Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Order to Predict Mahabad River Discharge
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World Bank Document
Keport No. b34-IKN I .a 0 ____a lidi I U ,, - Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Report Public Disclosure Authorized Voliime !!: Annexes January 29, 1975 Regional Projects Department Europe, Middle E-st, and No-rtk Africa '-'I-"-' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PReg-ionaOffice"b ... Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized LvLflt.Un,ocument I ItTI 1of 1 rFh I tLI Ic InsterntistoFnal11o II UttIIIVILI ILL, LSBank Il IIr. forI I.J IRecnsrutonF;r; WL.AAJ131.1 LJLLILI I Candr l IL Developmnto..¶VC .I.J IIILII1 1 International Development Association This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS ("-rren^y TTri + = Pi al Rial 1 = US$0.01h8 Pi ]s 1fllnffnn0no = TSMt1) 760 US$1.00 = Rials 67.75 TTqc,l nnn ,0n = Rals 7 7,75 non0 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES mm = Milimeter = 0.039 inches km = Kilometer = 0.6214 miles m - Meter = 3.28 feet ha = Hectare = 10,000 square meters or n 2.47 acres M. or cm = Cubic meter = 264.2 US gallons McM or mcm = Million cubic meters m3/sec = Cubic meter per second kg = Kilogram = 2.20 pounds Kw/H = Kilowatt/Hour Mw = Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts Mg/i = Milligrams per liter p.p.m. = Parts per Million BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand ACRONYMS TRWR = Tehran Regional Water Board MWP = Ministry of Water and Power W.DTiv. = Water Division of MWP PBO = Plan and Budget Organization MGlRA = Ministrv of Coonerative snd Rural Affairs MHUP = Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning KWPA = hhuzest2n Water and Power A.uthorit.y D & R = Development Resources Inc. -
Environmental Change and Its Impact on the Freshwater Fishes of Iran
Biological Conservation 19 (1980 81) 51 80 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF IRAN BRIAN W. COAD't" Department of Biology, Pahlavi University, Shiraz, Iran ABSTRACT Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of,freshwater fishes in lran are described. These include climate, devegetation, irrigation, and natural water level fluctuations (termed pre-industrial) and such factors related to industrialisation and population increase as devegetation, water abstraction,fishing, pollution, andJaunal introductions. Conservation schemes are outlined and commented on and a list ~[ threatened fishes is given. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to describe those factors, both man-made and natural, which affect the distribution and abundance of Iranian freshwater fishes and to record and suggest measures for the conservation of this fauna. Fishes, particularly those of no economic value, do not receive the amount of attention from conservationists as do birds and mammals since they are not as readily observed and perhaps have less aesthetic appeal. The amateur ichthyologist is a rarity compared with the amateur ornithologist and mammalogist. A responsibility therefore lies with the professional ichthyologist to write about rare and endangered fishes. This is particularly true in a country like lran which is rapidly becoming industrialised, with consequent dangers to the fauna, and which in addition lacks an extended tradition of concerned amateur naturalists (Scott et al.. 1975) and where there have been few studies on fish ecology. Factors affecting distribution and abundance of fishes can therefore only be outlined in general terms 3 Present address: Ichthyology Section, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA OM8. -
Nonlinear Chaotic and Trend Analyses of Water Level at Urmia Lake, Iran
Master Thesis TVVR-13/5012 ISSN-1101-9824 Nonlinear Chaotic and Trend Analyses of Water Level at Urmia Lake, Iran Does Climate Variability Explain Urmia Lake Depletion? Sina Khatami Water Resources Engineering Department Lund Institute of Technology (LTH) Lund University Spring 2013 i Avd för Teknisk Vattenresurslära TVVR-13/5012 ISSN 1101-9824 Nonlinear Chaotic and Trend Analyses of Water Level at Urmia Lake, Iran Does Climate Variability Explain Urmia Lake Depletion? By: Sina Khatami Supervisors: Prof. Ronny Berndtsson Prof. Cintia B. Uvo Examiner: Prof. Magnus Persson Department of Water Resources Engineering Lund University Spring 2013 Visiting Address: John Ericssons väg 1, V-huset, SE-223 63, Lund, Sweden Postal Address: Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)46-222 4009; +46 (0)46-222 7398; +46 (0)46-222 8987 Web page: http://www.tvrl.lth.se E-mail: [email protected] ii Abstract Urmia Lake is the largest habitat of Artemia Urmiana in the world located in an endorheic basin in northwest Iran. This shallow terminal lake has been designated as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO and a National Park under the 1971 Ramsar Convention. Currently, the entire lake’s watershed is threatened due to its abrupt desiccation of more than 50% of its surface area and the concomitant increase of salinity during the last two decades. As the rapidly declining eco-environmental conditions have serious impacts on the socio-economy of the whole region, the drying of the lake is considered as a national threat. In light of the above, within the present study a holistic hydroclimatic analysis of the lake is conducted. -
Exploring Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative Insights from the Aral Sea
ELHAM TORABIAN Exploring social vulnerability and environmental migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative insights from the Aral Sea nvironmental migration has attracted more attention over the recent years. This increasing interest emanates from the global crisis caused by ‘climate change and other human-induced environ- mental changes’ (Sachs, 2014) and their impacts on the wellbeing of populations. As unfortunate as it may be, environmental disasters have been occurring with higher frequency and magnitude in recent years, e.g., Solomon Islands tsunami in 2013; Mozambique flooding in 2013; and the drastic depletion of the Aral Sea in 2010 (see World Disasters Report 2010, OCHA). According to OCHA-IDMC (2009)- (United Nations EOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)- more than 20 million people have already been displaced within and outside national borders of countries struck by environ- mental disasters; and an estimated 25 million to 1 billion people could be displaced within the next 40 years (International Organization for Migration, IOM, 2009). Environmental migration cannot only be induced by sudden onset disasters but is also caused by slow onset of environmental changes. In fact, the number of people displaced due to gradual changes in environment may actually be higher than those displaced due to sudden disasters. As explained in EM-DAT report (2009)_(see International Emergencies Disaster Database: http://www.emdat.be/index.html)_ 1.6 billion people were displaced due to droughts compared to 718 million displaced as a result of sudden on-set of disasters from 1979 to 2008. -
The State of Environmental Migration 2014
International Organization for Migration (IOM) The State of Environmental Migration 2014 A Review of 2013 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco With the support of England Winter floods China (inner Mongolia) Newtok Environmental migration Struggle, survival, recovery Iran Urmia Lake Colorado Thailand Viet Nam Wildfires Dam and Typhoon displaced people Hispaniola & Haiti Earthquake-induced displacement Ethiopia Uganda Philippines & The Haitian Migration Flow to Brazil & Kenya Out-Migration Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda Dam and displaced people Bolivia Angola Floods and displacement Migration of Thirst Contents Introduction 5 Asia Recovery and return after typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda 13 One typhoon after another: Viet Nam in Fall 2013 31 Assessing the evolvements and impacts of environmental migration in Inner Mongolia 49 Exploring social vulnerability and environmental migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative insights from the Aral Sea 65 Africa Angola’s Migration of Thirst: The 2013 Drought 85 Leaving drought and hunger behind: out-migration from Karamoja, Uganda 101 The Americas Newtok: struggle, survival and recovery 119 Earthquake-induced internal displacement and cross-border migration on Hispaniola in 2013 135 The Haitian Migration Flow to Brazil: Aftermath of the 2010 Earthquake 149 The 2013 Colorado Wildfires 167 Floods and displacement in Bolivia 175 Europe The Impact of Displacement in the 2013/2014 Southern England Winter Floods 191 Special section Gilgel Gibe III: Dam-Induced Displacement in Ethiopia and Kenya 215 Water management in Thailand: dams and the voice of the affected and displaced people 235 Biographies 252 With support of COST Action IS1101 on Climate change and Migration COST IS1101 Climate change and migration: knowledge, law and policy and theory is a pan-European network of social scientists that aims to build a broad body of social science research on all aspects of climate change and migration. -
Review Article Review of the East
Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2020), 7(1): 1-67 Received: September 23, 2019 © 2020 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: December 28, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v7i1.451 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review Article Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran (Family Xenocyprididae) Brian W. COAD * Beaty Centre for Species Discovery, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The systematics, morphology, distribution, biology and economic importance of the East Asian minnows of Iran are described, the species are illustrated, and a bibliography on these fishes in Iran is provided. There are five species, all exotics, in the genera Ctenopharyngodon (1 species), Hemiculter (1), Hypophthalmichthys (2) and Mylopharyngodon (1), variably introduced throughout Iran for fish farming and, in the case of Hemiculter, accidentally. Keywords: Morphology, Exotics, Ctenopharyngodon, Hemiculter, Hypophthalmichthys, Mylopharyngodon. Citation: Coad B.W. 2020. Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran (Family Xenocyprididae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 7(1): 1-67. Introduction There is a wide trophic variation in this family The freshwater ichthyofauna of Iran comprises a which includes piscivores (not in Iran), omnivores diverse set of about 297 species in 109 genera, 30 (Hemiculter leucisculus), phytoplanktivores families, 24 orders and 3 classes (Esmaeili et al. (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), zooplanktivores 2018). These form important elements of the aquatic (H. nobilis), macrophytic grazers (Cteno- ecosystem and a number of species are of pharyngodon idella), and durophagous molluscivores commercial or other significance. The literature on (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (Tang et al. 2013). These these fishes is widely scattered, both in time and are small to very large fishes (2m, over 70kg). -
List of Rivers of Iran
Sl. No Name Flowing into 1 Abhar River Endorheic basins (Namak Lake) 2 Aji Chay Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 3 Alamlou River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 4 Alamut River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 5 Alwand River The Persian Gulf 6 Aras River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 7 Atrek River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 8 Bahmanshir, the original mouth of the Karun The Persian Gulf 9 Bahu Kalat River (or Dashtiari River or Silup River) Gulf of Oman 10 Bakhtiari River The Persian Gulf 11 Balha River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 12 Bampur River Endorheic basins (Hamun-e Jaz Murian) 13 Barandouz River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 14 Barun River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 15 Chaloos River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 16 Chankula River The Persian Gulf 17 Cheshmeh Kileh River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 18 Dez River The Persian Gulf 19 Do Hezar River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 20 Dozdan River Gulf of Oman 21 Gabrik River Gulf of Oman 22 Gadar River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 23 Ghaie River Endorheic basins (Lake Urmia) 24 Gharasu River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 25 Gowdeh River The Persian Gulf 26 Haffar, The Persian Gulf 27 Halil River Endorheic basins (Hamun-e Jaz Murian) 28 Haraz River Endorheic basins (Caspian Sea) 29 Harirud Endorheic basins(Karakum Desert) 30 Helleh The Persian Gulf 31 Helmand River Endorheic basins (Sistan Basin) 32 Jagin River Gulf of Oman 33 Jajrood River Endorheic basins (Namak Lake) 34 Jarahi The Persian Gulf 35 Karaj River Endorheic basins (Namak Lake) 36 Karkheh River The Persian Gulf 37 -
India (Bharat) - Iran (Persia) and Aryans Part - 2
INDIA (BHARAT) - IRAN (PERSIA) AND ARYANS PART - 2 Dr. Gaurav A. Vyas This book contains the rich History of India (Bharat) and Iran (Persia) Empire. There was a time when India and Iran was one land. This book is written by collecting information from various sources available on the internet. ROOTSHUNT 15, Mangalyam Society, Near Ocean Park, Nehrunagar, Ahmedabad – 380 015, Gujarat, BHARAT. M : 0091 – 98792 58523 / Web : www.rootshunt.com / E-mail : [email protected] Contents at a glance : PART - 1 1. Who were Aryans ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Prehistory of Aryans ..................................................................................................................... 2 3. Aryans - 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 10 4. Aryans - 2 …............................………………….......................................................................................... 23 5. History of the Ancient Aryans: Outlined in Zoroastrian scriptures …….............. 28 6. Pre-Zoroastrian Aryan Religions ........................................................................................... 33 7. Evolution of Aryan worship ....................................................................................................... 45 8. Aryan homeland and neighboring lands in Avesta …...................……………........…....... 53 9. Western -
Data Collection Survey on Improvement of the Hydrological Cycle Model in Urmia Lake Basin in the Islamic Republic of Iran
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN MINISTRY OF ENERGY (MOE) URMIA LAKE RESTORATION PROGRAM (ULRP) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON IMPROVEMENT OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE MODEL IN URMIA LAKE BASIN IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 2020 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD Data Collection Survey on Improvement of Hydrological Cycle Model in Urmia Lake Basin Summary OUTLINE OF THE SURVEY (Chapter 1 of the Final Report) 1.1 Background Urmia Lake is located in the northwestern part of the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter referred to as “Iran”). With an area of 5,700 km2 and the storage capacity of 36,750 million cubic meters (MCM), Urmia Lake used to be ranked as the 6th largest inland saline lake in the world. Since around the year 2000, however, the area of the lake gradually shrunk, concurrently, with the decrease in water inflow, As of September 2014, the area and the storage capacity of Urmia Lake have been 1,440 km2 and 1,640 MCM, respectively. The principal cause of decline of the lake surface area has been attributed to the chronic drought and the increase in water intake for agriculture brought about by water resources development in the Urmia Lake Basin. Although the Iranian government had made studies on how to stop the reduction of lake area, no practical measure was implemented until His Excellency, President Hassan Rouhani, who made a public commitment on the restoration of Urmia Lake, assumed office in August 2013. The President hammered out measures, and called for assistance from international institutions.