NIELSEN Symphonies Nos. 4 "The Inextinguishable" and 5 National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland Adrian Leaper Carl Nielsen (1865 - 1931) Symphony No. 4, Op. 29 "The Inextinguishable" Symphony No. 5, Op. 50 A leading influenceonScandinavian music of the presentcentury,the Danish composer Carl Nielsenwas born in 1865, the son of apainterandvillage musician, in whose band he had his earliest musical experience playingtheviolin. In 1879, after learning to play the cornet, he joined a military orchestraat Odense and by 1884 had been able, with the help of sponsors, to enter the Royal Danish Conservatory in Copenhagen as a student of violin, piano and theory. After graduation in 1886 his compositions began to win a hearing, with a significant success in 1888 for his Opus 1 Little Suite for strings. The following year he became a violinist in the royal chapel, broadening still further his musical experience and in particular his knowledge of the music of Wagner, a subject of his serious study in Germany in 1890. Here he began the first of his six symphonies, completed in 1892. His work as a player in the royal chapel continued until 1905, followed by a growing demand for his services as a conductor, particularly of his own works, while a state pension allowed him to turn from teaching, a hitherto necessary means of survival, to concentrate on composition. His Second Symphony, The Four Temperaments, completed in 1902, characterizes the four humours of early medical theory. A third symphony, the Sinfonia Espansiva, followed in 1911, three years after his appointment as conductor at the Royal Theatre, a position he held until 1914. The Fourth Symphony, The Inextinguishable, was finished in 1916, to be followed in 1922 by the Fifth. The last of the six was completed in 1925, six years before Nielsen's death in Copenhagen in 1931. Nielsen'sworkas acomposer includestwo operas and a number of orchestral works besidethesymphonies,with concertosforviolinandforclarinet.Tochoral worksandsongsmay be added three publishedstringquartets, awindquintetand three violin sonatas, as well as a relatively small amount of music for the piano, an instrumentthat he had first taught himself as ayoung bandsman. Hismusical language,- -. as demonstrated in the symphonies, is idiosyncratic and individual, essentially tonal, but covering an extended range of keys within a tonal system, with acoaent use of rhvthms that adds im~etusto an idiom that is. in some wavs. areactio; against romanticism,while extending post-romantic harmonic, melobid and rhythmicvocabulary. The title of the Fourth Symphony, Det Uudslukkelige, The Inextinguishable, was chosen to express what Nielsen saw as the elemental Will of Life, explaining that Music, like Life, is inextinguishable, an indication of the right approach to the work ratherthan of the presence of any programmatic element. The symphony is scored for triple woodwind, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, strings and timpani, with two sets of the last, placed opposite each other, the second at the side of the orchestra and near the audience. The first of the four movements, linked one to the other, opens forcefully with some ambiguity of key and mode. All grows quieter with a passage for solo cello and the three flutes, followed by the three clarinets, leading, by ascending scales from violas and muted second violins,'to a passage marked risoluto e giusto in which strings and woodwind happily join. These nevertheless continue the harmonic ambiguity and instability of what has so far transpired, in a symphony that apparently opens in D minor/major but ends in E major, the tonality at which it aims. An exultant passage for full orchestra, marked pesante e glorioso is followed by the introduction of a new rhythmic element, a leaping figure heard first from the flute. The music continues in what is broadly traditional tripartite form, with a return of the first material to mark the beginning of a triumphant recapitulationsection, diminishing into a delightful G major Allegretto interlude for the woodwind band. The violins introduce a third movement with a strong and finely moulded melodic line, seemingly striving towards the key of E major. This strongly felt and intense music is ioined to the final movement by a rapid changeof mood, as thestrings, con anima, come to asudden rest, before the last Allearo, a movementofstruaaleandconflict, elements to which the tim~animake music and the will to life as inextinguishable, although contemporary events in Europe might too easily have suggested only despair. Carl Nielsen's Fifth Symphony is scored for piccolo, pairs of woodwind instruments,fourhorns, three trumpets, three trombonesand tuba, apercussion section of cymbals, triangle, tambourine, side drum, timpani and celesta, and strings. lt-was the particular use of the side drum that caused some consternation among earlier audiences, in particular at the first performance of the symphony in Sweden in 1924, when there were those who chose to take refuge outside the concert hall. The work is in two movements. The first, marked Tempo giusto, is opened by the violas with an oscillating accompanying figure to which the bassoons add their own curious melody, echoed by horns and flutes. Again there is harmonic ambiguity. A muted long-drawn violin melody appears, accompanied by the rest of the strings, swelling in importance, as the cellos add a sinister threat to its progress. This menacing mood is accentuatedby anewviolin theme, prefaced by the side drum and accompanied by the marching rhythm of timpani and plucked lowerstrings, with the side drum continuing its insistent rhythm. The sinister suggestions of the music are replaced by a G major Adagio, with horns and bassoonsjoined by divided violas and cellos and swelling to a climax, before the side drum again intrudes with an unsettling element, already suggested by the changing inflexions of the melodic line. The movement ends quietly with a clarinet cadenza, as the side drum fades into the distance. While the second movement will eventually resolve any conflict, it opens with a thematic element in which the interval of a fourth is prominent, with a subsidiary oboe theme offering greater tranquillity. There are again disputes of tonality, in particular in an insistent passage between woodwind and violins, leading to a fugal F minor Presto, introduced by the first violins and interrupted by the timpani and wind. A curious descending section for the flute leads to another fugal passage, marked Andante un poco tranquillo, its subiect derived from the o~eninamelodv of the movement. In a final section, in which the two importani themitic elements from earlier in the movement re-appear, any conflict is finally resolved into a positive E flat major. National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland The RTE Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1947 as part of the Radio and Television service in Ireland. With its membership coming from France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Hungary, Poland and Russia, it drew together a rich blend of European culture. Apart from its many symphony concerts, the orchestra came to world-wide attention with its participation in the famous Wexford Opera Festival, an event broadcast in many parts of the world. The orchestra now enjoys the facilities of a fine new concert hall in central Dublin, where it performs with the world's leading conductors and soloists. In 1990 the RTESymphonyOrchestrawasaugmentedandrenamedtheNationalSymphony Orchestra of Ireland. Under its Principal Conductor, George Hurst, it quickly established itself as one of Europe's most adventurous orchestras with programmes featuring many 20th century compositions. The orchestra has now embarked upon an extensive recording project for the Naxos and Marco Polo labels and will record music by Nielsen, Tchaikovsky, Goldmark, Rachmaninov, Brian and Scriabin.

Adrian Leaper Adrian Leaper was appointed Assistant Conductor to Stanislaw Skrowaczewski of the Halle Orchestra in 1986, and has since then enjoyed an increasingly busy career, with engagements at home and throughout Europe. Born in 1953, Adrian Leaper studied at the Royal Academy of Music and was for a number of years co-principal French horn in the Philharmonia Orchestra, before turning his attention exclusively to conducting. He has been closely involved with the Naxos and Marco Polo labels and has been consequently instrumental in introducing elements of English repertoire to Eastern Europe. His numerous recordings include a complete cycle of Sibelius symphonies for Naxos, and Havergal Brian's Symphony No. 4 ("Das Siegeslied") for Marco Polo. Carl Nielsen Symphonien Nr. 4 "Das Unausloschliche" . Nr. 5

Neben dem Finnen Jean Sibelius ist der Dane Carl August Nielsen eine der uberragenden skandinavischen ~om~onisten~ersonlichkeitendes spaten 19. und fruhen 20. Jahrhunderts. Geboren wurde eram 9. Juni 1865 in der Nahevon Odenseaufder lnsel Funen. BeiseinemVater,einem Dorfgeiger, erhielterseinen ersten Violinunterricht, und mit 14 Jahren wurde er als Trompeter in das lnfanterieregiment von Odense aufgenommen. 1884 kam er als Schuler ans Konigliche Konsewatoriumvon Kopenhagen, wo er unteranderem bei Niels W. Gade, dem groOen danischen Romantiker, studierte. Seit 1886 war er mit Unterbrechungen Geiger im Hoforchester, von 1908 bis 1914 Hofkapellmeister undvon 1915 bis 1927 DirigentderKopenhagener Musikvereinigung. 1915 wurde eraul3erdem Lehreram Konsewatorium,undschlieBlich ernannte man ihn 1931 zum Direktor dieses lnstituts - wenige Monate vor seinem Tod. Am 3. Oktober 1931 starb Carl Nielsen in Kopenhagen. ' Schon vor seiner Ausbildung am Konse~atoriumhatte Nielsen die ersten Kompositionsversuche unternommen. Und nach Beendigung seiner Studien stand fest, daBerausder Neigungeinen~eruf machenwijrde ~riewollkommnete seine Kenntnisse in Deutschland und ~rasentierteschon 1892 die erste von insgesamtsechsSymphonien,einerstaunlich reifesundfiirseine Entstehungszeit ijberaus originellesWerk, dasschonviele derunvenvechselbarenCharakteristika enthalt, mit denen sich Nielsens symphonisches Schaffen deutlich von seinen Zeitgenossen unterscheidet. Bezeichnend ist seine direkte Auseinandersetzung mit der menschlichen Natur. Diezweitesymphonie(1 902) tragtden Untertitel"DievierTemperamente", diedritte mit Namen "Espansiva" (1 91 011 1) beschaftigtsich mitder"Erweiterung des geistigen Horizonts nach auBen" und sol1 "menschliche Tatkraft und LebensfreudeVwiderspiegeln. Die Vierte aus den Jahren 1914-16 behandelt "Das Unausloschliche",womit nach den Worten des Komponisten der "elementare Lebenswille" gemeint ist, eine unzerstorbare Kraft, die sogar dann noch weiterwirkte, wenn ganze Welten in Schutt und Asche gefallen waren. "Bald wurden die Pflanzen sich zu vermehren beginnen, man wurde die Vogel bei der Brut beobachten und ihre Schreie horen, menschliches Streben und Sehnen ware zu spuren. Diese Krafte, die unausloschlich sind, habe ich darzustellen versucht." So beginnt die Symphonie auch mit einem gewaltigen Ausbruch, einem ersten groOen Ausdruck der ungezugelten, unverwustlichen Energie. Kaum hat sich dieser Ansturm beruhigt, intonieren die Klarinetten ein zweites, gesanglichesThema, das im Laufe des Werkes immer wiederkehren wird: eine Melodie von geradezu hymnischen Qualitaten. Zwischen diesen Elementen entfaltet sich die aesamte S~annunades ersten Satzes. der ~ausenlosin ein charmant-tanzerisches, von den ~lolzblasernbeherrschtes' Poco allegretto ubergeht, dem wiederum ein breit angelegter langsamer Satzfolgt. Freilich wird man sich nirgends fur langere Zeit einer einzigen Bewegung, einem durchgehaltenenGrundimpuls hingeben konnen -das "Unausloschliche"bricht immer wieder hervor. So auch im Adagio, das plotzlich durch schier unversohnliche Uberlagerungen geradezu explodiert. Der SchluOsatz bringt dann den Hohepunkt, die letzte Verherrlichung der Lebenskraft. Zwar ist ein steiniger Weg zuruckzulegen bis zum Jubel der letzten Takte, doch was immer an rhythmischen und harmonischen Barrieren auftaucht - es wird vom Unausloschlichen hinweggefegt. Und endlich rnussen sich sogar die beiden Paukenpaare, die rechts und linksvomOrchesteraufgestelltsind, dem Stromdes Lebensfugen, nachdem sie bisdahin mitwusten Soli versucht haben, den unaufhaltsamenGang der Dinge niederzuprugeln. Einen ahnlich dramatischen Verlauf nimmt die funfte Symphonie, die Carl Nielsen 1921122 kom~onierte.In ihren zwei mehrfachaealiederten Satzen erlebt man immerwiederden erschreckenden ~inbruchdesthgosin die Ordnung - bis hin zum geradezu besessenen Versuch der kleinen Trommel, mit ihrem brutal knatternden Rhythmus gegen ihre gesamte orchestrale Umgebung zu revoltieren. Das geht so weit, dal3 Nielsen im langsamen Abschnitt des ersten Satzes eine Improvisation des Schlagzeugers vorsieht, die vollig unabhangig vom allgemeinen Geschehen zu spielen ist. Auch der zweite Satz IaOt sich am besten mit dem Begriff "Besessenheit" charakterisieren. Mal in hemmungsloser Larmentfaltung, dann wieder ganz in sich zurijckgezogen,vollziehtsichdie Entwicklungdieser Musik, die- wie bereits dievoraufgegangenesymphonie-vonunzahligenschichtungen widerspriichlicher Linien und Rhythmen bestimmt wird. Doch wieder siegt die optimistische Grundhaltungdes Komponisten: Nach allen Kampfen losen sich die Konflikte in einem triumphalen SchluB. O 1994 Cris Posslac Carl Nielsen Symphonies nos 4 et 5

Carl Nielsen, grande figure de la musique danoise durant la periode post- romantique, naquit le 9 juin 1865 a Sortelung. Violoniste amateur son pere I'initia tres t6t a la pratique de cet instrument et ses progres furent si rapides que Carl put vite se joindre a lui dans diverses manifestations villageoises. Pour sympathiques qu'elles fussent, le jeune musicien ne s'en contenta bient6t plus et devint membre d'un orchestre amateur ou il se familiarisa avec les partitions de Haydn et Mozart- le musicien prefere de Nielsen. Pour subvenir a ses besoins, il joua, de 1879 a 1883, du clairon dans un orchestre militaire d'odensee, completant par ailleurs sa formation musicale et generale en autodidacte. Des melomanes fortunes decouvrirent son talent et, de 1884 a 1886, subvinrent a ses besoins pendant ses etudes - violon, piano, harmonie, histoire - au Conse~atoirede Copenhague ou, parmi ses professeurs, figurait Niels Gade (1817 - 1890). Talentueuxvioloniste,Nielsen participaitauxconcerts de plusieurs formations de chambre et orchestres de la capitale danoise. II decouvrait alors la musique de Richard Wagner; son immense enthousiasme pour les drames mllsicaux du maitre de Bayreuth devait s'estomper par la suite... Brahms ne laissait pas non plus le musicien indifferent et I'on peut deceler son influence dans la lere Symphonie creee avec succes en 1894. Le langage musical de Nielsen s'affirmait peu a peu. Des oeuvres chorales et de musique de chambre virent egalement le jour. En 1904, I'artiste signa un opera: Maskarade, peu apres sa 2eme Symphonie (1902). C'est cependant avec les 4eme "lnextinguible" et 58me Symphonies que Nielsen s'imposa veritablement au devant de la scene musicale danoise. Elles naquirent respectivement en 1916 et 1922. Moins celebre, la 6eme suivit en 1924. Les problemescardiaques et pulmonaires dont le compositeurdanoissouffrait depuis longtemps deja d'aggraverent a partir de 1926 et furenta I'origine de son deces le 3 octobre 1931. Carl Nielsen doit I'essentiel de sa popularite ason oeuvre symphonique et, avant tout, aux deux partitions enregistrees sur ce CD. Le musicien acheva sa 48me Symphonie op. 29 durant le premier conflit mondial. PeutQtre faut-il chercher sous le qualificatif "Inextinguible" - qui signifiait pour I'auteur I'expression d'une 'Yolonte de vivre" dont il avait empli sa partition - une fa~onde conjurer le drame qui s'abattait alors sur I'Europe. La Symphonie n04presente I'originalite d'enchainer les quatre episodes qui la composent. II est difficile de donner une tonalite a I'oeuvre. Elle obeit en fait a un systeme de "tonalite progressive" organise autour de la "tonalite-pivot"de mi majeur, mais fait I'objet de nombreuses modulations. NoteAllegrolepremier episode autour de deux ensembles thematiques, I'un tresvigoureux, I'autreapaise, exploitesaucoursd'un developpementfortement contraste. L'humeur se fait moins grave dans le Poco Allegretto. Domine par la tonalite de sol majeur, il affiche une couleur pastorale qui contraste autant avec I'episode precedent, qu'avec le Poco adagio quasi Andante qui suit, au discours souvent sombre et inquiet. Enfin, I'Allegro apporte une conclusion optimiste a I'Opus 29. Tout en nervosite rythmique il aboutit a I'eclatant tutti final en mi majeur. D'une couleur tres differente de la precedente, la Symphonie n05exprime, par le climat dramatique de son premier volet, le choc que provoquasur Nielsen la guerre de 1914-191 8. L'op. 50 s'organise en deux vastes parties. La premiere commence par un Tempo giusto ou altos et bassons creent d'abord des couleurs etranges et menaqantes, puis le mouvement gagne en nervosite et en puissance, en "mechancete aussi, pourrait-on parfois dire. La tension se reliche dans I'Adagio, cependant assombri par des rappels du mouvement precedent. Cette premiere partie s'acheve par un une intervention de la clarinette. La seconde partie se revele moins deprimee que la premiere. Lancee par un lumineux Allegro au developpement tres vaste. II conduit au Presto au I'art contrapuntique de Nielsen s'exprime dans un passage fugue. On trouve egalement un fugue au debut de I'Andante un poco tranquillo aux sonorites chaudes et moelleuses. Preuve d'une serenite retrouvee, I'Opus 50 se termine par un eclatant Allegro qui culmine avec I'Allargando conclusif en mi bemol majeur. O 1994 Frederic Castello SCANDINAVIAN MUSIC AVAILABLE ON NAXOS GRIEG Cello Sonata, Op. 36 1Piano Sonata, Op. 7 1Intermezzo 8.550878 Lyric Pieces Vol. 1 8.550450 Lyric Pieces Vol. 2 8.550577 Lyric Pieces Vol. 3 8.550650 Norwegian Airs ITwo Melodies IErotikl 8.550330 Elegiac Pieces (+ SIBELIUS) Peer Gynt Suites Nos. 1 & 2 1Lyric Pieces I 8.550864 Sigurd Jorsalfar IWedding Day at Troldhaugen String Quartets (G Minor, Op. 27 1F Major) (+ JOHANSEN) 8.550879 NlELSEN Symphonies Nos. 4 "lnextinguishable" & 5 SIBELIUS Finlandia IValse Triste ISwan of Tuonela IKarelia (Suite) 8.550103 Rakastava IRomance IAndante Festivo I 8.550330 Canzonetta (+ GRIEG) Symphonies Nos. 1 & 6 8.5501 97 Symphonies Nos. 2 & 7 8.550198 Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 8.550199 Symphony No. 5 1En Saga IBelshauar'q Feast 8.550200 Violin Concerto Op. 47 8.550329 (+ HALVORSEN / SINDING / SVENDSEN) Carl NELSEN (1865 - 1931) Symphonies Nos. 4 and 5 National Symphony Orch- of Ireland A~hper Symphony No. 4, Op. 29 "The inextinguishable" m@p (1156) Pocoallegretto (5:Ol) Poco adagio quasi andante (10:46) Con ha- Allegro (9:Os) Symphony No. 5, Op. 50 Tempogiusto (10:25) Adagio non tropp~ (9:46) Allegro - Presto (9:47) Andante un paco tranquillo - AlIegro (7:06) 1

Recorded at the National Concert Hall. Dublin

Producer: Chris Craker Engineer: Dave Harries Music Notes: Keith Anderson I Cover : After the Storm by J. F. Willurnsen ]