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The Latin American Revolution Cehus CEHuS Centro de Estudios Humanos y Sociales Nahuel Moreno The Latin American Revolution Nahuel Moreno The Latin American Revolution First Spanish edition: Palabra Obrera, 1962 Second Spanish edition: Editorial CEHuS, 2018 First English edition: Editorial CEHus, 2019 English translation: Daniel Iglesias Cover and interior design: Daniel Iglesias www.nahuelmoreno.org www.uit-ci.org www.izquierdasocialista.org.ar Copyright by CEHuS , Centro de Estudios Humanos y Sociales Buenos Aires, 2019 [email protected] CEHuS Centro de Estudios Humanos y Sociales Table of Contents Preface to second Spanish edition ..................................................... 1 Why this republishing? ...............................................................................................1 Forewords ......................................................................................... 3 Chapter I The first colonisation ......................................................................... 4 Liberal and pseudo-Marxist mystification of the American conquest ........................4 The capitalist character of the American colonisation ...............................................5 Contradictions and differences in the colonisation ....................................................6 The Argentine colonisation .........................................................................................7 The colonisation of Brazil ............................................................................................8 Chapter II The first independence and national organisations ......................... 10 The internal and the external factors in our history .................................................10 Characteristics of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires...........................................11 The relative decline of Spain and Portugal ...............................................................11 The regional bourgeoisies developed by Spain ........................................................11 The Latin American independence ...........................................................................12 The national organisation of the different Latin American countries ......................12 Chapter III Cuba, first workers’ state in the Americas ........................................ 14 Introduction: The colonisation plan of Yankee imperialism, our main enemy (January 1955) ..........................................................................................................14 The four stages of the Cuban revolution (June 1960) ...............................................17 The first stage: the putsch .................................................................................................17 The putsch becomes a revolution .....................................................................................18 Imperialism and the bosses divert the revolution ...........................................................18 The revolution broadens ...................................................................................................19 The revolution and the world workers’ movement ..........................................................19 Different interpretations of the revolution .......................................................................19 The future of the revolution .............................................................................................20 The fifth stage of the Cuban revolution (August 1961) ............................................20 Cuba, first socialist state? .................................................................................................20 The liquidation of the old leaderships ..............................................................................22 The need to specify the definition of the Cuban state (April 1961) .........................23 Chapter IV The revolution shakes the foundations of Latin America .................. 25 1) A change in the relationship of forces between imperialism, the masses and Latin American countries ...................................................................................................25 2) A change in the relationship of forces between the masses and the native oligarchies .................................................................................................................26 3) Acceleration of Yankee imperialism’s crisis .........................................................27 4) The crisis of the old nationalist parties and the emergence of a new Latin American movement .................................................................................................27 5) Acceleration of the crisis of the communist parties .............................................28 The current stage of the revolution ..........................................................................28 Chapter V The experience of Cuba and the Latin American masses .................. 31 The theory and the program of the Permanent Revolution ......................................31 The Cuban revolution demands to make the democratic revolution .......................32 Classes and regions in the revolutionary process .....................................................33 Overthrow sepoy governments by imposing workers’, peasants’ and popular governments .............................................................................................................34 Oppose the plan of Alliance for Progress with the Federation of Latin American states .........................................................................................................................35 The minimum and maximum tasks ...........................................................................35 The armed struggle, the guerrillas, and the insurrection .........................................36 Agrarian revolution: unions and armed militias to defend it ....................................37 The new democratic nationalist fronts and our participation as revolutionaries ....38 From the revolutionary united front to revolutionary single parties .......................39 Chapter VI The theoretical issues posed by the Cuban Revolution ..................... 40 The theory of combined development and the revolutionary stages ......................42 The theory of combined development and guerrilla warfare ..................................43 The theory of the Permanent Revolution and guerrilla warfare...............................44 a) In relation to the revolutionary regions .......................................................................44 b) In relation to the vanguard class ..................................................................................45 Possibilities of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the backward countries, before and after the revolution ............................................................................................45 The relationship between objective and subjective factors .....................................46 The democratic, nationalist and peasant movements ..............................................47 Preface to the second Spanish edition Why this republishing?1 The Latin American Revolution is a booklet that brings together different writings by Nahuel Moreno edited by Palabra Obrera [Workers’ Word] in 1962. Much of its content was present in the discussions and resolutions made by the Congress of this party the year before its publication, in April 1961. Because of this, it is necessary to ask why to include as a documentary annexe a material published six years before the controversy reflected in this book. Fundamentally, the explanation lies in the fact that, in various analyses (political and historical) after the split of PRT, the importance of The Latin American Revolution was analysed as the most reliable representation of a supposed turn in the bosom of the Morenist current toward a communion with the Guevarist paradigm subsidiary of the Cuban revolution and its strategy of power. As it was analysed in the present book, it is evident it was a moment of approach by the tendency led by Nahuel Moreno toward certain elements coming from the theoretical input emanating from the Cuban process. However, as stated, their presence does not eliminate the important nuances and warnings the booklet made about its premises and the impossibility of its linear application to other realities. The need to relaunch this document is even more important given that, at the time of the split of PRT in 1968, the tendency which would be framed by the Santucho brothers would vindicate this work, arguing the need to return to its central precepts and avoid a supposed moving away from the same that this current would make later to take a “spontaneist” path for the taking of power. As is clear from the above-mentioned development, this assertion is paradoxical if one takes into account that, prior to the merger of the two organisations that would give rise to PRT, the Morenist current had already produced several controversial and critical documents regarding the concept of guerrilla war that was promoted from Cuba and which were already mentioned in the brochure. In fact, the positions that distanced Moreno from the Guevarist paradigm were not an impediment to the formation of a brand new party in 1965. On the other hand, it is even more remarkable that the historiography that dealt with the course of PRT (particularly, the one was taken by the post-split
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