Appendix a Brief Chronology
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Department of State
SI CUBA DEPARTMENT OF STATE CUBA DEPARTMENT OF STATE Contents I. The Betrayal of the Cuban Revolution . 2 Establishment of the Communist II.TheBridgehead 11 III. The Delivery of the Revolution to the Sino-Soviet Bloc 19 IV. The Assault on the Hemisphere ... 25 V.Conclusion 33 CUBA The present situation in Cuba confronts the Western Hemisphere and the inter-American sys¬ tem with a grave and urgent challenge. This challenge does not result from the fact chat the Castro government in Cuba was established by revolution. The hemisphere rejoiced at the over¬ throw of the Batista tyranny, looked with sympathy on the new regime, and welcomed its promises of political freedom and social justice for the Cuban people. The challenge results from the fact thar the leaders of the revolutionary regime betrayed their own revolution, delivered that revolution into the hands of powers alien to the hemisphere, and transformed it into an instrument employed with 1 calculated effect to suppress the rekindled hopes of the Cuban people for democracy and to intervene in the internal affairs of other American Republics. What began as a movement to enlarge Cuban democracy and freedom has been perverted, in short, into a mechanism for the destruction of free institutions in Cuba, for the seizure by international communism of a base and bridgehead in the Amer¬ icas, and for the disruption of the inter-American system. It is the considered judgment of the Government of the United States of America that the Castro regime in Cuba offers a clear and present danger to the authentic and autonomous revolution of the Americas—to the whole hope of spreading politi¬ cal liberty, economic development, and social prog¬ ress through all the republics of the hemisphere. -
Huber Matos Incansable Defensor De La Libertad En Cuba
Personajes Públicos Nº 003 Marzo de 2014 Huber Matos Incansable defensor de la libertad en Cuba. Este 27 de febrero murió en Miami, de un ataque al corazón, a los 95 años. , Huber Matos nació en 1928 en Yara, Cuba. guerra le valió entrar con Castro y Cienfue- El golpe de Estado de Fulgencio Batista (10 gos en La Habana, en la marcha de los vence- de marzo de 1952) lo sorprendió a sus veinti- dores (como se muestra en la imagen). cinco años, ejerciendo el papel de profesor en una escuela de Manzanillo. Años antes había conseguido un doctorado en Pedagogía por la Universidad de La Habana, lo cual no impidió, sin embargo, que se acoplara como paramili- tar a la lucha revolucionaria de Fidel Castro. Simpatizante activo del Partido Ortodoxo (de ideas nacionalistas y marxistas), se unió al Movimiento 26 de Julio (nacionalista y antiimperialista) para hacer frente a la dicta- dura de Fulgencio Batista, tras enterarse de la muerte de algunos de sus pupilos en la batalla De izquierda a derecha y en primer plano: de Alegría de Pío. El movimiento le pareció Camilo Cienfuegos, Fidel Castro y Huber Matos. atractivo, además, porque prometía volver a la legalidad y la democracia, y respetar la Una vez conquistado el país, recibió la Constitución de 1940. Arrestado por su comandancia del Ejército en Camagüey, pero oposición a Batista, escapó exitosamente a adoptó una posición discrepante de Fidel, a Costa Rica, país que perduró sentimental- quien atribuyó un planteamiento comunista, mente en su memoria por la acogida que le compartido por el Ché Guevara y Raúl dio como exiliado político. -
CURRICULUM VITAE Anthony D'agostino Department of History
CURRICULUM VITAE Anthony D’Agostino Department of History San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 home address: 4815 Harbord Drive, Oakland, CA 94618 phone: (415) 338 7535 email: [email protected] EDUCATION B.A., University of California, Berkeley, 1959 M.A., University of California, Berkeley, 1962 Graduate Study, University of Warsaw, 196768 Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, 1971 HONORS AND AWARDS: Teaching Assistantship, UCLA, 196566 Teaching Assistantship, UCLA, 196667 Research Fellowship, University of Warsaw (StanfordWarsaw Exchange), 196768 Research Assistantship, Russian and East European Studies Center, UCLA, 196869 Research Fellowship, Frederick Burk Foundation, San Francisco State University, 1971 Research Fellowship for Younger Humanists, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1973 Research Fellowship in Soviet and East European Studies (Title VIII), U.S. State Department and Hoover Institution, 198687 Meritorious Performance and Professional Promise Award, San Francisco State University, 198687 Meritorious Performance and Professional Promise Award, San Francisco State University, 198889 Choice cites Soviet Succession Struggles on its list of “outstanding academic books” for 198889. Encyclopedia Britannica 1989 Yearbook cites Soviet Succession Struggles in its select international bibliography. Performance Salary Increase, San Francisco State University, 1998. MEMBERSHIPS: World Association of International Studies (Stanford) American Historical Association The History Society International Institute of Strategic Studies (London) Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies (London) InterUniversity Seminar on Armed Forces and Society American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies Great War Society Western Social Science Association Northern California World Affairs Council Electronic mail groups HRussia, HDiplo, HIdeas, HWorld, Johnson’s Russia List and others. -
Invasione Della Baia Dei Porci
Invasione della baia dei Porci L'invasione della baia dei Porci fu il fallito tentativo da parte di esuli cubani e di mercenari, addestrati dal- la CIA, di conquistare Cuba, a partire dall'invasione del- la parte sud-ovest dell'isola, per rovesciare il governo di Fidel Castro[1]. L'operazione è conosciuta in inglese come “Bay of the Pigs Invasion” e localmente[2] in spagnolo come “La Batalla de Girón”. L'operazione, programmata dal direttore della CIA Allen Welsh Dulles durante l'amministrazione Eisenhower[3], venne lanciata nell'aprile 1961, neanche tre mesi do- po l'insediamento di John Fitzgerald Kennedy alla presidenza degli Stati Uniti, il quale non approvò l'assalto, infatti decise di non sostenere le forze della CIA con l'esercito americano. Le forze armate cubane, equipag- giate ed addestrate dalle nazioni filo-sovietiche del blocco orientale, sconfissero la forza d'invasione in tre giorni di combattimenti. La forza da sbarco principale prese terra in una spiag- gia chiamata Playa Girón, motivo per cui nei paesi su- damericani il fatto è noto anche come “battaglia di Gi- rón” o semplicemente “Playa Girón”. Il piano prepara- to dal 5412 Committee della CIA, il 16 marzo 1960, fu denominato “Programma per un'azione segreta contro il Il memoriale dell'operazione situato nel quartiere di Little regime di Castro” (A Program of Covert Action against Havana a Miami in Florida. the Castro Regime)[4],[5] ed in seguito chiamato “opera- zione Zapata”, dal nome geografico della zona da con- quistare (Ciénaga de Zapata) o dalla società finanziaria occidentali, ed erano decisi a riportare l'isola sotto la sfera Zapata di proprietà di Jeorge Bush. -
¡Patria O Muerte!: José Martí, Fidel Castro, and the Path to Cuban Communism
¡Patria o Muerte!: José Martí, Fidel Castro, and the Path to Cuban Communism A Thesis By: Brett Stokes Department: History To be defended: April 10, 2013 Primary Thesis Advisor: Robert Ferry, History Department Honors Council Representative: John Willis, History Outside Reader: Andy Baker, Political Science 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who assisted me in the process of writing this thesis: Professor Robert Ferry, for taking the time to help me with my writing and offer me valuable criticism for the duration of my project. Professor John Willis, for assisting me in developing my topic and for showing me the fundamentals of undertaking such a project. My parents, Bruce and Sharon Stokes, for reading and critiquing my writing along the way. My friends and loved-ones, who have offered me their support and continued encouragement in completing my thesis. 2 Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 CHAPTER ONE: Martí and the Historical Roots of the Cuban Revolution, 1895-1952 12 CHAPTER TWO: Revolution, Falling Out, and Change in Course, 1952-1959 34 CHAPTER THREE: Consolidating a Martían Communism, 1959-1962 71 Concluding Remarks 88 Bibliography 91 3 Abstract What prompted Fidel Castro to choose a communist path for the Cuban Revolution? There is no way to know for sure what the cause of Castro’s decision to state the Marxist nature of the revolution was. However, we can know the factors that contributed to this ideological shift. This thesis will argue that the decision to radicalize the revolution and develop a relationship with the Cuban communists was the only logical choice available to Castro in order to fulfill Jose Marti’s, Cuba’s nationalist hero, vision of an independent Cuba. -
Huber Matos: His Life and Legacy (A Panel Discussion) Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Cuban Research Institute Events Cuban Research Institute 3-11-2014 Huber Matos: His Life and Legacy (A Panel Discussion) Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cri_events Part of the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, "Huber Matos: His Life and Legacy (A Panel Discussion)" (2014). Cuban Research Institute Events. 12. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cri_events/12 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Cuban Research Institute at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cuban Research Institute Events by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Huber Matos: His Life and Legacy (A Panel Discussion) March 11,2014 | 2:00 PM Modesto A. Maidique Campus Greeen Library 220 Huber Matos Benftez (1918-2014) was a Cuban political activist and writer. Born in Yara (Oriente province), Cuba, he became a rural school teacher and rice farmer. In 1952, Matos opposed Fulgencio Batista's coup d'etat. In 1956, he joined Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement and became one of the leaders of the 26th of July Movement, which overthrew Batista's dictatorship. Matos grew increasingly critical of the movement's shift toward Marxism and closer ties with Communist leaders. He resigned his post as Military Governor of Camaguey in October 1959. Convicted of "treason and sedition" by the Castro regime, he spent 20 years in prison (1959-1979). Once in exile, Matos founded the anti-Castro organization Cuba lndependiente y Democratica (Independent and Democratic Cuba). -
Revista Hispano Cubana
revista 16 índice 6/10/03 12:14 Página 1 REVISTA HISPANO CUBANA Nº 16 Primavera-Verano 2003 Madrid Mayo-Septiembre 2003 revista 16 índice 6/10/03 12:14 Página 2 REVISTA HISPANO CUBANA HC DIRECTOR Javier Martínez-Corbalán REDACCIÓN Celia Ferrero Orlando Fondevila Begoña Martínez CONSEJO EDITORIAL Cristina Álvarez Barthe, Luis Arranz, Mª Elena Cruz Varela, Jorge Dávila, Manuel Díaz Martínez, Ángel Esteban del Campo, Alina Fernández, Mª Victoria Fernández-Ávila, Carlos Franqui, José Luis González Quirós, Mario Guillot, Guillermo Gortázar Jesús Huerta de Soto, Felipe Lázaro, Jacobo Machover, José Mª Marco, Julio San Francisco, Juan Morán, Eusebio Mujal-León, Fabio Murrieta, Mario Parajón, José Luis Prieto Benavent, Tania Quintero, Alberto Recarte, Raúl Rivero, Ángel Rodríguez Abad, José Antonio San Gil, José Sanmartín, Pío Serrano, Daniel Silva, Rafael Solano, Álvaro Vargas Llosa, Alejo Vidal-Quadras. Esta revista es Esta revista es miembro de ARCE miembro de la Asociación de Federación Revistas Culturales Iberoamericana de de España Revistas Culturales (FIRC) EDITA, F. H. C. C/ORFILA, 8, 1ºA - 28010 MADRID Tel: 91 319 63 13/319 70 48 Fax: 91 319 70 08 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.revistahc.com Suscripciones: España: 24 Euros al año. Otros países: 58 Euros al año, incluído correo aéreo. Precio ejemplar: España 8 Euros. Los artículos publicados en esta revista, expresan las opiniones y criterios de sus autores, sin que necesariamente sean atribuibles a la Revista Hispano Cubana HC. EDICIÓN Y MAQUETACIÓN, Visión Gráfica DISEÑO, -
Face to Face with Huber Matos
Face to Face With Huber Matos Theodore Jacqueney INTRODUCTION BY VICTORIA JACQUENEY Huber Matos, Cuba’s best-known polit- Costa ,Ria in a Costa Rian Govcrn- filled with the testimony of Cubans ical prisoner, was released on October ment plane, to be welcomed by his fam- who, like Huber Matos. had lost their 21. 1979, after completing “every min- ily and an immense crowd of prcss. wcll- initial enthusiasm for Castro’s revolu- ute” of a twenty-year prison sentence. wishers, and Costa Rican ollicials, in- tion as it became increasingly repressive Matos had helped make Fidel Castro’s cluding his old friend “Don Pepe” Fig- and had become victims of that reprcs- revolution, not only as a military com- ucres. sion themselves. mander in the rebel army, but by per- My husband, Ted Jacqueney, was On the day the Washington Post ran suading the then president of Costa there, at the invitation of the Matos Td’s first article about his trip, an Op- Ria, JosC Figuercs, to send arms to family. We had met one of the Matos Ed piece which concentrated on Huber Castro. When Matos asked to resign sons through a neighbor in Bli;r.ibeth, Matos, klubcr Matos Jr. .was seriously from Castro’s government because he New Jersey, just before Ted went to wounded near his home in Costa Rica disapproved of its increasingly Marxist Cuba in October, 1976. with a group of by gunmen who sprayed his car with direction, lie was charged with “slan- Ripon Society members who planned to machine-gun fire, escaping to Panama. -
Charles Hill Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt809nd82d Online items available Register of the Charles Hill papers Finding aid prepared by Grace Hawes Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2007 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Charles Hill 89004 1 papers Title: Charles Hill papers Date (inclusive): 1898-2006 Collection Number: 89004 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 157 manuscript boxes, 6 oversize boxes, 9 card file boxes, 1 cubic foot box, 2 envelopes(70.9 Linear Feet) Abstract: Collection includes correspondence, speeches and writings, dispatches, memoranda, reports, notes, printed matter, memorabilia, and photographs, relating to international relations and diplomacy, American foreign policy during the presidential administration of Ronald Reagan, and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Also contains speeches and writings of Secretary of State George Shultz. Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. Creator: Shultz, George Pratt, 1920- Creator: Hill, Charles, 1936- Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access "Boxes 39-51 closed. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use." Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives Acquisition Information Materials were acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives between 1989 and 2011. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Charles Hill papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives Alternate Forms Available Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. -
Review of Julia E. Sweig's Inside the Cuban Revolution
Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. By Julia E. Sweig. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. xx, 255 pp. List of illustrations, acknowledgments, abbre- viations, about the research, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95 cloth.) Cuban studies, like former Soviet studies, is a bipolar field. This is partly because the Castro regime is a zealous guardian of its revolutionary image as it plays into current politics. As a result, the Cuban government carefully screens the writings and political ide- ology of all scholars allowed access to official documents. Julia Sweig arrived in Havana in 1995 with the right credentials. Her book preface expresses gratitude to various Cuban government officials and friends comprising a who's who of activists against the U.S. embargo on Cuba during the last three decades. This work, a revision of the author's Ph.D. dissertation, ana- lyzes the struggle of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) against the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship from November 1956 to July 1958. Sweig recounts how the M-26-7 urban underground, which provided the recruits, weapons, and funds for the guerrillas in the mountains, initially had a leading role in decision making, until Castro imposed absolute control over the movement. The "heart and soul" of this book is based on nearly one thousand his- toric documents from the Cuban Council of State Archives, previ- ously unavailable to scholars. Yet, the author admits that there is "still-classified" material that she was unable to examine, despite her repeated requests, especially the correspondence between Fidel Castro and former president Carlos Prio, and the Celia Sánchez collection. -
Reseña De" Cómo Llegó La Noche. Revolución Y Condena De Un
Revista Mexicana del Caribe ISSN: 1405-2962 [email protected] Universidad de Quintana Roo México Camacho Navarro, Enrique Reseña de "Cómo llegó la noche. Revolución y condena de un idealista cubano. Memorias" de Huber Matos Revista Mexicana del Caribe, vol. VII, núm. 14, 2002, pp. 217-224 Universidad de Quintana Roo Chetumal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12871407 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto RESEÑAS Huber Matos, Cómo llegó la noche. Revolución y condena de un idealista cubano. Memorias, prólogos de Hugh Thomas y Carlos Echeverría, Barce- lona, Tusquets (Tiempo de Memoria, 19), 2002. n marzo de 2003 tuve en mis manos un libro que se había E editado un año atrás. Se trataba del material que en el 2001 fue galardonado por el jurado del Premio Comillas de biografía, autobiografía y memorias. Jorge Semprún, en calidad de presi- dente, además de Miguel Ángel Aguilar, Ma. Teresa Castells, Jorge Edwards, Santos Juliá y Antonio López Lamadrid en representa- ción de Tusquets Editores, fueron los integrantes de dicho jurado. Desde su publicación se desarrolló una fuerte promoción en torno a ese texto y a su autor. En México se realizaron varias presen- taciones del autor e innumerables reseñas. Pese a que mi contacto con la obra fue tardío —es decir, sin estar al ritmo urgente de las modas académicas—, llevé a cabo mi lectura de Cómo llegó la noche. -
From Ascetic to Aesthetic: the Catharsis of Ernesto “Che” Guevara
From Ascetic to Aesthetic: the Catharsis of Ernesto “Che” Guevara By: William David Almeida Cuban Revolution • 26th of July Movement • Commander of the Fourth Column • Battle of Santa Clara Having originally served as the 26th of July Movement’s medical doctor, “Che” quickly rose to the ranks of commandante after demonstrating implacable fearlessness and resolve on the battlefield. Eventually, he would lead the decisive battle in Santa Clara which terminated the Batista regime. Ascetic Progression • Argentina • Cuba • Bolivia Why is it that such a privileged individual abandoned comfort time and time again to place himself into incredibly austere circumstances, and how is it that he became aestheticized (both photographically and intellectually) as a result? The Guevara Family Guatemalan Coup (1954) Tipping Point: This event concretized “Che’s” belief that armed revolution would be the only realistic catalyst to socioeconomic reform throughout Latin America. Excerpts from Che’s Message to the Tricontinetal Congress (1965) • “Latin America constitutes a more or less homogenous whole, and in almost its entire territory U.S. capital holds absolute primacy.” • “Our every action is a battle cry against imperialism and a call for unity against the great enemy of the human race: the United States of North America.” How ironic is it that the image of an individual who plotted terrorist attacks in sites such as Grand Central Station (NYC) has garnered and maintained such an intransigent following in contemporary, post-911 ‘America?’ Dichotomist