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Power and Profit at the Pearl Fisheries of South India and Sri Lanka, C University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2016 The Beds Of Empire: Power And Profit tA The Pearl Fisheries Of South India And Sri Lanka, C. 1770-1840 Samuel Miles Ostroff University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Studies Commons, History Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Ostroff, Samuel Miles, "The Beds Of Empire: Power And Profit tA The Pearl Fisheries Of South India And Sri Lanka, C. 1770-1840" (2016). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2507. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2507 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2507 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Beds Of Empire: Power And Profit tA The Pearl Fisheries Of South India And Sri Lanka, C. 1770-1840 Abstract The Gulf of Mannar—the shallow body of water between present-day India and Sri Lanka—was one of the largest sources of natural pearls in the world for at least two millennia. This dissertation focuses on a relatively brief period during which managerial control over the human and natural resources of the pearling industry transferred from Dutch to British powers. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries also witnessed a shift in political economic thought, as classical liberalism dislodged mercantilism as the prevailing framework for interpreting the relationship between the state and economy. The Company and Crown governments brought an assemblage of ideas to bear on the management and governance of people and oysters that sought to not only increase productivity but also fundamentally reshape the social, economic, and political foundations of the pearling industry. However, the attempt by British officialso t extricate local networks and institutions from pearling operations was fraught with contradictions and seldom delivered on the promise of reform. Through an examination of key targets of government intervention—labor, markets, merchants, sovereignty, and corruption—this dissertation explores the interstices between success and failure and tracks such developments through the evolving contexts of colonialism and imperialism in India and Sri Lanka. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group South Asia Regional Studies First Advisor Daud Ali Keywords East India Company, Empire, India, Pearl Fishery, Pearling, Sri Lanka Subject Categories Asian Studies | History | South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2507 THE BEDS OF EMPIRE: POWER AND PROFIT AT THE PEARL FISHERIES OF SOUTH INDIA AND SRI LANKA, C.1770-1840 Samuel M. Ostroff A DISSERTATION in South Asia Regional Studies and History Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Supervisor of Dissertation Daud Ali, Associate Professor of South Asia Studies Graduate Group Chairperson, South Asia Regional Studies Daud Ali, Associate Professor of South Asia Studies Graduate Group Chairperson, History Peter Holquist, Associate Professor of History Dissertation Committee: Lisa Mitchell, Associate Professor of South Asia Studies Ramya Sreenivasan, Associate Professor of South Asia Studies Teren Sevea, Assistant Professor of South Asia Studies THE BEDS OF EMPIRE: POWER AND PROFIT AT THE PEARL FISHERIES OF SOUTH INDIA AND SRI LANKA, C. 1770-1840 COPYRIGHT 2016 Samuel Miles Ostroff To Marnina, Max, and my parents for their love, patience, and support iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT American environmentalist Rachel Carson wrote, “The edge of the sea is a strange and beautiful place.” I think that the same can be said of dissertations. There are many people and organizations that helped me realize this project. First and foremost, I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Daud Ali, a real mensch. His patience, generosity, critical eye, and kind spirit guided me during this journey. My professors at Penn created a vibrant and open intellectual space for me to explore my evolving interests. The Department of South Asia Studies was my academic home for seven years and I thank Lisa Mitchell, Ramya Sreenivasan, Rupa Viswanath, Teren Sevea, and Deven Patel for always challenging me to think. In the Department of History, Kathleen Brown enthusiastically welcomed me to her seminar and told me to roll up my sleeves and get my hands dirty. Jessica Goldberg took the time to nurture my interest in economic history and tolerated frequent questions about medieval trade and the Cairo Geniza. Benjamin Nathans supported my pursuit of a dual degree for which I am appreciative. Sadly, Michael Katz passed away while I was conducting research abroad but I will always remember the magnanimity with which he treated me when I was a student in his urban history seminar. There are also many professors who inspired me prior to my arrival at Penn. At Bucknell, I thank Tom Ellis, David Del Testa, Donald Davis, John Kirkland, Katherine Faull, John Enyeart, and Leslie Patrick. At Columbia, I thank Sudipta Kaviraj, E. Valentine Daniel, Allison Busch, Anupama Rao, and Samuel Sudanandha. iv Many institutions supported the research required for this project. The majority of the work in India and the Netherlands was conducted on a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship. A Bernadotte E. Schmitt Grant from the American Historical Association allowed for an extended and highly productive stay in London. Two dissertation research fellowships from the School of Arts and Sciences at Penn provided supplementary funds for travel to three countries on two continents. The Global Cities Research Grant from the Urban Studies Program at Penn sponsored my first trip to the National Archives in The Hague, which introduced me to the charms of Dutch living and kick-started my interest in the pearl fishery. Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships from the South Asia Center at Penn provided the resources for my Tamil and Telugu language training. I was also fortunate to receive support from the American Institute for Indian Studies to participate in the Telugu summer program and Tamil academic year program. I thank Dr. S. Bharathi and her wonderful teams of skilled and knowledgeable teachers at AIIS in Visakhapatnam and Madurai. During my time as a Fulbright-Hays fellow, Judith Tjiattas at Penn endured countless requests to change my itinerary. The talented and enthusiastic staff at the Nationaal Archief in Den Haag made my experience in the archives a joy. At the Tamil Nadu Archives in Chennai, the staff somehow found every volume that I requested and did so with a sharp sense of humor. The French Institute of Pondicherry hosted me during my research period in India and provided access to their abundantly stocked, delightfully cool, and pleasantly situated library. I thank the staff at The Institute for History at Leiden University for facilitating my stay in the Netherlands and making me feel at home. Jos Gommans and his smart and energetic students in the Cosmopolis program deserve special recognition. At Columbia v in New York City, Wijnie de Groot and Frans Blom organized summer Dutch reading courses that I was fortunate to join on two separate occasions. Hup Holland Hup! Zoe Beckerman, Associate Director of South Asia Studies at Penn, was a godsend. Her wit and spirit are matched only by her efficacy. Next door at the South Asia Center, Jody Chavez and Raili Roy made a formidable administrative team. I enjoyed a week at Murdoch University in Perth with other members of the Indian Ocean pearling project: Joseph Christensen, James Warren, William Clarence-Smith, Pedro Machado, Steve Mullins, Robert Carter, Matthew Hopper, and Suzuki Hideaki. I made many friends at various stages of this project. At Penn, I would like to acknowledge the intellectual bonds I formed with my classmates in the Department of History. As I said on the last day of the semester in 2010, my experience in History 700 was one of the most rewarding and enriching intellectual experiences of my life. I stand by that statement. James Hoyt, Jeremy Dell, Alexander Hazanov, and Matthew Kruer created a fun basketball-friendly space during the NBA Finals. To my friends and colleagues in South Asia Studies, I express my deepest thanks and gratitude. We have had so many positive memories and experiences together. To the members of my cohort, Michael Collins and Darakhshan Khan: You are dear friends and intellectual partners. My comrade, Sarah Pierce Taylor, also deserves special recognition. The dinners and drinks that we shared in Philadelphia and London were nourishing and refreshing on so many levels. Your peerless intellect and indefatigable spirit are an inspiration. Samira Junaid and Phil Friedrich arrived on campus and brought so much spark, academic rigor, and warmth to our crew. I would also like to thank my classmates in South Asia Studies: Ananya Das Gupta, Steve Vose, Walt Hakala, James Caron, Melanie Dean, Katy Hardy, vi Sudev Sheth, Divya Kumar-Dumas, and Jawan Shir Rasikh. My fellow travelers in Visakhapatnam and Madurai on AIIS language programs included Aaron Paige, Garrett Field, Nikola Rajic, Anna Seastrand, Samira Junaid, Krissy Rogahn, Trudy DeLong, Hannah Smith, Gautham Reddy, and many others. In Chennai, Tina Welsch was the best archive companion that I ever could have dreamed of meeting. Your intelligence and wit were all I needed during those long, hot days in the archives. To paraphrase the Nawab of Arcot, “What can I say more?” A chance encounter with Bhavani Raman at the Tamil Nadu Archives led to an important discovery. In Leiden, I would like to thank Lennart Bes and Jinna Smit for being so generous with their time and for sharing their infinite knowledge about the archives. You welcomed me to your home, shared your wine, and discoursed brilliantly about The Rolling Stones and Tom Waits.
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