DOCSLIB.ORG

Review Article Review of the East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review Article Review of the East Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2020), 7(1): 1-67 Received: September 23, 2019 © 2020 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: December 28, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v7i1.451 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review Article Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran (Family Xenocyprididae) Brian W. COAD * Beaty Centre for Species Discovery, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The systematics, morphology, distribution, biology and economic importance of the East Asian minnows of Iran are described, the species are illustrated, and a bibliography on these fishes in Iran is provided. There are five species, all exotics, in the genera Ctenopharyngodon (1 species), Hemiculter (1), Hypophthalmichthys (2) and Mylopharyngodon (1), variably introduced throughout Iran for fish farming and, in the case of Hemiculter, accidentally. Keywords: Morphology, Exotics, Ctenopharyngodon, Hemiculter, Hypophthalmichthys, Mylopharyngodon. Citation: Coad B.W. 2020. Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran (Family Xenocyprididae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 7(1): 1-67. Introduction There is a wide trophic variation in this family The freshwater ichthyofauna of Iran comprises a which includes piscivores (not in Iran), omnivores diverse set of about 297 species in 109 genera, 30 (Hemiculter leucisculus), phytoplanktivores families, 24 orders and 3 classes (Esmaeili et al. (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), zooplanktivores 2018). These form important elements of the aquatic (H. nobilis), macrophytic grazers (Cteno- ecosystem and a number of species are of pharyngodon idella), and durophagous molluscivores commercial or other significance. The literature on (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (Tang et al. 2013). These these fishes is widely scattered, both in time and are small to very large fishes (2m, over 70kg). The place. Summaries of the morphology and biology of “Chinese major carps” (all except H. leucisculus) are these species were given in a website (www.brian stocked in Iran and other countries for aquaculture coad.com) which is updated here for one family, and often associated species are introduced while the relevant section of that website is now accidently, such as Hemiculter. They often escape closed down. Other families will also be addressed in from farms and can become invasive where a similar fashion. reproductive conditions are suitable. They are sold in various forms in Iran including, for example, Family Xenocyprididae processed into fish fingers (Iranian Fisheries The distribution of the East Asian minnows is Research Organization Newsletter 25: 1, 2000). indicated by the family name. There are about 154 The Chinese carps (Cyprinus carpio or common species (Catalog of Fishes, downloaded 5 October carp (family Cyprinidae, also native to Iran), C. idella 2018). These fishes have a variety of external and or grass carp, H. molitrix or silver carp, and to a lesser internal morphologies summarized below in the keys extent H. nobilis or bighead carp) are the main and species descriptions without an obvious unifying species used in warmwater culture in almost all the external morphological character. provinces of Iran. Danesh-e-Khoshashi (1998) 1 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2020), 7(1): 1-67 Table 1. Total carp production from 1990-2000. Species/Year 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 % growth 1990-2000 C. carpio 5,502 4,206 6,561 5,435 4,600 7,000 27 H. nobilis 983 1,052 1,269 1,360 1,150 1,500 53 H. molitrix 10,019 12,619 15,228 16,310 13,800 17,000 70 C. idella 3,143 3,155 3,942 4,078 3,450 2,000 -36 Total 19,647 21,032 27,000 27,138 23,000 27,500 40 described facilities and methods used for spawning 6,000kg/ha/yr) or, for intensive monoculture of Chinese carps in Guilan Province. The production of common carp, high protein pellets (30-40%). Chinese carp fingerlings has been relinquished to the Fingerlings are stocked in March-April at a density private sector in Iran. The silver carp catch increased of 2,000-6,000 per hectare and sold between from none in 1989 to 24,720t in 1994 (Food and November and February. Production is 1.6- Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Department 5.5tonnes/ha. Cultivated carps are susceptible to 1996). Chinese carp production peaked in 2006 at fungal infections as detailed by Ebrahimzadeh more than 77,000t according to Salehi (2009) who Mousavi et al. (2000) for the Sefid River Fish Farm also reviewed carp farming costs. Chinese carp Centre where 31 species of fungi were isolated and fingerling production was 22.7 million in 1996 Firouzbakhsh et al. (2005) where 39 fungal species (Bartley & Rana 1998). Stakei (1999) studied were identified from gill lesions in common, silver nutrients, BOD (biological oxygen demand) and and grass carp on five fish farms in Mazandaran. COD (chemical oxygen demand) in manured Carp culture is the most important fisheries polyculture ponds with Chinese carps in Iran. A subsector according to Salehi (1999, 2004). Chinese review of world cyprinoid culture, with special major carps are reared in hatcheries and, at about reference to the Chinese carps, was given by Billard eight days of age, they are transferred to nursery (1995). ponds. At about 10g in weight, they are transplanted Rana & Bartley (1998) gave details of carp into water bodies or grown out to market size (1kg) aquaculture in Iran. They noted that silver carp in farm ponds (Saheli 1999). Salehi's (1999) gave an production increased 11% per year between 1991 and economic, marketing and consumer study of carp 1996 and bighead carp 7%. Most carp production culture in Iran in the 1990s, concentrating on occurs in the provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran and C. carpio. He mapped fish culture facilities and Khuzestan as a private sector enterprise. Carp hatcheries, gave production of carps by species and broodstock is selected based on head size, colour and by provinces, and also gave an overview of Caspian gill structure (surface and shape). Adults are replaced fisheries apart from carps. However, carp culture is after 3-4 years. Circular concrete tanks are used for more generally used in the sense of the Chinese major spawning and have egg collecting and incubation carps (C. carpio, H. molitrix, C. idella and devices which reduce handling to the minimum. The H. nobilis), often reared in polyculture. These species young carp are grown to market size in ponds or are of similar nutritious value (Jorjani et al. 2013). complex fish farms. In 1994, there were 2,583 C. idella commands the highest price followed by registered farms with a water surface area of about H. molitrix with C. carpio the cheapest. Polyculture 8,000ha. Organic and inorganic fertilisers are used stocking in natural and artificial water bodies is along with supplementary foods. Fertilisers include usually 28-32% C. carpio, 40-50% H. molitrix, 5- urea (135-1,500kg/ha/yr), ammonium phosphate (80- 10% H. nobilis and the rest C. idella. Average yields 575kg/ha/yr) and manure (3-10tonnes/ha/yr). varied from 43kg/ha in 1993, to 40kg/ha in 1994 to Supplementary diets include a variety of grains (100- 49kg/ha in 1995. Higher yields are cited by Salehi 2 Coad - Review of the East Asian minnows of Iran Fig.1. Parabramis pekinensis, after Berg (1948-1949). (2004) at 1,540kg/ha in 2001 but this may be for This family was formerly included within the growth in summer months and special conditions. family Cyprinidae senso lato but has been separated Total carp production was 54,000t in 2001 (but see on molecular evidence and some osteological below after FAO, also from Salehi) (Table 1) characters (Stout et al. 2016; Betancour-R et al. 2017; As an example of reservoir farming of these and Tan & Armbruster 2018). It has appeared under other other carps, Abbasi et al. (2017) noted that, over a names, e.g., Cultrinae, Oxygastrinae (see Tang et al. period of 10 years, an annual average of 180,000 2013). young fish have been released into the Zayandeh There is evidently a strong possibility of exotic River Dam by the Esfahan Fisheries Department. species from Turkmenistan entering Iranian waters. Annually, 300t (later 500t) of fish are taken from the Fishes, including exotics, are farmed along the basin dam by 250 professional fishermen. The fishing of the Karakum Canal, a 1,372km long diversion season is from August to the end of winter to allow from the Amu Darya. Some of these exotics can be for spring and early summer spawning. The species expected to enter the Hari River basin of Iran via its involved are C. carpio (47.2% of the catch in this delta and eventually the Caspian Sea basin via the survey using gill nets from September to March, Atrak River through runoff and collector canals released young being 30% of the various species), (Sal'nikov 1995, 1998). A potential exotic is the H. molitrix (14.0%, young 60%), H. nobilis, white Amur bream (Parabramis pekinensis C. idella, Capoeta damascina (sic) (35.81%) and (Basilewsky, 1855)) (Fig. 1). Carassius carassius (sic, probably C. auratus). The commercial importance of C. idella and the Key to Xenocyprididae in Iran two Hypophthalmichthys species has generated a 1a. Branchiostegal membranes not attached to large amount of literature world-wide on parasites, isthmus; gill rakers fused together; eyes low on side on contamination with heavy metals, herbicides and of head, below midline; suprabranchial organ present insecticides, on aquaculture, and on food processing. …………………………………………….….……2 A summary of articles carried out on these fishes in 1b. Branchiostegal membranes attached to isthmus; Iran is given in the relevant sections below as an entry gill rakers not fused; eyes at or above midline of to this extensive literature, without being completely head; suprabranchial organ absent ……….………..3 exhaustive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sand Dune Systems in Iran - Distribution and Activity
    Sand Dune Systems in Iran - Distribution and Activity. Wind Regimes, Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Aeolian Sediment Transport in Sistan Plain (East Iran) Dissertation Thesis Submitted for obtaining the degree of Doctor of Natural Science (Dr. rer. nat.) i to the Fachbereich Geographie Philipps-Universität Marburg by M.Sc. Hamidreza Abbasi Marburg, December 2019 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Christian Opp Physical Geography Faculty of Geography Phillipps-Universität Marburg ii To my wife and my son (Hamoun) iii A picture of the rock painting in the Golpayegan Mountains, my city in Isfahan province of Iran, it is written in the Sassanid Pahlavi line about 2000 years ago: “Preserve three things; water, fire, and soil” Translated by: Prof. Dr. Rasoul Bashash, Photo: Mohammad Naserifard, winter 2004. Declaration by the Author I declared that this thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. Hamidreza Abbasi iv List of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1. General Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Introduction and justification ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramsar Sites in Order of Addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance
    Ramsar sites in order of addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance RS# Country Site Name Desig’n Date 1 Australia Cobourg Peninsula 8-May-74 2 Finland Aspskär 28-May-74 3 Finland Söderskär and Långören 28-May-74 4 Finland Björkör and Lågskär 28-May-74 5 Finland Signilskär 28-May-74 6 Finland Valassaaret and Björkögrunden 28-May-74 7 Finland Krunnit 28-May-74 8 Finland Ruskis 28-May-74 9 Finland Viikki 28-May-74 10 Finland Suomujärvi - Patvinsuo 28-May-74 11 Finland Martimoaapa - Lumiaapa 28-May-74 12 Finland Koitilaiskaira 28-May-74 13 Norway Åkersvika 9-Jul-74 14 Sweden Falsterbo - Foteviken 5-Dec-74 15 Sweden Klingavälsån - Krankesjön 5-Dec-74 16 Sweden Helgeån 5-Dec-74 17 Sweden Ottenby 5-Dec-74 18 Sweden Öland, eastern coastal areas 5-Dec-74 19 Sweden Getterön 5-Dec-74 20 Sweden Store Mosse and Kävsjön 5-Dec-74 21 Sweden Gotland, east coast 5-Dec-74 22 Sweden Hornborgasjön 5-Dec-74 23 Sweden Tåkern 5-Dec-74 24 Sweden Kvismaren 5-Dec-74 25 Sweden Hjälstaviken 5-Dec-74 26 Sweden Ånnsjön 5-Dec-74 27 Sweden Gammelstadsviken 5-Dec-74 28 Sweden Persöfjärden 5-Dec-74 29 Sweden Tärnasjön 5-Dec-74 30 Sweden Tjålmejaure - Laisdalen 5-Dec-74 31 Sweden Laidaure 5-Dec-74 32 Sweden Sjaunja 5-Dec-74 33 Sweden Tavvavuoma 5-Dec-74 34 South Africa De Hoop Vlei 12-Mar-75 35 South Africa Barberspan 12-Mar-75 36 Iran, I. R.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic Diversity of Camel Ecotypes (Camelus Dromedarius) in the South Region of Kerman Province of Iran
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346797398 Phenotypic Diversity of Camel Ecotypes (Camelus dromedarius) in the South Region of Kerman Province of Iran Article · December 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 33 3 authors, including: Jamshid Ehsani Nia Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh University of Guilan University of Guilan 6 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS 160 PUBLICATIONS 1,090 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Effect of udder health on milk yield and milk composition in Holstein cows View project Hair Mineral Analysis of the Caspian Horses View project All content following this page was uploaded by Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh on 09 December 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Ehsaninia et al. Phenotypic Diversity of Camel Ecotypes (Camelus dromedarius) in the South Region of Kerman Province of Iran 1* 2 3 Research Article J. Ehsaninia , B. Faye and N. Ghavi Hossein‐Zadeh 1 Department of Agriculture, Minab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2 FAO/CIRAD‐ES, Campus Internaonal de Baillarguet, TA C/dir B 34398 Montpellier, France 3 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Received on: 8 Jan 2019 Revised on: 21 Mar 2019 Accepted on: 31 Mar 2019 Online Published on: Dec 2020 *Correspondence E‐mail: [email protected] © 2010 Copyright by Islamic Azad Univers ity, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran Online version is available on: www.ijas.ir The aims of the present study were to evaluate phenotypic diversity and to determine the live body weight of camel ecotypes elevated in the south region of Kerman province in Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Chanodichthys Recurviceps (A Fish, No Common Name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Chanodichthys recurviceps (a fish, no common name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, June 2012 Revised, November 2016 Web Version, 6/18/2018 Photo: H. T. Cheng. Licensed under CC BY-NC. Available: http://naturewatch.org.nz/taxa/187285-Culter-recurviceps. (November 2016). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Zhao and Cui (2011): “Known from Zhu Jiang River (Pearl River) in Guangdong and Guanxi Provinces, and Hainan Province in China.” Status in the United States This species has not been reported in the United States. 1 Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported in the United States. 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From ITIS (2016): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii Subclass Neopterygii Infraclass Teleostei Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes Superfamily Cyprinoidea Family Cyprinidae Genus Culter Basilewsky, 1855 Species Culter recurviceps (Richardson, 1846)” From Eschmeyer et al. (2016): “recurviceps, Leuciscus Richardson [J.] 1846:295 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845] […]] Canton, China. No types known. Based solely on an illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:210, Pl. 17a […]). •Valid as Erythroculter recurviceps (Richardson 1846) -- (Lu in Pan et al. 1991:93 […]). •Questionably the same as Culter alburnus Basilewsky 1855 -- (Bogutskaya & Naseka 1996:24 […], Naseka 1998:75 […]). •Valid as Culter recurviceps (Richardson 1846) -- (Luo & Chen in Chen et al. 1998:188 […], Zhang et al. 2016:59 […]). •Valid as Chanodichthys recurviceps (Richardson 1846) -- (Kottelat 2013:87 […]).
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Keport No. b34-IKN I .a 0 ____a lidi I U ,, - Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Report Public Disclosure Authorized Voliime !!: Annexes January 29, 1975 Regional Projects Department Europe, Middle E-st, and No-rtk Africa '-'I-"-' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PReg-ionaOffice"b ... Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized LvLflt.Un,ocument I ItTI 1of 1 rFh I tLI Ic InsterntistoFnal11o II UttIIIVILI ILL, LSBank Il IIr. forI I.J IRecnsrutonF;r; WL.AAJ131.1 LJLLILI I Candr l IL Developmnto..¶VC .I.J IIILII1 1 International Development Association This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS ("-rren^y TTri + = Pi al Rial 1 = US$0.01h8 Pi ]s 1fllnffnn0no = TSMt1) 760 US$1.00 = Rials 67.75 TTqc,l nnn ,0n = Rals 7 7,75 non0 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES mm = Milimeter = 0.039 inches km = Kilometer = 0.6214 miles m - Meter = 3.28 feet ha = Hectare = 10,000 square meters or n 2.47 acres M. or cm = Cubic meter = 264.2 US gallons McM or mcm = Million cubic meters m3/sec = Cubic meter per second kg = Kilogram = 2.20 pounds Kw/H = Kilowatt/Hour Mw = Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts Mg/i = Milligrams per liter p.p.m. = Parts per Million BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand ACRONYMS TRWR = Tehran Regional Water Board MWP = Ministry of Water and Power W.DTiv. = Water Division of MWP PBO = Plan and Budget Organization MGlRA = Ministrv of Coonerative snd Rural Affairs MHUP = Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning KWPA = hhuzest2n Water and Power A.uthorit.y D & R = Development Resources Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor.Michigan
    OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR.MICHIGAN THE CYPRINID DERMOSPHENOTIC AND THE SUBFAMILY RASBORINAE The Cyprinidac, the largest family of fishes, do not lend themselves readily to subfamily classification (Sagemehl, 1891; Regan, 1911 ; Ramaswami, 195513). Nevertheless, it is desirable to divide the family in some way, if only to facilitate investiga- tion. Since Gunther's (1868) basic review of the cyprinids the emphasis in classification has shifted from divisions that are rcadily differentiable to groupings intended to be more nearly phylogenetic. In the course of this change a subfamily classifica- tion has gradually been evolved. Among the most notable contributions to the development of present subfamily concepts are those of Berg (1912), Nikolsky (1954), and Banarescu (e-g. 1968a). The present paper is an attempt to clarify the nature and relationships of one cyprinid subfamily-the Rasborinae. (The group was termed Danioinae by Banarescu, 1968a. Nomen- claturally, Rasborina and Danionina were first used as "family group" names by Giinther; to my knowledge the first authors to include both Rasbora and Danio in a single subfamily with a name bascd on one of these genera were Weber and de Beaufort, 1916, who used Rasborinae.) In many cyprinids, as in most characins, the infraorbital bones form an interconnected series of laminar plates around the lower border of the eye, from the lacrimal in front to the dermo- sphenotic postcrodorsally. This series bears the infraorbital sensory canal, which is usually continued into the cranium above the dcrmosphenotic. The infraorbital chain of laminar plates is generally anchored in position relative to the skull anteriorly and 2 Gosline OCC.
    [Show full text]
  • What Drives the Water Level Decline of Lake Urmia Stephan Schulz 1*, Sahand Darehshouri1, Elmira Hassanzadeh2, Massoud Tajrishy3 & Christoph Schüth1
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Climate change or irrigated agriculture – what drives the water level decline of Lake Urmia Stephan Schulz 1*, Sahand Darehshouri1, Elmira Hassanzadeh2, Massoud Tajrishy3 & Christoph Schüth1 Lake Urmia is one of the largest hypersaline lakes on earth with a unique biodiversity. Over the past two decades the lake water level declined dramatically, threatening the functionality of the lake’s ecosystems. There is a controversial debate about the reasons for this decline, with either mismanagement of the water resources, or climatic changes assumed to be the main cause. In this study we quantifed the water budget components of Lake Urmia and analyzed their temporal evolution and interplay over the last fve decades. With this we can show that variations of Lake Urmia’s water level during the analyzed period were mainly triggered by climatic changes. However, under the current climatic conditions agricultural water extraction volumes are signifcant compared to the remaining surface water infow volumes. Changes in agricultural water withdrawal would have a signifcant impact on the lake volume and could either stabilize the lake, or lead to its complete collapse. Lake Urmia is an endorheic lake located in north-west of Iran (Fig. 1). With an average original surface area of about 5,000 km2 it is one of the largest hypersaline lakes on earth1–3. Considering its original extent, Lake Urmia has more than one hundred islands, which are vital for the reproduction of various local birds, but also as a safe breeding refuge of migratory birds such as Flamingos and White Pelicans2. Te main islands are an ideal habitat for endangered species such as the Iranian yellow deer and Armenian moufon4.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Eurasian and American Cyprinids Using Cytochrome B Sequences
    Journal of Fish Biology (2002) 61, 929–944 doi:10.1006/jfbi.2002.2105, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Phylogenetic relationships of Eurasian and American cyprinids using cytochrome b sequences C. C*, N. M*, T. E. D†, A. G‡ M. M. C*§ *Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Cieˆncia de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 3 Piso. 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, †Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501, U.S.A. and ‡Laboratoire d’Hydrobiology, Universite´ de Provence, 1 Place Victor Hugo, 1331 Marseille, France (Received 30 January 2002, Accepted 6 August 2002) Neighbour-joining and parsimony analyses identified five lineages of cyprinids: (1) European leuciscins (including Notemigonus)+North American phoxinins (including Phoxinus phoxinus); (2) European gobionins+Pseudorasbora; (3) primarily Asian groups [cultrins+acheilognathins+ gobionins (excluding Abbotina)+xenocyprinins]; (4) Abbottina+Sinocyclocheilus+Acrossocheilus; (5) cyprinins [excluding Sinocyclocheilus and Acrossocheilus]+barbins+labeonins. Relationships among these lineages and the enigmatic taxa Rhodeus were not well-resolved. Tests of mono- phyly of subfamilies and previously proposed relationships were examined by constraining cytochrome b sequences data to fit previous hypotheses. The analysis of constrained trees indicated that sequence data were not consistent with most previously proposed relationships. Inconsistency was largely attributable to Asian taxa, such as Xenocypris and Xenocyprioides. Improved understanding of historical and taxonomic relationships in Cyprinidae will require further morphological and molecular studies on Asian cyprinids and taxa representative of the diversity found in Africa. 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Key words: Cyprinidae; molecular phylogeny; cytochrome b; monophyly of subfamilies.
    [Show full text]
  • World Working Group on Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills
    World Working Group on Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills Jaribu Stork, Venezuela (photo: C. Luthin) International Council for Bird Preservation Vogelpark Walsrode Produced by: D-3030 Walsrode W. W. Brehm Fund for International Bird Conservation Fed. Rep. Germany In but several years, the communication network of the World RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION Working Group on Storks, Ibises, and Spoonbills has grown considerably, and a very large volume of information on this PRIORITIES: group of birds is beginning to surface. Over 120 individuals STORKS, ffiiSES, & SPOONBILLS from over 40 countries have contributed to this report. (A list of participants of the Working Group and their addresses is forthcoming.) In this, the second annual report of the Working AMERICAS Group, two types of summaries are presented: SPECIES STA­ TUS REPORTS and REGIONAL REPORTS. Unfortunately, 1. Determine status of JABIRU in all of Central America, and not all species and but several regions can be included in this establish critical habitat needs. Promote strict protection of report due to space and time limitations; those remaining shall all nest sites and frequently-used wetlands. be included in the next issue, however. There is a strong bias to­ wards tropical America and South and East Asia, for there 2. Monitor coastal breeding ciconiiforms in Central America exists less published material than what is available on and northern South America, including AMERICAN European/African species. Also, the greatest number of un­ WOOD STORK, ROSEATE SPOONBILL, WHITE IBIS, known and endangered species occur in these countries, and SCARLET IBIS, and protect significant wetlands which they are given priority by the Working Group.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Fulltext
    Electronic Physician (ISSN: 2008-5842) http://www.ephysician.ir July 2018, Volume: 10, Issue: 7, Pages: 7138-7145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/7138 Scorpion composition and scorpionism in a high-risk area, the southwest of Iran Jalil Nejati1, Abedin Saghafipour2, Javad Rafinejad3, Ehsan Mozaffari3, Amir Keyhani4, Ali Abolhasani5, Amir Tavakoli Kareshk6 1 Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 2 Ph.D. in Medical Entomology, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 3 Professor, Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 5 Department of Disease Control, Health Center of Andimeshk, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 6 Ph.D. in Medical Parasitology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Type of article: Original Abstract Background: Scorpions are usually defined as predatory arachnids having venomous and painful stings. Scorpionism is considered as one of the health and medical problems in undeveloped tropical and subtropical countries in the world that endangers thousands of people annually. Objective: This study was done for identification of scorpion fauna and scorpionism location in a high-risk area in southwest of Iran. Methods: This study was carried out in Andimeshk district located in Khuzestan province which has the highest frequency of scorpionism in Iran. In total, 4 urban and 15 rural areas with various climates and topography were selected for monthly scorpion collection in 2016.
    [Show full text]