 1973 1,700 900 20.00 13.00 1974 1,800 700 15.00 10.00

Total 1966-74 8,513 3,172 108.63 62.22

Population Served

11. The present and projected populations of Rasht and Pahlavi as well as LLhe average andU per capita consu-uptLon are gJiveu in TLabDie 17.3 below. These differ slightly from the Authority's own estimates according to which in. 1974 there will be about 170,000 people in Rasht and about 50,000 in Pahlavi and average annual growth rates will be 2.6%. The Authority also belie-ves that about 25% (in Rasht) and 30%u(in Pahlavi) are directly connected to the Authority's facilities*. The rest rely on some 20 public taps for their drinki"ng water ana on private wells f'or otner needs.

Sources of -inance - Capital Expenditure

12. Thne ex1s±Ig system was 'Lnance' 507' by Plan and Budget Organization and 50% by the Municipality in-charge of Rasht and Pahlavi. The total cost of the project was 470 million rials (US $6.94 million). Originally the PBO con- tributed 100% of the total cost and 50% was in form of a grant and the re- mainring 50% was a loan to the M1unicipality but so far no repayments have been made to the PBO. The reasons for their failure to repay PBO's loan stem from the inadequate sources of finance for both the Municipality and the City Water Authority itself. The former maintains that it could not repay the loan from its meagre finances derived from Municipality taxes which are grossly inadequate for municipal needs. The latter claims that under the existing structure of water tariffs, it will be impossible for the Authority to recover its full operation and maintenance costs, let alone make any contribution towards capital replacement for expansion. The Authority relies on deposits by

* This assumes an average of 5 persons per connection. ANNEX 17 Page 5

customers towards connection charges as supplementary funds. The PBO on its part is hardly pressing for repayments and this creates the impression to the Municipality that funds are surplus and PBO's loans are not expected to be repaid.

Connection and Water Charges

13. Connection charges are based on the real estate area of the house to be served and number of floors. The charge is 30 Rials (US $0.45) per sq.m. for the first floor and 10 Rials (US $0.15) per sq.m. for additional floors. These charges do not include an initial deposit of 2;000 Rials per 1,000 sq.m. up to a maximum of 6,000 Rials for more than 2,000 sq.m.

14. The basic water charge is 7 Rials/cm with a minimum consumption reauirement of 10 cm (70 Rials) ner month for 1/2" connprtionn, 20 cm (140 Rials) for 3/4" and 50 cm (350 Rials) for 1" connections. There is no direct variation in rharges according to amounts consummed There are, however, various discounts including 40% for Mosques, public parks and hospitals; 50% for nublir srhools- (207 for nrivatp) and 30% for np.hlic hbths. The cupplies to the Municipality and at public taps are free. There are no industrial customers.

Staff

15. Thb Cfnprnl Manager hns nn ThPntitv h-Prni.R of roer;idt-mant- ,;ff l- ties. There are about 150 employees (90 staff and 60 daily). The number is exnprtpd to rise to 500 in 20 years A new division dealing with urba n water supply is being created. Minor main laying etc. is designed in the Authority's offirce A cma 1 renpir shopn exis as well. (Pipes are produced and meters assembled locally).

Development Program

16. A twenty year master plan for Rasht and Pahlavi water requirements was prepared by Dr. G.R. Kuros, Consulting EEngineer, coverng the period from 1972-92. This plan has been approved by the governing Council of the Author- ity, the P BOJ t4 h&e MniMJ*f theSt f Energy sub ,ecc o Mi.n4s t u's r0e s e rv al.. itions regarding the river intake proposed by Kuros).

17. The consultants assessed the demand situation (see Table 17.3 below) andA ex4st-ing 4faciliti4es. fin ehe bas's of this, thi'ey proposed a ~LL~A.0LJ.L I. L LJ... LJ.0 'U LL u o.LOL.LI.A.0L '-4 LLu i L.u-20-yeark a investment program and an improved organizational structure for the Authority. nn_e latter 'as not been imlmne'argely because oil staff and recruLtu-ent 1II .LL IL I Itd L L i L .UI9LWA~Ei I L.U .L A. u L L £. du ~.L. LLILefLL problems.

Development Targets for Rasht and Pahlavi

18. The aim of the consultants' investment proposals is to meet their demand forecasts as sho-wn in Table 17.2 (These forecasts assume, unrealis- tically, a continuation of the present arrangement of not supplying industries in these cities). ANNEX 17 Page 6

Table 17.3: PRESENT AND FUTURE POPULATION AND WATER rONS1MPTTOM FOR RASHT AND PAHLAVI IN 1972-1992

Per Capita Average Consumntinn Consamption Year Population (000) (000 cm/day) Litre/pers./day

Rasht Pahlavi Rasht and Pahlavi Rasht Pahlavi

19661 143.6 41.8 - - -

1972 163.0 48.0 6.5 60 90

1977 186.0 54.0 13.0 92 110

1982 212.0 61.0 22.7 110 120

1987 241.0 69.0 36.4 120 130

1992 279.0 80.0 65.0 140 140

1/ Baed on the 1966 census results.

Source: DAJr.G.R. . £Kuros Consulting Erng.gneers Report I17 A I

&I~~LLIIJ0 jJ'.JJ L.LU u I1L A. JL XOOIIL LLUu Z41I±LaVA, Lthe COI1bSULaUEZ '9. To met th's prolec-ed dem-.foRanhrdPlav,tcorssat proposed an investment program designed to produce 60,000 cm/20 hr. day by 1992 adn U :LLLeODt i11 t;VoUnn;ctiosUZ uy an additiOal JV0,000 for Rashe and 10,000 in Pahlavi. This program comprises the following projects:

First Stage: Projects to be completed between 1974 and 1980

(i) Installation of service reservoirs for Rasht with total _ __ .. _ nw_ -- capal±Ly 0L. I 1 JVV .

(iLi) DUeve'lopiLng uLU'ergrouIu water resources with pULential for 15,000 cm for Pahlavi.

(iii) Service reservoirs for Pahlavi with capacity of 1,500 cm.

Total cost i, ii and iii was estimated at 309 million Rials (Us $4.56 million)l /.

1/ Some of the actual construction work under the First Stage has been entrusted recently to Taleghani and Daftary Consulting Engineers and Contractors. This firm is also presently engaged in other Northern Region towns. ANNEX 17 Page 7

Second Stage: Projects to be implemented during 1980-1995

(i) Repetition of Stage I projects.

(ii) Construction of additional reservoirs with total capacity of 6,000 cm.

Total cost of second stage program estimated at 920 million Rials (US $13.58 million).

Other Recommended Investments Include

(i) 25-year Drogram of exDandina the distribution system in the two cities, (cost estimated at 1,210 million Rials).

(ii) A program of administrative and manpower improvements, (eost estimated at 33 million Rials)

Total rosts of thses two snhemes Petimated at 1,243 million Rials (US $19.82 million).

Total cost of recommended development program 2,571.8 million Rials (US 837-96 million).

Ma7andpr:n

20n As menwtinnaA in Pnragraph 7 NRWPA plans to gradually take over the responsibility for urban water supply and sewerage in some Mazanderan cities. T.h. fnrmar Ai!n Trricntion Diuisinon nf NRWPA hbas benen a,--AixriAaA nnA one unit is not the city water unit for Mazanderan's cities. A group of engineering consultantsl/ were enaganoned by the- mPPA tn prepare a program of supplying some Mazanderan cities with adequate facilities. These consultants recommended that a n.-er of adva-tages arise from having a n4l- orgariza-- tion take over responsibility for water supply for all cities including sources, treatmen.t, conveyance storage anend A4strlbution. These adva.ntages include effective use of resources (staff and equipments), simplification of revenue collection, ur.4fo- -_tar.ad ar. ecno (eg-vrl nsoe) .c vcLnL.~~ t8.JflJ.A.LPLLM C U a rnA.' andfls Ju overall ec n nr ~C* ,. A.Lii 0 Lt-J. CO J

1/ Six Alexander Gibb and Partners, Tehran Boston and Dr. Ing. G.R. Kuros Consulting Engineers. Method Consulting Engineers have taken on design studies for the actual distribution network extensions of a number of those cities, sponsored by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning. For detail see Annexes V and VI! for the list of Consulting Engineers). ANNEX 17 Page 8

21. Th.e ronsu,ltants designated six Mazanderan citiesl/ as 2roUD A on account of their high priority needs. Another eight cities2/ were designated o groupnBcities with less priority. On the basis of the 1965 and 1966 census data and the development plans in the area, the consultants derived estimatea of present and future nonulations of the 14i cities as summarized in the following table:

Table 17.4: ESTIMATED SUMMER POPULATION (000)

City 1971 1981 1991

Group A cities 111.2 178.7 262.4

Group A villages 15.0 20.0 25.0

Group A tourists 10.0 20.0 30.0

Total Group A 136.2 218.7 317.2

Group B cities 218.6 387.1 643.0

Group B villages 30.0 40.0 50.0

Group B tourists 2.0 3.0 4.0

Total Group B 250.6 430.1 697.0

Water Renuiirements and Produrtion

22. EstimAtes of domestic consumption reflect the observed standards of housing and other u;ban facilities in the area, as well as climatic conditions. Estimates of induscrial consumption reflect existing structure of industry in the region and use of private supplies. On the basis of these ronsiderations; the consultants made the following proiections:

t/ These cities are Babol, Babolsar, Daryakenar, Khezer Shahr, Amir Kola and Fereydaun Kenar. See Map Appendix 5 below.

2/ These are Sari, Amol, Shahi, Jouybar, Mahmoudabad, Zirab, Shirgah and Kiakola. As regards Mahmowdabad, Kuros Consulting Engineers are in charge of a separage wL.ter supply extension and sewerage system serving a holi- day resort of the National Iranian Oil Company with 2,000 and eventually 12,000 places for a total cost approaching 60 million Rials (US $1 million), mostly for the sewerage component. A .1d2V 1 7 Page 9

T able 17.5: ESTIMATES OF TOTAL WAtTEXA RQUJIRUEMNTS IN GrOu-r-JP A AND B CIjTIES

Approx. Average Demand Average per capita in Urban Areas (mcm per yr.) (litres pcpd.) 1971 1981 1991 1971 1981 1991 Group A Group B Group A Group B Group A Group B

Domestic Municipal 17.0 30.0 62.5 150 125 160 135 200 180

Tourist 0.5 1.0 2.0 150 150 200 200 225 225

Industrial 6.5 10.0 10.0 - -

Total 24.0 41.0 74.5 150 138 180 168 213 203

Rural Areas - - - 50 50 75 75 100 180

Source: Consultantst Final Report 1973.

23. The estimated additional production from the proposed program (mcm/yr) were as follows:

1976 1981 1986 1991

Group A Cities 8.2 10.7 14.2 19.0

Group B Cities 12.9 18.5 28.8 43.1

Development Program for the 14 Cities

24. To meet the projected water requirements for these Mazanderan cities, the consultants prononsed a nronram of investments to be undertaken in two stages for each Group (A and B). These investments are summarized in Tables 17.6 and 17.7 below showing amounts allocated to variouss itpmq as wel1 a- to the various cities in Groups A and B. The program is divided into two stages, the first st--agen sc nlnst corn.leted for (Grouep A ci-t-ies andr- the= sppor- stage construction for Group A will start from 1979/80 stretching to 1991. For

Group BA LC, LlVL4 t _u __ rU v-L-a …n…rtfr%…r t-O a f; rc…tc -tao i t-n begin in the middle of 1975 stretching to end of 1981 and the second stage is expected 'Lo bDegiln short-ly aft-e-lard-s. The estimatle-d costs do- not- ir.clude admninistration, distribution system and connections within the various cities.

25. Sewerage facitilies have not been considered in the consultants' program. A request h as b.-een forn b4ar*iedthe,ziy interested parties too the PBO for a master plan study to be carried out. ANNEX 17 Page 10

Financial Objective of the Program

26. The consultants assumed that the major capital works would be funded by Government grant and that water rates will be determined with the objective of recovering sufficient revenue to cover the cost of operation, to provide a reasonable operating surplus and in addition, repay the capital expenditure over a 30-year period at an interest of 6%. They suggested three alternative approaches to charging for the supply of treated water to users:

(a) A common rate for each of the two groups - A and B cities.

(b) A common rate for all the project cities.

The consultants recommended that for both administrative reasons and on grounds of social equity, a common rate for water charges to the consumers was recommended. However, the option of progressive rate structure reflecting varying social conditions, cost considerations and ability of users to pay was not considered by the consultants. This option should be considered in view of the fact that these communities show wide differences in their social and financial positions.

27. The management of NRWPA indicate that existing tariff structure in the Board and in Municipalities is certain to constrain further development of the water suDnlv sector because:

(a) the rates are inadequate to cover operating costs and allow some contributions to be made towards system replacement and exnansion. Furthermore, inflation has greatly widened the gap between income and costs;

(b) if sewerage facilities (which are non-existent at present) are anticipated then the financial nroblem will be aggravated:

(c) it is beco-mTing increasingly diffirult to obtain niqalifipd staff or attract good staff from the more lucrative private .ector or from Tehran under th e e…x…itin financiaI situatin;

(d) since WIPLIPA's 4rrigantionn services have enually poor financial performance, it cannot be expected to subsidize urban water supply services. At present the Board's electricity services subsidize its Irrigation Department and the load on electricity re-venue will be Coo much.. TaUoleh7.6 AI

Su2mary of DEvelnet rogra'n Costs Page 111 of' f2 pages

for 1)4 Mazandarin Citils _ j.L11icn Rias)

_ -- _ _ _ . , _ ___ Gxroup A Grouu B.

Descri tion _Ital SDeac Tior Stage IT Stage II: ITtl.j Capital Cost 1 i r

Scneme currentl;y being L - . iinp I mentea ___ LBto__ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I;08l| Ri vervo icksI _ 1 3. 130______.O_ L Bor-boles |.2 3 12 Boreho es 123.3 22.0 . Reservoirs 52' 52 Reservoir 1)46.6 _- _-_ ._____1 111 .8 2582), Headwoiks Sedimentation, Sedim.nt-ation and. filtration ,at BaboL I 60:j and filtration -1.6 35

PBe1ines -* 100 100oo PiDelines 90.0 14.8 10c)4.8

Puminhou.-es l5Plantr- L 62.:l 30 9 9 .0 t , { i ~~~5 1 1 30! 93 i _Corillngietncies (:0 _23_ 23 _ Conti-igencios I 4 23* 19.8 5y

Total Cap:i.tai._ Corst___ i 4Ih92_ I 25C42-~~~ T TtdCpta-- C-o St 36 r------217.9 59)4.1

Land Ac uisition _ 20 | 20 Land )4° 0 - 4L0.o

EI-iexEinL 1-9 25L 7)4 En ir.ee 33.0 21.0 59.0 1

______Gsts _ -_ ____ }imrn1in_Csts Co. i gc j erlr.1C9.s R- 0 - s0t

MitiU'C .Co__t - J ___s __ :l6 To.a ,s ,, 7 26. ^lsrPor:rost Crsru )45 . 238Xz ' 74h3.1 Sodree cor,iputsxl L, miesaion fr:m. coraiultantts ina L pxt.joct £epcD:u, on the ~r.ih;-lern cities Jun 1973. ANNKX 17 Page 12 of 12 pages

T.hl 17 7

Allocation of Progran Costs to Caties (.million Rial s)

I;Estimated |Program Cost4 Cost Al.ocation ToVtl. r C%iat.o6.'L per capta I City Stage I Stage II Total I&II (oo) 1i9i (Rials Babol 171 ! 71 242 107.0 2,261 Amir Kola h4i 29 70 22.6 3,097

Babol Sar 1814 91 275 63.L 4337

Darya Kenar 40 22 62 20.3 3,054 Khezar Shahr 26 11. 37 7.8 4,743

F3reycmn Kenar 99 51 150 149.15 3,051

Total Group A Cities 561 275 867-Y j 317.2 2,7333 Amol 73.8 I 50.2 124.0 151.0 821

Sari 78.9 53.9 132.8 165.0 804

Shahi 61.8 143.0 ' 104.8 1143.0 732

Mahrnoudabad 36.3 13.6 149.9 140.0 1,2247

Kiakola & Jouybar77.0 29.7 106.7 49.01 2,203 Shirgah 4.4 27.5 31.9 14.7 2,170

Zirab 46.o - 146.0 27.8 1,654

Total Group B 454.2 1 238.9 748.1Vi 697.0 1,073 Cites ,";,

l/Thrr1iitPe 0 A! M tAh1A ahIv..

aT c' des -u s+ 9~ - d agi e-,F tG tourist cities in Group A are Babol-Sar, Danya Kenar, !he-.er ShshrFVer-daA1l Kener nvd for Gl,ri T% hmA¶, Ahn

(uiimeA -om,utedA mi.ssion frm consw1tantel final vrojent rreprt on Northozz cities June 1973. ANqiNELA I I Appendix I Page 1

THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF nIE NORTII WATER AND POWER AUTHORITY - JOINT STOCK CORPORATION

Article 2: From the approved date of this memorandum, the Water and Power Authority of the Sefidrud Region has become a Joint Stock Company.

Article 3: The central office of the Authority is Rasht. It can join with other companies and can also establish branches or agents in other places.

Article 5: The Water laws and its form nationalization, the Iran Power Laws and other related rules approved by law must be obeyed by the Authority.

Article 7: The Authority has lawful character and financial independence and is running according to commerciai principals.

Article 8: The Authority can sign contracts with foreign purchasing services - with approval of general assembly.

Article 9: The capital of the Authority is one hundred million Rials, which is di vided into one hundred shares and each share is worth one Illion rials.

Note 2! The rnitn1 of the Authoritv belongs to the government and the minister of Water and Power is a representative of the government stocks in the government.

Article 10: The Authority can increase its capital with the approval of the General Assembly.

Article 13: The Authority has the following elements:

(a) General Assembly (b) Board of Directors and General Manager (c) Inspector

Article 14: The General Assembly contains three people: (1) The Minister of Water and Power or his substitute. (2) and (3) Two Deputy Ministers of the Water and Power Authority by nomination by the Minister.

Article 1.: TIher are two Lypte olf General Asserbly. (a) urlUary Genieral Assembly, and (b) Extraordinary General Assembly.

Article 16: The session of the General Asser,mbly is once a year during the first three months of the year. The meeting will continier until the negotia- tions and topics are completed.

Article 17: The duties of the General Assembly are as follows: ANNEX 17 Appendix I Page 2

(a) Investigation and consideration of the annual works and consideration and approval of the balance sheet.

(b) Approval of policy and future programs of the Authority.

(d) Election of lawful investigator of Authority.

(e) The Approval Policy.

(f) The approval of policy and regulations of the Authority.

(g) The making of decisions about subjects scheduled in the assemblyu sesion.

(hM Annpparol of budet.

Articl-e 23": The Gen-eral Assem.bly must choose -11-4-el - Ano,e------o er as General Manager and President for the Board of Directors.

Functions of the General Manager include:

(1) Administration of all Authority and related affairs - financial supervision, ermploy-r,ent, etc.

(2) ne is thl-e chief of all relateu units and represents the Authority in all outside social and other functions.

(3) Hle determines administrative methods and can delegate his duties to any member or tne Doard of directors or head of the units.

(4) He prepares the annual budget, baiance sneets, etc.

(5) He arranges for the approval of the Assembly regulations on employment, finance, etc.

(6) He signs all Authority checks and documents.

Functions of the Investigator include:

(1) Checking the balance sheet and income and expense statements. (2) Participating in the General Assembly meetings. (3) He exercises complete freedom in executing his duties. ORGANIZATION OF NORTHERN REGIONAL WATER BOARD WATER SUPPLY UNIT

ADMISNISTRATIVEASSISTANT AND TEAD OF WATERSUPPLYING OF 'A G UOSTOINS

LANTI ROVER

tI ~~~~~~DH .F t

HEAT OF TAT OF ESPLOITAF IECHNICAI MAINTENANCE EPT CCOUNTS OFFICE SERVICES DEPARTMENV ONE ENG NEER ETSONS) N TION DEPARTMENT TEENGINEFER DPRMN

L____L____X L SU L B

I TON SUPPLT IHTMENT EIIS N ATTOMOPIL DRAFTSMA SURVEOR TO N VANET TYPEST TEL AlI-GUNS ORIVERl 1 TRITER rLC1CESN YISTK 'PERSONS _ ' ~~~L ______I______I

STEIRFKEEPEH& _

ISTANIF 7EN-A~~~~~~~~NDNTCETT C STCTA FARRASH ANT PROTECTION RSS IN - AND NSPECTIOI C AN ER GROUP CYCLE SHIFT OF PIPES IT PERSONS, 13 PERSON',I ONE ECHNICIAN L2 - ______K -- - -- _ _ .__ -

ABALSAR DARVAKANAR BABOL ANID ANEIR`S"LA KHAZARSHA,FI EXPLOITATIONSECT ION PLOIT

TIIACTOR&2 WORKITRSHNICIANIVER FARAESOONKEAR TECN CEMISTRY WELLS ACA _ASSISTANT EX JITATION SECTION HNICIAN TRITER 1~~~2WORKERSI ORGANIZATION Ol NORThERN REGIONAL WATER AND POWER CORPORATION

GENERALASSEMBSj

LEGAL INSPECTORS

LBOAROOFDIRECTORS

BSOARD BSUIRE0E DIRECTORAU 5

FINANCIAL ~ ANGIC IR~TE

CONSLTANT = SECRETARY

E_TECHNSCANL LEGALBLUREAU 131_7

CONFIDENTIALTERNA NC EOFFICE _ _ _ TE BAN AGENCY 131 ______

SECURITYOFF ICE

tM_** q_ *-* -3 (_ S TT 7 LANNINAFFAIRS E-AL 1SCINArFAF FI IRSA EENERAL GERSCTF

L i ______j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TOTA'L7I,a

[F~PATY OF ENGIEE TEFUTSOF

L ING &TEC t OPERA1ION TOTA_ 54 - 871_

-0AOJ g tORTYATER IRRIG STO [ ATERAN SI1 EC,INEFBINO &CON ^EIAZAND [ GILAN AREA r TN TREA r.STLAORN [C)..NI ECT C)NIPER OJC POEC'DYTE AELA AFA AGOG I,ORGANS ROJECT PCO PROEC 'RBOET AN A E YTE F I ____N___ C* ISESLATCH-FFAIIS STFACT,O OFA S MN E 10 ACTN IRGATION AFFAIS 1 L.1191 i i 6E4} RI 1151 IS5 14755 15101 lU75 ] tO lTD 121 '66 = PAIPEIol TA.SIIBI Tl 1P5l JIPowT

IlBRD-11300 NOVEMBER974 Black Sea- 1004AVER. VEBOUNOAVIESbA1A~aNrAa~AAAVY52'30' I RAN SECTOR SURVEY OURKEY ~U550 Adc~ ia WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

CTERSAN~ e.FGAA.IS'AN WATER SUPPLYOF NORTHE RN CITIES RAAEO RA 'jJODAN- )fUEP - A -TIES r5 -EL-ATjr,-sINET-S

IEUWAA " ~~~~PAKISTANA 0.E .__ -aWA' ARAB

0- EVEP SAUDI AAPRABIA.- - -1: ~E I.~~~/ArbanSaEfE-OIVS 0T.EV VOOS0aAjo

SUDAN UB -bi- S.IESMTI

.ILES

Sorkh Rud~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tbk

go IR STRIP J.y .

A ~~VVVUTTV11178-

V~~~~~~~~~~--A 5701 1 X ATEE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K"'I,

T IVEII 5 Ab 55' 1

0 9 tb~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11

0,r Saran Talc 1' -~~~~~~~~~~~6'0'

ANNEX 18 Page 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY -

fnT A).? fllf AXT, P7AMlT^/%. TJAMlrf " fln, 4f f PLuq Va tI i.LWIATEYVI.L)U1JL - 1973

TElHRAN REGION

T)..... 4

1. Ao piugraiii foth RegLonal 1DJvelopulLent of Agriculture in Iran Battelle Regional Development Team, Agricultural Group, Interim Report, Plan Organization, 1972.

2. Draft unified report Region 3, Tehran - Semnan - Zanjan, Battelle Regional Development Project, Tehran, Iran, July 1972.

3. Draft unified report Region 5, Hamedan-Lorestan, Battelle Regional Deve- lopment Project, Tehran, Iran, July 1972.

4. Feasibility of the Second Stage of the Development Plan. Vol. 1. Ghaz- vin Development Project, Tahal Consulting Engineers, February 1972.

5. Ghazvin Area Development Project Feasibility Report.

Vol. 1 - Development Plan Vol. 2 - Economic Appraisal Vol. 3 - Background Information Tahal Consulting Engineers, December 1966.

6. Ghazvin Area Development Project feasibility report, supplement on first development program, Tahal Consulting Engineers (English), 1969.

7. Ghazvin Development Project, feasibility study of the second stage of the development plan, Vol. 1, Tahal Consulting Engineers (English) February, 1972, Ghazvin Development Project, Vol. 2, Progress report for the year (1971-1972), Tahal Consulting Engineers (English), July 1972.

8. Integrated planning of irrigated agriculture in the Varamin and Garmsar Plains, irrigation development, technical report:

1) development plan 2) feasibility report 3) surface water resources

',/ Part 1 - Plan Organization Water Study, 1973. Part 2 - U.N. and Specialized Agencies Technical Assistance Experts to Government of Iran during 1951-74. ANNEX l1 Page 2

4) groundwater resources 5) irrigation development 6) agricultural 7) farm management 8) rural institutions 9) economics

9. Lar Dam and Mazandaran Irrigation Project, Project Report.

Vol. 1 - Summary Vol. 2 - Engineering Works Vol. 3 - Appendices Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, June 1970.

10. Phase II - Principal Report on the Qum Project, Justin & Courtney.

11. Phase III - final report on the Qum Project, Justin & Courtney, June 1958.

12. Preliminary Reconnaissance Report Qum Project, Justin & Courtney Engineers, 121 South Broad Street, Philadelphia 7, Pennsylvania, October 1956.

13. Principle Report on Qum Project, Phase II by Justin & Courtney Consulting Engineers, Philadelphia, USA, Tehran, Iran, January 1958.

14. Project Planning Report - Karaj Dam (2 volumes), liarza Consulting Engineers.

15. Report on Investigation Works - Saveh Development.

16. Irano-Romanian Technical Group. Imperial Government of Iran, Ministry of Water and Power, Water Division, Vol. VI: Hydrology.

17. Taleghan Multipurpose Water Development Project Feasibility Report (3 volumes), Kaie-Sanyu Consultants, 'March 1967.

18. Taleghan Multipurpose Water Development Proiect,

Vol. 1 - Phase II - Final Report Vol. 2 - Phase II - General Information of the Project Area

Kaje-Sanyu Consultants, April 1969.

19. Taleghan Water Conveyan Project Planning Report, Tahal-Mankar-Homar Connsulting Engineers. December 1969.

20 Vqr,-min-Gqrmqar Snecial Fund Proiect. Second Interim Renort; FAO-UINDP; January 1968.

21. Lar Dam and Mazandaran Irrigation Project Final Report:

Vol. 1 - General Description Vol. 2 - TL:ar Dam andl Diversion Works ANNEX 18 Page 3

Vol. 3 - Drawing Supplement to Vol. 2 Vol. 4 - Mazandaran Irrigation Works

Alexander Gibb & Partners-Organi.; March 1972.

22. Lar Dnam and Mazandaran Irrivation Prniprt aswerq tn written aitip-rip given by IBRD at joint PBO/TRWB/CE meeting held in Washington, December 3, Sir Alexannfer Gihh F. Parrners; June 1q73..

23. Lar Damand Mazandaran Trriontinn projecti Taleghan Desk Study. Alexander Gibb & Partners, June 1973.

24. Lar Dam and Mazandaran Irrigation project, interim report:

Vol. 1 - Summary Vol. ' - Agricul.tue and Agricul tural Eco..omics of Mazandaran V oIL . _3 =SoSols oLff tth I e P r. o4eCt A.rea -in lazandaran Vol. 4 - Surface Water Hydrology Vol. = PrtID 1 = GrounA-at-er in G'reater Tehran, area V W.A *. 2 L a1 I.. - JL uL L .&0~ Li J~L L. LL L A.0 Part 2 - Groundwater in Mazandaran 4.r AlexanAer 70. Si 'Mi..£JOLAuO GibbWJ.AUIL, U " Partners-Organic,GAL .LLO. AG.L. Feb1ruaryALOU UA7 1912J.

* 25£LIntas 6 00 ofL.JL.) South.2U LL Alorz£ML.UU &.Li)ULV6=UA%J6uYHyrgooy VVU.%LULolmsI'I,Goun'wtr^at A. LI AA.., %JL JIUW"LOI JJOj9d. L. ment, Ministry of Water and Power.

26. Groundwater Resources Statistics of Ghazvin, Karaj, Tehran, Varamin, r______T-....4 .__4 tarOLLsar and EizOanOVey - 1,980. * vestigL ationLL clmlpoing poeLj.ILUJ aLIU preparing Atlas of South Alborz hydrogeology, Groundwater Department,

27.A. IResearchIN= L I ofI1. 'a-ve'' LCL `aterOLL I.W~,,='-sources. 'Draft) IMiuistry of' 'Water an,d Power.

,L0. searcilI 01. fdLlaUan W'LaL RC UL :C:*iJ. k La1 rU1L[I.bLrY UL WViLCL kLIU rUWt:L.

29. Fifth Plan Development, Planr Organizat'ion, 1972.

30. Groundwater Balancing oL Te',hran Region, Groundwater Department, Minis- try of Water and Power, No. 44, 1969.

31. Hydrogeologic Regime of Karaj, Shahriar, Final Report, Volume II, No. 18, Groundwater Department, Ministry of Water and Power, 1966.

32. Hydrological Regim of Varamin, Final Report, Volume III, No. 17, Sur- face Water Department.

33. Implementation Report of Kashan Hydrogeology Investigation, No. 27, Project of Kashan Groundwater Investigation, Groundwater Department. ANNEX 18 Page 4

34. Discovery Wells Report of Saveh and Arak. No. 48, Groundwater Depart- ment.

35. Geological Report, Project of Tehran Groundwater Investigation, Ground- water Department, 1968.

36. Reconnaissance Report of Damghan Groundwater. No. 50, Groundwater Department.

37. Reconnaissance Report of Shahrud Groundwater. No. 92, Groundwater Department.

38. Reconnaissance Report of Abharrud, by Usef Soleiman, Ghazvin Area Irrigation. Tehran Water Organization, Ministry of Water and Power, 1969.

39. Reconnaissance Report and Preliminary Investigation of Saveh Development. Iran and Romani Group. Ministry of Water and Power, Vols. 8-10.

40. Groundwater Report, Varamin Investigation Project, Vol. II, No. 10, Ministry of Water and Power, Groundwater Department, 1963.

41. Investigation Report of Ghazvin Groundwater, Volume IV. No. 14, Ground- water Department.

42. Investigation Report of Shahrud Groundwater, No. 60, Groundwater D)epart- ment.

43. Investivation ReDort of Golpavgan and Khomain Groundwater, No. 32. Groundwater Department.

44. Investigation Report of Daslhtian Groundwater, No. 62, Groundwater Dpnartment, No. 70;

45. Investigation Repnnrt of hr7nha CGroindwater CGrnp, Volume II, No. 6, Groundwater Department.

46. Report of Ghom River Basin Groundwater and Geology, No. 81, Groundwater

.JCja.. LLLLCtLL

A7. Y.ydrol ogy Tnvest-igation ofP Kara- D&,., b-y Tagh-y mashalelh, nsitteo * L)Ui. LL.. A.L L.'L. . &~AL ~ A'LU, IJ . ObLi L-L O*U -'I _ , *LLO k.A. L.UL&L. '.J Hydro-sciences of Iran Technology.

Part II

1. Alaggappan, Alagappa. Long-term Utilization of Water in Iran, 1968.

2. Amouzegar, J. et al. Report on Location and Development of Water Resources in Iran, 19,1. ANNEX 18 Page 5

3. Arbhabhirana, A. Report on Computer Applications on Hydrology and Water Resources Planning in Iran. 1972.

4. Barrett, J.M. Feasibility Investigation and Planning of Developments Concerning Use of Water Resources in Iran. Investigation and planning for the Marivan areas Kurdestan Province, 1969.

5. Boumendil, H. Dams and Irrigation Mission Final Report, 1966.

6. Davis, T.G. Hydrological Analysis in Water Development Projects in Iran. Background information for UNDP water mission. Water resources mission, 1971.

7. Dewis, J.W. The Development of Soil and Water Analysis, 1963.

8. Edelman, J.H. Hydro-geology in the Surroundings of Isfahan, 1955.

9. Underground Water Resources in Shemiran, 1955.

10. Fintajsl, J. Water Quality Problems in Iran, 1971.

11. . Proposal for Improvement of Water Quality in Iran, 1971.

12. . Final Report, 1971.

13. Groundwater Investigations (Zarand. Kashmar plain and Gilan plain). Geological Survey Institute, 1968.

14. Goldschmidt, A. et al. UNDP Water Resources Survey Utilization and Development Mission, 1971.

15. Hazen. Charles S. Operation of Hydrometric Stations in Khuzestan and establishment of a country-wide hydrometric network, 1972.

16. . Some Aspects of Training of Technical Personnel - Water Resources Agencies, 1972.

17. Issar. A. Groundwater Research and Development in Iran. 1964.

18. Issar, A. and Shiftan; Z.L. Groundwater Research and Devplnnment in Iran, 1963.

19. Jermar, Milan. Sar-e Pol-e Zohab Water Resources Development, 1971.

20. . Coordination of Water Resources Development, 1973.

21. . Water Resources Development Policy in Iran in the 5th Development Plan. 197-3. ANNEX 18 Page 6

22. . External Technical Assistance Needs, 1972.

23. . Water Pricing Problems, 1972.

24. . Kermanshah Area Water Development Study, 1972.

25. . Mise en valeur de la plaine de Jiroft, 1972.

26. . Barrage et usine de Jiroft, 1972.

27. . Karkheh River Basin Development Master Plan, 1972.

28. . Cnak Rud dam and Pol Rud Plain Development, 1973.

29. . Integrated Utilization of Water and Other Natural Resources, 1973.

30. . Barrage de Vocht1mguir, 1970.

31. KorL.z D. Backgrour,d Infor-ration or,Hydrological Tnvestigatio,-s of I. VornULLtz, ID. DA) S5 LULU LL. LUW. L±L Ii LLyULUU. L.e £L. L. dLJ..J I V. Surface and Groundwater Resources in Iran, 1971.

32. Ricciardi, A. Memo sur le Bassin-Versant de Karaj, 1964.

33. . Plan D'Amenagement bassin-versant de Karaj, 1964.

34. Ridder, N.A. de, Groundwater Resources, 1961.

35. Rieben, E.H. Groundwater Investigations, 1961.

36. Reda, Khalil, Review of Savah Development, 1972.

37. Schellenberg, H. Water Supply in Iranian Towns, 1955.